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CH 111 Introductory Course Outline

The Introductory Chemistry Course at Rockview University aims to provide a strong foundation in chemistry through basic experimental and study skills. Students will learn to perform calculations related to chemical reactions, understand atomic structure, chemical bonding, and various types of equilibria, as well as delve into organic chemistry. The course is structured into three terms covering stoichiometry, gases, thermochemistry, kinetics, equilibrium, and organic chemistry topics.

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36 views4 pages

CH 111 Introductory Course Outline

The Introductory Chemistry Course at Rockview University aims to provide a strong foundation in chemistry through basic experimental and study skills. Students will learn to perform calculations related to chemical reactions, understand atomic structure, chemical bonding, and various types of equilibria, as well as delve into organic chemistry. The course is structured into three terms covering stoichiometry, gases, thermochemistry, kinetics, equilibrium, and organic chemistry topics.

Uploaded by

Peter Parker
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ROCKVIEW UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL SCIENCES


CH 111: INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY
Aim:

The aim of Introductory Chemistry Course is to set a strong foundation for further studies in
various fields especially in chemistry by conveying basic experimental and study skills.

Objectives:

On completion of this course student should be able to:

(i) perform mathematical manipulations with proper attention to units and significant figures
(ii) calculate amounts of chemicals involved in reactions based on balanced chemical
equations and the mole concept.
(iii) identify and predict the outcome of the various types of chemical reactions including
acid-base and precipitation reactions.
(iv) recognise oxidation-reduction reactions using the concept of oxidation numbers and
balance oxidation-reduction reactions.
(v) describe the atomic structure and write electronic configurations
(vi) explain and predict the type of bonding and relate to physical properties
(vii) visualize molecules with proper molecular and electronic geometries as predicted by
VSEPR theory.
(viii) apply the kinetic theory to ideal and real gases.
(ix) define electrode potential, calculate cell potentials
(x) calculate rate and order of reaction from experimental data
(xi) explain the factors that affect the rates of chemical reactions
(xii) perform equilibrium calculations involving one component phase, homogeneous, acid-
base and solubility equilibria.
(xiii) perform various calculations on solution chemistry
(xiv) recognize and describe the types of bonds present in organic compounds
(xv) deduce hybridizations of atoms, especially carbon, in organic compounds
(xvi) draw structures of compounds of a given molecular formula and name organic
compounds
(xvii) relate physical properties of a given series of compounds and recognize reaction
intermediates

Course Content
TERM ONE

Stoichiometry:
(a) Measurement: Units of measurement, Uncertainty in measurement - Accuracy and
Precision, Dimensional analysis
Relative masses of atoms and molecules, determination of relative atomic masses from
percentage composition, Empirical and molecular formula, combustion analysis
The mole, Avogadro’s number, Quantitative information from balanced reaction, limiting
reactant, theoretical yield, percentage yield.

(b) Solution Stoichiometry:


Types of reaction: Precipitation reaction – metathesis, Acid-base reactions, and oxidation
- reduction reaction. Balancing redox reaction by oxidation number method and by ion
electron method in acid and basic medium.
Concentrations of solutions: molarity, dilution,
Titration: simple titration, back titration and redox titration,
Gases:
Postulates of kinetic theory, use kinetic theory to explain gas laws; the ideal gas behaviour and
deviations from it (behaviour of real gases - the van der Waal’s equation); Use of ideal gas
equation in determining the molar mass

Atomic structure and the periodic Table


(a) Atomic structure: The nucleus of the atom: neutron, proton, isotopes, proton and nucleon
number, mass number; Bohr’s model of atom, Rhydberg’s equation, Idea of de Broglie
matter waves; Heisenberg uncertainty principle, atomic orbitals, quantum numbers,
Aufbau and Pauli’s exclusion principles. Hund's multiplicity rule; electronic
configuration of elements; effective nuclear charge and shielding; shapes of s and p
orbitals and their characteristics.
(b) Periodic Trends: Atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy, electron affinity and
electronegativity – definition, trends in periodic table and applications in predicting and
explaining the chemical behaviour.

Chemical Bonding
Ionic bond, covalent bond and coordinate bonds, Lewis structure, formal charge, directional
characteristics of covalent bond Hybridization (sp, sp2, sp3) and shapes of simple molecules and
ions by valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, Resonance structures,
Molecular orbitals: bond order; bond length, bond polarities, intermediate nature of bonds,
dipole moment.

Electrochemistry
Redox process: electron transfer and change in oxidation state; Standard electrode potentials, the
redox series, cell potentials under standard and non standard conditions, the Nernst equation,
concentration cells; Batteries and fuel cells
Corrosion; Electrolysis, factors affecting amount of substance liberated during electrolysis, The
Faraday constant;
Thermochemistry
First and second law of Thermodynamics; Heats of reaction, Calorimetry, Enthalpy,
Hess’s Law, Bond Energy, Lattice Energy

TERM TWO

Chemical Kinetics
Rate of reaction, average rate, instantaneous rate, initial rate, Activated complex theory (ACT)
and Collision theory;
Factors affecting rate – concentration, particle size, temperature, catalyst;
Rate laws, rate constant and its units;
Integrated rate law equations for zero order, first order and second order reaction; Half-life,
linear relations of integrated rate equations,
Temperature dependence of rate constants and Arrhenius equation;

Chemical equilibrium
Homogenous equilibrium: Gas-phase equilibrium; equilibrium constants; Kc and KP
relationships; relationship between equilibrium constant and Gibbs energy; Factors affecting
chemical equilibrium; Le Chatelier Principle. Solubility and solubility products, common ion
effect.

Acid-base equilibrium
Definition of acids and bases; strong and weak acids and bases; Equilibrium constants; pH and
pOH of acids and bases; Hydrolysis of salts of weak acids and bases; Buffers; Indicators;
Titration curves.

Phase equilibrium
One-component phase equilibrium- phases diagram of water and carbon dioxide; Claussius-
Clapeyron equation.

Intermolecular forces:
van der Waal's forces, dipole-dipole interaction, hydrogen bonding; bonding and physical
properties – vapour pressure, boiling point, melting point, solubility.

Solutions and their properties


Types of solutions: saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions; non-electrolytes and
electrolytes; solubility of nonvolatile solutes, solution of volatile solute and solvents, solubility
of gases in liquids - Henry’s law; vapour pressure of a solution with a volatile solvent and non-
volatile solute (Raoults Law); vapour pressure of a solution of a volatile solute and volatile
solvent; colligative properties: vapour-pressure lowering, boiling-point elevation, freezing point
depression, and osmotic pressure.

TERM THREE

Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry, and why study organic chemistry?
Hybridization of carbon and bonding in organic compounds
Elemental composition and classification of organic compounds
Hydrocarbons: Molecular and structural formulae; Expanded (Lewis), condensed and line-bond
(skeletal) presentations, nomenclature (IUPAC and trivial), classification of carbons and
hydrogens, structural isomerism, physical properties of alkanes (acyclic and cyclic), alkenes
(acyclic and cyclic) and alkynes
Aromatic hydrocarbons: Resonance, nomenclature (IUPAC and trivial), classification of carbons
and physical properties
Functional groups in organic chemistry: Structure, nomenclature and priority (suffixes and
prefixes) of haloalkanes, aminoalkanes, nitroalkanes, alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes,
nitriles carboxylic acids, esters, and amides
The importance of Index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD) or
Degree of Unsaturation (DU); its calculation and interpretation

Reactions: Definition of a reaction, Substitution and addition, radicals, carbocations,


electrophiles and nucleophiles and the curly arrows and half arrows for movement of electrons
Reactions of alkanes: Combustion of hydrocarbons and Halogenation of alkanes.

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