Professional Cooking

Ninth Edition

Wayne Gisslen

Chapter 2

Sanitation and Safety

Sanitation
Professionalism: An attitude that reflects pride in the
quality of your work. One of the most important ways of
demonstrating professional pride is in the area of
sanitation and safety.
Poor sanitation and safety can cost a lot of money.
The rules presented in this chapter are basic guidelines.
• Local health departments have more detailed regulations.
• All food-service operators are responsible for knowing the health
department regulations in their own city and state.

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Food Hazards (1 of 25)
Key Points
Most food-borne illness is the result of eating food that
has been contaminated.
Contaminated means the food contains harmful
substances not originally present in it.
Contaminated food is food that is not pure.

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Food Hazards (2 of 25)
Key Points
Any substance in food that can cause illness or injury is
called a hazard.
Four types of food hazards:
1. Biological hazards
2. Chemical hazards
3. Physical hazards
4. Allergens

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Food Hazards (3 of 25)
Key Points
Some illnesses are caused by substances that occur
naturally in foods, such as:
• Plant toxins (or “poison”), such as the chemicals in poisonous
mushrooms.
• Natural food components to which some people are allergic.

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Food Hazards (4 of 25)
Pathogens
Microorganism: a tiny, usually single-celled organism that
can be seen only through a microscope.
Pathogen: A microorganism that can cause disease.
Four kinds of microorganisms can contaminate food and
cause illness:
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Parasites
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Food Hazards (5 of 25)
Pathogens
Bacteria
Bacteria are in the air, in the water, in the ground, on our
food, on our skin, and inside our bodies.
• As food workers, we are interested in a way of classifying
bacteria that is practical to our work:
• Harmless bacteria
• Beneficial bacteria
• Undesirable bacteria
• Disease-causing bacteria, or pathogens

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Food Hazards (6 of 25)
Pathogens
Bacterial Pathogens
Pathogens do not necessarily leave detectable odors or
tastes in food.
• Contaminated food cannot be detected by smell, taste, or look
alone.

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Food Hazards (7 of 25)
Pathogens
Bacterial Pathogens
Each kind of bacterial pathogen causes disease in one of three ways:
• Intoxications: caused by poisons (toxins) the bacteria produce
while they are growing in the food.
• Infections: caused by bacteria (or other organisms) that get into the
intestinal system and attack the body.
• Toxin-mediated infections: caused by poisons the bacteria produce
as they grow and multiply in the body.
Most food-borne diseases are toxin-mediated infections.

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Food Hazards (8 of 25)
Pathogens
Bacterial Growth Conditions:
1. Food: foods with sufficient amounts of proteins are best for bacterial
growth.
2. Moisture: bacteria require water to absorb food.
3. Temperature: 41ºF and 135ºF (5ºC and 57ºC) promote the growth of
disease-causing bacteria (also known as the Food Danger Zone).
4. Acidity or alkalinity: bacteria like neutral environments, neither too acidic
nor too alkaline.
5. Oxygen: aerobic (bacteria that require oxygen to grow) and anaerobic
(bacteria that can grow only if there is no air present).
6. Time: lag phase (time required for bacteria to adjust to new environment).

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Food Hazards (9 of 25)
Pathogens
Potentially Hazardous Foods (TCS Foods)
• Foods that provide a good environment for the growth of
disease-causing microorganisms.
• These foods are also called TCS foods—the abbreviation stands
for Time/Temperature Control for Safety.

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Food Hazards (10 of 25)
Pathogens
Potentially Hazardous Foods (TCS Foods)
• All of these foods, plus any foods prepared with any of them, are potentially
hazardous:
• Any food derived from animals, or any food containing animal products
• Any food derived from plants that has been cooked, partially cooked, or
otherwise heat-treated.
• Raw seed sprouts.
• Sliced melons
• Cut tomatoes
• Garlic and oil mixtures

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Food Hazards (11 of 25)
Pathogens
Locomotion of Bacteria
• Foods can become contaminated by any of the following means:
• Hands
• Air
• Coughs and sneezes
• Water
• Other foods Insects
• Equipment and utensils
• Rats and mice

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Food Hazards (12 of 25)
Pathogens
Protecting Against Bacteria
• Keep bacteria from spreading.
• Stop bacteria from growing.
• Kill bacteria.

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Food Hazards (13 of 25)
Pathogens
• Viruses
– Smaller than bacteria.
– Cannot reproduce or multiply unless they are inside a living cell.
– Can be carried on almost any surface and can survive for days or even
months.
– Inactive or dormant until they enter a living cell.
– Use living cells to make more viruses and release them into the organism.
– New viruses enter new cells and continue to multiply.
– Food-borne viral diseases are usually caused by contamination from
people, food contact surfaces, or contaminated water.

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Food Hazards (14 of 25)
Pathogens
• Parasites
– Organisms that can survive only by living on or inside another organism.
– Host: The organism a parasite lives in and takes nourishment from.
– May pass from one host organism to another and complete a different
stage of their life cycle in each organism.
– Human parasites are generally transmitted to them from animal hosts.
– Human parasites are usually very small, and although they may be
microscopic, they are larger than bacteria.
– Usually killed by proper cooking or by freezing.

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Food Hazards (15 of 25)
Pathogens
• Fungi
– Molds and yeasts are examples of fungi.
– Organisms associated primarily with food spoilage rather than food-borne
disease.
– Most molds and yeasts, even those that cause spoilage, are not dangerous
to most human beings.
– Some fungi are beneficial.
– Some molds, however, produce toxins that can cause allergic reactions
and severe disease.
– Certain molds produce a toxin called aflatoxin in such foods as peanuts
and other nuts, corn, cottonseed and milk. This toxin can cause serious
liver disease in some people.
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Food Hazards (16 of 25)
Pathogens
Other Biological Hazards
Plant Toxins
• Some plants are naturally poisonous to human beings.
• The only way to avoid plant toxins is to avoid the plants in which they occur,
as well as products made with those plants.
• Can be transferred in milk from cows that have eaten the plant (e.g.,
jimsonweed and snakeroot) or in honey from bees that have gathered nectar
from plants (e.g., mountain laurel).
• Best-known plant toxins are found in some wild mushrooms.
• Other toxic plants to avoid are rhubarb leaves, water hemlock, apricot kernels
and nightshade.

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Food Hazards (17 of 25)
Pathogens
Other Biological Hazards
Seafood Toxins
• Some toxins occur in fish or shellfish that have eaten a kind of algae that
contains the toxins.
• Not destroyed by cooking.
• Only protection is to purchase fish/shellfish from approved suppliers who can
certify the seafood comes from safe water.
• The fish toxin present in puffer fish attacks the nervous system and can be
fatal.
• Other species of fish, such as moray eels, contain natural toxins and should be
avoided.

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Food Hazards (18 of 25)
Pathogens
Some kinds of chemical poisoning are caused by the use
of defective, improper equipment, or equipment that has
been handled improperly.
The toxins in the following slide create symptoms that
show themselves very quickly, usually within 30 minutes
of eating poisoned food.
• Exception: lead; symptoms of lead poisoning can take years to
appear.

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Food Hazards (19 of 25)
Chemical and Physical Hazards
To prevent the following diseases, do not use the
materials that cause them:
• Antimony: caused by storing or cooking acid foods in chipped
gray enamelware
• Cadmium: caused by cadmium-plated ice cube trays or
containers
• Cyanide: caused by silver polish containing cyanide

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Food Hazards (20 of 25)
Chemical and Physical Hazards
To prevent the following diseases, do not use the
materials that cause them:
• Lead: caused by lead water pipes, solder containing lead, or
utensils containing lead
• Copper: caused by unclean or corroded copper utensils, acid
foods cooked in unlined copper utensils, or carbonated
beverages in contact with copper tubing
• Zinc: caused by cooking foods in zinc-plated (galvanized) utensils

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Food Hazards (21 of 25)
Chemical and Physical Hazards
Physical contamination: contamination of food with objects that may not
be toxic but may cause injury or discomfort:
• Pieces of glass from a broken container
• Metal shavings from an improperly opened can
• Stones from poorly sorted dried beans
• Soil from poorly washed vegetables
• Insects or insect parts
• Hair
Proper food handling necessary to avoid physical contamination.

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Food Hazards (22 of 25)
Allergens
Substance that causes an allergic reaction. Reactions to food may occur as soon
as the food is eaten or, in some cases, touched; they also may not occur until
hours after the food is eaten.
Common symptoms of allergic reaction to foods include:
• Itching
• Rash or hives
• Shortness of breath
• Tightness in the throat
• Swelling of the eyes and face
Some allergic reactions may lead to unconsciousness or death.

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Food Hazards (23 of 25)
Allergens
Allergens affect only some people; these people are said
to be allergic to that specific substance.
Foods to which some people are allergic include:
• Wheat products
• Soy products
• Peanuts and tree nuts
• Eggs
• Milk and dairy products
• Fish and shellfish
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Food Hazards (24 of 25)
Allergens
Non-biological allergens include food additives such as:
• Nitrites (used in cured meats)
• Monosodium Glutamate (MSG, often used in Asian foods)

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Food Hazards (25 of 25)
Allergens
Food-service personnel and dining room staff must be
well informed of the ingredients in all menu items and
be able to inform customers as needed
• If any staff member does not know, when asked by a customer,
if a food contains an allergen, the employee should:
• Consult someone who does know
• Urge the customer to order a different item

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Personal Hygiene (1 of 3)
Cross contamination: The transference of hazardous
substances, mainly microorganisms, to a food from
another food or surface
• e.g.: equipment, worktables, or hands

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Personal Hygiene (2 of 3)
Best Practices
Reflects pride, professionalism, and consideration for
your fellow workers:
• Do not work if you have any communicable diseases or
infections.
• Bathe or shower daily.
• Wear clean uniforms.
• Keep hair clean and use hair restraints.
• Keep facial hair trimmed.
• Wash your hands often.

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Personal Hygiene (3 of 3)
Best Practices
Reflects pride, professionalism, and consideration for
your fellow workers:
• Cover coughs and sneezes, then wash your hands.
• Do not touch your body.
• Keep fingernails clean and short. Do not wear nail polish.
• Do not smoke or chew gum while on duty.
• Cover cuts and sores with clean bandages.
• Do not sit on worktables.
• Wear gloves.

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Food Storage (1 of 9)
Rules of Safe Storage
Two purposes:
• To prevent contamination of foods
• To prevent growth of bacteria that may already be in foods
• Perishable foods must be kept out of the Food Danger Zone, 41
degrees Fahrenheit to 135 degrees Fahrenheit (5 degrees Celsius
to 57 degrees Celsius), as much as possible because these
temperatures support bacterial growth.

Four-hour rule: Do not let food remain in the Food Danger Zone for a
cumulative total of more than four hours between receiving and serving.

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Food Storage (2 of 9)
Rules of Safe Storage

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Food Storage (3 of 9)
1. Safe food handling begins the moment food is
delivered.
2. Inspect all products thoroughly.
3. Reject deliveries that do not meet your standards.
4. Label and date all foods.
5. Store immediately.

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Food Storage (4 of 9)
Dry Food Storage
1. Store dry foods in a cool, dry place off of the floor,
away from the wall, and not under a sewer line.
2. Keep all containers tightly closed to protect from
insects, rodents, and dust. Dry foods can be
contaminated, even if they do not need refrigeration

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Food Storage (5 of 9)
Freezer Storage and Proper Thawing
Storage
1. Keep frozen foods at 0 degrees Fahrenheit (−18 degrees Celsius)
or lower.
2. Keep all frozen foods tightly wrapped or packaged to prevent
freezer burn.
3. Label and date all items.
4. Thaw frozen foods properly. Do not thaw at room temperature,
because the surface temperature will go above 41 degrees
Fahrenheit (5 degrees Celsius) before the inside is thawed,
resulting in bacterial growth.

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Food Storage (6 of 9)
Freezer Storage and Proper Thawing
Thawing: these methods may be used:
• In a refrigerator
• Under cold running water
• In a microwave oven, but only if the item is to be cooked or
served immediately

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Food Storage (7 of 9)
Refrigerator Storage
1. Keep all perishable foods properly refrigerated. Note the lower
limit of the Food Danger Zone (41 degrees Fahrenheit/5 degrees
Celsius) is only the upper limit for refrigerator storage. Most
foods keep even better at lower temperatures.
2. Do not crowd refrigerators. Leave space between items so cold
air can circulate.
3. Keep refrigerator doors shut except when removing or putting
in foods.
4. Keep shelves and interiors of refrigerators clean.
5. Store raw and cooked items separately, if possible.

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Food Storage (8 of 9)
Refrigerator Storage
6. If raw and cooked foods must be kept in the same refrigerator,
keep cooked foods above raw foods. This prevents
contamination by means of drips and spills.
7. Keep foods wrapped/covered in sanitary containers.
8. Do not let unsanitary surfaces touch any food.
9. Chill foods as quickly as possible over ice or in a cold-water bath
before placing in the refrigerator.
10.When serving, do not heap foods such as protein salads above
container level in a cold bain-marie or refrigerated table. The
food above this level will not stay cold enough.

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Food Storage (9 of 9)
Hot Food Holding
1. To keep foods hot for service, use steam tables or other
equipment that will keep all parts of all foods above 135
degrees Fahrenheit (57 degrees Celsius) at all times.
2. Keep foods covered.
3. Bring foods to holding temperature as quickly as possible by
using ovens, steamers, rangetop pots and pans, or other
cooking equipment. Do not warm cold foods by placing them
directly in the steam table; they will take too long to heat and
bacteria will have time to grow.
4. Do not let ready-to-eat foods come in contact with any
contaminated surface.
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Food Handling and Preparation (1 of 3)
Minimum Internal Cooking Temperature
The internal temperature for a given food product at
which microorganisms are killed:
• The product must be held at that temperature for a specified
period for the food to be considered safe. See Table 2.2.
• Be sure to measure internal temperatures in at least two or three
places, always inserting the thermometer into the thickest part
of the food.
• Use sanitary thermometers that are accurate!

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Food Handling and Preparation (2 of 3)
Cooling Procedures
1. Two-Stage Cooling Method
• Cool foods from 135 degrees Fahrenheit (57 degrees Celsius)
to 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21 Degrees Celsius) in no more than
2 hours, and then from 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21 degrees
Celsius) to below 41 degrees Fahrenheit (5 degrees Celsius)
within an additional 4 hours, for a total cooling time of no
more than 6 hours.

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Food Handling and Preparation (3 of 3)
Cooling Procedures
2. One-Stage Cooling Method
• Cool foods to below 41 degrees Fahrenheit (5 degrees Celsius) in
no more than 4 hours.
• If the food does not reach this temperature in 4 hours it must be
reheated to 165 degrees Fahrenheit (74 degrees Celsius) and held
at that temperature for at least 15 seconds and then cooled again.
• The one stage method should be used if the item was made from
potentially hazardous foods that were at room temperature when
preparation began.

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Cleaning and Sanitizing Equipment (1 of 2)
Manual Dishwashing
1. Scrape and rinse 4. Sanitize
2. Wash 5. Drain and air dry
3. Rinse

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Cleaning and Sanitizing Equipment (2 of 2)
Mechanical Dishwashing
The Process
1. Scrape and rinse
2. Rack dishes
3. Run for full cycle
4. Sanitize
• Heat units 180 degrees Fahrenheit (82 degrees Celsius)
• Chemical units 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49 degrees Celsius)
5. Air dry and inspect

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Rodent and Insect Control
Key Points
Rats, mice, flies, and cockroaches can spread disease
to food and contact surfaces.
The four basic ways to prevent them are:
• Build them out
• Eliminate harborage and breeding places
• Eliminate their food supply
• Exterminate

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Setting up a System for Food Safety (1 of 4)
The HACCP System
The purpose of HACCP is to identify, monitor, and control dangers of food
contamination. It is a system of seven steps:
1. Assess hazards.
2. Identify critical control points (CCPs).
3. Set up standards or limits for CCPs.
4. Set up procedures for monitoring CCPs.
5. Establish corrective actions.
6. Set up a recordkeeping system.
7. Verify the system is working.

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Setting up a System for Food Safety (2 of 4)
The HACCP System Beginning Concept: The Flow of Food
• Refers to the movement of food through a food-service operation—
from receiving to storage, preparation, and service, until it gets to the
final consumer:
• Receiving raw ingredients
• Storing raw ingredients
• Preparing ingredients
• Cooking
• Holding and serving
• Cooling and storing leftovers
• Reheating, holding, and storing leftovers

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Setting up a System for Food Safety (3 of 4)
The HACCP System
Assessing Hazards: process of identifying which of the following dangerous
conditions can occur every step of the process. These hazards can be divided
into three categories:
1. Contamination: such as cross-contamination from a soiled cutting surface,
torn packaging that permits insect infestation, working on food without
washing hands, and spilling cleaning chemicals on food
2. Growth of bacteria and other pathogens: due to conditions as inadequate
refrigeration or storage and holding hot foods below 135 degrees Farenheit
(57 degrees Celsius).
3. Survival of pathogens or the continued presence of toxins, usually because
of inadequate cooking or heating or inadequate sanitizing of equipment
and surfaces.

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Setting up a System for Food Safety (4 of 4)
The HACCP System
Identifying Critical Control Points
Critical Control Points: stages at which a worker can control the hazards
• For any given hazard there may be several control points, or several
chances to control the hazard.
• The last control point at which a worker can control a particular hazard
is especially important to determine because this is the last chance to
prevent a possible danger.
• These control points are called critical control points (CCPs).

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Safety
The Safe Workplace
The safe workplace is one that monitors:
• Preventing cuts
• Preventing burns
• Preventing and dealing with fires
• Preventing injuries from machines and equipment
• Preventing falls
• Preventing strains and injuries from lifting

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Copyright
Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in
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no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs
or from the use of the information contained herein.

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