HARDWARE AND NETWORKING

SERVICE LEVEL- IV
Based on November, 2023Version-II

MODULE TITLE: - Provide Network System

Administration
MODULE CODE: EIS HNS4 M04 1123
NOMINAL DURATION: 45 Hours

Prepared by: - Ministry of Labor and Skill

November 2023
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
 Acronym
5G:- Fifth-Generation
ACLs:- Access Control Lists
ATP:- Advanced Threat Protection
DPI:- Deep Packet Inspection
DRP:- Disaster Recovery Plan
IEEE:- Institute Of Electrical And Electronics Engineers
PoE :- Power Over Ethernet
QoS:- Quality Of Service
SLA:- Service Level Agreement
SNMP:- Simple Network Management Protocol
SQL:- Standard Query Language
SSDs:- Solid-State Drives
VLANs:- Virtual Local Area Networks
Wi-Fi:- Wireless Fidelity
WSUS:- Windows Server Update Services

Introduction to module
This module defines the competence required to design and implement an infrastructure for
internet services. Network systems administration refers to the management and maintenance of
computer networks within an organization. It involves the configuration, monitoring, and
troubleshooting of network infrastructure to ensure its optimal performance, security, and
availability.
Disaster recovery for a network involves implementing strategies and procedures to restore
network functionality and data in the event of a major disruption or catastrophic event.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
 This module is designed to meet the industry requirement under the Hardware and Networking
Service occupational standard, particularly for the unit of competency: Providing Network
System Administration This module covers the units:
 Client access and security
 Disseminate disaster recovery plan
 Monitor network performance
 Migrate to New Technology
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcome stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Understand network system administration
 Explain accounts and files privilege
 Determine access privileges
 Maintain System integrity and security
 Understand concepts of disaster recovery plan
 Understand Backup and restore
 Analyze and respond information
 Monitor software and files
 Monitoring performance indicators
 Upgrade technology skills
 Identify upgraded equipment.
 Use new or upgrade equipment

Unit One: Client access and security

This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
 Overview of Network System Administration
 Accounts and files privilege
 Determining access privileges 1.1. B
 Maintaining System integrity and security asic
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page. Specifically,
conce
upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Understand Network System Administration pt of
 Explain Accounts and files privilege netw
 Determine access privileges ork
 Maintain System integrity and security syste
m
administration
Network system administration involves managing and maintaining the operation, security, and performance of
a network infrastructure. It encompasses various tasks and responsibilities to ensure the network functions
reliably and efficiently. Network administration aims to manage, monitor, maintain, secure, and service an
organization’s network. However, the specific tasks and procedures may vary depending on the size and type of
an organization.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Network administration primarily consists of, but is not limited to, network monitoring, network management,
and maintaining network quality and security.
Network monitoring is essential to monitor unusual traffic patterns, the health of the network infrastructure, and
devices connected to the network. It helps detect abnormal activity, network issues, or excessive bandwidth
consumption early on and take preventative and remedial actions to uphold the network quality and security.
Network management encompasses multiple administrative functions, including network planning,
implementation, and configuration. It involves:
 Re-planning the network based on changing organizational requirements
 Implementing the network for maximum efficiency
 Configuring various networking and security protocols
 Applying security patches and updating the firmware of the networking infrastructure, such as routers,
hubs, switches, and firewalls
 Assessing the network for weaknesses
 Evaluating quality and capacity to increase or decrease network capacity and manage resource wastage
Network security employs various techniques to ensure a network is secure. For example, it uses multiple tools
such as firewalls, intrusion detection or prevention systems, and anti-malware software to prevent or detect
malicious activity in the network.
 Network administration goals
Network administration aims to ensure a reliable, secure network conducive to business operations. Generally,
network administration goals include:
 Maintain a resilient, high-quality network
 Plan and improve network capacity to enable seamless network access and operations
 Leverage networking tools for network systems administration and better network administration control
 Track and document relevant changes
 Evaluate possible risks and orchestrate effective mitigations
 Prevent activities compromising or using the network as an attack vector
 Identify and mitigate intrusions to avoid security breaches
1.1.1 Network administration key areas
Networks administration consists of five key areas:
1. Fault management: - Monitors the network infrastructure to identify and address issues potentially affecting
the network. It uses standard protocols such as Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) to monitor
network infrastructure.
2. Configuration management: - Tracks configuration and related changes of network components, including
switches, firewalls, hubs, and routers. As unplanned changes can affect the network drastically and potentially
cause downtime, it is essential to streamline, track, and manage configuration changes.

Figure 1. 1 Configuration management steps

3. Account management: - Tracks network utilization to bill and estimate the usage of various departments of
an organization. In smaller organizations, billing may be irrelevant. However, monitoring utilization helps spot
specific trends and inefficiencies.
4. Performance management: - Focuses on maintaining service levels needed for efficient operations. It
collects various metrics and analytical data to continually assess network performance, including response
times, packet loss, and link utilization.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
5. Security management:- Aims to ensure only authorized activity and authenticated devices and users can
access the network. It employs several disciplines such as threat management, intrusion detection, and firewall
management. It also collects and analyzes relevant network information to detect and block malicious or
suspicious activity.

Figure 1. 2 Network security management

1.1.2. Network administrator tools and software

Network administrators use various networking software and tools to optimally perform network operations,
including compliance, automation, configuration, real-time monitoring and alerting, network inventory
management, performance management, and vulnerability assessment.
Due to the increasing number of networking components in an organization’s network, it becomes difficult to
manage the network manually, which is also error-prone. By implementing basic and advanced tools, network
administrators can automate several tasks and focus on more value-adding tasks needing their attention.

Figure 1. 3 Network administrator tools

1.1.3. Responsibilities of network administrator

A network administrator focuses on the day-to-day aspects of managing and maintaining a network. The roles
and responsibilities of network administrators are outlined below.
 Is responsible for managing and maintaining the network in real time

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
  Ensures the network is secure by blocking suspicious activity and mitigating the risk of security
breaches
 Implements security programs based on hardware and
software
 Manages on-site networking servers responsible for
business operations
 Ensures network integrity and resilience to maintain
service levels
 Tests the network to uncover weaknesses and mitigate
them
 Monitors and tracks utilization
 Applies utilization, authentication, and authorization
policies to maintain the quality and security of the network

Figure 1. 4 Responsibilities of network administrator

1.2. Accounts and files privilege
Applying account and file privileges involves configuring access controls to ensure that only authorized users
can access specific accounts and files. Here are some steps to apply account and file privileges effectively:
1. User Account Creation: Create user accounts for individuals who require access to the system or files.
Each user should have a unique username and password combination.
2. User Groups: Group users based on their roles and responsibilities. This simplifies privilege management
by assigning privileges to groups rather than individual users.
3. Principle of Least Privilege: Follow the principle of least privilege, which means granting users the
minimum level of privileges required to perform their job functions. Avoid giving excessive permissions
that could potentially lead to security vulnerabilities.
4. Access Control Lists (ACLs): Utilize access control lists to define access permissions for files and
directories.
5. File Ownership: Assign appropriate file ownership to ensure accountability and control. Only authorized
users or groups should own sensitive files or directories.
6. Regular Access Reviews: Perform regular access reviews to identify and remove unnecessary or outdated
privileges. This helps maintain a clean and secure access control environment.
7. Password Policies: Enforce strong password policies to protect user accounts. Require users to create
passwords that meet complexity requirements (e.g., minimum length, a combination of letters, numbers, and
special characters) and encourage regular password updates.
8. Regular Auditing and Monitoring: Implement logging and monitoring mechanisms to track user
activities, access attempts, and changes to account and file privileges. Regularly review logs and audit trails
to identify suspicious behavior and potential security breaches.
9. Training and Awareness: Provide training and awareness programs to educate users about the importance
of account and file privilege management. Users should understand their responsibilities in safeguarding
sensitive data and be aware of best practices for access control.
1.3. Determine access privileges
When a user tries to perform a privileged operation, the system checks the user's access token to determine
whether the user holds the necessary privileges1. If the user holds the necessary privileges, the system checks
whether the privileges are enabled.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Access privileges can be viewed and modified in the Operations Server console. The following primary roles
can be subdivided into additional categories if necessary to match your organization:
 System Administrator: Responsible for configuring and maintaining the Operations Center environment,
including:
 Defining adapter connections to key components such as databases and remote management systems
 Defining service model hierarchies, automations, and operations,
 Defining custom classes, behavior models, and property pages
 Defining calendars, schedules, and jobs
 Creating custom SQL Views
 Creating Layout views
 Determining which users should have access to specific element hierarchies
 Security Manager: Responsible for enforcing company security policies regarding user access to the
system, user identification and authorization, password rules, access privileges, and so on. Also responsible
for managing users and groups and enforcing password policies and rules.
 End Users: Responsible for analyzing and reporting information collected in Operations Center from
various sources. You should organize users who have similar authorization to access data into groups, such
as by job function or security clearance level.
Table 1. 1 Access Control Privileges

Access Privilege Description

View The user can view elements, as well as their alarms and properties, and relationships to
other elements that the user can view.
Note for T/EC adapters: Any user with the View permission can suppress a T/EC alarm;
however, this user cannot acknowledge or close the alarm.
Manage The user can perform nonintrusive actions (such as Ping or TraceRoute) as well as update
element information (such as custom properties).
Note for T/EC adapters: Any user with the Manage permission can acknowledge or close
a T/EC alarm.
Access The user can access remote managed elements by using “connect to” operations with
adapters that support cut-through telnet such as the Event Manager, OpenView, and
Netcool*. An example operation is using the Console capability in
the Elements hierarchy.
Define The user can perform administrative tasks such as adding scripts, sites, and service model
elements, as well as creating, deleting, and changing the definition of adapters, service
models and SLAs in Operations Center.
Undefined Not defining access privileges avoids conflicts. For example, the two groups in the
following figure have the following permissions at the top (root) Access Control level:

The admins group has Define privileges explicitly defined. The users group has
undefined Define privileges. Therefore, a member of both groups has Define privileges.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Figure 1. 5 Determining access privileges

1.4. Maintain System integrity and security

1.4.1. System integrity
System integrity refers to the state of a computer system or network being complete, accurate, and secure. It
involves ensuring that the system operates as intended, without unauthorized modifications, corruption, or
compromise. System integrity encompasses various aspects, including data integrity, configuration integrity,
and overall security.
Data Integrity: Data integrity refers to the accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data stored within a system.
It ensures that data remains unchanged and uncorrupted throughout its lifecycle. Measures such as data
validation, checksums, and error detection techniques are used to maintain data integrity.
Configuration Integrity: Configuration integrity involves verifying and maintaining the integrity of system
configurations, settings, and parameters.
It ensures that the system is properly configured according to established standards and best practices.
Unauthorized changes to system configurations can introduce vulnerabilities or disrupt system functionality.
Software Integrity: Software integrity focuses on ensuring that software applications and programs are free
from defects, vulnerabilities, or unauthorized modifications. It involves implementing secure coding practices,
performing regular software updates and patching, and conducting code reviews and software testing to identify
and fix vulnerabilities.
Hardware Integrity: Hardware integrity refers to the assurance that computer hardware components are
functioning correctly and have not been tampered with or compromised. It involves validating the authenticity
and integrity of hardware components, monitoring for hardware failures, and protecting against unauthorized
modifications or hardware-based attacks.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
System Security: System security is a critical aspect of system integrity. It involves protecting the system
against unauthorized access, data breaches, malware, and other security threats. This includes implementing
access controls, strong authentication mechanisms, encryption, intrusion detection and prevention systems, and
ongoing monitoring and auditing of system activities.
Maintaining system integrity is essential to ensure the reliability, availability, and confidentiality of
information, as well as the proper functioning of computer systems and
networks. It requires a combination of technical controls, security
measures, and proactive monitoring to prevent unauthorized changes,
detect potential vulnerabilities, and respond promptly to security
incidents.

Figure 1. 6 System integrity management

1.4.2. System security

The security of a computer system is a crucial task. It is a process of ensuring the confidentiality and integrity
of the OS. Security is one of most important as well as the major task in order to keep all the threats or other
malicious tasks or attacks or program away from the computer’s software system.
A system is said to be secure if its resources are used and accessed as intended under all the circumstances, but
no system can guarantee absolute security from several of various malicious threats and unauthorized access.
The security of a system can be threatened via two violations:
Threat: A program that has the potential to cause serious damage to the system.
Attack: An attempt to break security and make unauthorized use of an asset.
Security violations affecting the system can be categorized as malicious and accidental threats. Malicious
threats, as the name suggests are a kind of harmful computer code or web script designed to create system
vulnerabilities leading to back doors and security breaches. Accidental Threats, on the other hand, are
comparatively easier to be protected against.
Example: Denial of Service DDoS attack.

Figure 1. 7 Network security

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
 Self-check - 1
Part I:- Say True if the given statement is correct else say False
_______1. When determining access privileges in a network system, factors such as user's physical location and
job title should be considered.
_______2. Granting all users the highest level of access possible is a recommended approach for determining
access privileges.
_______3. Storing sensitive data in plain text files is a secure practice for maintaining system integrity and
security.
Part II: - Select the appropriate answer from the given alternative
_______1. When referring to accounts and files privilege in network system administration, what does the term
"privilege escalation" mean?
A. Granting additional permissions to a user
B. Revoking all access privileges from a user
C. Assigning a new username to a user
D. Changing the file ownership to a different user
_______2. In the context of determining access privileges, what is the principle of "least privilege"?
A. Granting users the highest level of access possible
B. Assigning access privileges based on job titles
C. Limiting user access to only the resources necessary for their tasks
D. Providing all users with equal access privileges
_______3. Which of the following is an example of a multifactor authentication method for determining access
privileges?
A. Using a username and password combination
B. Requiring a fingerprint scan and a password
C. Granting access based solely on IP address
D. Sharing a single password among multiple users
_______4. What is the purpose of implementing intrusion detection systems (IDS) in network system
administration?
A. To prevent unauthorized access to the system
B. To monitor network traffic and detect potential security breaches
C. To encrypt sensitive data during transmission
D. To manage user accounts and access privileges
_______5. Which of the following is an example of a security measure for maintaining system integrity and
security?
A. Regularly updating antivirus software
B. Sharing passwords with coworkers for convenience
C. Allowing unrestricted remote access to the system
D. Storing sensitive data in plain text files
Part II: - Give short answer
1. What are the responsibilities of system administrator?
2. Demonstrate the difference between system security and system integrity with example?
3. List and explain Network administration key areas?

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
 Operation sheet 1.1
Operation title: - Accounts and files privilege
Purpose:- Protect and give privilege for user account and computer files
Instruction: Use the figure below, given equipment and task. You have given 45 Minute for the task and you
are expected to complete tasks.
 Tools and requirement:,- Computes
Task 1:- Give full access privilege for user
Step 1:- Open File Explorer.
Step 2:- Browse and find the file or folder you want to
have full access.
Step3:- Right-click it, and select Properties.
Step 4:- Click the Security tab to access the NTFS
permissions.
Step 5:- Click the Advanced button.

Step 6:- On the "Advanced Security Settings" page, you

need to click the Change link, in the Owner's field.

Step 7:- Click the Advanced button.

Step 8:- On the "Select User or Group" page, click the Find Now button.
Step 9:- From the search result, select your user account, and click OK.

Step 10:- On the "Select User or Group" page, click OK.

Step 11:-Click Apply.
Step 12:- Click OK.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Step 13:- Click OK again.
Step 14:- Click OK one more time to complete this task.

Task 2:- Replace ownership on sub containers and object

Step 1:- Right-click the file or folder and select Properties.
Step 2:- Click the Security tab to access the NTFS permissions.
Step 3:- Click the Advanced button.
Step 4:- Under the Permissions tab, click Add.

Step 5:- Click Select a principal to add your user account.

Step 6:- On the "Select User or Group" page, click the Find Now button.
Step 7:- From the search result, select your user account, and click OK.
Step 8:- On the "Select User or Group" page, click OK.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Step 10:-On "Permission Entry", check the Full control option.
Step 11:-Click OK

Step 12:- Click OK.

Step 13:- Click Apply.
Step 14:- Click OK.
Step 15:- Click OK to close the file or folder properties to complete the task.

LAP Test
Task 1. Create one administrator account and standard account in one computer
Task 2. On the above administrator account on local desk C:/ create one folder called user privilege
Task 3. Give full access privilege for the above created standard account

Unit Two: Disseminate disaster recovery plan

This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
 Basic concepts of disaster recovery plan
 Backup and restore
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page. Specifically,
upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Basic concepts of disaster recovery plan
 Backup and restore

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
1.5. 2.1. Basic concepts of disaster recovery plan
A Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP) is a structured approach to responding to and recovering from events that can
cause data loss, system downtime, and other disruptions to normal business operations. Modern organizations
have to operate on a 24/7 basis in order to stay competitive in the market. It is important to create a disaster
recovery (DR) plan so as to ensure that your business can continue to operate even during a DR event.
However, when designing a DR plan, many businesses overlook the importance of network disaster recovery.
In this blog post, we will discuss what network disaster recovery planning entails and how to securely protect
your organization against network failures.
A network disaster recovery plan includes a set of procedures required to effectively respond to a disaster that
affects a network and causes its disruption. Network disaster recovery planning generally entails:
 Listing the steps which should be undertaken in order to restore network connectivity
 Identifying people responsible for conducting network disaster recovery
 Assessing possible consequences of a network failure
 Determining the best strategies to mitigate them
The main purpose of network disaster recovery is to ensure that business services can be delivered to customers
despite a disruption in network connectivity. However, disasters come in different forms and sizes, which
makes it hard to predict what their impact would be, which network components would be affected, and how
many resources would be required to restore network connectivity.

Possible Causes of Network Failures

Network services are required for ensuring an uninterrupted flow of communications and data transfer within
your IT infrastructure. Various factors can lead to network failure. These include:
 Hardware failure. Network equipment such as routers, switches, modems, gateways, or any other
device can fail and, as a result, affect the performance of all other devices connected to them.
 Cascading failure. A single network consists of multiple routers, nodes, or switches. One of those
network components might become overloaded and stop working, which can trigger a cascade of
failures within a single network.
 Issues with the internet connection. Failure to set up an internet connection can cause problems with
network connectivity and interrupt data transfer.
 Human errors. Sometimes, network connectivity problems might be the result of mistakes made by
employees when working with network equipment or manually configuring network components.
 Network attacks. Network services can get disrupted after a cyber-attack, whose aim is to prevent the
organization from delivering its services, forcing it to shut down.
 Natural or man-made disaster. Disasters of any type can significantly damage or even destroy your
production center and virtual infrastructure, thus causing significant business losses.

Figure 2. 1 Tips for Disaster Recovery Planning

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
1.6. 2.2. Backup and restore
2.2.1. Backup for disaster recovery
Backup is a crucial element of disaster recovery, providing a means to safeguard critical data, applications, and
systems in case of unforeseen events. It involves creating duplicate copies of essential information and storing
them on separate devices or off-site locations. These backups are performed regularly to capture the most up-to-
date data and ensure its availability for recovery purposes.
In the event of a disaster or data loss, such as hardware failures, natural disasters, cyberattacks, or accidental
deletions, the backups serve as a reliable source for restoring the affected systems. By having comprehensive
backups, organizations can minimize downtime and mitigate the potential loss of data, enabling them to recover
quickly and resume normal operations. Backup strategies often include different levels of redundancy,
encryption, and verification processes to ensure the integrity and security of the stored information.
There are several types of backups that can be employed, each offering different levels of data protection and
recovery options. Some common types of backups include:
1. Full Backup: A full backup involves creating a complete copy of all data and files in a system or
storage device. It captures all data, regardless of whether it has changed since the last backup. Full
backups are comprehensive but can be time-consuming and require significant storage space.

Figure 2. 2 Full Backup

2. Incremental Backup: Incremental backups only capture and store changes made since the last backup,
whether it was a full or incremental backup. This approach is more efficient in terms of time and storage
space, as it only backs up the modified or new data. However, recovery from incremental backups may
require multiple backup sets to be restored.

Figure 2. 3 Incremental Backup

3. Differential Backup: Differential backups capture all changes made since the last full backup. Unlike
incremental backups, which only include changes since the last backup (whether full or incremental),
differential backups include changes since the last full backup. This results in faster recovery compared
to incremental backups, as only the last full backup and the differential backup need to be restored.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
 Figure 2. 4 Differential Backup

4. Mirror Backup: A mirror backup creates an exact replica of the source data or system. It involves
copying all files and directories to a separate storage device or location. Mirror
backups provide a straightforward recovery process, as the backup is a direct copy of
the original data. However, they can consume significant storage space and may not
offer versioning or point-in-time recovery capabilities.

5.
6. Snapshot Backup: Snapshot backups capture the state of a system or data at a specific point in time.
Instead of copying all data, snapshot backups store the differences or changes made
since the previous snapshot. This allows for fast and efficient backups and provides
the ability to restore data to specific points in time.

7. Cloud Backup: Cloud backup involves storing data backups in off-site cloud
storage. It offers the advantage of scalability, accessibility from anywhere with an internet connection,
and built-in redundancy provided by the cloud service provider. Cloud
backups can be performed using various backup methods, such as
full, incremental, or snapshot backups.

The choice of backup type depends on factors such as the data volume,
frequency of changes, recovery requirements, available storage resources, and budgetary considerations. A
combination of backup types can be employed to create a comprehensive backup strategy that meets specific
needs for data protection and recovery.
2.2.2. Restore for disaster recovery
In the context of disaster recovery, the term "restore" refers to the process of recovering and returning critical
data, applications, and systems to their operational state following a disruptive event or data loss. The restore
phase is a key component of the overall disaster recovery plan and involves the following:
1. Assess the situation: Before initiating the restore process, assess the extent of the damage caused by the
disaster and determine the scope of the restoration effort. Identify the affected systems, applications, and
data that need to be restored.
2. Activate the disaster recovery plan: Refer to the documented disaster recovery plan, which should
outline the procedures and guidelines for restoring various components of the IT infrastructure. Follow the
plan's instructions to ensure a structured and organized approach to the restore process.
3. Retrieve backups: Retrieve the backup copies of the affected data, applications, or systems from the
designated backup storage location. This may involve accessing backup tapes, disk-based backups, or
cloud-based backups depending on the backup strategy and technology in place.
4. Validate backup integrity: Verify the integrity and consistency of the backup data before proceeding with
the restore process. This step ensures that the backups are viable and can be relied upon for successful
recovery.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
 5. Restore data and applications: Start the restoration of data and applications based on the recovery
priorities defined in the disaster recovery plan. Begin with the most critical systems and work your way
down to less critical ones. Follow the appropriate procedures for each type of backup (e.g., full backups,
incremental backups) to restore the data and applications to their original or alternative locations.
6. Test and verify: After the restore process, conduct thorough testing to validate the restored data,
applications, and systems. Perform functional tests, check for data integrity, and ensure that the restored
components are working correctly.
7. Update configurations and connections: Adjust configurations and re-establish connections as necessary
to integrate the restored systems back into the production environment.
8. Document the restore process: Maintain detailed documentation of the restore process, including the
steps performed, any issues encountered, and the actions taken to resolve them.

Self-check - 2
Part I:- Say True if the given statement is correct else say False
_______1. A disaster recovery plan (DRP) only focuses on recovering data and does not address other aspects of
business operations.
_______2. Backup and restore processes are only necessary for natural disasters and do not apply to other types of
disruptions.
_______3. Having a backup solution in place guarantees instant recovery of data and systems in the event of a
disaster.
_______4. Data backup and replication are interchangeable terms, representing the same process.
Part II: - Select the appropriate answer from the given alternative

_______1. What is the primary goal of a disaster recovery plan (DRP)?

A. Preventing disasters from occurring
B. Minimizing the impact of disasters on business operations

C. Recovering data and systems instantly after a disaster

D. Eliminating the need for regular backups
_______2. What is the purpose of conducting a business impact analysis (BIA) in the context of a disaster recovery
plan?
A. Identifying critical business functions and their dependencies
B. Assessing the likelihood of specific disaster events occurring
C. Implementing cybersecurity measures to prevent data breaches
D. Evaluating the effectiveness of backup and restore processes
_______3. Which of the following is an example of an off-site backup location?
A. An external hard drive connected to the same server
B. A cloud storage service hosted by a third-party provider
C. shared network folder on the same local network
D. An additional internal hard drive within the same computer
_______4. What does the term "recovery point objective" (RPO) refer to in backup and restore?
A. The maximum tolerable downtime after a disaster
B. The amount of data that can be recovered within a specific timeframe
C. The point in time to which data can be restored after a disaster
D. The frequency at which backups are performed
_______5. Which of the following is a common backup strategy for ensuring redundancy and data availability?
A. Full backup performed daily
B. Incremental backup performed weekly
C. Differential backup performed monthly
D. Snapshot backup performed hourly
Part II: - Give short answer

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
 1. List and explain types of backups?
2. Demonstrate the main purpose of network disaster recovery in large and small organization?
3. Demonstrate disaster restore phase?

Operation sheet 2.1

Operation title: - Create a full backup of Windows 10 with the system image tool
Purpose: - Protect and save personal information from disaster.
Instruction: Use the figure below, given equipment and task. You have given 45 Minute for the task and you
are expected to complete tasks.
 Tools and requirement:-Compute
Procedures:-
Step 1:- Open Settings.
Step 2:- Click on Update & Security.
Step 3:- Click on Backup.
Step 4:- Under the "Looking for an older backup?"

Step 5:- Click the "Create a system image" option from the left pane.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
 Step
6:- Select the "On a hard disk" option.

Step 7: -Use the "On a hard disk" drop-down menu and select the location to export the Windows 10 full
backup.

Step 8: -Click the Next button.

Step 9:- (Optional) Select any additional hard drives to include them in the backup.
Step 10:- Click the Next button.
Step 11:- Click the Start backup button.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Step 12:- Click the No button.
Step 13:- Click the Close button.

Operation sheet 2.2

Operation title: - Restore a backup with system image tool on Windows 10
Purpose: - To recover distorted or damage information.
Instruction: Use the figure below, given equipment and task. You have given 45 Minute for the task and you
are expected to complete tasks.
Tools and requirement:-Compute, Windows 10 USB bootable drive
Procedures:-
Step 1:- Connect the drive with the full back up to the device.
Step 2:- Connect the Windows 10 USB bootable drive to the computer.
Step 3:- Start the computer.
Step 4:- On the USB bootable drive startup prompt, press any key to continue.
Quick tip: If the device does not start in the Windows Setup wizard, you will need to access the Basic
Input/Output System (BIOS) or Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) to change the boot order
settings. You can use this guide to access the BIOS/UEFI, but the steps are usually different per manufacturer
and device model. It is recommended to check your manufacturer support website for more specific details.

Step 5:- On the "Windows Setup" page, click the Next button.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Step 6:- Click the "Repair your computer" option from the bottom-left corner of the screen.

Step 7:- Click the Troubleshoot option.

Step 8:- Click the "System Image Recovery" option

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Step 9:- Select the Windows 10 option as the target operating system.

Step 10:- On the "Re-image your computer" page, select the "Use the latest available system image" option.
Quick tip: You can use the "Select a system image" option if you have multiple backups and you are trying to
restore an older version of the system and files.

Step 11:- Click the Next button.

Step 12:-(Optional) Carefully select the "Format and repartition disks" option before restoring the backup
(if you are restoring the backup on a new drive).
Quick tip: If you choose this option, use the Exclude disks option to prevent formatting secondary drives that
may contain data.
Step 13:- (Optional) Check the "Only restore system drivers" option (if the backup contains a copy of
multiple drives and you only want to restore the operating system).

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Step 14:- Click the Next button.
Step 15:- Click the Finish button.

Step 16:- Click the Yes button.

Quick tip:- After you complete the steps, the recovery process will start on the computer. The time to finish
the restoration will depend on the amount of data and hardware configuration.
If you are about to restore a device, do not interrupt the process, as it can cause the backup to fail, making it
unbootable. It is always recommended to have the laptop connected to a power source and a desktop computer
to an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) to avoid problems.
Once the backup has been restored, open Settings  Update & Security Windows Update, and click
the Check for Updates button to quickly install any missing security updates.

LAP Test
Task 1:- Create a full backup of Windows 10 with the system image tool
Task 2:- Restore damage computer by using bootable Windows 10 operating system.

Unit Three : Monitor network performance

This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
 Performing diagnostic test
 Analyzing and responding information
 Monitoring software and files
 Monitoring performance indicators
 Improving network and systems
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page. Specifically,
upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Perform diagnostic test
 Analyze and responding information

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
  Monitor software and files
 Monitor performance indicators
 Improve network and systems

3.1. asic concept of monitor network performance

Monitoring network performance involves the systematic observation and analysis of a computer network to
ensure it operates efficiently, reliably, and securely. This process encompasses various aspects such as
bandwidth utilization, latency, packet loss, and device health. By continually assessing these factors, network
administrators can identify and address potential issues before they impact the user experience. Bandwidth
monitoring helps optimize data transmission capacity, latency monitoring ensures timely data delivery, and
packet loss monitoring aids in maintaining a stable and responsive network. Additionally, network performance
monitoring includes traffic analysis, security surveillance, and quality of service assessments to ensure that
resources are allocated effectively, potential security threats are detected, and the overall quality of
communication meets the desired standards. Utilizing specialized tools and reporting mechanisms,
organizations can maintain a proactive approach to network management, enhancing the overall reliability and
performance of their network infrastructure.
3.2. Performing diagnostic test
Performing network diagnostic tests involves a systematic process to assess and analyze the health,
performance, and functionality of a computer network. Here are the general steps you can follow to conduct
network diagnostic tests:
 Identify the Issue:
 Begin by identifying the specific issue or symptoms that require diagnostic testing. This could include
slow network performance, connectivity problems, or unexpected outages.
 Define Testing Objectives:
 Clearly define the objectives of your diagnostic tests. Determine what aspects of the network you need to
evaluate, such as bandwidth, latency, packet loss, or device health.
 Select Appropriate Tools:
 Choose the appropriate network diagnostic tools for the specific tests you want to perform. There are
various tools available for different aspects of network analysis, including:
 Ping and Traceroute: For assessing connectivity and latency.
 Network Performance Monitoring Tools: Such as Wireshark, Nagios, or PRTG for detailed
analysis of network traffic.
 Bandwidth Testing Tools: Like Speedtest.net or iPerf for measuring available bandwidth.
 Device Monitoring Software: To assess the health and performance of network devices.
 Execute Diagnostic Tests:
 Perform the selected diagnostic tests. For example:
 Use ping to check connectivity and measure round-trip times.
 Conduct traceroute to identify the path and latency between your computer and a destination.
 Run bandwidth tests to evaluate the network's capacity.
 Utilize network monitoring tools to analyze traffic patterns and identify potential issues.
 Interpret Results:
 Analyze the results of the diagnostic tests. Look for anomalies, deviations from expected values, or
patterns that may indicate network issues. Pay attention to any packet loss, latency spikes, or
irregularities in traffic.
 Diagnose Network Issues:
 Based on the results, diagnose the root causes of identified network issues. This may involve
troubleshooting hardware, configuration settings, or addressing issues related to network congestion.
 Implement Solutions:

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
 Once the issues are identified, implement appropriate solutions. This could include adjusting network
configurations, upgrading hardware, optimizing settings, or addressing specific issues with network
devices.
 Document and Report:
 Document the results of your diagnostic tests and the actions taken to address any issues. This
documentation is valuable for future reference and can help in maintaining a proactive approach to
network management.
 Continuous Monitoring:
 Establish a routine for continuous monitoring of the network. Regularly perform diagnostic tests to
identify and address potential issues before they impact network performance.

3.3. Analyze and respond information

Analyzing and responding to information in a network involves monitoring network traffic, identifying
potential issues or anomalies, and taking appropriate actions to ensure network security, performance, and
reliability. Here are some ways of analyze and respond to information in a network:

1. Implement network-monitoring tools: Use network monitoring software or tools to capture and analyze
network traffic. These tools can provide real-time visibility into network activity, including bandwidth
utilization, packet loss, latency, and security events.
2. Establish baseline and thresholds: Establish a baseline of normal network behavior by monitoring
network traffic patterns over time. Set thresholds or alerts for abnormal network behavior, such as
unusually high traffic volume, network congestion, or security breaches.
3. Monitor network traffic: Continuously monitor network traffic to identify any anomalies or deviations
from the baseline. Observe patterns, trends, and irregularities that may indicate network performance
issues or security incidents.
4. Analyze network logs: Analyze log files generated by network devices, servers, and security systems.
Logs can provide valuable information about network events, errors, and security incidents. Look for any
suspicious or unusual activities that may require investigation or response.
5. Identify security threats: Use intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDS/IPS) or security
information and event management (SIEM) solutions to detect and respond to security threats. Analyze
network traffic for signs of malware infections, unauthorized access attempts, or other malicious
activities.
6. Investigate network issues: When an issue or anomaly is detected, investigate the root cause by
analyzing relevant network logs, traffic patterns, and system configurations. Identify the source of the
problem, whether it's a misconfiguration, hardware failure, software bug, or security incident.
7. Respond to network incidents: Take appropriate actions to address network incidents or issues. This
may involve implementing security measures, such as blocking malicious IP addresses or isolating
compromised devices. Troubleshoot network performance problems and apply necessary fixes or
optimizations.
8. Document and report: Keep detailed records of network incidents, actions taken, and their outcomes.
Document any changes made to network configurations or security settings. Prepare reports summarizing
network performance, security incidents, and actions taken for management and future reference.
9. Continuous improvement: Regularly review and update network monitoring and response strategies
based on lessons learned from past incidents. Stay updated with emerging threats, new technologies, and
best practices in network monitoring and security.
Analyzing and responding to information in a network requires a proactive and vigilant approach. It is crucial to
have skilled network administrators or security professionals who can effectively interpret network data,
identify potential risks or issues, and take prompt actions to maintain the network's integrity and performance.
3.4. Monitor software and files
To monitor software and files using a network, you can employ various network monitoring techniques and
tools. Here are some steps to monitor software and files using a network:

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
 1. Choose network-monitoring tools: Select network monitoring software or tools that offer features for
monitoring software and file activities. Look for tools that provide real-time monitoring, alerting, and
reporting capabilities specific to software and file monitoring.
2. Install monitoring agents or software: Install monitoring agents or software on the systems or servers
where the software and files are located. These agents will collect data and send it to the central
monitoring system for analysis.
3. Set up file integrity monitoring: Implement file integrity monitoring (FIM) to detect unauthorized
changes to files. FIM tools can monitor file attributes, checksums, or digital signatures to ensure the
integrity and security of critical files. Any unauthorized modifications can trigger an alert.
4. Monitor network traffic: Utilize network-monitoring tools to capture and analyze network traffic that is
related to software and file activities. This can help identify any unusual or unauthorized network
connections, file transfers, or software downloads.
5. Enable logging and auditing: Enable logging and auditing features on servers and systems hosting the
software and files. Configure the logging settings to capture relevant information about software
installations, file accesses, modifications, and user activities. Regularly review the logs for any suspicious
or unauthorized activities.
6. Configure alerts and notifications: Set up alerts and notifications within the network monitoring tools to
inform you of any abnormal software or file-related activities. Configure the alerts to be sent via email,
SMS, or other communication channels, ensuring that the right individuals or teams are notified promptly.
7. Perform regular analysis and reporting: Regularly analyze the collected data, generate reports on
software, and file activities. Look for patterns, trends, or anomalies that may indicate security risks,
compliance violations, or performance issues. Share these reports with relevant stakeholders for visibility
and informed decision-making.
8. Maintain patch management and vulnerability scanning: Regularly apply software patches and
updates to address known vulnerabilities. Conduct vulnerability scans to identify any weaknesses in
software or files that could be exploited by attackers. Monitor the results of patching and vulnerability
scanning activities to ensure compliance and mitigate risks.
9. Continuously review and refine monitoring strategies: Review your monitoring strategies and tools
periodically to ensure they remain effective and aligned with your organization's evolving needs. Stay
informed about emerging threats, new monitoring technologies, and best practices in software and file
monitoring to enhance your monitoring capabilities.
3.5. Monitor performance indicators
Monitoring the performance indicators of a network is essential to ensure its optimal functionality. To monitor
network performance, start by identifying relevant performance indicators such as bandwidth utilization,
latency, packet loss, network throughput, and response times. Next, select network monitoring tools that can
collect and analyze data on these indicators. Deploy monitoring agents or sensors on critical network devices
and configure real-time monitoring to continuously track performance metrics. Set up performance thresholds
and alerts to receive notifications when indicators exceed or fall below acceptable levels. Analyze historical
data to identify trends and patterns, and periodically conduct performance assessments. Utilize network traffic
analysis tools to examine traffic patterns and generate performance reports to gain insights into the network's
health. Continuously review and optimize your monitoring strategy to align with evolving network
requirements and industry best practices.
Monitoring network performance involves selecting relevant performance indicators, deploying monitoring
tools and agents, configuring real-time monitoring, setting up thresholds and alerts, analyzing historical data,
conducting periodic assessments, utilizing network traffic analysis, and generating performance reports. By
following these steps, you can proactively identify and address performance issues, optimize network resources,
and ensure a reliable and efficient network infrastructure. Regularly reviewing and optimizing your monitoring
strategy is crucial to stay aligned with changing network requirements and technological advancements.
3.6. Improve network and systems
Improving network and systems involves implementing strategies to enhance performance,
A step to enhance your network performance can enhance your overall productivity and business continuity.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
1. Reconfigure Your Network
Your network configuration can affect performance. For
instance, if you install an update and it doesn't configure
your devices, this can have a large impact on your
performance. A good example is the personal area network
devices that should not be more than 10 meters apart.
Devices with short-range connectivity should be close to
each other to prevent network delays between the hardware
components.
Reconfiguring your hardware components will help the
devices communicate with each other effectively.
2. Check for System Defects And Viruses
Viruses and system defects can break down a network
infrastructure and degrade the network performance. Some
malwares can also control programs and applications in
your network. A flaw in the components or system can cause a network to behave unexpectedly.
Cable defects such as core rapture are a good example of issues that can cause failure in the conduction of
electricity, interfering with communication in a network. Checking for malware and fixing system defects can
address the situation and restore optimal performance.
3. Upgrade and Update Firmware and Software
Often, businesses cannot keep up with the pace of technology and balance with the software they run. You may
end up having software running on outdated technology in your network. You can also have old machines with
new programs.
Usually, there is no guarantee that programs and the existing technology are fully compatible, which can
negatively impact the network performance. Outdated software and programs also have bugs that can break
down your infrastructure.

4. Use Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs)

VLANs reduce broadcast traffic, ease administration and confine
broadcast domains. You can use the technology to segment your
network resources such that critical areas are given the highest priority.
With VLANs, you can separate or partition the network without
rewiring the entire office.
VLANs also play a vital role in enhancing security. Splitting network
components and prioritizing tasks in the network can create room for
performance optimization.
5. Provide a Guest Network
Having multiple users on a network increases traffic, which affects
network performance. An enterprise network accommodating hundreds
of guest users is bound to experience slowdowns. Guests can demand
bandwidth that your business would otherwise be using on other important tasks.
6. User Education
Educating your team on user behavior can enhance network performance. Often, employees use their free time
on their computers. They could choose to stream a show or play video games, unaware of the impact of the
activities on the network resources.
In this case, employees should be educated on how the downtime activities of their computers affect network
performance. They are likely to settle for other activities that don't strain the resources with this knowledge.
Educating your employees on best practices for spending time on their computers, running processes, and
utilizing network resources can help improve performance.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
7. Network Monitoring:- Monitoring your network for traffic jams and bottlenecks can help you diagnose
problems, solve them in good time, and prevent advancing network issues. For instance, if the network admin
identifies backups as the reason behind substandard network performance,
they can schedule them for a time when the personnel are not utilizing
most of the network resources.
Regular network monitoring can help you spot the bottlenecks, address
them, and enhance network performance.
Figure 1. 8 Network Monitoring

Self-check - 3
Part I:- Say True if the given statement is correct else say False
_______1. Performing diagnostic tests involves analyzing and responding to information.
_______2. Monitoring software and files is not a part of the diagnostic testing process.
_______3. Diagnostic testing does not involve monitoring performance indicators.
Part II: - Select the appropriate answer from the given alternative
_______1. What is the purpose of analyzing and responding to information in network administration?
A. Improving network aesthetics C. Identifying performance bottlenecks
B. Monitoring software license usage D. Ensuring physical security measures
_______2. which of the following is a common performance indicator monitored in
network administration.
A. Keyboard typing speed C. File compression ratio
B. Server room temperature D. Network bandwidth utilization
_______3. How does improving network and systems contribute to network
administration?
A. Increasing software licensing costs
B. Enhancing data backup and recovery
C. Monitoring physical server dimensions
D. Optimizing network configurations
_______4. How does improving network and systems contribute to network
administration?
A. Monitoring office supply inventory
B. Increasing software licensing compliance
C. Enhancing network security measures
D. Optimizing printer paper tray configurations
Part III: - Give short answer
1. List and explain ways of analyze and respond to information in a network?
2. Demonstrate the way of improve network and systems?
3. Demonstrate the technic of monitor software and files using a network?
Operation sheet 3.1.
Operation title: - Diagnostic network performance
Purpose: - To recover network problem and test performance.
Instruction: Use the figure below, given equipment and task. You have given 45 Minute for the
task and you are expected to complete tasks.
Tools and requirement:-Compute
Procedures:-

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Step 1:- Press Windows + I to open Settings
Step 2:- Click on Network and Internet

Step 3:- Under the left-hand panel, option Status navigate to Network Troubleshooter and click
it

Step 4:- Then the tool will start to run a network check to find what can be possibly wrong with
the connectivity
I will show you how it will work. Let’s say I am not connected to my preferred network. Then
upon running a network check using the Network Troubleshooter, I will get the following result.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Operation sheet 3.2.
Operation title: - Speed up Internet connection on Windows 10
Purpose: - To increase download and upload speed of internet connection.
Instruction: Use the figure below, given equipment and task. You have given 45 Minute for the
task and you are expected to complete tasks.
Tools and requirement:-Compute, Internet, Internet cable, NW driver
Procedures:-
To speed up Windows 10 internet, you can make some small changes on Windows 10 to
quickly resolve these culprits for slow internet speed and enjoy faster internet in five ways.
Way 1. Change Bandwidth Limit to Speed up Internet on Windows 10
Step 1. Open the Settings on your Windows 10.
Step 2. Click Update & Security Advanced options in turn.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Step 3. In the Advanced options window, scroll down to find Delivery Optimization and click it.
Step 4. Choose advanced options again at the bottom.
Step 5. After that, you will see an adjuster for both Download settings and Upload settings. Here,
you can reset the amount of bandwidth that Windows can use for your core tasks.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Way 2. Get the Best VPN to Speed up Internet on Windows 10
Step 1. Download this free VPN on your Windows and launch it.

Step 2. Click All Servers in the left navigator. You will see a long list of all available servers in
multiple countries, like USA, Mexico, Canada, United Kingdom, etc.

Step 3. To speed up internet on Windows 10, select a server (USA, for instance) and click
Connect. Then you can enjoy faster speeds with the USA server in no time.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Way 3. Reset DNS Settings to Speed up Internet on Windows 10

Step 1. Search view network connections in search box of Windows 10 and enter it.
Step 2. Then right click on your network adapter and select Properties at the bottom.
Step 3. Now, select Internet Protocol Version 4 from the list under Networking and click on the
Properties tab.

Step 4. Now, select Use the following DNS server addresses and type to enter Google DNS as
follows: 8.8.8.8
8.8.4.4

St

ep 5. Lastly, click on Apply and select OK.

Way 4. Change Adapter Settings to Speed up Internet on Windows 10

Step 1. Press Windows + I key together to open Settings on Windows 10.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Step 2. Now, select Update & Security and click Windows Update from the left menu.
Step 3. Then click on Advanced options from the right side.
Step 4. Turn off Download updates over metered connections (extra charges may apply).

Way 5. Turn off Background Apps to Speed up Internet on Windows 10

Step 1. Open Settings panel as mentioned in the foregoing part.
Step 2. Then click on Privacy.

Step 3. Now, choose background apps from the left menu.

Step 4. Lastly, switch the button under Background apps to off.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Way 6. Clear Temp and Cached Files to Speed up Internet on Windows 10
Step 1. Search Disk Cleanup in your Windows 10
search box.
Step 2. Next, click on Disk Cleanup.
Step 3. Select C Drive in the pop-up box.
Step 4. Then, select all files from the files list and
click OK to delete all useless files on your PC at
present.

Step 5. Continue to click on Clean up system files.

Step 6. Also, do remember to clear your recycle
bin.

LAP Test
Task 1:- Diagnostic and test network performance
Task 2:- Test download and upload speed of your computer Internet

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Unit Four : Migrate to New Technology
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
 Developing new skills.
 Upgraded technology skills
 Identifying upgraded equipment.
 Sources of information for new or upgraded equipment
 Using new or upgraded equipment
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page. Specifically,
upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Develop new skills.
 Upgraded technology skills
 Identify upgraded equipment.
 Understand Sources of information for new or upgraded equipment
 Use new or upgraded equipment

4.1. Basic concept of Migrating to new technology

Migrating to new technology involves the strategic transition from existing technological
systems to advanced solutions. This process entails a comprehensive assessment of current
infrastructure, careful planning, and seamless execution to optimize efficiency and stay
competitive. Successful migration requires evaluating compatibility, scalability, and security
aspects, along with effective change management to mitigate disruptions. Post-migration,
ongoing support and monitoring are essential to ensure the smooth integration of new
technology, enhancing operational capabilities and positioning the organization for sustained
growth in a dynamic technological landscape.
4.2. Develop new skills.
Developing new skills in new technology requires a systematic approach and a commitment to
continuous learning. Here are steps to help you develop new skills in emerging technologies:
1. Identify the technology: Start by identifying the specific technology or field you want to
develop skills in. Research and understand its fundamentals, applications, and potential
impact in your industry or area of interest.
2. Set clear goals: Define your learning goals and objectives. Determine what specific skills,
knowledge, or certifications you want to acquire in the new technology.
3. Assess existing skills: Evaluate your existing skills and knowledge related to the
technology. Identify any foundational knowledge or transferable skills that can serve as a
starting point for your learning journey.
4. Select learning resources: Identify high-quality learning resources that suit your preferred
learning style. These resources may include online courses, tutorials, books, video lectures,
forums, or workshops.
5. Create a learning plan: Develop a learning plan that outlines the topics, concepts, and
skills you need to cover. Break down the learning process into manageable chunks and set
a schedule or timeline for your learning activities.
6. Embrace continuous learning: Technology evolves rapidly, so commit to continuous
learning. Stay curious, explore new developments, and keep up with industry news and

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
 updates. Dedicate time regularly to learn and stay updated on advancements in the
technology you're focusing on.

4.3. Upgraded technology skills

Upgrading technology skills is an ongoing process that requires dedication, perseverance, and a
commitment to lifelong learning. Embrace new challenges, be proactive in seeking opportunities,
and apply your upgraded skills in practical settings to maximize their impact.
To upgrade your technology skills, you can follow these one:
 Identify Areas for Improvement:
 Set Clear Goals
 Create a Learning Plan:
 Engage in Practical Projects:
 Stay Updated and Practice Continuously
 Seek Feedback and Networking
4.4. Identify upgraded equipment.
Upgraded equipment refers to the improved or advanced versions of technological devices or
tools used in various domains. It involves the enhancement of hardware components, software
capabilities, performance, features, or functionalities of a specific piece of equipment. Upgrades
can include improvements in processing power, memory capacity, storage capacity, connectivity
options, display quality, battery life, security features, or any other aspect that enhances the
overall performance or user experience of the equipment. Upgraded equipment often
incorporates the latest technological advancements and innovations to deliver superior
performance, increased efficiency, and enhanced capabilities compared to previous versions or
older models.
1. Computers:
 High-performance desktop computers
with advanced processors, increased RAM, and faster
storage options like solid-state drives (SSDs).
 Laptops with improved battery life, higher
screen resolutions, and enhanced graphics
capabilities.
 Workstations designed for intensive tasks
such as video editing, 3D rendering, or scientific
simulations, featuring powerful processors, ample
RAM, and dedicated graphics cards.

2. Smartphones:
 Flagship smartphones with faster
figure 1. 9 upgraded computer processors, larger RAM capacity, and improved
camera technologies.
 Devices with 5G connectivity for faster internet speeds and lower latency.
 Smartphones equipped with advanced biometric authentication methods like facial
recognition or under-display fingerprint sensors.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Figure 4. 1 upgraded smartphone

3. Networking:
 Upgraded routers with the latest Wi-Fi standards (such as Wi-Fi 6 or Wi-Fi 6E)
offering faster speeds and better network performance.
 Network switches with higher port densities, increased bandwidth, and support for
advanced features like Power over Ethernet (PoE) or Quality of Service (QoS).
 Firewall appliances with enhanced security capabilities, such as intrusion prevention
systems (IPS), deep packet inspection (DPI), or advanced threat protection (ATP).

Figure 4. 2 History of network

4. Cameras and Photography:

 Digital cameras with higher megapixel counts, improved low-light performance, and
advanced autofocus systems.
 Mirrorless cameras with faster burst shooting rates, improved image stabilization, and
high-resolution electronic viewfinders.
 Drones equipped with high-resolution cameras, obstacle avoidance sensors, and
intelligent flight modes for aerial photography and videography.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
Figure 4. 3 History of camera

5. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR):

 VR headsets with higher display resolutions, wider field of view, and improved
tracking accuracy.
 AR glasses with lightweight designs, better transparent display technology, and
enhanced gesture recognition.
 Controllers and haptic devices that provide more precise and immersive interactions
within virtual environments.

Figure 4. 4 Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)

4.5. Understand Sources of information for new or upgraded equipment

1. Manufacturer Websites: The official websites of equipment manufacturers provide
comprehensive and accurate information about their products. These websites often
include detailed specifications, features, pricing, and availability of the latest models or
upgrades.
2. Technology News Websites: Websites that specialize in technology news and reviews,
such as CNET, Engadget, The Verge, PCMag, and Gizmodo, offer up-to-date coverage
on new and upgraded equipment. They provide in-depth articles, reviews, comparisons,
and expert insights into the latest technology trends and advancements.
3. Industry-specific Publications: Industry publications and magazines dedicated to
specific fields or sectors often feature articles and reviews about new or upgraded
equipment. Examples include Wired, Popular Science, IEEE Spectrum, or Automotive
News, depending on your area of interest.
4. Online Forums and Communities: Online forums and communities focused on specific
equipment or technology domains are valuable sources of information. Platforms like
Reddit, specialized forums, or dedicated Facebook groups allow users to discuss, share
experiences, and ask questions about new or upgraded equipment.
5. Professional Networks and Colleagues: Networking with professionals in your industry
or field can provide valuable insights into new or upgraded equipment. Engaging with
colleagues, attending industry events, or joining professional organizations can help you
tap into their expertise and firsthand experiences with the equipment you are interested
in.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
4.6. Use new or upgraded equipment
When organizations want to make a significant change to their business systems, new technology
or new equipment is generally part of the change. Using new or upgraded equipment typically
involves several steps to ensure a smooth and efficient transition. Here is a general guide:
1. Read the Manual:- Start by thoroughly reading the user manual or any accompanying
documentation that comes with the equipment. This will provide you with a detailed
understanding of its features, functionalities, and proper usage.

Figure 4. 5 User manual of printer

2. Familiarize Yourself: Take some time to get familiar with the equipment. Explore its
buttons, controls, and settings. Understand how to power it on/off, adjust settings, and
navigate through different menus or options.
3. Practice Hands-On: Engage in hands-on practice with the equipment. Start with simple
tasks or basic functions to gain confidence and gradually progress to more complex
operations. Experiment with different settings and features to understand their impact and
functionality.
4. Seek Training or Tutorials: If available, attend training sessions or workshops related to the
equipment. Alternatively, search for online tutorials, video guides, or forums where you can
learn from others' experiences and expertise.

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
 5. Troubleshooting and Maintenance: Familiarize yourself with common troubleshooting
techniques specific to the equipment. Learn how to identify and resolve common issues that
may arise during usage.

Figure 4. 6 Troubleshooting and Maintenance

Self-check - 4
Part I: - Say True if the given statement is correct else say False
_______1. Upgrading technology skills involves identifying upgraded equipment.
_______2. Understanding sources of information for new or upgraded equipment is necessary when
upgrading technology skills.
_______3. Using new or upgraded equipment is not important in the process of upgrading
technology skills.
Part II: - Select the appropriate answer from the given alternative
1. Which of the following is a benefit of identifying upgraded equipment when upgrading
technology skills?
A. It improves physical fitness C. It boosts creativity in art and design
B. It enhances problem-solving abilities D. It promotes healthy eating habits

2. How does using new or upgraded equipment contribute to upgrading technology skills?
A. It improves social interaction skills
B. It enhances critical thinking abilities
C. It promotes physical well-being
D. It develops musical talent
3. Which of the following is an example of upgraded equipment in the context of upgrading
technology skills?
A. Pencil and paper C. Smartphone
B. Typewriter D. Abacus
4. Which of the following is a direct outcome of upgrading technology skills?

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B
 A. Building a sandcastle C. Writing poetry
B. Solving complex technological D. Playing sports
problems
Part III: - Give short answer
1. List and explain Sources of information for new or upgraded equipment?
2. Demonstrate the way of develop new skills in emerging technologies?
3. List and explain upgraded equipment in ICT?

Reference
List of Books
1. The Practice of System and Network Administration
2. Network Security Essentials: Applications and Standards" by William Stallings
3. Network Programmability and Automation: Skills for the Next-Generation Network
Engineer" by Jason Edelman, Scott S. Lowe, and Matt Oswalt
4. Network Management: Principles and Practice" by Mani Subramanian:
5. Network Analysis, Architecture, and Design" by James D. McCabe

List of website

1. https://www.windowscentral.com/how-make-full-backup-windows-10#section-how-to-
restore-a-backup-with-system-image-tool-on-windows-10
2. https://www.comparitech.com/net-admin/network-troubleshooting-tools/
3. https://www.itechguides.com/how-to-get-administrator-privileges-on-windows-10/
4. Make an administrator account to a standard user on Windows 10/11 (softwareok.com)
5. https://www.devicemag.com/network-testing-tool/
6. https://www.itopvpn.com/blog/speed-up-internet-on-windows-10-3123
 Developer profile
No Name Qualificatio Field of Study Organization/ Mobile number E-mail
n (Level) Institution
1 Zerihun Abate MSc ITM Sebata PTC 0911858358 zedoabata2017@gmail.com

2 Abebe Mintefa MSc ITM Ambo TVETC 0929362458 tolabula@gmail.com

3 Endale Berekat Bsc Computer Science M/G/M/B/P/T/C 0915439694 zesaron1221@gmail.com

4 Yinebeb Tamiru Bsc Computer science Akaki PTC 0936325182 yinebebtamiru07@gmail.com

NTVET College HNS Level IV: Provide Network System Administration. By Jamara B