Block Diagram of Communication System

1. Components of Communication System

Source → Transmitter → Channel → Receiver → Destination
(Add block diagram)

2. Types of Signals
Analog (AM, FM), Digital (PCM, ASK)

3. Noise & Its Effects

Thermal noise, Intermodulation, etc.
S/N ratio

4. Solved Example

Q: Calculate bandwidth required for AM transmission with 5 kHz signal.

Answer: BW = 2 × signal freq = 10 kHz1. Components of Communication
System
Block Diagram

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[Information Source] → [Transmitter] → [Channel] →

[Receiver] → [Destination]
↑ ↑ ↑
↑
Input Signal Modulated Signal Noisy Signal
Recovered Signal
Detailed Explanation of Each Block

1. Information Source

Generates the original message/information to be transmitted.




Types:

o
 Analog: Voice, music (continuous signals)

o
o

Digital: Text, computer data (discrete signals)

o

2. Transmitter

Converts the source signal into a form suitable for transmission.




Key Functions:

o

Signal Processing: Amplification, filtering

o
o

Modulation: Converts baseband signal to passband

o
o

Example Circuits:
o

For AM: Mixer + Carrier Oscillator




For FM: Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO)



3. Communication Channel


Physical medium that carries the signal from transmitter to receiver.




Types:

o

Wired: Coaxial cable, optical fiber

o
o

Wireless: Free space (radio), waveguide

o


Channel Impairments:


Attenuation, distortion, noise

4. Receiver

Extracts the original signal from the received modulated signal.




Key Functions:


Demodulation: Recovers baseband signal

o
o

Amplification: Compensates for channel losses

o
o

Filtering: Removes out-of-band noise

o

5. Destination

Final output device where the information is utilized.




Examples:


Loudspeaker (for audio)

o
o

Display screen (for video)

o
o

Computer (for data)

o

2. Types of Signals
Analog Communication
Ty Modulation
Full Name Bandwidth Applications
pe Parameter

Amplitude AM radio (535-1605

AM Amplitude 2 × fₘ
Modulation kHz)

Frequency FM radio (88-108

FM Frequency 2(Δf + fₘ)
Modulation MHz)

Similar to Satellite
PM Phase Modulation Phase
FM communication

Digital Communication

Ty
Full Name Key Characteristics Applications
pe

PC Pulse Code Sampling + Digital

M Modulation Quantization telephony

AS Amplitude Shift
On/Off keying Optical fiber
K Keying

FS Frequency Shift
Frequency changes Modems
K Keying

PS
Phase Shift Keying Phase changes Wi-Fi, Bluetooth
K

3. Noise & Its Effects

Types of Noise

Noise Type Cause Characteristics Mitigation

White noise, affects all Cooling, proper impedance

Thermal Noise Random electron motion
frequencies matching

Discrete nature of
Shot Noise Poisson distribution Higher current operation
current

Intermodulati
Non-linear mixing Harmonics generation Linear amplifiers
on

Impulse Noise Sudden disturbances Short duration spikes Error correction codes
 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

SNRdB=10log⁡10(PsignalPnoise)SNRdB=10log10(PnoisePsignal)

Typical Values:

Good quality audio: ≥60 dB

o
o

Mobile communication: 20-30 dB

o

Noise Figure (NF)

NF=SNRinSNRoutNF=SNRoutSNRin

Measures degradation caused by system components

4. Solved Examples
Example 1: AM Bandwidth Calculation

Problem: Calculate bandwidth required for AM transmission with 5 kHz modulating signal.

Solution:

BW=2×fmax=2×5kHz=10kHzBW=2×fmax=2×5kHz=10kHz

Verification:

AM spectrum contains:

o

Carrier (f_c)

o
o

Upper sideband (f_c + fₘ)

o
o

Lower sideband (f_c - fₘ)

o


Thus total spread = (f_c + 5kHz) - (f_c - 5kHz) = 10kHz



Example 2: Digital Transmission Capacity

Problem: A channel with 3 kHz bandwidth and 30 dB SNR. Find maximum data rate (Shannon Capacity).

Solution:

C=Blog⁡2(1+SNR)C=Blog2(1+SNR)

First convert SNR from dB:

SNR=1030/10=1000SNR=1030/10=1000

Then:

C=3000×log⁡2(1001)≈3000×9.97≈29.9kbpsC=3000×log2
(1001)≈3000×9.97≈29.9kbps

5. Practical Considerations
Frequency Spectrum Allocation

Ba Frequency
Applications
nd Range

LF 30-300 kHz AM broadcasting

 Ba Frequency
Applications
nd Range

300 kHz-3
MF AM radio
MHz

HF 3-30 MHz Shortwave radio

VH
30-300 MHz FM radio, TV
F

UH 300 MHz-3 Mobile phones,

F GHz GPS

SH
3-30 GHz Satellite, radar
F

Modern Communication Systems

5G Networks: Uses mmWave (24-100 GHz)




Fiber Optics: THz frequencies, extremely low loss




Satellite Comms: C-band (4-8 GHz), Ku-band (12-18 GHz)



6. Advanced Topics (Optional)

Modulation Techniques Comparison

Parameter AM FM PCM

Noise Excellen
Poor Good
immunity t

Very
Bandwidth Low High
high
 Parameter AM FM PCM

Simpl Modera
Complexity Complex
e te

Power
Low High Medium
efficiency

Emerging Technologies

Software Defined Radio (SDR): Reconfigurable through software




Cognitive Radio: Intelligent spectrum utilization




MIMO Systems: Multiple antennas for increased capacity



1. Components of Communication System

Block Diagram

Copy

Download

[Information Source] → [Transmitter] → [Channel] →

[Receiver] → [Destination]
↑ ↑ ↑
↑
Input Signal Modulated Signal Noisy Signal
Recovered Signal
Detailed Explanation of Each Block

1. Information Source

Generates the original message/information to be transmitted.




Types:

o

Analog: Voice, music (continuous signals)

o
o

Digital: Text, computer data (discrete signals)

o

2. Transmitter

Converts the source signal into a form suitable for transmission.




Key Functions:

o

Signal Processing: Amplification, filtering

o
o

Modulation: Converts baseband signal to passband

o
o

Example Circuits:
o

For AM: Mixer + Carrier Oscillator




For FM: Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO)



3. Communication Channel

Physical medium that carries the signal from transmitter to receiver.




Types:

o

Wired: Coaxial cable, optical fiber

o
o

Wireless: Free space (radio), waveguide

o


Channel Impairments:


Attenuation, distortion, noise

4. Receiver

Extracts the original signal from the received modulated signal.



 Key Functions:


Demodulation: Recovers baseband signal

o
o

Amplification: Compensates for channel losses

o
o

Filtering: Removes out-of-band noise

o

5. Destination

Final output device where the information is utilized.




Examples:


Loudspeaker (for audio)

o
o

Display screen (for video)

o
o

Computer (for data)

o
2. Types of Signals
Analog Communication

Ty Modulation
Full Name Bandwidth Applications
pe Parameter

Amplitude AM radio (535-1605

AM Amplitude 2 × fₘ
Modulation kHz)

Frequency FM radio (88-108

FM Frequency 2(Δf + fₘ)
Modulation MHz)

Similar to Satellite
PM Phase Modulation Phase
FM communication

Digital Communication

Ty
Full Name Key Characteristics Applications
pe

PC Pulse Code Sampling + Digital

M Modulation Quantization telephony

AS Amplitude Shift
On/Off keying Optical fiber
K Keying

FS Frequency Shift
Frequency changes Modems
K Keying

PS
Phase Shift Keying Phase changes Wi-Fi, Bluetooth
K

3. Noise & Its Effects

Types of Noise

Noise Type Cause Characteristics Mitigation

White noise, affects all Cooling, proper impedance

Thermal Noise Random electron motion
frequencies matching

Discrete nature of
Shot Noise Poisson distribution Higher current operation
current
 Noise Type Cause Characteristics Mitigation

Intermodulati
Non-linear mixing Harmonics generation Linear amplifiers
on

Impulse Noise Sudden disturbances Short duration spikes Error correction codes

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

SNRdB=10log⁡10(PsignalPnoise)SNRdB=10log10(PnoisePsignal)

Typical Values:

Good quality audio: ≥60 dB

o
o

Mobile communication: 20-30 dB

o

Noise Figure (NF)

NF=SNRinSNRoutNF=SNRoutSNRin

Measures degradation caused by system components

4. Solved Examples
Example 1: AM Bandwidth Calculation

Problem: Calculate bandwidth required for AM transmission with 5 kHz modulating signal.

Solution:
 BW=2×fmax=2×5kHz=10kHzBW=2×fmax=2×5kHz=10kHz

Verification:

AM spectrum contains:


o

Carrier (f_c)

o
o

Upper sideband (f_c + fₘ)

o
o

Lower sideband (f_c - fₘ)

o


Thus total spread = (f_c + 5kHz) - (f_c - 5kHz) = 10kHz



Example 2: Digital Transmission Capacity

Problem: A channel with 3 kHz bandwidth and 30 dB SNR. Find maximum data rate (Shannon Capacity).

Solution:

C=Blog⁡2(1+SNR)C=Blog2(1+SNR)

First convert SNR from dB:

SNR=1030/10=1000SNR=1030/10=1000

Then:

C=3000×log⁡2(1001)≈3000×9.97≈29.9kbpsC=3000×log2
(1001)≈3000×9.97≈29.9kbps
 5. Practical Considerations
Frequency Spectrum Allocation

Ba Frequency
Applications
nd Range

LF 30-300 kHz AM broadcasting

300 kHz-3
MF AM radio
MHz

HF 3-30 MHz Shortwave radio

VH
30-300 MHz FM radio, TV
F

UH 300 MHz-3 Mobile phones,

F GHz GPS

SH
3-30 GHz Satellite, radar
F

Modern Communication Systems

5G Networks: Uses mmWave (24-100 GHz)




Fiber Optics: THz frequencies, extremely low loss




Satellite Comms: C-band (4-8 GHz), Ku-band (12-18 GHz)



6. Advanced Topics (Optional)

Modulation Techniques Comparison
 Parameter AM FM PCM

Noise Excellen
Poor Good
immunity t

Very
Bandwidth Low High
high

Simpl Modera
Complexity Complex
e te

Power
Low High Medium
efficiency

Emerging Technologies

Software Defined Radio (SDR): Reconfigurable through software




Cognitive Radio: Intelligent spectrum utilization




MIMO Systems: Multiple antennas for increased capacity

