Introduction of Centre of Mass

Part - 01

Definition
Centre of mass is a point where we can concentrate whole mass of the body and it behave in similar manner as
a point object behave under same circumstances.
OR
The point in a system at which whole mass of the system may be assumed to be concentrated for all translational
effects of system is called Centre of Mass (COM).

Properties of Centre of Mass

(i) For symmetrical bodies having uniform distribution of mass, it coincides with centre of symmetry or
geometrical centre.

CM CM CM CM CM

(ii) For a given shape it depends on the distribution of mass within the body and is closer to massive part.

CM

(iii) There may or may not be any mass present physically at centre of mass and it may be within or outside the
body.

CM
CM CM

Illustration 1:
The centre of mass of rigid body always lie inside the body, is this statement true or false?
Solution:
False

Illustration 2:
The centre of mass always lies on the axis of symmetry if it exists. Is this statement true of false?
Solution:
True

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 Centre of Mass of Discrete mass System
Part - 02

Centre of Mass of Discrete mass System

Assume there are n-discrete particles with position vector ”ͳ ǡ”ʹ ǡǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǡ” respectively as shown in the figure.

From figure, we can say that ”ͳ šͳ ƶ‹  ›ͳ ƶŒ  œͳƶ y

From definition of COM, m1

Position vector of centre of mass of all n-particles

rԦ1 m2
rԦ 
”
¦ ” ‹ ‹

¦ ‹
rԦʹ mn
rԦ
m1 r1  m 2 r2  m3 r3  .........  m n rn x
rcm 0
m1  m 2  m3  .......  m n
z

ƶ   ȋš ‹ƶ  › ƶŒ  œ Ȍ
ͳ ȋšͳ ƶ‹  ›ͳ ƶŒ  œͳ Ȍ ƶ   š ‹ƶ  › ƶŒ  œ ƶ  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ   š ‹ƶ  › ƶŒ  œ ƶ
ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ ͵ ͵ ͵ ͵    
rcm =
ͳ  ʹ  ͵  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ  

ȋͳ šͳ  ʹ š ʹ  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ    š  Ȍ‹ƶ ȋͳ › ͳ  ʹ › ʹ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ    ›  ȌŒƶ ȋͳœͳ  ʹœʹ  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ   œ Ȍƶ
rcm =  
ͳ  ʹ  ͵  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ    ͳ  ʹ  ͵  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ    ͳ  ʹ  ͵  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ   

rcm = š  ƶ‹  ›  ƶŒ  œ ƶ
Where
m1x1  m 2 x 2  .......  m n x n
x cm
m l  m 2  .......  m n
ͳ› ͳ  ʹ› ʹ  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ   › 
›
Ž  ʹ  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ  
ͳœͳ  ʹœʹ  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ  œ
œ
Ž  ʹ  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ  

Note
If COM is at origin,
r cm 0

Ÿ
¦m r i i
0
¦m i

Ÿ ¦m r i i 0

m1 r1  m2 r 2  m3 r3  ..... 0

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System of Particles and Collision Part-02

Illustration 1:
Find position of COM

3kg (0, 3)

(2, 0)
1kg (0, 0) 2kg
Solution:
1(0)  2(2)  3(0)
2
x cm
6 3
1(0)  2(0)  3(3)
3
ycm
6 2
§2 3·
So position of COM ¨ , ¸
©3 2¹

Illustration 2:
Find position of COM

ƒ ξ͵
(3kg)ቆ ǡ ƒቇ
ʹ ʹ

(a, 0)
(1kg) (2kg)
a
(0, 0)
Solution:
1(0)  2(a)  3(a / 2) 7a
x cm
6 12
§ 3 ·
1(0)  2(0)  3 ¨¨ a ¸¸
ycm © 2 ¹ 3a
6 4
§ ͹ƒ ͵ƒ ·
So position of COM ¨ ǡ
¨ ͳʹ Ͷ ¸¸
© ¹

Illustration 3:
Find position of COM
4kg 3kg
g
(0, a) (a, a)

1kg 2kg

(0, 0) (a, 0)

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System of Particles and Collision Part-02

Solution:
1(0)  2(a)  3(a)  4(0) a
x cm
10 2
1(0)  2(0)  3(a)  4(a) 7a
ycm
10 10
§ ƒ ͹ƒ ·
So, Position of COM ¨ ǡ ¸
© ʹ ͳͲ ¹

Illustration 4:
Find position of COM

1kg 2kg 3kg ……………….. nkg

(1, 0) (2, 0) (3, 0) ……………. (n, 0)

Solution:
1(1)  2(2)  3(3).........n(n)
x cm
1  2  3  .........
12  22  32  ........  n 2
x cm
1  2  3  .........  n
ª n(n  1)(2n  1) º
« »¼
x cm = ¬
6
ª n(n  1) º
«¬ 2 »¼

ʹ  ͳ
x cm =
͵

Illustration 5:
The position vector of three particles of masses m1 = 1 kg, m2 = 2 kg and m3 = 3 kg are r1 (iˆ  4ˆj  k)m,
ˆ

r2 (iˆ  ˆj  k)m
ˆ and r3 (2iˆ  ˆj  2k)m
ˆ respectively. Find the position vector of their centre of mass.
Solution:
The position vector of COM of the three particles will be given by
m1 r1  m2 r2  m3 r3
rCCOM
m1  m2  m3
Substituting the values, we get
(1) (iˆ  4jˆ  k)
ˆ  (2) (iˆ  ˆj  k)
ˆ  (3)(2i–j–2k)
ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
rCCOM (3i  j  k) m
1 2  3 2

Illustration 6:
If all the particles of a system lie in y-z plane, the x-coordinate of the centre of mass will be zero. Is this statement
true or not?
Solution:
True

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 Centre of Mass of Two Particle System
Part - 03

Centre of Mass of Two Particle System

Consider two particles of masses m1 and m2 with position vectors ”ͳ and ”ʹ respectively. Let their centre of mass
C have position vector. y
From definition, we have
m1
6 ‹ ”‹
” C

m2
ͳ ”ͳ  ʹ”ʹ
Ÿ”
ͳ  ʹ
x
From the result obtained above we have, O
ͳšͳ  ʹšʹ ͳ›ͳ  ʹ› ʹ z
š and ›
ͳ  ʹ ͳ  ʹ
If we assume origin to be at the centre of mass, then the vector ” vanishes and we have
ͳ ”ͳ  ʹ ”ʹ Ͳ
Since neither of the masses m1 and m2 can be negative, to satisfy the above y
equation, vectors ”ͳ and ”ʹ must have opposite signs. It is geometrically possible m1
only when the centre of mass C lies between the two particles on the line joining
them as shown in the figure. x
C
If we substitute magnitudes r1 and r2 of vectors ”ͳ and ”ʹ in the above equation,
we have m2
m1r1 = m2r2
”ͳ ʹ
Ÿ α …….(i)
”ʹ ͳ
We conclude that the centre of mass of the two particles system lies between the two particles on the line joining
them which divides the distance between them in the inverse ratio of their respective masses.
Consider two particles of masses m1 and m2 at a distance r from each other. Their centre of mass C must lie in
between them on the line joining them. Let the distances of these particles from the centre of mass be r1 and r2.
r
r1 r2
m1 C m2
r = r 1 + r2 …….(ii)
Since centre of mass of a two particles system lies between the two particles on the line joining them which
divides the distance between them in the inverse ratio of masses of the particles, using eqn (i) and (ii) we can
write
ʹ” ͳ”
”ͳ α and ”ʹ α
ͳ Ϊ ʹ ͳ Ϊ ʹ

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System of Particles and Collision Part-03

Illustration 1:
Two particles of mass 1 kg and 2 kg are located at x = 0 and x = 3 m. Find the position of their centre of mass.

m2
m1
(0,0) (3, 0)
Solution:
Since, both the particles lies on x-axis, the COM will also lie on x-axis. Let the COM is located at x = x, then
m1=1kg COM M2=2kg
x=0 xCM=x x=3

r1=x r2=(3–x)
Distance of COM from the particle of mass 1 kg is r1 = x
and distance of COM from the particle of mass 2 kg is r2 = (3 – x)
r1 m
Using = 2
r2 m1
x 2
Ÿ
3 x 1
Ÿ x=2m
Thus, the COM of the two particles is located at x = 2 m.

Illustration 2:
Calculate the position of the centre of mass of a system consisting of two particles of masses m 1 and m2
separated by a distance L, in relative to m1.
Y
xcm
(0,0) (L,0)
X
m1 m2
L

Solution:
Treating the line joining the two particles as x axis
ͳ u Ͳ  ʹ u  ʹ
š ǡ ›  Ͳǡ œ Ͳ
ͳ  ʹ ͳ  ʹ

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 Centre of Mass of Continuous Mass Distribution
Part - 04

Centre of Mass of Continuous Mass Distribution

If a system has continuous distribution of mass, treating the mass element dm at position r as a point mass
and replacing summation by integration:
y
dm
”Ԧ
x
z

³ rdm
m
rcm
m
; where  ³ †

x cm
³ xdm ³ xdm
³ dm m
›
³ ›† ³ ›†
³ † 
œ
³ œ† ³ œ†
³ † 

Mass Densities
Sometimes mass of an object is not uniform in that case we can conveniently express masses in terms of mass
density.
Types of Mass Densities
(a) Linear Mass Density (For 1-D Objects)

If we take an element of mass 'dm' having length 'dx' from the rod shown below then linear mass density of the

rod, O


Odx = dm

We can write mass of the element † O†š

Total mass of the rod  ³ † ³ O†š

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System of Particles and Collision Part-04

Example: -

R M = O × 2SR

(b) Areal Mass Density (For 2-D Objects)


If we take an element of mass 'm' having area 'A' then areal mass density of the object, V .

Mass = dm

Area = dA

We can write mass of the element † V†

Total mass of the object  ³ † ³ V†
Example: -

Mass = V × Sr2
r

(c) Volumetric mass density (For 3-D Objects)

If we take an element of mass 'm' having volume 'V' from the rod shown below then volumetric mass density of

the object, U .
 Mass = dm

Volume = dV
We can write mass of the element † U†
Total mass of the object  ³ † ³ U†
Example: -

Earth
ସ
Mass = Sr3 × U
ଷ

Special Cases of Linear Charge Density

xcm =
³ xdm ³ x(Odx) dm Odx
y

³ dm ³ Odx
Case-I : O = constant. dx
2
L dm
L

x cm
³ xdx
0 2 L x
L
³ dx
0
L 2

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System of Particles and Collision Part-04

Case-II : O = O0 x
L L3
x cm
³ 0
x O 0 x dx
3 2L
L
L2
³
0
O 0 xdx
2
3

O0 x 2
Case-III : O
L2
§ O x2 ·
³ x ¨© L0 2 ¸¹ dx
x cm
O0 x 2
³ L2 dx
L
ª x4 º
L
«4»
³ 0
x 3dx ¬ ¼0 3L
L L
³ x ( dx) ªx º 4
2 3
0
«3»
¬ ¼0
Case-IV : O = ax + b
L
L
ª ax 3 bx 2 º
³ (ax  bx)dx « 3  2 »
2

x cm 0 ¬ ¼0
L L
ª ax 2
º
³ (ax  b)dx « 2  bx »
0 ¬ ¼0
L
ª 2ax 3  3bx 2 º
« »
¬ 6 ¼0
x cm L
ª ax 2  2bx º
« »
¬ 2 ¼0
2aL2  3bL
x cm
3aL  6b
Illustration 1:
The mass per unit length of a non-uniform rod of length L is given by Ɋ ൌ ɉš ଶ , where ɉ is a constant and x is
distance from one end of the rod. The distance of the centre of mass of rod from this end is -
Solution:
ʹ

ƒ
³ š† = ³ Ͳ
Oš͵†š ͵
³ † ³
ʹ
Oš †š
ʹ Ͷ
Ͳ

Illustration 2:
If linear mass density of the rod of length κ varies with x as ɉ ൌ ʹš, then its centre of mass is at (fig.)-
y

x
A

Solution:

š
³ š† ³ȋO†šȌš ʹ³ šʹ†š ª š͵ Ȁ͵ º ʹ
« ʹ »
³ † ³ O†š ʹ³ š†š ¬ š Ȁ ʹ ¼Ͳ ͵

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System of Particles and Collision Part-04

Uniform Symmetric Bodies

For symmetrical bodies having homogeneous distribution of mass, it coincides with the centre of symmetry or
the geometrical centre.
Centre of mass of some uniform symmetric bodies are given below: -
(i) Semi-circular ring of radius R (ii) Semi-circular disc

(iii) Hemispherical shell (iv) Solid hemisphere

(v) Solid cone (vi) Hollow cone

(vii) Circular arc (viii) Sector of a circular plate

R sin T 2R sin T
xc = xc =
T 3T

Note : Here T is in radians.

Illustration 3:
Find coordinates of center of mass of a quarter ring of radius r placed in the first quadrant of a Cartesian
coordinate system, with centre at origin.
Solution:
Making use of the result of circular arc, distance OC of the center of mass from the center is
r sin(S / 4) 2 2r
OC
S S
4
§ S S · § ʹ” ʹ” ·
Coordinates of the center of mass (xc, yc) are ¨  ‘• ǡ•‹ ¸ { ¨ ǡ ¸
© Ͷ Ͷ¹ © S S ¹

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System of Particles and Collision Part-04

Illustration 4:
Find coordinates of center of mass of a semi-circular ring of radius r placed symmetric to the y-axis of a Cartesian
coordinate system.
Solution:
The y-axis is the line of symmetry, therefore center of mass of the ring lies on it making x-coordinate zero.
Distance OC of center of mass from center is given by the result obtained for circular arc
r sin T r sin S / 2 2r § 2r ·
OC Ÿ yc , So coordinates are ¨ 0, ¸
T S/2 S © S¹

Illustration 5:
Find coordinates of center of mass of a quarter sector of a uniform disk of radius r placed in the first quadrant
of a Cartesian coordinate system with centre at origin.
Solution:
From the result obtained for sector or circular plate distance OC of the center of mass form the center is
2r sin(S / 4) 4 2r
OC
3S / 4 3S
§ 4r 4r ·
Coordinates of the center of mass (xc, yc) are ¨ , ¸
© 3S 3S ¹

Illustration 6:
If the linear density of a rod of length L varies as O   š , determine the position of its centre of mass. (where
x is the distance from one of its ends)
Solution:
Let the X–axis be along the length of the rod with origin at one of its end as shown in figure. As the rod is along
x–axis, so, yCM = 0 and zCM = 0 i.e., centre of mass will be on the rod.
Now consider an element of rod of length dx at a distance x from the origin, mass of this element
† O†š   š †š so,
 
ʹ ͵
³ š†
Ͳ
³ šȋ  šȌ†š
Ͳ ʹ

͵ ȋ͵  ʹȌ
š  
ʹ ͵ȋʹ  Ȍ
³ †
Ͳ
³ȋ  šȌ†š
Ͳ
 
ʹ
Note:
(i) If the rod is of uniform density then O = A = constant & B = 0 then xCM= L/2
(ii) If the density of rod varies linearly with x, then O = Bx and A = 0 then xCM = 2L/3

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 Centre of Mass of composite Bodies
Part - 05

Centre of Mass of composite Bodies

Composite Bodies are those bodies which consist of two or more than two individual body (continuous).
In order to find the centre of mass, the component bodies are assumed to be particles of masses equal to the
corresponding bodies located at their respective centres of masses. Then we use the equation to find the
coordinates of the centre of mass of the composite body.
Here as we can see we have a composite body made of a disc and a square body placed side by side as shown
in the figure.
y

O x

Now, we have to calculate centre of mass of the composite body.

Co-ordinates of centre of mass of composite body are

† š† Ϊ • š•  › Ϊ • › •
š and › α † †
† Ϊ • † Ϊ •
Where md and ms are masses of disc and square
and xd and xs are x-coordinates of centre of mass of disc and square respectively
and yd and ys are y-coordinates of centre of mass of disc and square respectively

Illustration 1:
Find position of COM.

Solution:
§L · § L·
Centre of mass of rods are ¨ ,0 ¸ , ¨ 0, ¸
©2 ¹ © 2¹

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System of Particles and Collision Part-05

§L·
m ¨ ¸  m(0)
For the system x cm ©2¹ L
2m 4
§L·
m(0)  m ¨ ¸
ycm ©2¹ L
2m 4
§L L·
So position of COM ¨ , ¸
©4 4¹

Illustration 2:
Three rods of the same mass are placed as shown in the figure. Calculate the coordinates of the centre of mass
of the system.
y
B
(0, a)

O A x
(0, 0) (a, 0)
Solution:
§a · § a· §a a·
CM of rod OA is at ¨ ,0 ¸ , CM of rod OB is at ¨ 0, ¸ and CM of rod AB is at ¨ , ¸
©2 ¹ © 2¹ ©2 2¹
For the system,
a a
mu  mu0  mu
2 2 a
x cm
mmm 3
a a
mu0  mu  mu
2 2 a
ycm
mmm 3

Illustration 3:
Find position of COM for given combination (each plate is square of side a and mass m).

Solution:
§ a a · § 3a a · § 3a 3a ·
Centre of mass of square plate are ¨ , ¸ , ¨ , ¸,¨ , ¸
©2 2¹ © 2 2¹ © 2 2 ¹

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System of Particles and Collision Part-05

§a· § 3a · § 3a ·
m¨ ¸  m¨ ¸  m¨ ¸
For the system x cm ©2¹ © 2¹ © 2 ¹ 7a
3m 6
§a· §a· § 3a ·
m¨ ¸  m¨ ¸  m¨ ¸
ycm © 2¹ © 2¹ © 2 ¹ 5a
3m 6
§ 7a 5a ·
so position of COM of system will be ¨ , ¸
© 6 6 ¹

Illustration 4:
Find out x-coordinate of COM for given combination.

f

m L
൬ , ൰ m L
4 8 ൬ , ൰
ʹ ʹ ሺ,ሻ

Solution:

§L· m§L· m§L·

m ¨ ¸  ¨ ¸  ¨ ¸  .............. f
x cm ©2¹ 2©4¹ 4©8¹
m m
m    ............. m L
2 4 ൬ , ൰ m L
4 8 ൬ , ൰ L
mL ª 1 1 º Lª 1 º ʹ 4 ൬, ൰
«1    .........f » ʹ
2 ¬ 4 16 ¼ 2 «¬1  1 / 4 »¼ §L·
x cm ¨ ¸
ª 1 1 º ª 1 º ©3¹
m «1    ..........f » «¬1  1 / 2 »¼
¬ 2 4 ¼

Illustration 5:
Two rectangle plate A and B of same density are joined as shown in figure then find out COM of system from
given reference point.
Solution:

a/2
2a
a
(0, 0)
a/2

§a· §a · 5a
(2a u a) ¨ ¸  ¨ u a ¸
x cm ©2¹ ©2 ¹ 4  V
a2
2a 2 
2

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System of Particles and Collision Part-05

§ a · a § 5a ·
2
2a 2 ¨ ¸  ¨ ¸
x cm ©2¹ 2 © 4 ¹
a2
2a 2 
2
5a 13a
a
8 5 13a
x cm
4 1 5 20
2 2
›  Ͳ as system is symmetric about x-axis.

Illustration 6:
Find out position of COM from given reference point.
2a
a,

a
(0, 0) (2a, 0)

(1) If their masses are equal

(2) If their density are equal
Solution:
m(0)  m(2a)
(1) x cm a
2m
So position of com (a, 0)
(2) on the basis of mass distribution density are of 3 type
m
(i) linear density (O) = ŸM= O

m
(ii) Area density (V) = Ÿ M = VA
A
m
(iii) vol. density (U) = ŸM = UV
V
(VSa 2 ) u 0  (V u 4a 2 ) u 2a § 8a ·
Ÿ x cm ¨ ¸
V u Sa 2  V u 4a 2 © S4¹

Illustration 7:
A man has constructed a toy as shown in fig. If the density of the material of the sphere is 12 times that of the
cone then determine the position of the centre of mass. [Centre of mass of a cone of height h is at height of R
from its base.]

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System of Particles and Collision Part-05

2R

4R

O
2R

Solution:
4 3
m2 = 12U × SR 3m m2
3
1
m1 = U × S (2R) 2 u (4R) m
3
5R
m(R)  3m (5R) m1
yCM = 4R
4m
So location of COM is [0, 4R] R

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 Centre of Mass of Truncated Bodies
Part - 06

Centre of Mass of Truncated Bodies

To find the centre of mass of truncated bodies or bodies with cavities we can make use of superposition principle
that is, if we restore the removed portion in the same place we obtain the original body. The idea is illustrated
in the following figure.

y y y

O x O x O x

The removed portion is added to the truncated body keeping their location unchanged relative to the coordinate
frame.
If a portion of a body is taken out, the remaining portion may be considered as,
[Original mass (M) – mass of the removed part (m)] = {original mass (M)} + { – mass of the removed part (m)}
Mx  mx c My  myc Mz  mzc
The formula changes to : xcm = ; ycm = ; zcm=
Mm Mm Mm
Where x', y' and z' represent the coordinates of the centre of mass of the removed part.

Illustration 1:
R
A disc of radius R is cut off from a uniform thin sheet of metal. A circular hole of radius is now cut out from
2
the disc, with the hole being tangent to the rim of the disc. Find the distance of the centre of mass from the
centre of the original disc.
Solution:
We treat the hole as a 'negative mass' object that is combined with the original uncut disc. (When the two are
overlapped together, the hole region then has zero mass). By symmetry, the CM lies along the +y–axis in figure,
so xCM = 0. With the origin at the centre of the original circle whose mass is assumed to be m.
Mass of original uncut circle m1 = m & Location of CM = (0,0)

R
2

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System of Particles and Collision Part-06

m § R·
Mass of hole of negative mass : m2 = ; Location of CM = ¨ 0, ¸
4 © 2¹
§ m·R
m(0)  ¨  ¸
m1 y1  m 2 y 2 © 4¹2 R
Thus yCM 
m1  m2 § m· 6
m ¨ ¸
© 4¹
§ R·
So the centre of mass is at the point ¨ 0,  ¸.
© 6¹
Thus, the required distance is R/6.

Illustration 2:
Find the centre of mass of a uniform disc of radius 'a' from which a circular section of radius 'b' has been
removed. The centre of the hole is at a distance c from the centre of the disc.
Solution:

(0, 0) (c, 0)
a
b a b
c

0 V × Sa2 m =V × Sb2

(Vu Sa 2 ) u 0  (Vu Sb2 ) u c b 2c

x cm
VSa 2  VSb2 a 2  b2
§ b 2 c ·
So coordinate of COM of remaining portion is ¨ ,0 ¸
© a 2
 b 2
¹

Illustration 3:
A sphere of diameter r is cut from a solid sphere of radius r such that the centre of mass of remaining part be
at maximum distance from original centre, then this distance is :
Solution:

r/2 r/2
r r

3
4 4 §r· m
V u Sr 3 m V u S¨ ¸
3 3 ©2¹ 8
m r mr
m(0)  u
8 2  16 R
x cm
m 7m 14
m
8 8
§ R ·
So position of Com of remaining portion is ¨ ,0 ¸
© 14 ¹

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System of Particles and Collision Part-06

Illustration 4:
From given plate if shaded position is removed then find out COM of remaining.

͵ ͵
൬ ǡ ൰
ʹ ʹ
1m
3/2, 3/2
2m
(1, 1) 1m (1, 1)
1m

(0, 0) (0, 0)
2m m2 = V × (1)2
given m1 = V × (2)2
origin

Solution:
3
ª¬V u (2)2 º¼ u 1  ª¬V(1)2 º¼ u
x cm 2
(V u 22 )  (V u (1)2 )
3
4
x cm 2 =5m
4 1 6
5
Similarly, y cm m
6
ª5 5º
So, position of COM « , »
¬6 6¼

Illustration 5:
From a given square plate if shaded part is removed then find out position of COM of remaining part.
Solution:

a/2

2a a 2a a
0

a a/2 a

2a

m1 x1  m 2 x 2
x cm
m1  m 2
V(2a u 2a)0  V(a u a)a / 2
x cm =
V(4a 2  a 2 )
a a
0 
2 2 a
x cm =  î
4 1 3 6

Illustration 6:
A semi-circular disc of radius r is removed from a rectangular plate of side 'r' and as '2r' as shown in figure. Then
find out position of COM of remaining part.

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System of Particles and Collision Part-06

Solution:

2r
0 0

§r· § Sr 2 · § 4r ·
V 2r 2 ¨ ¸ – V ¨ ¸¨ ¸
x cm
©2¹ © 2 ¹ © 3S ¹
§ Sr 2 ·
V 2r 2 – V ¨ ¸
© 2 ¹
2r
r–
x cm 3 o
4–S
2
2r
x cm
3[4 – S]

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 Motion of Centre of Mass
Part - 07

Motion of Centre of Mass

Velocity of COM
m1 r1  m 2 r2  m 3 r3  ...
For a system of particles, position of centre of mass is given by R CM
m1  m 2  m 3  ...
drr1 dr drr
m1  m 2 2  m3 3  ...
d dt dt dt dR
R CCM m1v1  m 2 v 2  ...
So R CM velocity of centre of mass v CM
dt m1  m 2  m3  ... dt m1  m 2  ....
Illustration 1:
For a given system of particles find out velocity of COM.

Solution:
1(10 ˆi)  2(10iˆ  10j)
ˆ
vcm
3
10i  20i  20jˆ
ˆ ˆ
vcm
3
30i  20jˆ 30iˆ 20jˆ
ˆ
vcm 
3 3 3
§ ˆ 20 ˆ ·
v cm ¨10i  j¸ m / s
© 3 ¹
Illustration 2:
Find velocity of COM

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System of Particles and Collision Part-07

Solution:
( ˆ  3j)
2 u (4i ˆ  1(6iˆ – 8j)
ˆ
vcm
3
8i  6j  6i – 8jˆ 14iˆ – 2jˆ
ˆ ˆ ˆ
vcm
3 3
§ 14iˆ 2jˆ ·
vcm ¨¨ – ¸m / s
© 3 3 ¸¹

Acceleration of COM
For a system of particles,
d m1a1  m 2 a 2  ...
Acceleration of centre of mass a CM v CM
dt m1  m 2  ....
Illustration 3:
Two particles of masses 2 kg and 4 kg are approaching towards each other with accelerations of 1 m/s 2 and 2
m/s2 respectively, on a smooth horizontal surface. Find the acceleration of centre of mass of the system.
Solution:
The acceleration of centre of mass of the system
ͳƒͳ  ʹƒʹ ͳƒͳ  ʹƒʹ
ƒ Ÿƒ 
ͳ  ʹ ͳ  ʹ
Since ƒ ͳ and ƒ ʹ are anti–parallel
ͳƒͳ  ʹƒʹ ʹ ͳ  Ͷ ʹ
So, ƒ  ͳ  Ȁ •ʹ
ͳ  ʹ ʹ Ͷ
Since m2a2 > m1a1 so the direction of acceleration of centre of mass is along in the direction of a 2.
Illustration 4:
ƶ
Three particles of masses 1 kg, 2 kg and 3 kg are subjected to forces ȋ͵‹ƶ  ʹŒƶ  ʹȌǡȋ ƶ
ƶ‹  ʹŒƶ  Ȍ ƶ
and ȋ‹ƶ  ƶŒ  Ȍ
respectively. Find the magnitude of the acceleration of the CM of the system.
Solution:
ͳƒͳ  ʹƒʹ  ͵ƒ͵
ƒ
ͳ  ʹ  ͵
ƶ  ȋ ƶ‹  ʹŒƶ  Ȍ
ȋ͵‹ƶ  ʹŒƶ  ʹȌ ƶ  ȋ‹ƶ  ƶŒ  Ȍ
ƶ ͵‹ƶ  ƶŒ  ʹƶ
ƒ
ͳʹ͵ ͸
ͳͶ
ƒ m/s2
͸
Illustration 5:
For a given system find out a cm

a m2

m1 a

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System of Particles and Collision Part-07

Solution:
m1a1  m2 a 2 m1 – m2 a § m1 – m 2 g ·
a cm ¨ a ¸
m1  m2 m1  m2 © m1  m 2 ¹
2
§ m1  m2 · § m1  m2 · § m1 – m2 ·
So a cm ¨ ¸g¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ g
© m1  m2 ¹ © m1  m2 ¹ © m1  m2 ¹
2
§ m1 – m2 ·
a cm ¨ ¸ ug
© m1  m2 ¹

Linear Momentum
We can write ˜
˜ ͳ ˜ͳ  ʹ ˜ʹ  ǤǤǤ ’ͳ  ’ʹ  ’͵  ǤǤǤǤ> ’ ˜ @
˜
˜ ’ > 6’‹ ’ @
Linear momentum of a system of particles is equal to the product of mass of the system with velocity of its
† 
˜˜
centre of mass. From Newton's second law ‡š–Ǥ
†–

Illustration 6:
Two bodies of masses 10 kg and 2 kg are moving with velocities ʹ‹ƶ  ͹Œƶ  ͵ƶ m/s and ͳͲ‹ƶ  ͵ͷŒƶ  ͵ƶ m/s

respectively. Find the momentum of their centre of mass.

Solution:
 ˜
˜  ͳ ˜ͳ  ʹ ˜ ʹ

 ʹƶ  ͹Œƶ  ͵ƶ  ʹ ͳͲ‹ƶ  ͵ͷŒƶ  ͵ƶ

ͳͲ ʹ‹

 ʹͶƶ

Illustration 7:
Two particles of masses 1 kg and 0.5 kg are moving in the same direction with speeds of 2 m/s and 6 m/s,
respectively, on a smooth horizontal surface. Find the speed of the centre of mass of the system.
Solution:
ͳ u ʹ  ͲǤͷ u ͸ ͳͲ
˜ Ȁ•
ͳ  ͲǤͷ ͵

Illustration 8:
§ 4ˆ ˆ·
Two Particles of mass 1 kg and 3kg are having acceleration ˆi – 2jˆ  5kˆ m/s2 and ¨ –2iˆ  j – k ¸ m/s2. Find
© 3 ¹
out a cm .
Solution:

1(iˆ – 2jˆ  5k) ˆ  3(2iˆ  4 ˆj  k)

ˆ
a cm 3
4
ˆîi – 2ˆj  5kˆ – 6iˆ  4ˆj – 3kˆ –5iˆ  2ˆj  2kˆ
a cm
4 4
§ –5 5ˆ 1ˆ 1 ˆ ·
¨ i  j k¸m / s
2
a cm
© 4 2 2 ¹

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 Effect of External Force on Centre of Mass
Part - 08

Effect of external force on COM

m1 r1  m 2 r2  m 3 r3  ...
For a system of particles, position of centre of mass is given by R CM
m1  m 2  m 3  ...
dR
R CCM m1v1  m 2 v 2  ...
Velocity of centre of mass v CM
dt m1  m 2  ....
d m1a1  m 2 a 2  ...
Similarly, acceleration a CM v CM
dt m1  m 2  ....
We can write MvCM m1v1  m2 v2  ... p1  p2  p3  .... [ p mv]
mv
v]
v]
vCM
Mv pCM [ 6pi pCCM ]
Linear momentum of a system of particles is equal to the product of mass of the system with velocity of its
centre of mass.
d M
Mv
vCM
From Newton's second law Fext.
dt
M a cm F1  F2  F3  ...... Ÿ FNNett M a cm 

Illustration 1:
Two forces F1 4iˆ – 2jˆ  3kˆ N and F2 7iˆ – 8jˆ  5kˆ N are acting on two particles of mass 10kg and 5kg
respectively then find out a cm .
Solution:
Fnnet
a cm
m total
4iˆ – 2ˆj  3kˆ  7iˆ – 8jˆ  5kˆ 11iˆ – 10ˆj  8kˆ
a cm m / s2
15 15

Equation of Motion for Centre of Mass

If  = constant
Ÿ ƒ  = constant
In this case we can simply use the equations of motion for Centre of Mass that we have studied in Kinematics.
ͳ
x • — –  ƒ  – ʹ
ʹ
x ˜  —  ƒ –
x ˜ʹ —ʹ  ʹƒ•
§ ˜ — ·
x • ¨   ¸ –
© ʹ ¹
ͳ
x • ˜  –  ƒ – ʹ
ʹ

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System of Particles and Collision Part-08

Illustration 2:
Blocks A and B kept on a smooth horizontal surface are given equal speeds of 2 m/s in opposite sense as shown
in the figure.

At t = 0 the position of blocks are shown, then the coordinates of Centre of mass of system of two blocks,
at t = 3s will be :-
Solution:

Initial velocity of Centre of Mass

ͳ ˜ ͳ   ʹ ˜ ʹ Ͷ u ʹ  Ͷ ʹ
 
ͳ   ʹ ͺ
  = 0 m/s
No external force acts on the system & initial velocity of COM is zero. Hence COM remains at rest.
Initial Position of COM
Ͳ u Ͷ  ͶǤͷ u Ͷ
š ʹǤʹͷ
ͺ

Special Case
If ‡š– Ͳ and initial velocity of Centre of Mass — Ͳ
Hence, ƒ Ͳ
Ÿ ˜  — Ͳ
Where ˜  = Final velocity of Centre of Mass
Thus, Centre of Mass will not move and change in position of centre of mass will be zero.
? '” Ͳ
Ÿ ” ‹ƒŽ
 ” ‹–‹ƒŽ
Ͳ
6‹ ”‹ 6‹ ”‹
Ÿ  Ͳ
6‹ 6‹
6 ‹ ”‹  ”‹
Ÿ Ͳ
6 ‹
6 ‹ ' ”
Ÿ ‹
Ͳ
6 ‹
Ÿ 6‹ '” ‹
Ͳ
Where '” ‹
= change in position of ‹ –Š particle

Illustration 3:
Two particles of mass 2kg and 4kg are present at a fixed distance from each other as shown. If 2 kg mass is
displaced towards left by 8m than find out by what distance 4kg mass should be disp. So COM of system remains
at its initial position

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System of Particles and Collision Part-08

Solution:
COM of system remains at its initial position
m1r1 = m2r2
2r1 = 4r2 …(i)
2(r1 + 8) = 4(r2 + x)
2r1 + 16 = 4r2 + 4x
x = 4m

Illustration 4:
In previous question if 2kg mass is displaced 8m towards left then find out by what distance 4kg mass should
be displaces so COM of system displaced 2m towards right.
Solution:
m1r1 = m2r2
2r1 = 4r2 (Initial condition)
Ÿ 2(8 + r1 + 2) = 4 (r2 – 2 + x)
Ÿ 16 + 2r1 + 4 = 4x + 4r2 – 8
Ÿ 20 = 4x – 8
Ÿ 4x = 28
Ÿ x = 7m
Illustration 5:
A person of mass 40 kg is standing on a plank of length 10m. If person moves on the other side of plank find
distance moved by the plank.

Solution:
Let plank moves distance 'x'.
40 (10 – x) + 60 (–x) = 0
Ÿ 40 (10 – x) = 60(x)
Ÿ 40 – 4x = 6x
Ÿ 10x = 40
Ÿ x = 4m
Illustration 6:
Two persons A & B are standing on a plank as shown in figure. If A & B exchange their position find displacement
of the plank.
A B
40kg 60kg

100kg x

10m
Solution:
As there is no external force acting on the system so COM of system does not change its position. Let plank
moves 'x' distance.
40 (10 + x) + 100 (x) + 60 (x – 10) = 0
Ÿ 400 + 40x + 100x + 60x – 600 = 0
Ÿ 40 – 60 + 10x + 4x + 6x = 0
Ÿ –20 + 20x = 0 Ÿ x = 1m

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System of Particles and Collision Part-08

Illustration 7:
Three-man A, B, & C of masses 40 kg, 50 kg, 60 kg are standing on a plank of mass 90 kg. Which is kept on a
smooth horizontal plane. If A & C exchange, their position then mass B will shift.
40kg 50kg 60kgg
A B C
90kg x

2m 2m
Solution:
Let plank shift distance 'x'.
40 (4 + x) + 50 (x) + 60 (–4 + x) + 90x = 0
Ÿ 240x = 80
1
Ÿx  m
3

Illustration 8:
A block of mass m is sliding on a wedge of mass M. When block reaches lowest point find displacement of the
wedge.
m

x
M

A
Solution:
Let wedge move by 'x' in horizontal direction.
m( – x) – Mx = 0
m
Ÿx
Mm

Illustration 9:
A sphere of mass m is rolling down on a wedge of mass M. When sphere reaches at lowest point then find
distance moved by wedge in horizontal direction.
m

R
M
x M

y
Solution:
Let distance moved by wedge is 'x'
m(R – x) – Mx = 0
Ÿ mR – mx – Mx = 0
Ÿ mR – x(M + m) = 0
mR
Ÿx
Mm

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 Conservation of Linear Momentum of System and Impulse
Part - 09

Conservation of Linear Momentum of System and Impulse

As we have studied that

˜ 
† ˜ † ›•–‡
‡š–
†– †–
Now, if ‡š– Ͳ

Then, ›•–‡ constant

It means that total linear momentum of a system of particles remains conserved in a time interval in which
impulse of external forces is zero.
Total momentum of a system of particles cannot change under the action of internal forces and if net impulse
of the external forces in a time interval is zero, the total momentum of the system in that time interval will remain
conserved.
’ˆ‹ˆ‹ƒŽŽ α ’‹‹–‹ƒŽ
‹ ‹‹ Ž

The above statement is known as the principle of conservation of momentum.

Since force, impulse and momentum are vectors, component of momentum of a system in a particular direction
is conserved, if net impulse of all external forces in that direction vanishes.
No external force Ÿ Stationary mass relative to an inertial frame remains at rest
Example : Firing a Bullet from a Gun :
If the bullet is the system, the force exerted by trigger will be V M m
v
external and so the linear momentum of the bullet will Bullet
Gun
change from 0 to mv. This is not the violation of the law of
conservation of linear momentum as linear momentum is conserved only in the absence of external force.
If the bullet and gun is the system, then the force exerted by trigger will be internal so.
total momentum of the system ’• ’  ’ = constant. ....(i)
Now, as initially both bullet and gun are at rest so ’  ’ Ͳ . From this it is evident that:

’ ’ , i.e., if bullet acquires forward momentum, the gun will acquire equal and opposite (backward)

momentum.

˜  
From (i) ˜  Ͳ ‡  
Ͳǡ ‹‹Ǥ‹Ǥ‡ǡ ˜ i.e, if the bullet moves forward, the gun 'recoils' or 'kicks backwards'. Heavier

the gun lesser will be the recoil velocity V.
’ʹ ’ʹ
Kinetic energy  and ’ ’ ’ . Kinetic energy of gun  ,
ʹ ʹ

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System of Particles and Collision Part-09

’ʹ  
Kinetic energy of bullet   ? ͳ  !!  . Thus, kinetic energy of gun is lesser than that of bullet
ʹ   

i.e., kinetic energy of bullet and gun will not be equal. Initial kinetic energy of the system is zero as both are at
rest. Final kinetic energy of the system is greater than zero.
So, here kinetic energy of the system is not constant but increases. If PE is assumed to be constant then
Mechanical energy = (kinetic energy + potential energy) will also increase. However, energy is always conserved.
Here chemical energy of gun powder is converted into KE.
Example : Block-Bullet System :
(a) When bullet remains embedded in the block
Conserving momentum of bullet and block ; mv + 0= (M+m) V
˜
Velocity of block  .....(i)

L
By conservation of mechanical energy
m+M
ͳ
ȋ  Ȍ ʹ ȋ  Ȍ‰Š Ÿ  ʹ‰Š ....(ii)
ʹ
˜ h
From eqn. (i) and eqn. (ii) = ʹ‰Š
 m v
ȋ  Ȍ ʹ‰Š
Speed of bullet ˜ ,
 M
ʹ ʹ˜ʹ
Maximum height gained by block Š
ʹ‰ ʹ‰ȋ  Ȍʹ
Š § Š·
Š    ‘• T ? ‘• T ͳ  Ÿ T ‘• ͳ ¨ ͳ  ¸
 © ¹

(b) If bullet emerges out of the block

Conserving momentum mv + 0 = mv1 + Mv2

m (v – v1) = Mv2 ........(i)

v2
ͳ ʹ v m v1
Conserving energy ˜ ʹ ‰Š Ÿ ˜ ʹ ʹ‰Š ........(ii) m
ʹ M
ʹȋ˜  ˜ͳ Ȍʹ
From eqn. (i) & eqn. (ii) m(v – v1) =  ʹ‰Š Ÿ Š
ʹ‰ʹ

Important Points
x For an isolated system, initial momentum of the system is equal to the final momentum of the system. If the
system consists of n bodies having momenta
’ͳ ǡ’ʹ ǡ’͵ ǡ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ’ ǡ then ’ͳ  ’ʹ  ’͵  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ  ’ = constant
x As linear momentum depends on frame of reference, observers in different frames would find different values
of linear momenta of a given system but each would agree that his own value of linear momentum does not
change with time. But the system should be isolated and closed, i.e., law of conservation of linear momentum is
independent of frame of reference though linear momentum depends on the frame of reference.
x Conservation of linear momentum is equivalent to Newton's III law of motion for a system of two particles. In
the absence of external force from law of conservation of linear momentum,
Ÿ ’ͳ  ’ʹ = constant i.e. ͳ ˜ ͳ  ʹ˜ ʹ = constant

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System of Particles and Collision Part-09

†˜
˜ͳ †˜
Differentiating the above expression with respect to time ͳ  ʹ ʹ Ͳ [as m is constant]
†– †–
ª †˜
†˜ͳ º
Ÿ ͳƒͳ  ʹƒʹ Ͳ « †– ƒͳ »
¬ ¼
Ÿ  Ͳ ª ƒ º¼
ƒ
ͳ ʹ ¬
Ÿ ͳ  ʹ

x This law is universal, i.e., it applies to macroscopic as well as microscopic systems.

x Total linear momentum of the system in centroidal frame is zero.
It implies ȭ ˜  α Ͳ or ͳ˜ͳ Ϊ ʹ˜ʹ Ϊ Ϊ  ˜  α Ͳ .
ΪǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤΪ

Illustration 1:
In a gravity free room, a man of mass m1 is standing at a height h above the floor. He throws a ball of mass m 2
vertically downward with a speed u. Find the distance of the man from the floor when the ball reaches the
ground.
Solution:
Š
Time taken by ball to reach the ground –
—
§ —·
By conservation of linear momentum, speed of man v = ¨ ʹ ¸
© ͳ ¹
§ Š · §  — · ʹ
Therefore, the man will move upward by a distance = ˜– ¨ ¸ ¨ ʹ ¸ Š
© — ¹ © ͳ ¹ ͳ
ʹ §  ·
Total distance of the man from the floor = Š  Š ¨ͳ  ʹ ¸Š .
ͳ © ͳ ¹

Illustration 2:
A bomb of mass 12 kg explodes into two pieces of 4 kg and 8 kg. The velocity of 4 kg piece is 24 m/s. The kinetic
energy of 8 kg piece is
Solution:
4 × 24 = 8 × v
ͳ
v = 12 m/s ?  u ͺ u ͳʹ u ͳʹ ͷ͹͸
ʹ

Illustration 3:
A body of mass 3m at rest explodes into three-identical pieces. Two of the pieces move with a speed v each in
mutually perpendicular directions. The total kinetic energy released is: -
Solution:

? ˜̵ ʹ˜
Ÿ ˜̵ ʹ˜
§ͳ · ͳ ʹ
K.E. ¨ ˜ ʹ ¸ u ʹ   u ʹ˜ ʹ˜ ʹ
©ʹ ¹ ʹ

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System of Particles and Collision Part-09

Illustration 4:
A heavy nucleus at rest breaks into two fragments which fly off with velocities 27:1. The ratio of radii of the
fragments is: -
Solution:
ͳ u ʹ͹˜ ʹ˜
§ Ͷ ͵ ·
ʹ ʹ͹ͳ ¨  S” U Ÿ  v ”͵ ¸
© ͵ ¹
”ͳ ͳ
? ”ʹ ͵”ͳ Ÿ
”ʹ ͵

Illustration 5:
A bomb initially at rest explodes by itself into three equal mass fragments. The velocities of two fragments are
ʹ‹ƶ  ͵Œƶ m/s and ƶ‹  ʹŒƶ m/s. The velocity of the third fragment is (in m/s): -
Solution:
Apply momentum conservation
 ʹ‹ƶ  ͵Œ    ƶ‹  ʹŒƶ  ˜
˜ Ͳ

? ˜ ȋ ͵‹ƶ  ƶŒȌ

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 Spring Block System
Part - 10

Spring Block System

Consider two blocks, resting on a frictionless surface and connected by a massless spring as shown in figure. If
the spring is stretched (or compressed) and then released from rest,
Then ‡š– Ͳ‘ so ’• ’ͳ  ’ʹ = constant

However, initially both the blocks were at rest so, ’ͳ  ’ʹ Ͳ

It is clear that :
x ’ʹ ’ͳ , i.e., at any instant the two blocks will have momentum equal in magnitude but opposite in direction
(though they have different values of momentum at different positions).
§ ·
x ˜ ͳ˜ͳ  ʹ˜ ʹ Ͳ Ÿ ˜ ʹ
As momentum, ’ ˜ǡ
˜ǡ  ¨ ͳ ¸ ˜ͳ
© ʹ ¹
The two blocks always move in opposite directions with lighter block moving faster.
’ʹ ͳ ʹ
x Kinetic energy  and ’ͳ ’ʹ ǡ or the kinetic energy of two blocks will not be equal but in
ʹ ʹ ͳ
the inverse ratio of their masses and so lighter block will have greater kinetic energy.
x Initially kinetic energy of the blocks is zero (as both are at rest) but after some time kinetic energy of the
blocks is not zero (as both are in motion). So, kinetic energy is not constant but changes. Here during the
motion of the blocks KE is converted into elastic potential energy of the spring and vice–versa but total
mechanical energy of the system remain constant.
Kinetic energy + Potential energy = Mechanical Energy = Constant

Illustration 1:
Find maximum compression in the spring.
30ms–1

K
3kg 2kg

Solution:
Note : At the state of max. compression or max. elongation, velocity of connecting blocks must be same.

Apply COLM v v
3 × 30 = 3v + 2v K
Ÿ v = 18 m/s 3kg 2kg

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System of Particles and Collision Part-10

Apply COME
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
u ͵ u ȋ͵ͲȌʹ u ͵ u ͳͺʹ  u ʹ u ͳͺʹ  šʹ
ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ
Ÿ 2700 = 182 × 5 + Kx2
Ÿ 1080 = Kx2
ͳͲͺͲ
Ÿš


Illustration 2:
Two blocks of masses m & 2m are connected by a spring as shown in figure. Initially spring is compressed by x
and released. Find velocity of block of mass 2m when spring comes natural length.
k
m 2m

Solution:
v1 v2
k
m 2m

Applying COLM at natural length

0 = –mv1 + 2mv2
Ÿ ˜ͳ ʹ˜ ʹ …..(i)
Applying COME
ͳ ʹ ͳ ͳ
š ˜ͳʹ  ȋʹȌ ȋ˜ ʹ Ȍʹ
ʹ ʹ ʹ

ͳ ͳ ʹ ͳ
Ÿ š ʹ  ʹ˜ ʹ  ȋʹȌ ȋ˜ ʹ Ȍʹ
ʹ ʹ ʹ

Ÿ šʹ ͸˜ʹʹ

§  ·
Ÿ ˜ ʹ ¨¨ ¸¸ š
© ͸ ¹

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
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 Collision and its Types
Part - 11

Collision
Collision or Impact is the interaction between two bodies during very small duration in which they exert relatively
large forces on each other. Interaction forces during an impact are created either due to direct contact or strong
repulsive force fields or some connecting links.
The duration of the interaction is short enough to permit us only to consider the states of motion just before
and after the event and not during the impact. Duration of an impact ranges from 10–23 s for impacts between
elementary particles to millions of years for impacts between galaxies. The impacts we observe in our everyday
life such as that between two balls last from 10–3 s to few seconds.
Example: -
x Direct collision: - When a rubber ball strikes a floor, it remains in contact with the floor for very short time
in which it changes its velocity. This is an example of collision where physical contact takes place between
the colliding bodies.
x Indirect collision: - When an D – particle passes by the nucleus of a gold atom in Rutherford's experiment,
it gets deflected in a very short time. Deflection means a change in the direction of motion- a change in
velocity. In this process, the particles do not touch each other.

Effects of collision, the momentum and kinetic energy of the interacting bodies change.
Interacting forces during collision are so large as compared to other external forces acting on either of the
bodies that the effects of later can be neglected. Hence, forces involved in a collision are action–reaction pairs,
i.e., the internal forces of the system and thus the total momentum remains conserved in any type of
collision.

Types of Collision
(a) On the basis of direction: -
On the basis of direction there are two types of collision.
(i) Head-on Collision
A Collision in which the particles move along the same straight line before and after the collision is defined
as Head-on Collision or One-dimensional Collision.

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System of Particles and Collision Part-11

(ii) Oblique Collision

A Collision in which the particles move along the same plane at different angles before and after the collision
is defined as Oblique Collision or Two-dimensional Collision.

A B

uA uB

Oblique Collision
(b) On the basis of kinetic energy: -
On the basis of kinetic energy there are three types of collision.
(i) Elastic Collision
A Collision is said to be elastic if the total kinetic energy before and after the collision remains same.
(ii) Inelastic Collision
A Collision is said to be Inelastic if the total kinetic energy before and after the collision does not remain
same.
(iii) Perfectly Inelastic Collision
A Collision in which interacting particles get stick together after the collision is called Perfectly Inelastic
Collision. In this type of collision loss in energy is maximum.

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 Process of Collision and Coefficient of Restitution
Part - 12

Process of Collision and Coefficient of Restitution

To understand mechanism of a collision, let us consider two balls A and B of masses mA and mB moving with
velocities uA and uB in the same direction as shown. Velocity uA is larger than uB so that the ball A hits the ball
B. During the impact, both the bodies push each other and first they get deformed till the deformation reaches
a maximum value and then they try to regain their original shapes due to elastic behaviour of the materials the
balls formed of.

Deformation period: - The time interval during which deformation takes place.
During the period of deformation, due to push applied by the balls on each other during period of deformation
speed of ball A decreases and that of ball B increases and at the end of the deformation period, when the
deformation is maximum both the balls move with the same velocity say it is u.
Thereafter, the balls will either move together with this velocity or follow the period of restitution.

Restitution period: - The time interval in which the bodies try to regain their original shapes.
During the period of restitution due to push applied by the balls on each other, speed of the ball A decreases
further and that of ball B increases further till they separate from each other.

Let us denote the velocities of the balls A and B after the impact by vA and vB respectively.

Impulse-Momentum Theorem during impact

(a) Deformation period
Applying impulse-momentum principle on ball A during deformation period

'
Ÿ ³ †–  —   —

Ÿ  —  ³ †–  — ……(i)

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System of Particles and Collision Part-12

Applying impulse-momentum principle on ball B during deformation period

³ †– —  —

Ÿ —  ³ †– — ……(ii)

(b) Restitution period

Applying impulse-momentum principle on ball A during restitution period

³ †–  ˜    —

Ÿ  —  ³ †–  ˜  ……(iii)
Applying impulse-momentum principle on ball B during restitution period

³ †–  ˜   —

Ÿ —  ³ †– ˜  ……(iv)

Conservation of Momentum during impact
From equations, (i) and (ii) we have   —  Ϊ  —  α   Ϊ   — ...(v)
From equations, (iii) and (iv) we have  Ϊ  — α  ˜  Ϊ ˜  ...(vi)
From equations, (v) and (vi) we obtain the following equation.
  ˜  Ϊ  ˜  α   —  Ϊ  —  ...(vii)
Hence, Total Initial Momentum = Total Final Momentum
The above equation elucidates the principle of conservation of momentum.

Coefficient of Restitution
Usually the force D applied by the bodies A and B on each other during the period of deformation differs from
the force R applied by the bodies on each other during the period of restitution. Therefore, it is not necessary
that the magnitude of impulse ³ †– due to deformation equals to that of impulse ³ †– due to restitution.
The ratio of magnitudes of impulse of restitution to that of deformation is called the coefficient of restitution
and is denoted by e.

‡α
‹’—Ž•‡ ‘ˆ ”‡ ‘˜‡”›
α
³ †–
‹’—Ž•‡ ‘ˆ †‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ³ †–

˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ‘‰ Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ ‹’ƒ – _ ˜  ˜  ȁ

‡
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒŽ‘‰ Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ ‹’ƒ – ȁ —   — ȁ
Coefficient of restitution depends on various factors as elastic properties of materials forming the bodies,
velocities of the contact points before impact, state of rotation of the bodies and temperature of the bodies. In
general, its value ranges from zero to one but in collisions where additional kinetic energy is generated, its value
may exceed one.

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System of Particles and Collision Part-12

Depending on the values of coefficient of restitution, two particular cases are of special interest.
Perfectly Plastic or Inelastic Impact For these impacts e = 0, and bodies undergoing impact stick to each
other after the impact.
Perfectly Elastic Impact For these impacts e = 1.
Strategy to solve problems of head-on impact:
Write the momentum conservation equation
  ˜  Ϊ  ˜  α   —  Ϊ  — ...(A)
Write the equation involving coefficient of restitution
˜  Ȃ ˜  α ‡ —  Ȃ — ...(B)

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 Head on Collision
Part - 13

Head on Collision
If velocity vectors of the colliding bodies are directed along the line of impact, the impact is called a direct or
Head-on impact.

Head on Elastic Collision

The head on elastic collision is one in which the colliding bodies move along the same straight-line path before
and after the collision.

     
ͳ ʹ ͳ ʹ
‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘ —”‹‰ ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘ ˆ–‡” ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘

Assuming initial direction of motion to be positive and u1 > u2 (so that collision may take place) and applying
law of conservation of linear momentum
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 Ÿ m1(u1 – v1) = m2(v2 – u2) ...(i)
For elastic collision, kinetic energy before collision must be equal to kinetic energy after collision, i.e.,
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
ͳ —ͳʹ  ʹ—ʹʹ ͳ ˜ ͳʹ  ʹ ˜ ʹʹ Ÿ ͳ ȋ—ͳʹ  ˜ͳʹ Ȍ ʹ ȋ˜ ʹʹ  —ʹʹ Ȍ ... (ii)
ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ
Dividing equation (ii) by (i)
u1 + v1 = v2 + u2 Ÿ (u1 – u2) = (v2 – v1) … (iii)

In 1–D elastic collision 'velocity of approach' before collision is equal to the 'velocity of separation after collision,
no matter what the masses of the colliding particles are.
This law is called Newton's law for elastic collision.
Thus, value of coefficient of restitution for elastic collision
˜ ʹ  ˜ͳ
‡ ͳ
—ͳ  —ʹ
If we multiply equation (iii) by m2 and subtract it from (i)
ͳ  ʹ ʹʹ
ȋͳ ʹ Ȍ—
—ͳ Ϊʹ
Ϊʹʹ—ʹ αȋ Ϊ ʹ Ȍ˜ͳ  Ÿ ˜ͳ
αȋͳ ڏ —ͳ  —ʹ ... (iv)
ͳ  ʹ ͳ  ʹ
Similarly, multiplying equation (iii) by m1 and adding it to equation (i)
ʹ  ͳ ʹͳ—ͳ
Ϊȋʹ 
ʹͳ—ͳ Ϊȋ ͳ Ȍ—ʹ αȋ Ϊ ͳ Ȍ˜ ʹ Ÿ ˜ʹ
αȋʹ ڏ —ʹ  ... (v)
ͳ  ʹ ͳ  ʹ

Special cases of head on elastic collision

Case-1 :
If the two bodies are of equal masses : m1 = m2 = m then v1 = u2 and v2 = u1
Thus, if two bodies of equal masses undergo elastic collision in one dimension, then the bodies exchange their
velocities after the collision.

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System of Particles and Collision Part-13

Case-2 :
If the two bodies are of equal masses and second body is at rest.
m1 = m2 and initial velocity of second body u2 = 0, v1 = 0, v2 = u1
When body A collides against body B of equal mass at rest, then body A comes to rest and body B moves on
with the velocity of body A. In this case transfer of energy is hundred percent
e.g. Billiard's Ball, Nuclear moderation.
Case-3 :
If the mass of one body is negligible as compared to the other.
If m1 >> m2 and u2 = 0 then v1 = u1, v2 = 2u1
When a heavy body A collides against a light body B at rest, then body A should keep on moving with same
velocity whereas body B moves with velocity double that of A.
If m2 >> m1 and u2 = 0 then v2 = 0, v1 = – u1
When a light body A collides against a heavy body B at rest, the body A starts moving with same speed just in
opposite direction while the body B practically remains at rest.

Head on Inelastic Collision

ͳ—ͳ ڏ
Ϊ ʹ—ʹ α
α ͳ ˜ ͳ ڏ
Ϊ ʹ ˜ ʹ ...(i)
By definition of coefficient of restitution
˜ ʹ ˜ α ‡ȋ—ͳ —
˜ͳ α‡ȋ— —ʹ Ȍ ...(ii)
§  Ȃ ‡ʹ · § ȋͳ  ‡Ȍʹ ·
˜ͳ ¨ ͳ ¸ —ͳ  ¨ ¸ —ʹ
© ͳ   ʹ ¹ © ͳ  ʹ ¹
§ ʹ Ȃ ‡ͳ · § ȋͳ  ‡Ȍͳ ·
˜ʹ ¨    ¸ —ʹ  ¨    ¸ —ͳ
© ͳ ʹ ¹ © ͳ ʹ ¹

ͳ ͳ ʹ ʹ
Loss in Kinetic Energy of particles = ȋͳ  ‡ʹ Ȍ —ͳ  —ʹ
ʹ ͳ  ʹ
Value of coefficient of restitution for Inelastic collision is 0 < e < 1

Head on Perfectly Inelastic Collision

ͳ—ͳ ڏ
Ϊ ʹ—ʹ α
α ͳ Ϊ ʹ ˜
ͳ—ͳ ڏ
Ϊ ʹ—ʹ
Where final velocity ˜
ͳ  ʹ
ͳ ͳʹ ʹ
Loss in Kinetic Energy of particles = —ͳ  —ʹ
ʹ ͳ  ʹ
Value of coefficient of restitution for Perfectly Inelastic collision e = 0.

Illustration 1:
Two balls each of mass 5 kg moving in opposite directions with equal speeds 5 m/s collide head on with each
other. Find out the final velocities of the balls if the collision is perfectly elastic.
Solution:
Here m1 = m2 = 5 kg, u1 = 5 m/s, u2 = – 5 m/s
In such a condition-velocities get interchanged
So v2 = u1 = 5 m/s and v1 = u2 = – 5 m/s

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System of Particles and Collision Part-13

Illustration 2:
A simple pendulum of length 1m has a wooden bob of mass 1kg. It is struck by a bullet of mass 10 –2 kg moving
with a speed of 2 × 102 m/s. The bullet gets embedded within the bob. Obtain the height to which the bob rises
before swinging back.
Solution:
Applying principle of conservation of linear momentum
mu = (M + m) v
Ÿ 10–2 × (2 × 102) = (1 + 0.01) v
ʹ
Ÿ ˜ m/s
ͳǤͲͳ (M+m)
Initial KE of the block with bullet in it, is fully converted into PE as
h
it rises through a height h, given by
m
ͳ M
ȋ  Ȍ˜ ʹ ȋ  Ȍ‰Š u
ʹ
Ÿ ˜ʹ ʹ‰Š
ʹ
˜ʹ § ʹ · ͳ
Ÿ Š u ͲǤʹ
ʹ‰ ¨© ͳǤͲͳ ¸¹ ʹ u ͻǤͺ

Illustration 3:
A ball of mass 2 kg moving with a speed of 5 m/s collides directly with another ball of mass 3 kg moving in the
same direction with a speed of 4 m/s. The coefficient of restitution is 2/3. Find the velocities after collision.
Solution:
Denoting the first ball by A and the second ball by B, velocities immediately before and after the impact are
shown in the figure.

By COLM : 2(5) + 3(4) = 2v1 + 3v2 Ÿ 2v1 + 3v2 = 22 ...... (i)

˜ ʹ Ȃ ˜ͳ ʹ ˜ ʹ Ȃ ˜ͳ
By definition of e : ‡ Ÿ Ÿ ͵˜ʹ  ͵˜ͳ ʹ ..... (ii)
—ͳ Ȃ —ʹ ͵ ͷȂ Ͷ
by solving equations (i) and (ii), we have v1 = 4 m/s and v2 = 4.67 m/s

Illustration 4:
A body of 2 kg mass having velocity 3 m/s collides with a body of 1 kg mass moving with a velocity of 4m/s in
the opposite direction. After collision both bodies stick together and move with a common velocity. Find the
velocity in m/s.
Solution:
ͳ˜ͳ  ʹ˜ʹ ʹu ͵  ͳ u Ͷ ʹ
˜ •›•–‡
ͳ  ʹ ͵ ͵

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 Bouncing of Ball
Part - 14

Bouncing of Ball
Let a ball fall from a height (h) and let it touch the ground with a velocity v taking time (t) to reach the ground.
Let v1, v2, v3....... be the velocities immediately after first, second, third......collisions with the ground.

Velocity immediately After the nth Rebound

˜ ʹ  ˜ ͳ Ȍ ‡ȋ—ͳ  —ʹ Ȍ
By Newton's formula ȋ˜
Here ˜ ʹ = 0, —ͳ ˜ , —ʹ = 0 (surface at rest)
v1 = ev (opposite direction)
Similarly, v2 = ev1
v2 = e(ev)
v2 = e2v
Similarly, v3 = e3v, and v4 = e4v
Thus, ˜  ᇐ ˜

˜  ᇐ ʹ‰Š ª ˜ ʹ‰Š º¼

ʹ‰
¬

Height Attained by the Ball After the nth Rebound

˜ͳ ‡˜
Ÿ ʹ‰Šͳ ‡ ʹ‰Š
Ÿ Šͳ ‡ Š ʹ

Similarly,
˜ʹ ‡ʹ ˜
Ÿ ʹ‰Šʹ ‡ʹ ʹ‰Š
Ÿ Šʹ ‡ͶŠ
Thus, Š α‡ʹ Š

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System of Particles and Collision Part-14

Time Taken in nth Rebound

Šͳ ‡ʹŠ
ͳ ͳ
Ÿ ‰– ͳʹ ‡ʹ ‰– ʹ
ʹ ʹ
Ÿ –ͳ ‡ –
ʹ ʹ ʹ

Ÿ – ͳ ‡–
ʹŠ
Ÿ –ͳ ‡
‰
Similarly, Šʹ ‡ͶŠ
ͳ §ͳ ·
Ÿ ‰– ʹʹ ‡Ͷ ¨ ‰– ʹ ¸
ʹ ©ʹ ¹
Ÿ –ʹ ‡ –
ʹ Ͷ ʹ

Ÿ – ʹ ‡ʹ–
ʹŠ
Ÿ – ʹ ‡ʹ
‰
ʹŠ
Similarly, –  ᇐ Ÿ –  ᇐ –
‰
Total time taken in bouncing. (i.e. total time elapsed before the ball stops)
T = t + 2t1 + 2t2 + ……………
T = t + 2et + 2e2t + 2e3t +...........
T = t + 2t (e + e2 + e3 + .....)
§ ‡ ·
T = –  ʹ– ¨ ¸
© ͳ‡ ¹
§ ͳ‡ ·
T –¨ ¸
© ͳ‡ ¹
ʹŠ § ͳ  ‡ ·
 ¨ ¸
‰ ©ͳ‡¹

Distance Covered by The Ball Before It Stops

s = h + 2h1 + 2h2 + ............... + f
s = h + 2e2h + 2e4h + 2e6h + .............
s = h + 2e2h(1 + e2 + e4 + e6 + ........ )
§ ͳ ·
s = Š  ʹ‡ʹŠ ¨ ¸
© ͳ  ‡ʹ ¹
ª ʹ‡ʹ º
s Š «ͳ  »
¬ ͳ  ‡ʹ ¼
§ ͳ  ‡ʹ ·
• Š¨ ¸
© ͳ  ‡ʹ ¹
Average Speed
§ ͳ  ‡ʹ ·
Š¨ ʹ ¸

˜ ƒ˜Ǥ
‘–ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ ‡ ©ͳ‡ ¹
‘–ƒŽ–‹‡ ʹŠ § ͳ  ‡ ·
‰ ¨© ͳ  ‡ ¸¹
‰Š ª ͳ  ‡ʹ º
˜ ƒ˜Ǥ « »
ʹ ¬ ȋͳ  ‡Ȍʹ ¼

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System of Particles and Collision Part-14

Average Velocity
‘–ƒŽ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– Š
˜ ƒ˜Ǥ
‘–ƒŽ–‹‡ ʹŠ § ͳ  ‡ ·
‰ ¨© ͳ  ‡ ¸¹
‰Š § ͳ  ‡ ·
˜ ƒ˜Ǥ
ʹ ¨© ͳ  ‡ ¸¹

Illustration 1:
A ball of mass 1kg is dropped from 20 m height. Find (i) velocity of ball after second collision (ii) maximum
height attained by the ball after second collision (iii) average speed for whole interval (If e = 0.5) (g = 10 m/s 2)
Solution:
m =1kg, h = 20m, e = 0.5
ʹ
§ͳ·
(i) ˜ ʹ ‡ʹ— ¨ ¸ u ʹ‰ u ʹͲ ͷ Ȁ •
©ʹ¹
Ͷ
§ͳ· ʹͲ ͷ
(ii) Šʹ ‡ͶŠ ¨ ¸ u ʹͲ 
©ʹ¹ ͳ͸ Ͷ

–‘–ƒŽ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ‰Š ª ͳ  ‡ʹ º ͷͲ
(iii) ˜ ƒ˜‰ « » Ȁ•
–‘–ƒŽ –‹‡ ʹ « ͳ‡ ʹ » ͻ
¬ ¼

Illustration 2:
A ball is thrown vertically upward from ground with speed 40 m/s. It collides with ground after returning. Find
the total distance travelled and time taken during its bouncing. (e = 0.5) (g = 10 m/s 2)
Solution:

h
h1
h2 h3
h4
h5
u h6 upto λ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ͳ
u = 40 m/s, e = 0.5 =
ʹ
Travelled total distance
S = 2h + 2h1 + 2h2 + ……. + λ
S = 2h + 2e2h + 2e4h + ……. + λ
S = 2h(1 + e2 + e4 + ……. + λ)
§ ʹ ·
S ¨ ¸Š
© ͳ  ‡ʹ ¹
§ ʹ ·§ ͶͲ u ͶͲ ·
S ¨ ¨ ¸
ͳ¸
¨ ͳ  ¸ © ʹ u ͳͲ ¹
© Ͷ¹
S ʹͳ͵Ǥ͵͵

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System of Particles and Collision Part-14

Total time
T = 2t + 2t1 + 2t2 + ………….
T = 2t + 2et + 2e2t + ………….
T = 2t(1 + e + e2 + ………….)
§ ͳ ·
T ¨ ¸ ʹ–
©ͳ‡¹
§ ͳ · § Ͳ ·
T ¨ ʹ u ¨ ¸ ͳ͸ •‡
ͳ¸
¨ ͳ  ¸ © ͳͲ ¹
© ʹ¹

Illustration 3:
A particle falls from a height ‘h’ upon a fixed horizontal plane and rebounds. If e = 0.2 is the coefficient of
restitution. Find the total distance travelled before rebounding has stopped.
Solution:
S = h + 2h1 + 2h2 + ………….
ͳ
e = 0.2 =
ͷ
ª ͳ º
§ ͳ  ‡ʹ · « ͳ  ʹͷ » ͳ͵
S = Š¨ ¸ Š« » Š
© ͳ  ‡ʹ ¹ «ͳ  ͳ » ͳʹ
«¬ ʹͷ »¼

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 Oblique Collision
Part - 15

Oblique Collision
A collision in which the particles move in the same plane at different angles before and after the collision is
called Oblique Collision.
y
v1
m1

u1
m1
m2
u2
m2

By COLM along x-axis m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1cos T + m2v2cos I

By COLM along y-axis 0 + 0 = m1v1sin T – m2v2sin I

If collision is elastic then,

   
By conservation of kinetic energy, P  X  P  X  P Y  P Y 
   
Illustration 1:
Two putty balls of equal masses moving in mutually perpendicular directions with equal speed, stick together
after collision. If the balls were initially moving with a velocity of Ͷͷ ʹ  Ȁ • each, find the velocity of the
combined mass after collision.
Solution:
COLM in x-axis
m ×   PYFRV T

Y FRV T …….(1)

COLM in y-axis
m ×   PYVLQ T

Y VLQ T …….(2)

From equation (1) & (2)
ʹ ʹ
§ Ͷͷ · § Ͷͷ ·
˜ʹ ‘•ʹɅΪ ˜ ʹ•‹ʹɅ α ¨ ¸ Ϊ¨ ¸
© ʹ¹ © ʹ¹
v = 45 m/s

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System of Particles and Collision Part-15

Illustration 2:
A body strikes obliquely with another identical stationary rest body elastically. Prove that they will move
perpendicular to each other after collision.
Solution:
y
2 v2
2
m
1 m Ʌଶ x
u1 Ʌଵ
m

v1
Before collision After collision
Conservation of linear momentum in x–direction gives
mu1 = mv1cos Tͳ + mv2cos Tʹ Ÿ u1 = v1cos Tͳ + v2cos Tʹ …... (i)
Conservation of linear momentum in y–direction gives
0 = mv1sin Tͳ – mv2sin Tʹ Ÿ 0 = v1sin Tͳ – v2sin Tʹ ....... (ii)
Conservation of kinetic energy
ͳ ͳ ͳ
—ͳʹ ˜ͳʹ  ˜ ʹʹ Ÿ —ͳʹ ˜ ͳʹ  ˜ ʹʹ ....... (iii)
ʹ ʹ ʹ
(i)2 + (ii)2
Ÿ —ͳʹ  Ͳ ˜ͳʹ ‘•ʹ Tͳ  ˜ʹʹ ‘•ʹ Tʹ  ʹ˜ͳ ˜ʹ ‘• Tͳ ‘• Tʹ  ˜ͳʹ •‹ʹ Tͳ  ˜ʹʹ •‹ʹ Tʹ  ʹ˜ͳ˜ʹ •‹ Tͳ •‹ Tʹ
Ÿ —ͳʹ ˜ͳʹ ‘•ʹ Tͳ  •‹ʹ Tͳ  ˜ʹʹ ‘•ʹ Tʹ  •‹ʹ Tʹ  ʹ˜ͳ ˜ ʹ ‘• Tͳ ‘• Tʹ  •‹ Tͳ •‹ Tʹ

Ÿ —ͳʹ ˜ͳʹ  ˜ʹʹ  ʹ˜ͳ ˜ʹ ‘• Tͳ  Tʹ ^ —ͳʹ ˜ͳʹ  ˜ʹʹ `

Ÿ ‘• Tͳ  Tʹ Ͳ Ÿ Tͳ  Tʹ ͻͲq

Illustration 3:
Find maximum height, time of flight & range from O of particle after collision.

50 m/s
53°
͵ O ɊൌͲ
‡ൌ
Ͷ

Solution:
˜̵ ‘• D ͵
‡ ? ˜̵ ‘• D ͵Ͳǡ˜̵•‹ D ͵Ͳ
ͶͲ Ͷ
30 m/s
D Ͷͷq Ƭ ˜̵ ͵Ͳ ʹ v'
ʹ˜̵ ‘• T ʹ˜ ̵ 40 m/s Ƚ
ˆ
 ͸•‡ 53°
‰ ‰
Range 6 × 30 = 180
˜ʹˆ ˜̵ʹ ‘•ʹ D
Ͷͷ
ʹ‰ ʹ‰

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