Subject Name - Chemistry

Class - 12th NEET

Chapter Name – The d & f-Block Elements

PPT No.- 01/02

 Introduction

The d and f block elements are less known as compare to other elements of periodic
table but still they have huge applications.
 Like Iron is broadly used in the development industry.
 Titanium is as a part of the manufacture of airship and space ship.
 Tungsten comes in use in making electrical fibers.
PPT CONTENT

Sr. No. TOPICS

1. Transition elements
2. Physical properties
3. Oxidation State and Standard Electrode Potential
4. Magnetic Properties
 Previous Year Analysis

0
2022 2021 2020 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2016 2015 2015 2014 2013
Covid I II Re
 Topic : The Transition Elements(d-Block)

A transition element is defined as the one which has incompletely filled d-orbitals in its
ground state or in any one of its oxidation states. Zinc, cadmium and mercury of group
12 have full d10 configuration in their ground state as well as in their common oxidation
states and hence, are not regarded as transition metals.
 Topic : Electronic configuration of the d-Block Elements

 The general electronic configuration for d-block elements is (n − 1)d1−10 ns1−2 .

 The last electron of successive elements is added to d-orbital.
 Cr and Mo has an exceptional electronic configuration of (n − 1)d5 ns1 due to
stability of half filled orbitals.
Cr: [Ar]3d5 4s1
Cu: [Ar]3d10 4s1
Mo: [Kr]4d5 5s1
 Topic : Exceptions:

Example

Ag(47) → [Kr]4d9 5s 2 × .
Ag(47) → [Kr]4 d10 5 s1 .
× ..
Au(79) → [Xe]4f 14 5d9 6s 2

Au(79) → [Xe]4f 14 5d10 6s1 .

Example

Pd(46) → [Kr]4 d8 5s 2 × .
Pd(46) → [Kr]4d10 5s 0 .
Pt(78) → [Xe]4f 14 5d8 6s2 × ..
Pt(78) → Xel 4f 14 5d9 6s1 .
Topic : Non Transition d-Block Elements

Zn(30) → [Ar]3d10 4s 2 Zn2+ → [Ar]3d10 4s0

Cd(48) → [Kr]4d10 5s 2 Cd2+ → [Kr]4d10 5 s0
Hg(80) → [Xe]4f 14 5d10 6s 2 Hg 2+ → [Xe]4f 14 5d10 6 s 0
Question #ImpQ.

Electronic configuration of Cu+2 is:

A [Ar]4s13d8

B [Ar]4s03d9

C [Ar]4s23d7

D [Ar]4s03d8
 Topic : Lattice Structure of Transition Metals

Sc Ti 𝐕 𝐂𝐫 Mn Fe Co 𝐍𝐢 𝐂𝐮 Zn
hcp hcp bcc X bcc X
(bcc) (bcc) bcc (bcc, ccp) (hcp) (hcp) ccp cсp сср (hcp)
𝐘 𝐙𝐫 𝐍𝐛 Mo Tc 𝐑𝐮 𝐑𝐡 Pd 𝐀𝐠 Cd
hcp hcp X
(bcc) (bcc) bcc bcc hcp hcp ccp ccp ccp (hcp)

La Hf 𝐓𝐚 W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
hcp
hcp
(ccp, bcc bcc hcp hcp ccp ccp ccp X
(bcc)
bcc)
(bcc = body centred cubic; hcp = hexagonal close packed;
cop = cubic close packed: X = a typical metal structure).
Topic : Physical Properties
 Topic : Melting Points of d-Block Elements

 Melting point of transition metal is very high.

 There is involvement of greater number of electrons from (n-1)d in addition to the
ns electrons in the interatomic metallic bonding.
 Greater the number of unpaired electrons, higher is the melting point.
Topic : Variation in the Melting point(3d, 4d and 5d
series)
Question #ImpQ.

The maximum and minimum melting point of first and second

transition series elements respectively are obtained with :

A Cr and Zn

B Cr and Hg

C Cr and Cd

D Mo and Cd
Question

#Q. Transition elements are usually characterized by variable

oxidation states but Zn does not show this property because of

A completion of np-orbitals

B completion of (n – 1)d orbitals

C completion of ns-orbitals

D inert pair effect

Question

#Q. The d-block metal which is liquid at room temperature

A Cu

B Hg

C Zn

D Au
Question

#Q. Coinage metals show the properties of

A typical elements

B normal elements

C inner-transition elements

D transition elements
 Topic : Boiling Point of Transition elements

Why are boiling point of transition elements high?

Topic : Enthalpy of Atomisation
Topic : Enthalpy of Atomisation Trends
 Topic : Variation of Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition
Metals

Atomic radii depend on effective nuclear charge Zeff and screening effect.
Ionic radii and atomic radii of d-block elements are smaller than s-block elements.
In 3d series
Sc → Cr radius decreases
Mn → Ni radius remains constant
Cu → Zn radius increases
Atomic and Ionic Radii of 4d and 5d Series
 Due to lanthanoid contraction, radius of 4d series is similar to radius of 5d series.
 The filling of 4f before 5d orbital results in a regular decrease in atomic radii called
Lanthanoid Contraction.
Question #ImpQ.

Which of the following pairs has the same size:

A Fe+2, Ni+2

B Zr 4+, Ti 4+

C Zr 4+, Hf 4+

D Zn+2, Hf 4+
 Topic : Ionisation Energies of 3d Series

 In the first transition series, the first and second ionization enthalpy values increase
slowly on moving across the period.
 As the nuclear charge rises, the interaction between the nucleus and valence
electrons increases, and as a result, the ionization enthalpy increases.
 The trend in third ionization enthalpy doesn’t involve 4s orbitals. The irregular
trend in the 3d series are as follows:
1. Sc has the lowest value of 1st ionization enthalpy i.e. 633.1kJmol-1 while Zn has the
highest Ist ionization enthalpy i.e. 906.4kJmol-1.
2. Cu has the highest while Sc has the lowest 2nd ionization enthalpy.
3. Zn has the highest 3rd ionization enthalpy.
4. Ionization Enthalpy of 3d elements from Sc to Zn is given below.
Question #ImpQ.

The correct order of decreasing second ionization enthalpy of Ti, V, Cr

and Mn is:
[PYQ]

A Cr > Mn > V > Ti

B V > Mn > Cr > Ti

C Mn > Cr > Ti > V

D Ti > V > Cr > Mn

 Topic : Oxidation States

The elements which give the greatest number of oxidation states occur in or near the
middle of the series. Manganese, for example, exhibits all the oxidation states from +2
to +7. The lesser number of oxidation states at the extreme ends stems from either too
few electrons to lose or share (Sc, Ti) or too many d electrons (hence fewer orbitals
available in which to share electrons with others) for higher valence (Cu, Zn). Thus,
early in the series scandium(II) is virtually unknown and titanium (IV) is more stable
than Ti(III) or Ti(II). At the other end, the only oxidation state of zinc is +2 (no d
electrons are involved). An interesting feature in the variability of oxidation states of
the d–block elements is noticed among the groups (groups 4 through 10). Although in
the p–block the lower oxidation states are favoured by the heavier members (due to
inert pair effect), the opposite is true in the groups of d-block. For example, in group 6,
Mo(VI) and W(VI) are found to be more stable than Cr(VI).
Oxidation States of the first row Transition Metals (the most common ones are in
bold types)

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
+2 +2 +2 +𝟐 +𝟐 +𝟐 +𝟐 +1 +𝟐
+3
+3 +3 +𝟑 +3 +3 +3 +3 +2
+𝟒 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4
+𝟓 +5 +5
+𝟔 +6 +6
+7
Common oxidation states of 3d series elements
 Topic : Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States

The highest oxidation numbers are achieved in TiX4 (tetrahalides), VF5 and CrF6 . The +7
state for Mn is not represented in simple halides but MnO3F is known, and beyond Mn
no metal has a trihalide except FeX3 and CoF3.
 Topic : Oxidation states

Reason for the stability of Mn+2 and Fe+3

Why does zinc shows only +2 oxidation states?
Why fluorine stabilizes highest oxidation states?
Why Cu(II) iodide is not known?
Question #ImpQ.

In the form of dichromate, Cr (VI) is a strong oxidizing agent in acidic

medium but Mo (VI) in MoO3 and W (VI) in WO3 are not because
___________.

A Cr (VI) is more stable than Mo(VI) and W(VI).

B Mo(VI) and W(VI) are more stable than Cr(VI).

Higher oxidation states of heavier members of group-6 of transition series are

C
more stable.
D Lower oxidation states of heavier members of group-6 of transition series are
more stable.
Question #ImpQ.

The highest oxidation state exhibited by transition metals is:

A +7

B +8

C +6

D +5
Question #ImpQ.

Transition elements form binary compounds with halogens. Which of

the following elements will form MF3 type compounds?
[NCERT]
A Zn

B Co

C Cu

D Ni
Question

#Q. The electrons which take part in order to exhibit variable

oxidation states by transition metals are

A ns only

B (n– 1)d only

C ns and (n– 1)d only but not np

D (n– 1)d and np only but not ns

Question

#Q. Which property remains same in metal and in its interstitial

compound?

A Hardness

B Ductility

C Electrical conductivity

D Density
Question

#Q. In the elements of 3d-series, the element with highest melting

point is

A Mn

B Fe

C Cr

D Cu
Question

#Q. Mercurous ion is represented as

A Hg 2+
2

B Hg2+

C Hg + Hg2+

D Hg +
2
Question

#Q. The higher oxidation states of transition elements are found to

be in the combination with A and B, which are

A F, O

B O, N

C O, Cl

D F, Cl
Question

#Q. Each of the following ion contains vanadium in +5 oxidation

state except

A VO+
2

+
B V OH 4

C VO2+

D [VO3.OH]2–
 Topic : Standard Electrode Potential

Trends in the M2+/M Standard Electrode Potentials

 Topic : Trends in the M2+/M Standard Electrode
Potentials

The unique behaviour of Cu, having a positive Eo , accounts for its inability to liberate
H2 from acids. Only oxidising acids (nitric and hot concentrated sulphuric) react with
Cu, the acids being reduced. The high energy to transform Cu(s) to Cu2+(aq) is not
balanced by its hydration enthalpy.
Question

#Q. Why is Cr2+ reducing and Mn3+ oxidising when both have d4
configuration?
The low value for Sc reflects the stability of Sc3+ which has a noble gas configuration.
The highest value for Zn is due to the removal of an electron from the stable d 10
configuration of Zn2+. The comparatively high value for Mn shows that Mn2+(d5) is
particularly stable, whereas comparatively low value for Fe shows the extra stability of
Fe3+ (d5). The comparatively low value for V is related to the stability of V2+ .
 Topic : Chemical Reactivity and Eo Values

Transition metals vary widely in their chemical reactivity. Many of them are sufficiently
electropositive to dissolve in mineral acids, although a few are ‘noble’—that is, they
are unaffected by single acids. The metals of the first series with the exception of
copper are relatively more reactive and are oxidised by 1M H+ , though the actual rate
at which these metals react with oxidising agents like hydrogen ion (H+ ) is sometimes
slow.
Question

#Q. The correct order of EM

0
2+ /M values with negative sign for the four

successive elements Cr, Mn, Fe and Co is:

A Fe > Mn > Cr > Co

B Cr > Mn > Fe > Co

C Mn > Cr > Fe > Co

D Cr > Fe > Mn > Co

 Topic : Magnetic properties

 Most of the transition metals are paramagnetic due to the presence of unpaired
electrons in the (n-1)d-orbitals. Hence, they are easily attracted by the magnetic
field.
 As the number of unpaired electrons increases from 1 to 5, the magnetic
movement and paramagnetic nature of the element also increases.
 The transition elements that have paired electrons are diamagnetic in nature and
tend to get repelled by the magnetic field.
 Cobalt and nickel show high paramagnetism, where they attain permanent
magnetic movements. Hence, they are referred to as ferromagnetic.
 Similarly, an element that comprises entirely paired electrons demonstrates
diamagnetism. They tend to get repelled by the magnetic field.
 The higher the number of the unpaired electrons in an element’s electron
configuration, the more the magnetic behaviour. It is normally observed that the
transition element ion exhibits paramagnetic behaviour and is attracted easily by
the magnetic field.
 It is difficult to explain whether a particular compound is paramagnetic or not,
without any clue and facts. So, there is a requirement to make the electronic
configuration and observe if the configuration directs to paired and unpaired
electrons. If it holds the unpaired electrons in (n-1)d shells, then its magnetic
behaviour is concluded to be either paramagnetic or ferromagnetic.
Question

#Q. Which one of the following transition metal ions shows magnetic
moment of 3.5 BM?

A Mn2+

B Ti3+

C Cr3+

D Cu2+
Question #ImpQ.

Which of the following pairs of ions have same paramagnetic

moment?
[PYQ]
A Mn2+, Cu2+

B Cu2+, Ti+3

C Ti+4, Cu+2

D Ti+3, Ni+2
Question

#Q. In a transition series, as atomic number increases,

paramagnetism

A Increases gradually

B Decreases gradually

C First increases to a maximum and then decreases

D First decreases to a maximum and then increases

 Topic : Formation of Coloured Ions

When an electron from a lower energy d orbital is excited to a higher energy d orbital,
the energy of excitation corresponds to the frequency of light absorbed. This frequency
generally lies in the visible region. The colour observed corresponds to the
complementary colour of the light absorbed. The frequency of the light absorbed is
determined by the nature of the ligand. In aqueous solutions where water molecules
are the ligands.
Question

#Q. Which of the following compounds is expected to be colored?

A Ag2SO4

B CuF2

C MgF2

D CuCl
Question

Colour of transition metal ions are due to absorption of some

wavelength. This results in:

A s-s transition

B d-d transition

C d-s transition

D d-f transition
Question #ImpQ.

Which of the following compounds is not coloured?

A Na2[CuCl4]

B Na2[CdCl4]

C K4[Fe(CN)6]

D K3[Fe(CN)6]
 Topic : Formation of Complex Compounds

Complex compounds are those in which the metal ions bind a number of anions or
neutral molecules giving complex species with characteristic properties. A few
examples are: [Fe(CN)6 ]3–, [Fe(CN)6 ]4– , [Cu(NH3)4]2+ and [PtCl4]2–.
 Topic : Catalytic Properties

Application as Catalysts

Catalyst Process
V2 O5 Contact process
Ziegler catalyst
TiCl4 with Al CH3 Polythene manufacturing
2

Iron Haber's process

Nickel Hydrogenation of fats
PdCl2 Wacker process
Nickel complex Polymerization of alkynes
 Topic : Formation of Interstitial Compounds

Interstitial compounds are those which are formed when small atoms like H, C or N are
trapped inside the crystal lattices of metals. They are usually non stoichiometric and
are neither typically ionic nor covalent, for example, TiC, Mn4N, Fe3H, VH0.56 and TiH1.7,
etc. The formulas quoted do not, of course, correspond to any normal oxidation state
of the metal. Because of the nature of their composition, these compounds are
referred to as interstitial compounds. The principal physical and chemical
characteristics of these compounds are as follows:
i. They have high melting points, higher than those of pure metals.
ii. They are very hard, some borides approach diamond in hardness.
iii. They retain metallic conductivity.
iv. They are chemically inert.
Question #ImpQ.

Interstitial compounds are formed when small atoms are trapped

inside the crystal lattice of metals. Which of the following is not the
characteristic property of interstitial compounds?
[NCERT Exemplar]
A They have high melting points in comparison to pure metals.

B They are very hard.

C They retain metallic conductivity.

D They are chemically very reactive.

 Topic : Alloy Formation

An alloy is a blend of metals prepared by mixing the components. Alloys may be

homogeneous solid solutions in which the atoms of one metal are distributed
randomly among the atoms of the other. Such alloys are formed by atoms with
metallic radii that are within about 15 percent of each other. Because of similar radii
and other characteristics of transition metals, alloys are readily formed by these
metals. The alloys so formed are hard and have often high melting points. The best
known are ferrous alloys: chromium, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum and
manganese are used for the production of a variety of steels and stainless steel. Alloys
of transition metals with non transition metals such as brass (copper-zinc) and bronze
(copper-tin), are also of considerable industrial importance.
Question #ImpQ.

Which of the following pairs of elements cannot form an alloy?

A Zn, Cu

B Fe, Hg

C Fe, C

D Hg, Na
Question

#Q. Which catalyst is used in contact process?

A
Ni
B V2O5

C Fe

D AlCl3 + TiCl4
Question #ImpQ.

For a catalyst which condition is not essential:

A
Variable oxidation states
B High ionisation energy

C Vacant orbitals

D Free valency on the surface

Question #ImpQ.

Which of the following has the maximum number of unpaired

electrons?

A Mg2+

B Ti3+

C V3+

D Fe2+
Question #ImpQ.

CuSO4. 5H2O is blue is colour because

A Cu2+ ions absorb all colours except red from the white light.

B Cu2+ ions absorb orange red light.

C SO42- ions absorb red light.

D It contains water of crystallization.

Question #ImpQ.

Transition elements exhibit variable oxidation states in their

compounds due to

A strong shielding of (n –1) d-electrons

B very small energy difference between (n – 1) d and ns orbitals

C presences of unpaired electrons

D high energy difference b/w (n –1)d and ns orbitals

Question

#Q. Cr2+ is reducing in nature because-

A
In Cr2+, configuration changes from d4 to d3 to achieve half filled t2g.
B Cr2+ gain an electron to achieve d5 configuration

C Cr2+ give an electron to achieve d5 configuration

D In Cr2+ configuration changes from d4 to d3 to achieve half filled d-subshell

Question #ImpQ.

When Cu+2 solution reacts with excess of KI, then which option is
incorrect?

A
Insoluble Cu2I2 is obtained
B I2 is liberated

C CuI2 is formed

D It is a redox reaction between Cu+2 & I–

Question #ImpQ.

Iron exhibits +2 and +3 oxidation states. Which of the following

statements about iron is incorrect?

A Ferrous compounds are more easily hydrolysed than the corresponding ferric
compounds.
B Ferrous oxide is more basic in nature than the ferric oxide.

C Ferrous compounds are relatively more ionic than the corresponding ferric
compounds.
D Ferrous compounds are less volatile than the corresponding ferric compound
Question #ImpQ.

Which one of the following ions exhibits d-d transition and

paramagnetism as well?

A
CrO42–
B Cr2O72–

C MnO4–

D MnO42–
Question #ImpQ.

Which of the following show +8 oxidation state.

A
Fe, Ru
B Fe, Os

C Ru, Os

D Mo, W
Question #ImpQ.

CrO3 is red orange in colour. The nature of oxide is:

A
Acidic
B Basic

C Amphoteric

D Neutral
Question

#Q. Which of the following configurations of 3d series exhibits the

largest number of oxidation states-

A
[Ar] 3d8 4s2
B [Ar] 3d10 4s1

C [Ar] 3d5 4s2

D [Ar] 3d7 4s2

Question

#Q. Which of the following pair of ions has same value of ‘spin-only’
magnetic moment

A
Cu+, Cu2+
B Co3+, Fe2+

C Ti2+, V2+

D Sc2+, Zn2+
Question #ImpQ.

Highest fluoride and oxide of Mn are respectively

A
MnF7, Mn2O7
B MnF5, Mn2O7

C MnF4, Mn2O7

D MnF6, Mn2O7
Question

#Q. Magnetic moment of xn+ is 24B. M. Hence No. of unpaired

electron and value of 'n' respectively. (Atomic number = 26)

A
4, 3
B 3, 5

C 4, 2

D 4, 1
Question #ImpQ.

Which has maximum magnetic moment

A
Co2+
B Mn3+

C Mn2+

D Cr3+
Question

#Q. Which among the following order of oxidising power is correct-

A
CrO4– < MnO4– < WO4–
B VO2+< Cr2O72– < MnO4–

C CrO3 < MnO2 < Fe2O3

D Pb4+ < Sn4+ < C4+

Question #ImpQ.

Which one of the following nitrates will leave behind a metal on strong
heating?

A
Copper nitrate
B Manganese nitrate

C Silver nitrate

D Ferric nitrate
Question #ImpQ.

Which of the following metal cation is reduced from its higher

oxidation state (+2) to (+1) by both KI solution and excess of KCN
solution?

A
Zn2+
B Hg2+

C Cu2+

D None
Question

#Q. Which of the following reaction is not correct?

A
Zn + dil H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2
B Cu + dil H2SO4  CuSO4 + H2

C CuSO4 + KI  Cu2I2 + I2

D Na2CrO4 + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + Na2Cr2O7

Question #ImpQ.

Zr (Z = 40) and Hf (Z = 72) have similar atomic and ionic radii

because of:
[NEET UG 2021]

A belonging to same group

B diagonal relationship

C lanthanoid contraction

D having similar chemical properties

Question #ImpQ.

In which option the oxidation number of the underlined atom in the

following species is not correct?
[NEET UG 2020]
A Cu2O is –1

B ClO3– is +5

C K2Cr2O7 is +6

D HAuCl4 is +3
Question #ImpQ.

The calculated spin only magnetic moment of Cr2+ ion is:

[NEET UG 2020]

A 2.84 BM

B 3.87 BM

C 4.90 BM

D 5.92 BM
Question #ImpQ.

In which of the following pairs are both the ions coloured in aqueous
solution?
(At. No.: Sc = 21, Ti = 22, Ni = 28, Cu = 29, Co = 27)
[AIPMT 2006]
A Ni2+, Cu+

B Ni2+, Ti3+

C Sc3+, Ti3+

D Sc3+, Co2+
Question

Sc (Z=21) is a transition element but Zn(Z=30) is not because

[NEET Kar. 2013]

A both Sc and Zn do not exhibit variable oxidation states

B both Sc 3+ and Zn2+ ions are colourless and form white compounds

C in case of Sc, 3𝑑 orbitals are partially filled but in Zn these are completely filled

D last electron is assumed to be added to 4 s level in case of Zn

Question

Out of TiF62− , CoF63− , Cu2 Cl2 and NiCl2−

4 (Z of Ti = 22, Co = 27, Cu = 29, Ni = 28),
the colourless species are:
[2009]

A Cu2 Cl2 and NiCl2−

4

B TiF62− and Cu2 Cl2

C CoF63− and NiCl2−

4

TiF62− and CoF63−

D
Question

The correct order of decreasing second ionisation enthalpy of

Ti(22),V(23),Cr(24) and Mn(25) is :
[2008]

A Cr > Mn > V > Ti

B V > Mn > Cr > Ti

Mn > Cr > Ti > V

C
Ti > V > Cr > Mn
D
Question

In which of the following pairs are both the ions coloured in aqueous
solutions?
[2006]

A Sc 3+ , Ti3+

B Sc 3+ , Co2+

C Ni2+ , Cu+

D Ni2+ , Ti3+

(At: no: ∶ Sc = 21, Ti = 22, Ni = 28, Cu = 29, Co = 27)

Question

The aqueous solution containing which one of the following ions will
be colourless? (Atomic number: Sc=21,Fe=26,Ti=22,Mn=25)
[2005]

A Sc 3+

B Fe2+

C Ti3+

D Mn2+
Question

Among the following series of transition metal ions, the one where all
metal ions have 3d2 electronic configuration is (At. nos. Ti = 22; V =
23; Cr = 24; Mn = 25 )
[2004]
A Ti3+ , V 2+ , Cr 3+ , Mn4+

B Ti+ , V 4+ , Cr 6+ , Mn7+

C Ti4+ , V 3+ , Cr 2+ , Mn3+

D Ti2+ , V 3+ , Cr 4+ , Mn5+
Question

#Q. The metals present in insulin and hemoglobin are respectively

A Zn, Hg

B Zn, Fe

C Co, Fe

D Mg, Fe
Question

#Q. Which of the following metal does not react with conc. HNO3

A Ag

B Pb

C Au

D Hg
Question

#Q. Which of the two set of reactions represent amphoteric nature

of Zn(OH)2
(I) Zn(OH)2 + NaOH
(II) Zn(OH)2 + H2O
(III) Zn(OH)2 + HCl

I, III
A I, II B

C II and III D I, II and III

Subject Name - Chemistry

Class - 12th NEET

Chapter Name – The d & f-Block Elements

PPT No.- 02/02

PPT CONTENT

Sr. No. TOPICS

1. Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements
2. Potassium Dichromate
3. Potassium Permanganate
4. Lanthanoids and Actinoids
5. Applications of d and f-Block Elements
 Topic : Some Important Compounds of Transition
Elements
Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals
These oxides are generally formed by the reaction of metals with oxygen at high
temperatures. All the metals except scandium form MO oxides which are ionic. The
highest oxidation number in the oxides, coincides with the group number and is
attained in Sc2O3 to Mn2O7 . Beyond group 7, no higher oxides of iron above Fe2O3 are
known. Besides the oxides, the oxocations stabilise VV as VO2+ , VIV as VO2+ and TiIV as
TiO2+ . As the oxidation number of a metal increases, ionic character decreases. In the
case of Mn, Mn2O7 is a covalent green oil. Even CrO3 and V2O5 have low melting points.
In these higher oxides, the acidic character is predominant.
Thus, Mn2O7 gives HMnO4 and CrO3 gives H2CrO4 and H2Cr2O7 . V2O5 is, however,
amphoteric though mainly acidic and it gives VO43– as well as VO2+ salts. In vanadium
there is gradual change from the basic V2O3 to less basic V2O4 and to amphoteric V2O5 .
V2O4 dissolves in acids to give VO2+ salts. Similarly, V2O5 reacts with alkalies as well as
acids to give VO43− and VO4+ respectively. The well characterised CrO is basic but Cr2O3
is amphoteric.
Question

#Q. A compound of mercury used in cosmetics, in Ayurvedic and

Yunani medicines and known as Vermilon is

A HgCl2

B HgS

C Hg2Cl2

D Hgl
Question #ImpQ.

The basic character of the transition metal monoxides follows the

order (Atomic No., Ti = 22, V = 23, Cr = 24, Fe = 26 )
[2003]

A TiO > VO > CrO > FeO

B VO > CrO > TiO > FeO

C CrO > VO > FeO > TiO

D TiO > FeO > VO > CrO

Question #ImpQ.

Which of the following is amphoteric oxide? Mn2O7 , CrO3 , Cr2O3 , CrO,

V2O5 , V2O4
[NCERT Exemplar]

A V2O5 , Cr2O3

B Mn2O7 , CrO3

C CrO, V2O5

D V2O5 , V2O4
 Topic : Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7)

Potassium dichromate, also known as K2Cr2O7, is an inorganic chemical reagent.

Potassium bichromate, or Potassium bichromate, is another name for it. It has a vivid
red-orange color and is a crystalline ionic solid. It has no odor and is insoluble in
acetone and alcohol, but it dissolves in water.
Potassium dichromate is a very important chemical used in leather industry and as an
oxidant for preparation of many azo compounds. Dichromates are generally prepared
from chromate, which in turn are obtained by the fusion of chromite ore (FeCr2O4) with
sodium or potassium carbonate in free access of air. The reaction with sodium
carbonate occurs as follows:
4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 → 8 Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2
The yellow solution of sodium chromate is filtered and acidified with sulphuric acid to
give a solution from which orange sodium dichromate, Na2Cr2O7 . 2H2O can be
crystallised.
2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O
Sodium dichromate is more soluble than potassium dichromate. The latter is therefore,
prepared by treating the solution of sodium dichromate with potassium chloride.
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl → K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
Orange crystals of potassium dichromate crystallise out. The chromates and
dichromates are interconvertible in aqueous solution depending upon pH of the
solution. The oxidation state of chromium in chromate and dichromate is the same.
2CrO42– + 2H+ → Cr2O72– + H2O
Cr2O7 2– + 2 OH– → 2 CrO4 2– + H2O
 Topic : Action of Heat

On heating, K2Cr2O7 decomposes to give potassium chromate with evolution of O2 gas.

4 K2Cr2O7 → 4K2CrO4 + 2Cr2O3 + 3O2

 Topic : Oxidising Reactions

K2Cr2O7 is known as a powerful oxidizing agent. In presence of dil.H2SO4, one mole of

this compound gives three atoms of oxygen as shown below.
K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 → K2SO4 + Cr2 (SO4)3 + 4H2O + 3(O)
Some other examples of oxidizing properties of K2Cr2O7 are given below:
1. It liberates I2 from KI.
2. K2Cr2O7 + 7 H2SO4 + 6KI → 4 K2SO4+ Cr2(SO4)3 + 3I2 + 7H2O
2. It oxidizes ferrous sulfate to ferric sulphate.
3. K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 + 6FeSO4 → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
3. It oxidizes H2S to sulphur.
4. K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 + 3H2S → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7H2O + 3S
 Topic : Chromyl Chloride Test

When salt containing chloride is treated with K2Cr2O7 and conc. H2SO4 chromyl
chloride (reddish brown) vapors are produced.
K2Cr2O7+ 4KCl + 6 H2SO4 → 2CrO2Cl2 + 6KHSO4 + 3H2O
Chromyl chloride

The reaction is used to detect chloride ions in qualitative analysis.

Question

#Q. 2CrO42- + 2X → Cr2O72- + H2O

Cr2O72- + 2Y → 2CrO42- + H2O
X and Y are respectively

A X = NaOH, Y = H2SO4

B X = H+, Y = OH–

C X = NaOH, Y = HI

D X = H3BO3, Y = NaOH
Question

#Q. Statement-1: K2CrO7 has yellow colour due to charge transfer.

Statement-2: CrO2–
4 ion is tetrahedral in shape.

A Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true and Statement-2 is the correct
explanation of statement-1

B Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true but Statement-2 is not correct
explanation of statement-1

C Statement-1 is true but Statement-2 is false

D Statement-1 is false and Statement is true

 Topic : Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)

Potassium permanganate is prepared by fusion of MnO2 with an alkali metal hydroxide

and an oxidizing agent like KNO3 . This produces the dark green K2MnO4 which
disproportionate in a neutral or acidic solution to give permanganate.
2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 → 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
3MnO4 2– + 4H+ → 2MnO4 – + MnO2 + 2H2O
Commercially it is prepared by the alkaline oxidative fusion of MnO2 followed by the
electrolytic oxidation of manganate (Vl).
In the laboratory, a manganese (II) ion salt is oxidised by peroxodisulphate to
permanganate.
2Mn2+ + 5S2O8 2– + 8H2O → 2MnO4 – + 10SO4 2– + 16H+
 Topic : Oxidising reactions in acid solutions:

(a) Iodine is liberated from potassium iodide :

10I– + 2MnO4 – + 16H+  2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5I2
(b) Fe2+ ion (green) is converted to Fe3+ (yellow):
5Fe2+ + MnO4 – + 8H+  Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+
(c) Oxalate ion or oxalic acid is oxidised at 333 K:
5C2O4 2– + 2MnO4 – + 16H+  2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 10CO2
(d) Hydrogen sulphide is oxidised, sulphur being precipitated:
H2S  2H+ + S2–
5S2– + 2MnO 4– + 16H+  2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5S
(e) Sulphurous acid or sulphite is oxidised to a sulphate or sulphuric acid:
5SO3 2– + 2MnO4 – + 6H+  2Mn2+ + 3H2O + 5SO42–
(f) Nitrite is oxidised to nitrate:
5NO2 – + 2MnO4 – + 6H+  2Mn2+ + 5NO3 – + 3H2O
 Topic : Oxidising Reactions in Neutral or Faintly Alkaline
Solutions

a) A notable reaction is the oxidation of iodide to iodate:

2MnO4 – + H2O + I–  2MnO2 + 2OH– + IO3 –
b) Thiosulphate is oxidised almost quantitatively to sulphate:
8MnO4 – + 3S2O3 2– + H2O  8MnO2 + 6SO4 2– + 2OH–
c) Manganous salt is oxidised to MnO2 ; the presence of zinc sulphate or zinc oxide
catalyses the oxidation:
2MnO4 – + 3Mn2+ + 2H2O  5MnO2 + 4H+
Question #ImpQ.

When KMnO4 solution is added to oxalic acid solution, the

decolourisation is slow in the beginning but becomes instantaneous
after some time because
[NCERT Exampler]
A CO2 is formed as the product.

B Reaction is exothermic

C MnO4 – catalyses the reaction

D Mn2+ acts as autocatalyst

Question

#Q. Purple-coloured of KMnO4 is due to

A d-d-transition

B charge transfer from O to Mn

C due to both d-d-transition and charge transfer

D none of these
Question

#Q. During estimation of oxalic acid by KMnO4 , self indicator is

A KMnO4

B Oxalic acid

C K2SO4

D MnSO4
Question

#Q. Bayer’ s reagent used to detect olefinic double bond is

A acidified KMnO4

B aqueous KMnO4

C 1% alkaline KMnO4 solution

D KMnO4 in benzene
Question

#Q. Statement-1 : KMnO4 is purple in colour due to charge transfer.

Statement-2 : In MnO4– , there is one unpaired electron present
in d-orbitals of manganese.

A if both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true and Statement-2 is the correct
explanation of statement-1

B if both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true but Statement-2 is not correct
explanation of statement-1

C if Statement-1 is true but Statement-2 is false

D if Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true

Question

#Q. KMnO4 + HCl  H2O + X(g), X is :

(acidified)

A red liquid

violet gas
B
greenish yellow gas
C
yellow-brown gas
D
Question

#Q. When MnO2 is fused with KOH, a coloured compound is formed,

the product and its colour is:

A K2MnO4, green colour

KMnO4, purple
B
Mn2O3, brown
C
Mn3O4, black
D
Question

#Q. The product of oxidation of I– with MnO–4 in alkaline medium is

A IO–3

B I2

C IO–

D IO–4
Question #ImpQ.

Why is HCl not used to make the medium acidic in oxidation reactions
of KMnO4 in acidic medium?
[NCERT Exampler]

A Both HCl and KMnO4 act as oxidising agents.

B KMnO4 oxidises HCl into Cl2 which is also an oxidising agent

C KMnO4 is a weaker oxidising agent than HCl.

D KMnO4 acts as a reducing agent in the presence of HCl.

Question

#Q. AgCl fails to pass which of the following tests?

A Alkaline test

B Acidic test

C Chromyl chloride test

D Baeyer’s reagent test

Question

#Q. The equivalent mass of K2Cr2O7, when it acts as oxidising agent

in acidic medium, is equal to

A M

B M/2

C M/6

D M/5
Question #ImpQ.

When KMnO4 solution is added to oxalic acid solution, the

decolourisation is slow in beginning but become instantaneous after
some time because

A
CO2 is a by product
B Mn2+ acts as a catalyst

C reaction in exothermic

D MnO4– catalyses the reaction

Question

#Q. Disproportion can be shown by

A
MnO42– in acidic medium
B Cu+ in aqueous mediums

C Cl2 in alkaline medium

D All of these
Question #ImpQ.

Which of the following does not give chromyl chloride test?

A
NaCl
B KCl

C NH4Cl

D HgCl2
Question

#Q. Permanganate titrations in presence of Hydrochloric acid are

not satisfactory because:

A
HCl is a weak acid
B HCl is a volatile acid

C KMnO4 will oxidise HCl into Cl2

D KMnO4 will show disproportionation in presence of HCl

Question #ImpQ.

In which of the following, oxidation state of Mn is six

A
K2MnO4
B MnO2

C KMnO4

D MnO4–1
Question #ImpQ.

The manganite and permanganate ions are tetrahedral, due to

[NEET UG 2019]

A The -bonding involves overlap of p-orbitals of oxygen with d-orbitals of

manganese
B There is no -bonding.

C The -bonding involves overlap of p-orbitals of oxygen with p-orbitals or

manganese
D The -bonding involves overlap of d-orbitals of oxygen with d-orbitals of
manganate
Question #ImpQ.

When neutral or faintly alkaline KMnO4 is treated with potassium

iodide, iodide ion is converted into 'X'. 'X' is -
[NEET UG 2019]

A I2

B IO4–

C IO3–

D IO–
Topic : The inner transition elements ( f-block)
 Topic : The Lanthanoids

Electronic Configurations
General electronic configuration: 4f1-14 5d0-1 6s2
The electronic configurations of all the tripositive ions (the most stable oxidation state
of all the lanthanoids) are of the form 4fn (n = 1 to 14 with increasing atomic number).
Atomic and Ionic Sizes:
Question

#Q. What is the lanthanoid’s final element?

A Ytterbium

B Erbium

C Thulium

D Lutetium
 Topic : Oxidation States

In the lanthanoids, La(II) and Ln(III) compounds are predominant species due to easy
removal of 6s and 5d electrons.
Occasionally +2 and +4 oxidation states are also obtained in solution or in solid
compounds due to extra stability of the empty, half-filled, and fully-filled f-subshell.
Example:
Question

#Q. The inner transition elements are the elements in which the
added electron goes to:

A (n-1)d-orbitals

B (n-2)f-orbitals

C (n-1)d-orbitals and (n-1)f-orbitals

D (n-1)d-orbitals
Question #ImpQ.

Which is related with lanthanoid contraction?

A Radius of 4d & 5d series elements of a group is almost same

B IE of 5d series elements is very high as compared to 4d series elements of a

group
C
Density of 5d series elements is abnormally high in its own group.
D All
Question #ImpQ.

When lanthanoid element is heated with sulphur then compound

obtained is:

A LnS2

B Ln2S3

C Ln2S

D Ln3S4
Question #ImpQ.

Which of the following ion is diamagnetic and colourless?

A La+3

B Lu+3

C Zn+2

D All of the above

Question

#Q. The outer electron configuration of Lu (Atomic number : 71) is:

A 4f3 5d5 6s2

B 4f3 5d10 6s2

C 4f1 5d4 6s2

D 4f14 5d1 6s2

Question #ImpQ.

Which of the following is radioactive elements;

A Ce

B Lu

C Eu

D Pm
Question #ImpQ.

Formula of halide of lanthanoid may be

A LnX3

B LnX5

C LnX2

D LnX6
Question #ImpQ.

What is the composition of misch metal alloy?

A Lanthanoid metal (95%) + Iron (5%)

B Cu (69%) + Zn (31%)

C Al (20%) + Cu (80%)

D Cr (50%) + Zn (30%) + Cu (20%)

Question #ImpQ.

The lanthanoid contraction is responsible for the fact that

A Zr and Y have about the same radius

B Zr and Nb have similar oxidation state

C Zr and Hf have about the same radius

D Zr and Zn have the same oxidation state

Question #ImpQ.

Cerium can show the oxidation state of +4 because

A it resemble alkali metals

B it has very low value of I.E.

C of its tendency to attain noble gas configuration of xenon

D of its tendency to attain f7 configuration

Question #ImpQ.

The correct order of ionic radii of Y3+, La3+, Eu3+ and Lu3+ is

A Lu3+ < Eu3+ < La3+ < Y3+

B La3+ < Eu3+ < Lu3+ < Y3+

C Y3+ < La3+ < Eu3+ < Lu3+

D Y3+ < Lu3+ < Eu3+ < La3+

Question #ImpQ.

The electronic configuration of gadolinium (At. No. 64) is:

A [Xe] 4f75d16s2

B [Xe] 4f85d06s2

C [Xe] 4f85d16s1

D [Xe] 4f75d06s2
Question

#Q. Which of the following ion is diamagnetic and colourless?

A La+3

B Lu+3

C Zn+2

D All of the above

Question

#Q. Which of the properties has higher value for lanthanoids in

comparison of actinoids

A Variety of oxidation state

B Element to element size contraction

C Both of them

D None of these
Question

#Q. The lanthanoid contraction is responsible for the fact that:

A Zr and Nb have same oxidation state

B Zr and Hf have about the same radius

C Y and La have about the same radius

D Zr and Zn have the same oxidation state

 Topic : Actinoids (An)

Electronic Configuration
 Electronic configuration: 5𝑓 0−14 6𝑑 0−2 7 s 2
 All the actinoids are believed to have the electronic configuration of 7s2 and
variable occupancy of the 5f and 6d subshells. The fourteen electrons are formally
added to 5f, though not in thorium (Z = 90) but from Pa onwards the 5f orbitals are
complete at element 103.
 Topic : The Actinoids

Atomic and Ionic Sizes:

The general trend in lanthanoids is observable in the actinoids as well. There is a

gradual decrease in the size of atoms or M3+ ions across the series. This may be
referred to as the actinoid contraction (like lanthanoid contraction).
 Topic : Oxidation States

The actinoids show in general +3 oxidation state. The elements, in the first half of the
series frequently exhibit higher oxidation states. For example, the maximum
oxidation state increases from +4 in Th to +5, +6 and +7 respectively in Pa, U and Np
but decreases in succeeding elements.
 Topic : General Characteristics

 The actinoid metals are all silvery in appearance but display a variety of
structures.
 The actinoids are highly reactive metals, especially when finely divided. The
action of boiling water on them, for example, gives a mixture of oxide and hydride
and combination with most non metals takes place at moderate temperatures.
 The magnetic properties of the actinoids are more complex than those of the
lanthanoids.
 It is evident from the behaviour of the actinoids that the ionisation enthalpies of
the early actinoids, though not accurately known, but are lower than for the early
lanthanoids.
 Topic : Applications of d and f-Block Elements

Iron and steels are the most important construction materials. Their production is
based on the reduction of iron oxides, the removal of impurities and the addition of
carbon and alloying metals such as Cr, Mn and Ni. Some compounds are
manufactured for special purposes such as TiO for the pigment industry and MnO2 for
use in dry battery cells. The battery industry also requires Zn and Ni/Cd.
As catalyst:
Catalyst Process
V2 O5 Contact process
Ziegler catalyst
TiCl4 with Al CH3 Polythene manufacturing
2

Iron Haber's process

Nickel Hydrogenation of fats
PdCl2 Wacker process
Nickel complex Polymerization of alkynes
Question #ImpQ.

The actinoids exhibit more number of oxidation states in general than

the lanthanoids. This is because

A The actinoids are more reactive than the lanthanoids

B The 5f orbitals extend father from the nucleus than the 4f orbitals.

The 5f orbitals are more buried than the 4f orbitals

C
There is a similarity between 4f and 5f orbitals in their angular part of the wave
D function.
Question #ImpQ.

Highest oxidation state +7 shown by which actinoids?

A
Np, Pu
B Pa, U

C Am, Cm

D Cf, Es
Question

#Q. The actinoids exhibit more number of oxidation states in general

than the lanthanoids. This is because

A due to less energy difference between 6d & 5f

B the 5f orbitals are more buried than the 4f orbitals

there is a similarity between 4f and 5f orbitals in their angular part of the wave
C
function
D the actinoids are more reactive than the lanthanoids
Question #ImpQ.

The incorrect statement among the following is:

[NEET UG 2021]

A Actinoid contraction is greater for element to element than Lanthanoid

contraction
B
Most of the trivalent Lanthanoid ions are colorless in the solid state.
C Lanthanoids are good conductors of heat and electricity.

D Actinoids are highly reactive metals, especially when finely divided.

Question #ImpQ.

The reason for greater range of oxidation states in actinoids is

attributed to:
[NEET UG 2017]
A Actinoid contraction

B 5f, 6d and 7s levels having comparable energies

4f and 5d levels being close in energies

C

D the radioactive nature of actinoids

0
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9

6
10
11
12

Characteristics of Block Elements

Compounds of Transition Elements

Lanthanoids and Actinoids

Topicwise Number of Questions Analysis