The document discusses the distinction between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior in animals, providing examples and scenarios for analysis. It includes video clips and hypotheses to illustrate these concepts. The document encourages the reader to fill in explanations for various animal behaviors based on proximate and ultimate causes.
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Proximate Ultimatecausation
The document discusses the distinction between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior in animals, providing examples and scenarios for analysis. It includes video clips and hypotheses to illustrate these concepts. The document encourages the reader to fill in explanations for various animal behaviors based on proximate and ultimate causes.
Directions:
Each
of
the
statements
below
is
a
hypothesis.
For
each
statement,
fill
in
(P)
for
proximate
hypothesis
and
(U)
for
ultimate
hypothesis.
1. We
observe
that
a
2008
Honda
CRV
sport
utility
vehicle
accelerates
as
it
moves
from
the
ramp
to
the
US
60
Superstition
Freeway.
For
each
of
the
five
following
explanations
for
the
car’s
behavior,
indicate
(a)
for
proximate
hypothesis,
and
(b)
for
ultimate
hypothesis.
Your
answers
should
be
based
on
the
definitions
for
proximate
and
ultimate
that
we
have
employed
in
class.
a) _____
The
car
accelerates
because
its
driver
is
fearful
of
being
squashed
by
a
fast
moving
Wal-‐mart
truck
coming
up
from
behind.
b) _____
The
car
accelerates
because
the
driver
puts
his
foot
down
more
firmly
on
the
accelerator.
c) _____
The
car
accelerates
because
underpowered,
slow-‐to-‐accelerate
Hondas
have
not
sold
well
in
the
past.
d) _____
The
car
accelerates
because
the
robots
that
assembled
the
Honda
connected
the
accelerator
pedal
to
the
engine.
e) _____
The
car
accelerates
because
this
ability
reduces
the
likelihood
of
an
accident.
12.
I
say
that
a
white-‐crowned
sparrow
sings
a
distinctive
dialect
because
its
genes
influenced
how
its
song
system
was
assembled,
which
in
turn
makes
dialect
learning
possible.
You
say
that
it
sings
the
song
because
of
the
operation
of
the
robust
nucleus
of
the
archistriatum,
which
sends
signals
to
the
bird’s
vocal
control
apparatus,
the
syrinx.
Who
is
correct?
a.
I
am
wrong
because
learning
is
environmentally
determined,
not
determined
by
the
bird’s
genes.
b.
You
are
wrong
because
the
bird’s
vocal
apparatus
is
called
the
larynx,
not
the
syrinx.
c.
We
both
could
be
right
because
our
two
hypotheses
offer
two
different
proximate
levels
of
analysis
of
dialect
singing.
d.
We
both
could
be
right
because
our
two
hypotheses
offer
two
complementary
levels
of
analysis,
one
proximate
and
the
other
ultimate.
Explain
your
answer:
Refer
to
the
figure
to
the
right
of
a
tuning
curve
for
a
fly
species
that
parasitizes
calling
crickets.
23.
What
sound
frequency
(kHz)
are
the
male
flies
least
sensitive
to?
a.
2
d.
20
b.
5
e.
40 c.
10
24.
The
reaction
of
the
fly
to
sounds
of
_______kHz
best
illustrates
the
concept
of
stimulus
filtering.
a.
2
d.
20
b.
5
e.
4 c.
10
Why
might
the
ears
of
males
and
females
of
this
species
of
fly
have
different
tuning
curves?
Designate
(a)
for
a
proximate
and
(b)
for
an
ultimate
explanation.
Proximate:
Ultimate:
Scenario
1:
You
come
home
and
just
settle
down
in
your
favorite
chair
with
some
tunes
and
maybe
a
glass
of
prune
juice
when
suddenly
this
huge
lump
descends
on
your
lap.
A
loud
noise
is
coming
from
the
throat
of
the
beast
and
it
seems
to
want
to
be
petted.
For
those
of
you
who
don't
have
one
this
is
a
favorite
activity
in
cats.
What
is
a
proximate
and
an
ultimate
cause
for
this
condition?
What
is
the
cat
doing?
Proximate:
Ultimate:
Scenario
2:
Even
though
it
makes
your
mom
crazy
your
dog,
Spunky,
always
wants
to
sleep
on
your
bed.
What
is
a
proximate
and
an
ultimate
cause
for
this
condition?
What
is
Spunky
doing?
Proximate:
Ultimate:
Scenario
3:
When
a
new
lion
takes
over
a
pride
he
often
will
kill
the
young
cubs
of
his
predecessor.
Describe
a
proximate
and
an
ultimate
cause
for
this
condition.
Proximate:
Ultimate:
Scenario
4:
In
silverback
gorillas
the
males
will
hoot
and
pound
their
chests
when
other
animals
enter
their
territory.
Describe
a
proximate
and
an
ultimate
cause
for
this
condition.
Proximate: