MEF360 Fluid Mechanics

Tutorial 2
Exercise 1

We consider a tank filled with water to a height H= 3 m, equipped with a small orifice at its
base with a diameter d= 10 mm.

1- Specifying the assumptions taken into account, apply Bernoulli's theorem to calculate
the water flow velocity V2.
2- Deduce the volume flow rate Qv in (l/s) at the outlet of the orifice.
Assume that g=9.81 m/s

Exercise 2
A perfect incompressible fluid flows from a circular orifice located on the side of a reservoir
with a volume flow rate qv = 0.4 L/s. The orifice diameter is d = 10 mm.
1- Determine the flow velocity at the orifice
2- State Bernoulli's theorem.
3- How far from the free surface is the orifice?

Exercise 3
We consider a siphon with a diameter d=10 mm supplied by a gasoline tank of large dimensions
compared to d and open to the atmosphere.
We assume that:
- The fluid is perfect.
- The fluid level in the tank varies slowly.
- The acceleration of gravity g = 9.81 m. s2.
- The specific gravity of gasoline: ϖ = 6896 N / m3
- H=ZA–ZS =2,5 m
1- Applying Bernoulli's Theorem between points A and S, calculate the flow velocity VS in the
siphon.
2-Deduce the volume flow rate qv.
3-Give the expression for the pressure PB at point B as a function of h, H, ϖ, and Patm.

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Perform a numerical application for h=0.4 m
4-Can h take any value? Justify your answer.

Exercise 4
A pipe with main section SA and diameter d is constricted at B where its section is SB. We denote
𝑆
by α=𝑆𝐴 the ratio of the sections.
𝐵

A perfect incompressible fluid of density ρ flows inside this pipe.

1- Write the continuity equation. Deduce the expression for the speed VB as a function of
VA and α.
2- Write the Bernoulli relation between points A and B. Deduce the expression for the
pressure difference (PA-PB) as a function of ρ, VA and α.
3- Write the fundamental relationship of hydrostatics between points A and A’
4- Write the fundamental relationship of hydrostatics between points B and B’
5- Deduce the expression of the flow velocity VA as a function of g, h, and α.
6- Give the expression of the volume flow rate qv as a function of d, g, h, and α.

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Exercise 5
Air at 105 kPa and 37° C flows upward through a 6-cm-diameter inclined duct at a rate of 65
L/s. The duct diameter is then reduced to 4 cm through a reducer. The pressure change across
the reducer is measured by a water manometer. The elevation difference between the two points
on the pipe where the two arms of the manometer are attached is 0.20 m. Determine the
differential height between the fluid levels of the two arms of the manometer.

Exercise 6
Water at 20° C is siphoned from a reservoir as shown in Fig. For d = 8 cm and D = 16 cm,
determine (a) the minimum flow rate that can be achieved without cavitation occurring in the
piping system and (b) the maximum elevation of the highest point of the piping system to avoid
cavitation. (c) Also, discuss the ways of increasing the maximum elevation of the highest point
of the piping system to avoid cavitation.

Exercise 7
A pressurized tank of water has a 10-cm-diameter orifice at the bottom, where water discharges
to the atmosphere. The water level is 2.5 m above the outlet. The tank air pressure above the
water level is 250 kPa (absolute) while the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. Neglecting
frictional effects, determine the initial discharge rate of water from the tank.

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Exercise 8
The water level in a tank is 20 m above the ground. A hose is connected to the bottom of the
tank, and the nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up. The tank cover is airtight, and
the air pressure above the water surface is 2 atm gage. The system is at sea level. Determine the
maximum height to which the water stream could rise. Answer: 40.7 m
Exercise 9
Air flows through a pipe at a rate of 120 L/s. The pipe consists of two sections of diameters 22
cm and 10 cm with a smooth reducing section that connects them. The pressure difference
between the two pipe sections is measured by a water manometer. Neglecting frictional effects,
determine the differential height of water between the two pipe sections. Take the air density to
be 1.20 kg/m3. Answer: 1.37 cm

Exercise 10
A very large tank contains air at 102 kPa at a location where the atmospheric air is at 100 kPa
and 20° C. Now a 2-cm-diameter tap is opened. Determine the maximum flow rate of air
through the hole. What would your response be if air is discharged through a 2-m-long, 4-cm-
diameter tube with a 2-cm-diameter nozzle? Would you solve the problem the same way if the
pressure in the storage tank were 300 kPa?

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Exercise 11

Exercise 12

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