CSE30306-HYDRULICS &HYDROLOGY Pipe Flows : EL and HGL

Energy line (EL) and Hydraulic grade line (HGL)

EL and HGL can give a geometrical interpretation of flow’s energy

Energy line (EL) is a line that represents the total head available to the fluid.
𝑝 𝑈2 petke
𝐻=𝑧+ +
𝛾 2𝑔
Hydraulic grade line (HGL) is a line that represents the piezometric head available to the fluid

ℎ=𝑧+
𝑝 pe
𝛾

The flow equation in steady condition is:

-

j.
d𝐻 dℎ 𝑓 𝑈2 The HL and EL are a line with negative slope equal to -j
= = −j = −

i
d𝑠 d𝑠 𝐷 2𝑔 𝑓 𝑈2
--
∆𝐻 = 𝐻L = − 𝐿 Darcy Equation
𝐷 2𝑔
CSE30306-HYDRULICS &HYDROLOGY how to draw EL Pipe Flows : EL and HGL

Energy line (EL) and Hydraulic grade line (HGL) Frictional loss: ∝
𝑓 𝑈2
− 𝐷 2𝑔
𝑎 = 40𝑐𝑚, Pressurized (controlled) reservoir
-
𝑈2
𝐿1 = 50𝑚, Minor loss: ℎ𝐿 = 𝐾𝐿 2𝑔
𝐿2 = 3𝑚, ~ 8.
84
𝐿3 = 75𝑚, O 03
.

𝐿4 = 55𝑚,
𝐷1 = 10𝑐𝑚,
y 53 -0 15
.
z=0
= Open to air, p=0
stationary
& choose
- --

𝐷2 = 15𝑐𝑚, 75
O
,
ref pt
-
before O O
𝑄 = 5 𝓁Τ𝑠 UA = Inlet head loss
entering minor
75 55
loss 0
𝑝0 pipe z=
= 0.307𝑚 = -

Loss due to bend

𝛾
𝑝0 start pt Loss due to
𝐻1 = ℎ1 = 𝑎 + = 0.7 𝑚 · expansion
- 𝛾 -

Changed slope
-end
𝐻2 = 0 pt
·
Exit head loss

5853
-
For sudden expansion: - Curvilinear coordinate
2 following pipeline
𝐴1
𝐾𝐿 = 𝛼 − 1 ≅ 0.309 HGL =

connect all pts

EL
𝐴2 downward
by By except pipe 4 (diff D) .
lastly
CSE30306-HYDRULICS &HYDROLOGY
how to draw Pipe Flows : EL and HGL

Energy line (EL) and Hydraulic grade line (HGL) another Q

6 Free jet, open to air, p=0
𝐿1 = 10𝑚 G 8
𝐿2 = 2.5𝑚 Open to air, p=0
1 5
𝐿3 = 6𝑚 .

𝑎 = 1.5𝑚 t #z
=0
25
.

𝐷1 = 2.7𝑐𝑚 0 027
to
.

pump

by
𝑄 = 1.5 𝓁Τ𝑠 HA =
O
10
downward EL
𝐻1 = 0, ℎ1 = 0 start pt
-
𝑈2 EL & HGL are in parallel
𝐻2 = 𝑎
-
-end pt
+ 2𝑔=1.85m Difference
ℎ2 = 𝑎 *

stationary end Loss due to bend

·
end of
& pump
·
pipe 2
HGL =

downshift
=

Inlet head loss from El

(minor" &
Curvilinear coordinate
following pipeline
loss pump
CSE30306-HYDRULICS &HYDROLOGY Pipe Flows : EL and HGL

Energy line (EL) and Hydraulic grade line (HGL) Flow rate Q is the same (volume in = volume out)
Velocity changes due to variation of pipe diameter

he
⑨

&

minor
los
&
cal
downwardhenmc a

S
CSE30306-HYDRULICS &HYDROLOGY Pipe Flows : Pipes in parallel

Pipes in parallel
◼ Pipes in parallel refers to the arrangement ◼ and the total discharge
that the pipes are connected with the same through the N pipes
starting point and the same end point. (conservation of
◼ This immediately indicates that the head mass/volume)
-
𝑁 𝑁
loss of each pipe is the same. 𝜋𝑑 2
𝑄 = ෍ 𝑄𝑖 = ෍ 𝑢
◼ But if the pipes are of different diameter, 4
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖
the quantity of flow through each pipe will
be different.
◼ For N pipes in parallel, the head loss is Q1,hL1 hi Hi-HA
=

(Darcy equation)
ℎ𝐿 = ℎ𝐿𝑖 =
𝑓𝐿 𝑢2
+ 𝑘𝐿
𝑢2
𝑄 HHB
Q2, hL2
-

w
𝑑 2𝑔 2𝑔 𝑖
𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3
𝑖 is the pipeline index
volunt
conservation
Q3, hL3
CSE30306-HYDRULICS &HYDROLOGY Pipe Flows : pipes in parallel

①energy conservation
Pipes in parallel: example
Q ②mass conservation
Determine the total flow rate if Darcy volume A hL= 24m
1600m
factor f=0.04. Neglect minor losses. 450mm DI 𝐷1
𝑄1
hal haz Pipe 1
Pipes in parallel: B
𝑓𝐿 𝑢2 𝐿 𝑄2 𝐿 𝑄2 𝑄2
ℎ𝐿 = = 𝑓 5 = 𝑓 5 Pipe 2
𝑑 2𝑔 𝐷 12.1 𝐷 12.1 𝐷2
𝑖 1 2 1600m
- 300mm Dz
𝑄2 𝑄2 𝑄12 𝐷15

·
= = 𝑄1 = 2.756𝑄2
𝐷5 1
𝐷5 2
𝑄22 𝐷25 ~

Since hL=24m, for pipe 1:

𝐿 𝑄2 12.1ℎ𝐿 𝐷15
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑓 5 𝑄1 =
𝐷 12.1 𝑓𝐿

160
1 -

% 04
.

Q1=0.288m3/s, Q2=0.105m3/s and Qtotal=Q1+Q2=0.393m3/s

-
-
CSE30306-HYDRULICS &HYDROLOGY Pipe Flows : Branching pipes

Branching pipes
◼ In a simple branching pipe system, the flow through each pipe is intended when the
reservoir elevations are given. The size and types of pipes and fluid properties are
assumed known.
◼ Same principles are adopted: energy conservation and mass conservation.
◼ The total head at intersection point J:

𝑝𝐽 𝑈𝐽2
ℎ𝐽 = + + 𝑧𝐽 A
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

Energy conservation for pipe 1 (Bernoulli equation):

3 13

which ?
◼ #
-

𝑝1 𝑈12 𝑝𝐽 𝑈𝐽2
+
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
+ 𝑧1 = +
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
+ 𝑧𝐽 + ℎ𝐿1
-
D joint
C

◼
A
Similar equations for pipe 2 and 3.
-
joint J
head & zJ
◼ The continuity equation must be satisfied. At junction J
Reference level: z=0
in tak B
ge out
tankB
tank B
X=
go in
Q1=Q2+Q3 or Q1+Q2=Q3 go tank B
out
= enter go
◼ The problem is then closed. In general iterative method is required to find out the
solution. Also the two options of the continuity equation must be tested.

check step 4 & 4 b

which correct
CSE30306-HYDRULICS &HYDROLOGY Pipe Flows : Pipe Network

Pipe Network
A pipe network is a set of pipes which are • Iterative methods (e.g. Hardy Cross method)
interconnected so that the flow from are required to solve the problem and
a given input point to a given outlet computer is generally used.
point may come through different
routes (such as point A to point B in
the following example).
list Ast Qu
95 =

Method of successive approximations: e y

. .
assuming values for the flow in each
Q , + Q2
=
Q3 + Q4
pipe, or the heads at each junction,
and check whether the values chosen
satisfy the requirements that: ⑤ ⑥
C
i)the head loss between any two junctions y *

F
must be the same for all routes A
between these junctions (energy
①
②
conservation). 8 E
D
ii)The inflow to each junction must equal ↓
the out flow from that junction
i
·

(continuity requirement). M
B
CSE30306-HYDRULICS &HYDROLOGY Pipe Flows : Pipe Network

Pipe Network Source: InfoWorks/Innovyze

Software packages used by industry

X Source: Sobek/Deltares

HEC-RAS
(free)
CSE30306-HYDRULICS &HYDROLOGY Summary

Pipe flow Summary: Total Head and piezometric Head * unit

Piezometric head [unit: m] Total head [unit: m]
pe
head
height + pressure 𝑝 𝑈 𝑝 𝑈 2 2 /9 81 ms .

ℎ=𝑧+ 𝐻=ℎ+ =𝑧+ + 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔

ref . pt 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 -

Pa
in
z =
f Tie Ti = Da
Kla
volume discharge
Flow rate [unit: m3/s] Flow velocity [unit: m/s] Cross-section area [unit: m2]

𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴 𝑈 = 𝑄/𝐴 𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝐷
4

*
Reynolds number [unit: 1] Water kinematic viscosity [unit: m2/s] Water density [unit: kg/m3]
𝑈𝐷
𝑅𝑒 = 𝜈 = 10−6 𝜌 = 1000
𝜈
CSE30306-HYDRULICS &HYDROLOGY Summary

Pipe Flow Summary

To find f
𝑓 𝑈2 𝑈2 In transition zone: Colebrook-White equation
∆𝐻 = 𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = − 𝐿 − ෍ 𝐾𝐿𝑖 + ℎ𝑝 𝑄 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
𝐷 2𝑔 2𝑔 1 𝜀 2.51
𝑖 Continuity = −2 log10 ( + )
Equation 𝑓 3.71𝐷 Re 𝑓
Friction loss Minor loss Pump
Otherwise: Moody diagram
Darcy Equation
f: Darcy Friction factor

Type Given To find

I Q, L, D, ,  𝛥𝐻 (ℎL ) Explicit problem

II hL, L, D, ,  Q Implicit problem

III hL, L, Q, ,  D Iterative procedure

CSE30306-HYDRULICS &HYDROLOGY Summary

Pipe flow Summary

Type II: how to find the solution 2𝑔 ℎ𝑝 − 𝛥𝐻 𝐷 2𝑔 ℎ𝑝 −𝛥𝐻
𝑄=𝐴 𝜀 𝑄 =A 𝜀 𝐿
𝑓(𝑅𝑒, )𝐿 𝑓 𝑅𝑒, +σ𝑖 𝐾𝐿𝑖
Type Given To find 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷

II 𝛥𝐻 (ℎL ), L, D, ,  𝑄 Without minor loss With minor loss

Procedure:
1. Evaluate 𝜀/𝐷
2. Calculate the first value of the Darcy coefficient 𝑓1g assuming that it does NOT depend on 𝑅𝑒. Thus, you can use the
Moody diagram or the Colebrook-White formula in the limit case of 𝑓 = 𝑓 𝜀/𝐷 fo
3. Calculate a first value for the volumetric discharge 𝑄1 with the Darcy equation
𝑈 𝐷
4. Calculate now the velocity 𝑈1 = 𝑄1 /𝐴 and the new Reynolds number 𝑅𝑒1 = 𝜈1
𝜀
5. Calculate the second value of the Darcy coefficient 𝑓2A from the Moody diagram 𝑓(𝑅𝑒1 , 𝐷)
6. Calculate a second value for the volumetric discharge 𝑄2 with the Darcy equation
𝑈 𝐷
7. Calculate now the velocity 𝑈2 = 𝑄2 /𝐴 and the new Reynolds number 𝑅𝑒2 = 𝜈2
𝜀
8. Calculate the third value of the Darcy coefficient 𝑓2
3 from the Moody diagram 𝑓(𝑅𝑒2 , 𝐷)
9. If then 𝑓2
3 ≅ 𝑓2 you stop and the answer is 𝑄2 , otherwise you continue from step 6 until the Darcy factor is constant
CSE30306-HYDRULICS &HYDROLOGY Summary

Pipe flow Summary 𝜀 1/5

Type III: how to find the solution 𝑓 𝑅𝑒, 𝑄2
Without minor loss: 𝐷 = − 𝐷
12.1 (∆𝐻 − ℎ𝑃 )
Type Given To find With minor loss:
III 𝛥𝐻 (ℎL ), L, Q, ,  𝐷 𝑄2 𝜀 𝐿
1/4
𝐷= − 𝑓 𝑅𝑒, + σ𝑖 𝐾𝐿𝑖
12.1 ∆𝐻−ℎ𝑝 𝐷 𝐷
Procedure:
1. Assume a tentative value for the velocity 𝑈1 = 1 𝑚/𝑠 or 8 m/s ?
4𝑄
2. Calculate the first value of the diameter from 𝐷1 =
𝜋𝑈1
𝑈1 𝐷1
3. Calculate new Reynolds number 𝑅𝑒1 = and the relative roughness 𝜀/𝐷1
𝜈
𝜀
4. Calculate the first value of the Darcy coefficient 𝑓1 = 𝑓(𝑅𝑒1 , ) from the Moody diagram
𝐷1
5. Calculate a second value for the diameter 𝐷2 with the Darcy equation
𝑈 𝐷
6. Calculate a new area 𝐴2 = 𝜋/4𝐷22 a new velocity 𝑈2 = 𝑄/𝐴2 , the new Reynolds number 𝑅𝑒2 = 2 2 and the new relative
𝜈
roughness 𝜀/𝐷2
𝜀
7. Calculate the second value of the Darcy coefficient 𝑓2 from the Moody diagram 𝑓(𝑅𝑒2 , )
𝐷2
8. Calculate a second value for the diameter 𝐷3 with the Darcy equation
9. If then 𝐷3 ≅ 𝐷2 you stop and the answer is 𝐷3 , otherwise you continue from step 6 until the difference in the diameter is small
CSE30306-HYDRULICS &HYDROLOGY Summary

caras
MUSTstate
Pipe flow Summary
*
Useful tips

amm-
1. Read the question carefully and decide what
kind of exercise is required (type I, II or III)
2. Decide a reference level z=0 ·
3. Write down the full Darcy Equation Δ𝐻 =
Minor loss

𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = ⋯ P

4. Calculate the total heads 𝐻1 and 𝐻2 (𝐻 = 𝑧 +

𝑝 𝑈2
+ )
𝛾 2𝑔
5. Reformulate the Darcy Equation to the proper
form depending on type I, II or III
6. Solve the equation. If it is an implicit problem
– use iterations.
. EL &
7 HGL