An

Internship Report
on
“BLUETOOTH CONTROL CAR USING ARDUINO”
Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted by

NANDEESH GOWDA MS 2GB21EC021

Internship Carried out
at
Abeyaantrix Softlab Pvt.Ltd

Internal Guide External Guide

Pro Mr.Ravinaik R Mr.Rakesh K B

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

HUVINAHADAGALI - 583219 VIJAYANAGARA (DIST)
2023-2024
 Government of Karnataka
Department of Collegiate and Technical Education

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

HUVINAHADAGALI – 583219, VIJAYANAGARA (DIST)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the an internship report entitled “BLUETOOTH
CONTROL CAR USING ARDUINO” carried out by NANDEESH GOWDA M S
bearing USN: 2GB21EC021 a bonafide student of Government Engineering
College, Huvinahadagali in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering of the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during the academic year 2023-2024.The
internship report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in
respect of internship work prescribed for the said Degree.

-------------------------- --------------------------- ----------------------------

Internship Coordinator HOD Principal

Date :

Place :
 VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
“JNANA SANGAMA”, BELAGAVI-590 018

DECLARATION

I, NANDEESH GOWDA M S, USN-2GB21EC021 the student of 6th semester Bachelor

of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering, Government Engineering

College, Huvinahadagali hereby declare that the internship report titled “Bluetooth control car

using Arduino” has been prepared and presented by me and submitted in partial fulfillment of

the course requirements for the award of degree in Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and

Communication Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the

year 2023-2024. Further the content of the report has not been submitted previously for the award

of any degree or diploma to any other university.

Place: Huvinahadagali

NANDEESH GOWDA M S
2GB21EC021
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The sense of contentment and elation that accomplishes the successful completion of our task would
be incomplete without mentioning the names of the people who helped inaccomplishment of this
mini project, whose constant guidance, support and encouragement resulted in its realization.

I would specially thank our internship coordinator Manukumar G B Department of Electronics

and Communication Engineering for their expert guidance, encouragement and valuable
suggestions at every step.

I would specially thank our external internship guide Rakesh K B for their expert guidance,
encouragement and valuable suggestions at every step.

I would also like to express our gratitude to Dr. Rajashekhar U, Head of the department of
Electronics and Communication for encouraging and inspiring us to carry out during internship
work.

I would like to thank Dr. Nagaraj B Patil Principal, Government Engineering College,
Huvinahadagali, for continuous support and constant encouragement to carry out during
internship work.

I am extremely happy to acknowledge and express sincere gratitude to our friends who gave us
constant support and encouragement and well wishes for their help and co-operation and solution
to problems during the internship work.

Nandeesh gowda M S

i
 CONTENTS
Acknowledgement i
Contents ii-iii
List of Figures iv-v

CHAPTER 1
ABOUT COMPANY
1.1 History of company 01
1.2 Major Milestone 02
1.3 Applications 04
1.4 Services offered by company 04
1.5 Mission 05
1.6 Vision 05

CHAPTER 2
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
2.1 About Embedded system 06

IOT
2.2 About IOT 07
2.2.1 Classification of IOT 07
COMPONENTS
2.3 Introduction to Arduino UNO 08
2.3.1 Pin description of Arduino uno 09
2.3.2 Arduino Installation steps 12

CHAPTER 3
TASK PERFORMED
3.1 Interphase Arduino with 16x2 LCD Display 15
3.2 Interphase Arduino with LDR(Light dependent resister) Sensor 15
3.3 Interphase Arduino with IR Sensor 17

3.4 Interphase Arduino with ULTRASONIC Sensor 17

3.5 Interphase Arduino with DH11 Sensor 18

ii
 3.6 Interphase Arduino with DC Motor 20

3.7 Interphase Arduino with Servo Motor 21

3.8 Interphase Arduino with HC-05 Bluetooth Module 22

3.9 Interphase Arduino with ESP8266 WIFI Module 23
3.10 Interphase Arduino with Relay 23

CHAPTER 4
BLUETOOTH CONTROL CAR USING ARDUINO UNO
4.1 Project Overview 25
4.2 Components Used 25
4.3 Pin Diagram 26
4.4 Source Code 26

Conclusion 30

References 31

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No: Figure Name Page No:

Company Logo
Fig 1.1 1

Fig 1.2 Organization Structure 3

Fig 2.1 Arduino Uno Pinout 9

Fig 2.2 Different Parts of Arduino Uno 13

Fig 2.3 Initial code structure 13

Fig 2.4 Parts of Arduino IDE Main Screen 14

Fig 3.1 Liquid Crystal Display Pinout 16

Fig 3.2 Pin description of 16×2 LCD with Arduino 16

Fig 3.3 LDR Sensor Pinout 17

Fig 3.4 Pin Description of with LDR Arduino 17

Fig 3.5 IR Sensor Pinout 18

Fig 3.6 Pin Description IR Sensor with Arduino 18

Fig 3.7 ULTRASONIC Sensor Pinout 19

Pin Description of ULTRASONIC Sensor

Fig 3.8 19
with Arduino

Fig 3.9 DHT11 Pinout 20

iv
Fig 3.10 Pin Description of DH11 Sensor with 20
Arduino
21
Fig 3.11 Motor driver Pinout

Fig 3.12 Pin Description of DC Motor with Arduino 21

Fig 3.13 Servo motor Pinout 22

Fig 3.14 Pin Description of Servo Motor with Arduino 22

Fig 3.15 HC-05 Bluetooth Module Pinout 23

Pin Description of HC-05 Bluetooth Module

Fig 3.16 with Arduino 23

Fig 3.17 ESP8266 WIFI Module Pinout 24

Pin Description of ESP8266 WIFI Module

Fig 3.18 with Arduino 24

Fig 3.19 Pin Description of Relay with Arduino 25

Pin Diagram & Connection of Bluetooth

Fig 4.1 Control Car 27

Fig 4.2 Bluetooth Control Car Module 27

Fig 4.3 Project flow diagram 30

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CHAPTER-1
ABOUT THE COMPANY
ABEYAANTRIX SOFTLAB Pvt.Ltd
1.1 HISTORY
Abeyaantrix SoftLab (OPC) Private Limited was started by highly experienced technocrats in
the field of Embedded Product Design & Development. Abeyaantrix SoftLab is a product
development Lab and a service-oriented company that is building core expertise, skills, services, and
products in the fields of Embedded Systems, IoT, Electrical Simulation, Machine Learning, Digital signal
processing, Image and video processing, Web design.

Fig 1.1: Abeyaantrix SoftLab Logo

Abeyaantrix Softlab was founded by a group of highly experienced technocrats with a hardware
and software background, who have worked with various corporates, state governments and
multinationals companies, with a more than 20 years of experience, along with a vision to offer
Embedded software solutions, Product development and consultancy services above-mentioned
fields.
Abeyaantrix Softlab delivers the highest quality of services to its customers at reduced costs,
quicker time-to-market, huge value ads, and enhanced productivity. Abeyaantrix Soft lab also
provides high-quality consultancy services to various multinational companies including BOSCH
GmbH, CISCO networks, SASKEN, KPIT Cummins, etc., and to various Defence
DRDO labs such as ASL Hyderabad, CAIR Bangalore, HMRE Pune, etc., and also provides
vocational training services to various engineering colleges, universities, Defense institutes such as
Defense institute of advanced technology, Indian Naval Academy Kerala, and many more of them.
At Abeyaantrix Soft lab they follow Hardware Methodologies and Software Processes that are a
combination of policies and processes. Processes that have been derived from best practices within the

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software and hardware industry. They follow processes for all the activities they execute inortoeve SEI
CMM Level 5 in the due course for the betterment of their services and product development. These
processes are continuously refined and defined for ongoing measurement and improvement for both
process and product quality.
1.2 MAJOR MILESTONE
Abeyaantrix Soft Lab Smart home team:
Their department belongs to SMART HOME products development, it aims at bringing low cost
and long durable products to the Tier2 and Tier3 cities. SMART home products such as Smart
switches, Smart lights, smart sockets, smart cameras, Assistive robots and also Smart toys.
To build these products their team was using technologies such as Embedded system, IoT,Image
processing, Machine Learning, web design and android application development. Below are the
details of software’s and Hardware’s used in their smart home team
Software’s languages: C programming, Python, MATLAB and SIMULINK, HTML, CSS,
JavaScript, JAVA.
Software tools and Libraries: code blocks, ANACONDA, Jupiter notebook, Spyder notebook,
PyCharm, MATLAB, Kiel, Arduino IDE, Raspbian OS, OpenCV, TensorFlow., Image, video, Audio
and Speech Compression standards such as H.263, H.264, G.722 JPEG etc.
Hardware Platforms: Raspberry PI, ARM A7 controller, ARM cortex controller, ATMEGA based
Arduino controller.

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ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE:

Team Member. Team Member. Team Member.

Fig 1.2: Organization structure

Abeyaantrix Softlab provides complete solutions in embedded systems and system level
programming. Their team has a breadth of experience in design and development for embedded
systems that spans many CPU architectures, chipsets and peripherals across a variety of platforms.
They generate custom software including device drivers, firmware and board support packages by
leveraging their experience and mature processes.
Their areas of expertise include end to end IoT system design, WEB design, Application
development for IoT systems, Digital Signal Processing, Security Applications, and Real- Time
Embedded Systems. They have created applications to provide functionality such as multi-
conference messaging, asset tracking with GPS, remote monitoring and control of equipment and

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personnel. In addition, they have a vast amount of experience creating software for embedded devices,
particularly 802.11 access points, rugged communications equipment and embedded authentication
systems.
1.3 APPLICATIONS:
• Internet of Things
• Data Exploration
• Data Analysis
• Image processing applications
• Video Processing
• Audio Processing
• Speech Processing
• Data Conversion
• Networking
• RF Signal Processing
• Automatic Gain Control
1.4 SERVICES OFFERED BY THE COMPANY:
• Corporate training
• Consultancy services to companies
• Academic training
CORPORATE TRAINING:
Abeyaantrix Softlab corporate training is experientially based, less of theory and more of
activities. It involves a mix of both formal and informal training and education programs, particularly
designed with the sole purpose of improving or in some cases imparting skills to both executives and
employees and also budding engineers doing undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Abeyaantrix
Softlab offers different real-time projects based on various domains. Abeyaantrix Softlab has a broad
range of course offerings to equip you and your organization with the right skills, at precisely the
right time and at right cost.

CONSULTANCY SERVICE TO COMPANIES:

Abeyaantrix Softlab provides software consultancy, development, and outsourcing services for
Embedded Linux. We always welcome our worldwide consultant to hire team or individuals from
Abeyaantrix Softlab according to their work needs with cost-efficient manner

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Following is the technology on which consultancy services and corporate training are provided
1. IoT and Embedded system
2. MATLAB and Simulink programming
3. Cloud Computing
4. Machine Learning and Deep Learning
5. C and advanced Data structure
6. Computer vision using OpenCV
7. Embedded system RTOS
8. DSP Processor programming with CCS IDE
9. Image, Video, and Audio processing application
10. Linux Device Drivers
11. Also customized programs according to client requirements.
FINANCIAL DETAILS AND NUMBER OF PEOPLE WORKING IN THE ORGANIZATION:
Company manpower is about 8 members and the turnover of the company is more than Rupees 35
lakhs.
1.4 MISSION:
"To help our customers in achieving their time-to-market objective by being their dependable
technology partners and delivering our commitments on time and every time with quality."
1.5 VISION:
“Abeyaantrix Softlab vision is to impact every new technology available in this smart world to the
needy corporates,engineers,scientists and students and contribute in making ‘Indian companies’ global
leaders in technology.

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CHAPTER-02
INTRODUCTION
2.1 ABOUT EMBEDDED SYSTEM:
• The combination of hardware and software either fixed in capability or programmable is known
as Embedded system that is designed for a specific function.
• Embedded systems is device used to control, monitor the operation of equipment’s, Machinery
or plant.
• “Embedded” refers to the internal part.
2.1.1 Classification:
Based on the Performance and Functional Requirement:
➢ REAL TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
• They are the type of systems are defined as these systems in which the truthfulness of the system
depends not only on the logical result computation, but also the results are produced on time.
• Hard real-time systems (e.g., Avionic control).
• Firm real-time systems (e.g., Banking).
• Soft real-time systems (e.g., Video on demand).
➢ DETACHED EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
• These systems do not require a host like a computer, depends on itself.
• It takes the inputs from the either analog or digital and processes, calculates and modified the
data and gives the end data through the link device which either controls, drives and displays the
linked devices.
• Examples: mp3 music players, digital cameras, video game, microwave ovens and temperature
checkup systems.
➢ NETWORKED EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
• These systems are branch to a network to access the resources.
• Connected network can be LAN, WAN, or the internet.
• The connection maybe wireless or wired.
• This system is highest growing area in embedded system applications.
➢ MOBILE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
• The basic limitations of these devices is the other resources and limitations.

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• Mobile embedded systems are used in portable embedded devices like cell phone, mobiles,
digital cameras, mp3 players and personal digital assistants, etc.
2.2 ABOUT IOT:
• The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and
digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and
the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-
computer interaction.
• A thing in the internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm animal with
a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure
is low or any other natural or man-made object that can be assigned an Internet Protocol (IP)
address and is able to transfer data over a network.
• Increasingly, organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT to operate more efficiently,
better understand customers to deliver enhanced customer service, improve decision-making and
increase the value of the business.
How does IoT work?
An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems, such as
processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data they acquire from
their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or
other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analysed or analyzed locally.Sometimes,
these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information they get from one
another. The devices do most of the work without human intervention, although people can interact
with the devices -- for instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access the data.
2.2.1 Classification:
Based on the Performance of the Microcontroller:
1. SMALL SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
• These types of systems are designed with an 8 or 16-bit single microcontroller that may be
generated by a battery.
• For the developing embedded software for this embedded systems, the important programming
tools are editor, assembler, cross assembler and IDE.
2. MEDIUM SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
• Medium scale embedded systems are designed with a 16 or 32-bit MC, RISCs or DSPs.
• Both hardware and software complexities are available.

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• For the developing embedded software for this system, the main tools are C, C++, JAVA, Visual,
RTOS, debugger, source code engineering tool, simulator and IDE.
3. WORDLY EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
• These systems are designed with 32-bit.
• Type of embedded systems have large hardware and software complexities.
• Which may require scalable or configurable processor and programming logical arrays.
2.3 HARDWARE COMPONENTS:
The hardware components used in our project is listed below.
1. ARDUINO UNO
2. LCD Display
3. LDR(Light dependent resistor) Sensor
4. IR Sensor
5. ULTRASONIC Sensor
6. DHT11 Sensor
7. DC Motor
8. Servomotor
9. BLUETOOTH Module.
10. Relay
2.4 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS:
1. ThinkerCad
2. Arduino IDE
2.3.1.ARDUINO UNO:
Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware and software. It
consists of a circuit board, which can be programmed (referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-
made software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is used to write
and upload the computer code to the physical board.
The key features are:
• Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different sensors and turn it
into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off, connect to the cloud and many
other actions.
• You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on
the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading software).

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• Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an extra piece of
hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto the board. You can simply use
a USB cable.
• Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn to
program.
• Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the microcontroller
into a more accessible package.
PIN OUT:

Fig 2.1 Arduino Pinout

Power USB
Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer. All you need to do
is connect the USB cable to the USB connection (1).

Power (Barrel Jack)

Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by connecting it to the
Barrel Jack (2).

Voltage Regulator

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The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the Arduino board and
stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.

Crystal Oscillator
The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does Arduino calculate
time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on top of the Arduino crystal
is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.

Arduino Reset
You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the beginning. You can reset the
UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the board. Second, you can connect
an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).

Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)

• 3.3V (6): Supply 3.3 output volt
• 5V (7): Supply 5 output volt
• Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and
• 5 volt.
• GND (8)(Ground): There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used to
ground your circuit.
• Vin (9): This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power source,
like AC mains power supply.

Analog pins
The Arduino UNO board has five analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can read the
signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and convert it into a
digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.

Main microcontroller
Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the brain of your
board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly different from board to board. The
microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You must know what IC your board has

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before loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This information is available on the top of
the IC. For more details about the IC construction and functions, you can refer to the data sheet.

ICSP pin
Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the Arduino consisting of MOSI,
MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface),
which could be considered as an "expansion" of the output. Actually, you are slaving the output device
to the master of the SPI bus.

Power LED indicator

This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power source to indicate that your
board is powered up correctly. If this light does not turn on, then there is something wrong with the
connection.

TX and RX LEDs
On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and RX (receive). They appear in two
places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible
for serial communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes with different speed
while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud rate used by the board. RX
flashes during the receiving process.

Digital I / O
The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6 provide PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) output. These pins can be configured to work as input digital pins to read logic values
(0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labeled
“~” can be used to generate PWM.

AREF
AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an external reference voltage
(between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.

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2.3.2 ARDUINO INSTALATION:

After learning about the main parts of the Arduino UNO board, we are ready to learn how to set
up the Arduino IDE. Once we learn this, we will be ready to upload our program on the Arduino
board.
In this section, we will learn in easy steps, how to set up the Arduino IDE on our computer and
prepare the board to receive the program via USB cable.
Step 1:
First you must have your Arduino board (you can choose your favorite board) and a USB cable.
In case you use Arduino UNO you will need a standard USB cable (A plug to B plug), the kind you
would connect to a USB printer.
In case you use Arduino Nano, you will need an A to Mini-B cable instead as shown in the
following image.
Step 2:
Download Arduino IDE Software.
You can get different versions of Arduino IDE from the Download page on the Arduino Official
website. You must select your software, which is compatible with your operating system (Windows,
IOS, or Linux). After your file download is complete, unzip the file.

Fig 2.2 Arduino IDE window

Step 3: Power up your board.
The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano automatically draw power from
either, the USB connection to the computer or an external power supply. If you are using an Arduino
Diecimila, you have to make sure that the board is configured to draw power from the USB
connection. The power source is selected with a jumper, a small piece of plastic that fits onto two of
the three pins between the USB and power jacks. Check that it is on the two pins closest to the USB
port.

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Connect the Arduino board to your computer using the USB cable. The green power LED (labeled
PWR) should glow.
Step 4:
Launch Arduino IDE.
After your Arduino IDE software is downloaded, you need to unzip the folder. Inside the folder,
you can find the application icon with an infinity label (application.exe). Double-click the icon to
start the IDE.

Fig 2.3 Initial Code Structure

Step 5:
Open your first project.
Once the software starts, you have two options:
• Create a new project.
• Open an existing project example.
To create a new project, select File --> New.

Fig 2.4 Arduino IDE menu

To open an existing project example, select File -> Example -> Basics -> Blink.

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Fig 2.5 Arduino IDE workspace

Here, we are selecting just one of the examples with the name Blink. It turns the LED on and off with
some time delay. You can select any other example from the list.
Select your Arduino board.
To avoid any error while uploading your program to the board, you must select the correct Arduino
board name, which matches with the board connected to your computer.
Go to Tools -> Board and select your board.

Example:
1.Code to Blink LED.
Void setup()
{
pinMode(8,OUTPUT);
}
Void loop()
{
digitalWrite(8,HIGH); delay(1000);
digitalWrite(8,LOW); delay(1000);
}

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CHAPTER-03
TASK PERFORMED
ARDUINO INTERFACE WITH HARDWARE COMPONENTS
3.1 Interface Arduino with 16x2 LCD Display:
LCD 16x2 is a 16-pin device that has 2 rows that can accommodate 16 characters each. LCD
16x2 can be used in 4-bit mode or 8-bit mode. It is also possible to create custom characters. It has 8
data lines and 3 control lines that can be used for control purposes as shown in fig

Figure 3.1: 16x2 LCD Display

Pin Description:

Fig 3.2 Pin description of 16×2 LCD with Arduino

3.2 Interface Arduino with LDR(Light dependent resister) Sensor:
An LDR or light dependent resistor is also known as photo resistor, photocell, photoconductor.
It is a one type of resistor whose resistance varies depending on the amount of light falling on its

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surface. When the light falls on the resistor, then the resistance changes. These resistors are often used
in many circuits where it is required to sense the presence of light.
These resistors have a variety of functions and resistance. For instance, when the LDR is in
darkness, then it can be used to turn ON a light or to turn OFF a light when it is in the light. A typical
light dependent resistor has a resistance in the darkness of 1MOhm, and in the brightness a resistance
of a couple of KOhm
Majority of street lights, outdoor lights, and a number of indoor home appliances are typically
operated and maintained manually in many occasions. This is not only risky, however additionally it
leads to wastage of power with the negligence of personnel or uncommon circumstances in controlling
these electrical appliances ON and OFF. Hence, we can utilize the light sensor circuit for automatic
switch OFF the loads based on daylight’s intensity by employing a light sensor.

Fig 3.3 LDR Sesnor

Pin Description:

Fig 3.4 Pin Discription of with LDR Arduino

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3.3 Interface Arduino with IR Sensor:

An infrared proximity sensor or IR Sensor is an electronic device that emits infrared lights to
sense some aspect of the surroundings and can be employed to detect the motion of an object. As this
is a passive sensor, it can only measure infrared radiation.
The working of the IR sensor module is very simple, it consists of two main components: the
first is the IR transmitter section and the second is the IR receiver section. In the transmitter section,
IR led is used and in the receiver section, a photodiode is used to receive infrared signal and after
some signal processing and conditioning, you will get the output.

Fig 3.5 IR Sensor

Pin Description:

Fig 3.6 Pin Description IR Sensor with Arduino

3.4 Interface Arduino with ULTRASONIC Sensor:

Ultrasonic sensors are electronic devices that calculate the target’s distance by emission of
ultrasonic sound waves and convert those waves into electrical signals. The speed of emitted ultrasonic
waves traveling speed is faster than the audible sound. here are mainly two essential elements which

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are the transmitter and receiver. Using the piezoelectric crystals, the transmitter generates sound, and
from there it travels to the target and gets back to the receiver component.

Fig 3.7 ULTRASONIC Sensor

To know the distance between the target and the sensor, the sensor calculates the amount of time
required for sound emission to travel from transmitter to receiver. The calculation is done as follows:
D = 1/2 T * C
Where
• ‘T’ corresponds to time measured in seconds
• ‘C’ corresponds to sound speed = 343 measured in mts/sec

Pin Description:

Fig 3.8 Pin Description of ULTRASONIC Sensor with Arduino

3.5 Interface Arduino with DH11 Sensor:
The DHT11 is a basic, low cost digital temperature and humidity sensor.
• DHT11 is a single wire digital humidity and temperature sensor, which provides humidity and
temperature values serially with one-wire protocol.

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• DHT11 sensor provides relative humidity value in percentage (20 to 90% RH) and temperature
values in degree Celsius (0 to 50 °C).
• DHT11 sensor uses resistive humidity measurement component, and NTC temperature
measurement component.
• DHT11 is a 4-pin sensor, these pins are VCC, DATA, GND and one pin is not in use shown in fig
below.
• The communication process is divided in three steps, first is to send request to DHT11 sensor then
sensor will send response pulse and then it starts sending data of total 40 bits to the
microcontroller.

Fig 3.9 Pin diagram of DHT11

Pin Description with Arduino:

Fig 3.10 Pin Description of DH11 Sensor with Arduino

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3.6 Interface Arduino with DC Motor:

DC Motor is an electrical machine which, when provided with direct current electrical energy,
converts it into mechanical energy. It is based on electromagnetic induction, where a conductor
carrying current (normally a coil of wire) placed in a magnetic field experiences force to rotate. This
rotation is used to perform mechanical work.
There are many applications for DC motors, they can be used in robotics; electric vehicles, and
some industrial machinery as well as household devices. DC motor can be used at such places where
speed control is required. That is why DC motors are often used in trolleys, electric train production
systems, elevators, etc

Fig 3.11 Motor driver Pinout

Pin Description with Arduino:

Fig 3.12 Pin Description of DC MOTOR with Arduino

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3.7 Interface Arduino with Servo Motor:

A servo motor is an electric motor that adjusts its position, speed, or torque in response to
controller inputs.

Fig 3.13 Servo motor Pinout

The basic working principle of a servo motor involves the controller receiving two types of input signals:
• A setpoint signal: This is an analog or digital signal that represents the desired position, speed,
or torque of the output shaft.
• A feedback signal: This is an analog or digital signal that represents the actual position, speed,
or torque of the output shaft measured by the sensor. The controller compares these two signals
and calculates an error signal that represents the difference between them.
The error signal is then processed by a control algorithm (such as PID) that generates a control
signal that determines how much voltage or current should be applied to the motor.
The control signal is sent to a power amplifier (such as an H-bridge) that converts it into an
appropriate voltage or current level for driving the motor.

Fig 3.14 Pin Description of Servo Motor with Arduino

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3.8 Interface Arduino with HC-05 Bluetooth Module:

HC-05 is a Bluetooth device used for wireless communication with Bluetooth enabled devices
(like smartphone). It communicates with microcontrollers using serial communication (USART).
default settings of HC-05 Bluetooth module can be changed using certain at commands

Fig 3.15 HC-05 Bluetooth Module Pinout

As HC-05 Bluetooth module has 3.3 V level for RX/TX and microcontroller can detect 3.3 V
level, so, there is no need to shift TX voltage level of HC-05 module. But we need to shift the transmit
voltage level from microcontroller to RX of HC-05 module. For more information about HC-05
Bluetooth module and how to use it, refer the topic HC-05 Bluetooth module in the sensors and
modules section.

Fig 3.16 Pin Description of HC-05 Bluetooth Module with Arduino

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3.9 Interface Arduino with ESP8266 WIFI Module:

The ESP8266 wifi module is low cost standalone wireless transceiver that can be used for end-
point IoT developments. ESP8266 wifi module enables internet connectivity to embedded applications.
It uses TCP/UDP communication protocol to connect with the server/client.

Fig 3.17 ESP8266 WIFI Module Pinout

To communicate with the ESP8266 WIFI module, microcontroller needs to use set of AT
commands. The microcontroller communicates with ESP8266-01 wifi module using UART having
specified Baud rate (Default 115200).

Fig 3.18 Pin Description of ESP8266 WIFI Module Module with Arduino
3.10 Interface Arduino with Relay:
Relay is an electromagnetic switch, which is controlled by small current, and used to switch
ON and OFF relatively much larger current. Means by applying small current we can switch ON the
relay which allows much larger current to flow.
A relay is a good example of controlling the AC (alternate current) devices, using a much smaller
DC current. Commonly used Relay is Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) Relay, it has five terminals
as below:

Controlling a relay module with the Arduino is as simple as controlling any other output.

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NORMALLY OPEN
In the normally open configuration, when the relay receives a HIGH signal the 120-240V switch
closes and allows current to flow from the C terminal to the NO terminal. A LOW signal deactivates
the relay and stops the current. So if you want the HIGH signal to turn:

NORMALLY CLOSED
In the normally closed configuration, a HIGH signal opens the switch and interrupts the120240V
current. A LOW signal closes the switch and allows current to flow from the C terminal to the NC
terminal. Therefore, if you want the HIGH signal to turn OFF the 120240V current, use the normally
closed terminal:

WAP to rotate DC motor in clockwise direction for 2 sec and rotate in anticlockwise for 2 sec.
Pin Description with Arduino:

Fig 3.19 Pin Description of Relay with Arduino

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CHAPTER-04
PROJECT: BLUETOOTH CONTROL CAR USING ARDUINO UNO
4.1 Project Overview:
The main processing unit consists of Arduino UNO to perform specified operations. Arduino
UNO board is used as the main microprocessor of the device. It will run and will control the
movement of the vehicle through the use of the motor driver who will control the wheels. The
Programs are compiled using Arduino IDE and then the sketch is uploaded to the board using a pc
and a USB cable. Speed variations can be achieved by making slight changes to the sketch. It is based
on a 4-wheel drive platform integrated with an ultra-sonic sensor to avoid obstacles and line tracer
sensors. It also has an infra-red remote controller for the manual steering of the vehicle. The car is
upgradable and can replace, upgrade and expand the input sensors and add other functionality by
adding other modules.
4.2 Components Used:
1. Chassis of Car

2. Arduino UNO

3. L293D Motor Driver

4. Jumper wire

5. Battery

6. Switch

7. Bluetooth Module

8. LCD Display

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Pin Description:

Figure 4.1: Pin Diagram & Connection

Figure 4.2: Bluetooth Control Car Model

Source Code:
// Define pins for motor driver
const int motor1Pin1 = 2; // Replace with your actual pin numbers
const int motor1Pin2 = 3;
const int motor2Pin1 = 4;
const int motor2Pin2 = 5;
// Variables to store commands from Bluetooth

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char command;
void setup() {
// Initialize serial communication for debugging
Serial.begin(9600);
// Set motor control pins as outputs
pinMode(motor1Pin1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(motor1Pin2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(motor2Pin1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(motor2Pin2, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
// Check if data is available to read from Bluetooth module
if(Serial.available() > 0){
// Read the incoming command
command = Serial.read();
// Perform action based on command received
switch(command){
case 'F':
// Move forward
digitalWrite(motor1Pin1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(motor1Pin2, LOW);
digitalWrite(motor2Pin1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(motor2Pin2, LOW);
break;
case 'B':
// Move backward
digitalWrite(motor1Pin1, LOW);
digitalWrite(motor1Pin2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(motor2Pin1, LOW);
digitalWrite(motor2Pin2, HIGH);
break;
case 'L':

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// Turn left
digitalWrite(motor1Pin1, LOW);
digitalWrite(motor1Pin2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(motor2Pin1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(motor2Pin2, LOW);
break;
case 'R':
// Turn right
digitalWrite(motor1Pin1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(motor1Pin2, LOW);
digitalWrite(motor2Pin1, LOW);
digitalWrite(motor2Pin2, HIGH);
break;
case 'S':
// Stop
digitalWrite(motor1Pin1, LOW);
digitalWrite(motor1Pin2, LOW);
digitalWrite(motor2Pin1, LOW);
digitalWrite(motor2Pin2, LOW);
break;
}
}
}

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Flow Chart:

Give command using app or remote and Through

wireless or bluethooth

Recieve data from the app using blutooth

Recognize data commands by the

microprocessor.

Execute the instructions by controlling the drivers.

Figure 4.3: Bluetooth Control Car Flow Chart

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Conclusion:
This project consists of a basic prototype of a Bluetooth control car above stated. The prototype
car can recognize commands from users and can turn the car left, right, and stop with great accuracy.
It can be further improved by using different sensors like ultrasonic or infrared and with various levels
of coding.
Our Bluetooth control car has a range of 10-20 meter with the mobile Bluetooth controlling
system. The range mostly depends on the receivers transmission level.
In the future, we could use rechargeable batteries like Ni-Cd Battery or Li-ion batteries that could
avoid the present disadvantage. Also, we could make use of this RC Motor Car as a surveillance system
or rovers by adding a few more sensors and updating the code. This would make them into robots.
These robots could self-monitor under any human supervision, thereby reducing manpower. These are
just the alternatives, on which this project could be improvised and updated.
IoT or the internet of things is a very important part of both computers and our daily lives. The
above model describes how the Arduino programs the car motor module and by IoT, we rotate the
wheels and give direction to the car. IoT allows us to work with different platforms and it helps us to
create various interesting modules to work on.
the ever-increasing problems, our knowledge has to expand to adapt better to the changes all
around us. In the same way, it is hoped that this activity is a small step that would lead us to further
enhancements and goals.

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References:
[1.] Sunil Mathew1, Gaikwad Sushanth1, KR Vishnu1, V. Vishnu Nair1, and G. Vinoth Kumar2,
Fabrication of Fire Fighting Robot, International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, ISSN
2351-8014 Vol. 22 No. 2 Apr. 2016, pp. 375-383.
[2.] Prof. Dr. S.N. Kini1, Rutuja Wadekar2 , Shweta Khatade3 , Sayali Dugane4 , Rutuja Jadkar5, Fire
Fighting Robot Controlled Using Android Application, International Journal of Innovative Research
in Science, Engineering and Technology, ISSN(Online): 2319-8753.
[3.] Kristi Kosasih, E. Merry Sartika, M. Jimmy Hasugian, danMuliady, “The Intelligent Fire Fighting
Tank Robot” , Electrical Engineering Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, October 2010.

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