CHAPTER-FIVE

5. Fluid Dynamics
Solved Examples
PART-I Equation of Motion, Continuity, Bernoulli’s Equation and Discharge measurement
Example-5.1 Continuity and Bernoulli’s Equation
Water flows through the horizontal pipe shown in the figure at a rate of 0.35m3/sec. If viscous effects are
negligible, Determine,
a) The water speed at section (2)?
b) The pressure at section (3) ? and
c) The flow rate at section (4)?

Applying Bernoulli’s Equation between (1) and (2)

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ 𝟐∗𝒈 + 𝒁𝟏 = + 𝟐∗𝒈 + 𝒁𝟐 , 𝒁𝟏 = 𝒁𝟐 , 𝑷𝟏 =68.94KN/m2 , 𝑷𝟐 =34.47KN/m2
𝜸 𝜸

𝑸𝟏 𝟎.𝟐𝟖𝟑 𝟔𝟖.𝟗𝟒𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐 𝟑.𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝟑𝟒.𝟒𝟕𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐

𝑽𝟏 = =𝝅 =3.04m/s + 𝟐∗𝟗.𝟖𝟏 + 𝒁𝟏 = + 𝟐∗𝟗.𝟖𝟏 + 𝒁𝟐
𝑨𝟏 ∗𝟎.𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟐 𝟗.𝟖𝟏𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑 𝟗.𝟖𝟏
𝟒

7.03 + 0.47 = 3.51 + V22/19.62 , V2=8.85m/s

Applying again Bernoulli’s Equation between (1) and (3)
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟑 𝑽𝟐𝟑
+ 𝟐∗𝒈 + 𝒁𝟏 = + 𝟐∗𝒈 + 𝒁𝟑 , 𝒁𝟏 = 𝒁𝟑 , 𝑷𝟏 = 68.94KN/m2 , V1=3.04m/s , 𝑉3 = 6.096m/s
𝜸 𝜸

𝟔𝟖.𝟗𝟒𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟐 𝟑.𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝑷𝟑 𝟔.𝟎𝟗𝟔𝟐

+ 𝟐∗𝟗.𝟖𝟏 + 𝒁𝟏 = + 𝟐∗𝟗.𝟖𝟏 + 𝒁𝟑 , P3=54.99KN/m2
𝟗.𝟖𝟏𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑 𝜸

From Continuity equation, Q1=Q2 + Q3 + Q4 , Q4= Q1-Q2 - Q3

Q4=0.283-(/4)*0.0912*8.85-(/4)*0.1542*6.096=0.1119m3/se

Example-5.2 Total head of water, H

In a pipe of 90 mm diameter water is flowing with a mean velocity of 2 m/s and at a gauge pressure
of 350 kN/m2. Determine the total head, if the pipe is 8 metres above the datum line. Neglect friction
Example-5.3 Pressure head in tapered pipe
Water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 600 mm and 400 mm at the bottom and
upper end respectively. The intensity of pressure at the bottom end is 350 kN/m2 and the
pressure at the upper end is 100 kN/m2. Determine the difference in datum head if the rate of
flow through the pipe is 60 litres/sec?
Solution

Applying Bernoulli’s equation at sections 1 and 2, we get:

Pressure head at (1) , h1 =P1/w =350/9.81=35.678m

Pressure head at (2) , h2 =P2/w =100/9.81=10.194m
Example-5.4 Siphon
A pipe of 8cm diameter is working as a siphon. Find the velocity of flow, discharge and
absolute pressure at B if the atmospheric pressure is equivalent to 10m of water. Neglect losses

Solution
Bernoulli’s Equation between (A) and (C)

𝑷𝑨 𝑽𝟐𝑨 𝑷𝑪 𝑽𝟐𝑪
+ 𝟐∗𝒈 + 𝒁𝑨 = + 𝟐∗𝒈 + 𝒁𝒄
𝜸 𝜸

𝑽𝟐𝑪
𝒁𝑨 − 𝒁𝒄 =
𝟐∗𝒈
𝑽𝒄 = √𝟐 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 ∗ 𝟒
Vc=8.86m/s
VB=Vc=8.86m/s
2 3
QB=A*VB=(/4)*0.08^ *8.86=0.044m /s
𝑷𝑨 𝑽𝟐𝑨 𝑷𝑩 𝑽𝟐𝑩
Bernoulli’s Equation between (A) and (B) , + + 𝒁𝑨 = + + 𝒁𝑩
𝜸 𝟐∗𝒈 𝜸 𝟐∗𝒈
𝑷𝑩 𝟖.𝟖𝟔𝟐
0+𝟎 + 𝟒 = + +𝟔
𝜸 𝟐∗𝒈

𝑷𝑩
= −𝟔𝒎 (𝑽𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒎)
𝜸

Exercise
A smooth plastic, 10m long garden hose with an inside diameter 20mm is used to drain a pool
as shown in the figure. If viscous effects are neglected, what is the flow rate from the pool?

Example-5.5 Tank Flow rate

Water flows from a large tank through a large pipe that spills in to two smaller pipes as shown
in the figure. If viscous effects are negligible, determine the flow rate from the tank and the
pressure at point (1)

Solution:
Applying Bernoulli's equation between water surface and point (2)
𝑷𝒐 𝑽𝟐𝒐 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝒐 = + + 𝒁𝟐 , where Po=0 , P2=0 , Vo=0 , Zo = 7m , Z2=4m
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈
 𝑽𝟐 = √𝟐𝒈(𝒁𝒐 − 𝒁𝟐 ) = √𝟐 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 ∗ (𝟕 − 𝟒) = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟕𝒎/𝒔
𝑷𝒐 𝑽𝟐𝒐 𝑷𝟑 𝑽𝟐𝟑
Similarly, + + 𝒁𝒐 = + + 𝒁𝟑
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈

𝑽𝟑 = √𝟐𝒈(𝒁𝒐 − 𝒁𝟑 ) = √𝟐 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 ∗ (𝟕 − 𝟎) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝒎/𝒔

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
Thus, Q=Q2 + Q3 , 𝑸 = 𝑫𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑫𝟐𝟑 ∗ 𝑽𝟑 = (𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐 ∗ 𝟕. 𝟔𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕) =
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
−𝟑 𝟑
𝟗. 𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 /𝒔
Applying Bernoulli's equation between water surface and point (1)
𝑷𝒐 𝑽𝟐𝒐 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝑸 𝟗.𝟏𝟎∗𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
+ + 𝒁𝒐 = + + 𝒁𝟏 , Z1=0 , 𝑽𝟏 = = 𝝅
(𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟐 )
= 𝟒. 𝟔𝟑𝒎/𝒔
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝑨𝟏
𝟒

𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝟒.𝟔𝟑𝟐
𝑷𝟏 = 𝜸 [𝒁𝒐 − ] = 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎𝑵/𝒎𝟑 [𝟕 − ]=5.79*104N/m2 = 57.9KPa
𝟐𝒈 𝟐∗𝟗.𝟖𝟏

Exercise-1
A closed tank having 8m height contains water with air above it. The air is maintained at a
pressure of 10.5m of water and 5m below the water surface a diameter of 250mm pipe having
length of 25m conveys the water to 100mm diameter nozzle which discharges the water into
the atmosphere as shown in fig below. (Assuming total head loss in the pipeline is 0.5m).
Find the rate of flow of water from the nozzle?

Exercise-2
A closed tank of a fire engine is partly filled with water, the air space above the water being
under pressure. A 5 cm diameter hose connected to the tank discharges on the roof of a
building 4.0 m above the level of water in the tank. The frictional head loss in the hose is
equivalent to 40 cm head of water. What air pressure must be maintained in the air in the tank
to deliver 12lit/s on the roof?
Example-5.6 Horizontal/Vertical Venturimeter
Water flows through a horizontal Venturimeter 15cm by 7.5cm. If the gage pressure at the
inlet is 68.67KN/m2.The absolute pressure at the throat must not fall below 24.53KN/m2.
Determine the maximum discharge which can pass through the meter?
Take atmospheric pressure 101.43KN/m2 and Coefficient of Discharge, Cd=0.96

Solution
Absolute Pressure at the inlet,
Pabs = Patm + Pgage=101.43+68.67
2
= 169.713KN/m
𝟏𝟔𝟗.𝟕𝟏𝟑
Absolute Pressure head = 𝟗.𝟖𝟏 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝒎 𝐨𝐟 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
At inlet
𝟐𝟓.𝟓𝟑
Absolute Pressure head = 𝟗.𝟖𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝒎 𝐨𝐟 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
At the throat
𝝅 𝝅
𝑨𝟏 = ∗ 𝑫𝟐𝟏 = ∗ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟕𝒎𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
𝝅 𝝅
𝑨𝟐 = ∗ 𝑫𝟐𝟐 = ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟒𝒎𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
 The maximum discharge is given by:
𝐀𝟏 𝐀𝟐 𝐏𝟏 − 𝐏𝟐
𝐐𝐚𝐜𝐭 = 𝐂𝐝 ∗ 𝐐𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫 = 𝐂𝐝 ∗ 𝐀𝟏 ∗ 𝐕𝟏𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨 = 𝐂𝐝 ∗ ∗ √𝟐𝐠 ( )
𝛒𝐠
√𝐀𝟐𝟏 − 𝐀𝟐𝟐

𝑨𝟏 𝐏𝟏 − 𝐏𝟐
= 𝑪𝒅 ∗ √𝟐𝐠 ( )
𝟐
𝛒𝐠
√(𝑨𝟏 ) − 𝟏)
𝑨𝟐
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟕
𝐐𝐚𝐜𝐭 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 ∗ ∗ √𝟐 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏(𝟏𝟕. 𝟑 − 𝟐. 𝟓) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟔𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝟐
√( 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 ) − 𝟏
𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓
Exercise
A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 200 mm and throat diameter 100 mm is used
to measure the flow of water. The pressure at inlet is 0.18 N/mm2 and the vacuum pressure at
the throat is 280 mm of mercury. Find the rate of flow. The value of Cd may be taken as 0.98
Ans: Qact=0.165m3/s
Example-5.7 Venturimeter with diff manometer
A venturimeter is placed in a vertical line to measure the rate of flow of benzene (S=0.899).
The inlet Diameter of the venturimeter is 20cm and the throat diameter is 8.75cm. Benzene-
Mercury differential manometer is used to measure the difference in pressure between the inlet
and the throat of the meter. When the gage reading (X) is 10cm. Determine
a) The gage reading in cm of benzene?
b) The discharge passing through the meter?
c) The throat velocity? Take Cd=0.99 , SHg=13.55

Inlet Outlet
Solution
The differential pressure head is evaluated from manometry ,
𝐏𝟏 −𝐏𝟐 𝐒𝐦 𝟏𝟑.𝟓𝟓𝟓
A) 𝐡= = 𝐗( − 𝟏) = 𝟎. 𝟏 ∗ ( − 𝟏) = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝟓𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒛𝒆𝒏𝒆
𝛄 𝐒 𝟎.𝟖𝟗𝟗
𝝅
𝑨𝟏 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐
𝑩) 𝑸𝒂𝒄𝒕 = 𝑪𝒅 ∗ √𝟐𝐠𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 ∗ 𝟒 ∗ √𝟐 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝟓
𝟐
𝟐 √( 𝟎. 𝟐 ) − 𝟏)
√(𝑨𝟏 ) − 𝟏) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟓
𝑨 𝟐

= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
𝑄 4∗𝑄 4∗0.032
C) 𝑉2 = = = = 𝟓. 𝟑𝒎/𝒔
𝐴2 𝜋𝐷22 𝜋∗0.08752

Exercise
A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameters 30cm and 15cm respectively is used
to measure the flow of water. The reading of the differential manometer connected to the inlet
and throat is 20cm of mercury. If the co-efficient of discharge is 0.98, determine the
rate of flow? Take Cd = 0.98 Ans: 125.756litre/s

Example-5.8 Inclined Venturimeter

The following data relate to an inclined venturimeter:
• Diameter of the pipeline = 400 mm
• Inclination of the pipeline with the horizontal = 30°
• Throat diameter = 200 mm
• The distance between the mouth and throat of the meter = 600 mm
• Sp. gravity of oil flowing through the pipeline = 0.7
• Sp. gravity of heavy liquid (U-tube) = 13.6
• Reading of the differential manometer = 50 mm
• The co-efficient of the meter = 0.98
Determine the rate of flow in the pipeline?
Difference in Pressure head is given by:
𝐏𝟏 −𝐏𝟐 𝐒𝐦 𝟏𝟑.𝟔
𝐡= = 𝐗( − 𝟏)=0.05*( − 𝟏) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒊𝒍
𝛄 𝐒 𝟎.𝟕

Now, applying Bernoulli’s equation at sections ‘1’ and ‘2’, we get:

It may be noted that differential gauge reading will include in itself the difference of
pressure head and the difference of datum head.

Applying continuity equation at sections ‘1’ and ‘2’ we get

Substituting the value of V1 and h in eqn. (ii), we get

Exercise: Inclined Venturimeter
Determine the rate of flow of water through a pipe of 300 mm diameter placed in an inclined
position where a venturimeter is inserted, having a throat diameter of 150 mm. The difference
of pressure between the main and throat is measured by a liquid of sp. gravity 0.7 in an
inverted U- tube which gives a reading of 260 mm. The loss of head between the main and
throat is 0.3 times the kinetic head of the pipe Ans:0.0222m3/s

Example-5.9 Pitot tube

A pitot tube having Coefficient of discharge Cd=0.898 is used to measure the velocity of water
at the Center of the pipe. Calculate the velocity when the stagnation pressure and static
pressure are 6m and 5m?
Solution
Applying Bernoulli's equation between A and O

ZA=Zo , Vo=0

𝑽𝟐𝑨 𝑷𝒐 𝑷𝑨
= − = 𝟔𝒎 − 𝟓𝒎 = 𝟏𝒎
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝜸
To account for turbulence , 𝑽𝑨 = 𝑪𝒅 √𝟐𝒈𝒉

𝑽𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟖√𝟐 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 ∗ 𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟕𝟕𝒎/𝒔

Example-5.10 Orifice flow

A reservoir is 3.4 meters high. There is an orifice located at 1.8 meters from the
bottom of the tank. Calculate the speed of the water passing out from the orifice
and calculate the distance at which the water leak hits the ground ? Take CV=0.98
 Exercise-1 : Maximum horizontal distance of a jet
A tank 1.8m high Standing on the ground is kept full of water. There is an orifice in its vertical
side at a depth h below water surface. Find the value of h in order that the jet of water strikes
the ground surface at maximum distance from the tank? Ans: h=0.9m

Exercise-2: Free Liquid Jet

A liquid jet of 30 mm diameter comes out of a nozzle into atmosphere with a velocity of 4.5
m/s at an angle 60°above the horizontal. Determine (i) the equation of trajectory, (ii)
maximum height attained by the jet, (iii) horizontal range of the jet and (iv) maximum range.
Neglect air friction and assume the jet continuous throughout the trajectory.

Ans:
2
i) y=1.732X – 0.969X
ii) h=0.7741m
iii) R=1.79m
iv) Rmax=2.064m
Example-5.11 Weirs and Notches
A triangular V-notch with apex angle of 700 has a discharge of 4.25m3/s. Find the head of
water over the notch? Take cd=0.62

Exercise: A rectangular notch weir is used to measure the flow rate over a length of 1.5m and
under a head of 0.3m. Find the discharge passing over the weir? Take Cd=0.62
Hint:
2
Qa  C d L 2 g H 3 / 2
3

PART-II: Impulse – momentum Applications

• Force exerted in pipe bend
• Impact of jet on flat , inclined and curved surfaces
• Water Jet Striking a Moving Cart
Example-5.12 Pipe Bend in horizontal/Vertical Plane
A 45° reducing pipe bend is connected to a pipe line. The diameters at the inlet and Outlet of
the bend are 600mm and 300mm respectively. Find the magnitude and direction of force
exerted by the water on the bend if the intensity of pressure at inlet to the bend is 8.829N/cm2
and the rate of flow of water is 600litres/se? Neglect friction losses and take unit weight of
water =9810kN/m3.
Exercise: Pipe Bend
250 litres/sec. of water is flowing in a pipe having a diameter of 300 mm. If the
pipe is bent by 135°, find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on
the bend. The pressure of the water flowing is 400 kN/m2. Take specific weight
of water as 9.81 kN/m3 Ans: FR=53.85KN , =22.50
Example-5.13 Impact of jet on flat surface
A 50mm diameter jet of water strikes normally on a flat surface with a velocity of
18m/s. Determine
a) The force on the plate when it is stationary?
b) The force on the plate when it moves in the same direction as the jet at a velocity of
6m/s?
c) The work done per second and the efficiency in case (b)?

Jet hitting a Stationary Plate Jet hitting a Moving Plate

Solution
A) When the Plate is stationary , Fx = Q(v2 (x) – v1(x))=Q(0-V1)
Fx = -AV2 (force in the jet)
Force exerted on plate = AV2 (Equal and opposite to the force exerted on the jet =
Fx=1000*(/4)*0.052*182=636.17N , force exerted by the fluid on the plate
B) When the plate is moving with U=6m/s
• The velocity with which the jet strikes the plate = V – U
• Mass of fluid striking the plate/sec , 𝐦̇ = A (V – U)
• Force by the fluid on plate , Fx = A (V – U) ((V – U)-0)
Fx = A (V – U) 2 = 1000*(/4)*0.052*(18-6)2 =282.74N
C) Work done Per second=Power developed=W/t=Fx*U
P=282.74*6=1696.46W
𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟔.𝟒𝟔 𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟔.𝟒𝟔
D) Efficiency = Power developed/Kinetic Energy=𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝝅 *100=29.62%
∗(𝝆𝑨𝑽)∗𝑽𝟐 𝟎.𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗ ∗𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟐 ∗𝟏𝟖𝟑
𝟐 𝟒

Exercise
A 6 cm diameter jet having a velocity of 25 m/s strikes a flat plate, the normal of which is
inclined at 45° to the axis of the jet. Find the normal pressure on the plate (i) when the plate is
stationary and (ii) when the plate is moving with a velocity of 10 m/s in the direction of jet.
Also, determine the power and efficiency of system when the plate is moving?
Example-5.14 Impact of jet on Inclined surface
A 75 mm diameter water jet having a velocity of 25 m/s strikes a flat plate, the normal of
which is inclined at 45° to the axis of the jet. Find the normal force exerted on the plate (i)
when plate is stationary and (ii) when plate is moving with a velocity of 15 m/s in the direction
of jet away from the jet. Also , determine the power and efficiency of the jet when the plate is
moving.

Moving inclined plate

Stationary inclined plate

Solution
Angle between the jet and the plate: α = 90 ° - 45 ° = 45 °
A=(/4)*0.0752=0.004418m2
(i) The normal force on an inclined stationary flat plate is given by,
FN=ρAV2*sin = 1000× × 0.004418*252* sin 45° = 1952.5 N
(ii) When the plate is moving in the direction of jet, the normal force is given by,

FN=ρA(V-U)2*sin = 1000*0.004418× ( 25-15)2 sin 45° = 312.4 N

(iii) the power and efficiency of the jet when the plate is moving.
Force in the direction of jet is given by, FX=ρA(V-U)2*sin2 

1000*0.004418× ( 25-15)2 sin245° = 220.9 N

P=Fx*U=220.9*15=3313.5W=3.3135KW
𝟑𝟑𝟏𝟑.𝟓 𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟔.𝟒𝟔
Efficiency = P/KE=𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎.𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟖∗𝟐𝟓𝟑 *100=9.6%
∗(𝝆𝑨𝑽)∗𝑽𝟐
𝟐

Exercise
A jet of water 3cm in diameter strikes a flat plate at an angle of 200 to the normal of the plate with a velocity
of 40m/s. Determine the velocity of the plate moving parallel to it self if the normal force exerted by the jet
is 11.77N?
Ans: U=39.888m/s
Example-5.15 Impact of jet on curved vane
A jet of water, 60 mm in diameter, strikes a curved vane at its center with a velocity of 15m/s.
The jet is deflected through an angle of 700. Assuming the plate to be smooth.
Determine:
a) The magnitude and direction of the resultant force of the water on the vane if the vane
is stationary?
b) The components of the force along and Perpendicular to the direction of motion if the
vane moves in the direction of the jet at a velocity of 5m/s?
c) The power developed by the jet?
d) The efficiency of the jet?

Solution
A) If the vane is stationary
Force exerted by the jet (in the direction of the jet)
Fx= AV (V- (-Vcos)) =AV (V + Vcos)=AV2(1+cos)
=1000*(/4)*0.062*152*(1+Cos 110)=418.58N
Fy= AV(V1y-V2y)= Fy= AV(0-Vsin)
=1000*(/4)*0.062*152*(0-sin 110)=-597.806N

Magnitude , 𝑭𝑹 = √𝑭𝟐𝒙 + 𝑭𝟐𝒚 = √𝟒𝟏𝟖. 𝟓𝟖𝟐 + 𝟓𝟗𝟕. 𝟖𝟐 = 𝟕𝟐𝟗. 𝟕𝟕𝐍

𝐅𝐲 𝟓𝟗𝟕.𝟖𝟎𝟔
Direction, 𝛉 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) = 𝟓𝟓𝟎
𝐅𝐱 𝟒𝟏𝟖.𝟓𝟖

B) The components of the force if the vane moves with u=5m/s

Force exerted by jet on the vane = Fx = A (V – U) 2 (1+ cos)
=1000*(/4)*0.062*(15-5)2*(1+Cos 110)=186.04N
Fy = -A (V – U) 2 (sin)
= -1000*(/4)*0.062*(15-5)2*(sin 110)=265.69N
C) Work done by jet, W=P= FxU=186.04N*5=930.2W
D) The efficiency of the jet
𝟗𝟑𝟎.𝟐 𝟗𝟑𝟎.𝟐
Efficiency = P/KE=𝟏 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝝅 *100=19.5%
∗(𝝆𝑨𝑽)∗𝑽𝟐 𝟎.𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗( )∗𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟐 ∗𝟏𝟓𝟑
𝟐 𝟒

Exercise
A jet of water 75 mm diameter having velocity 35 m/s strikes a curved fixed symmetrical vane at the
center. If the jet is deflected through an angle of 165° at the outlet of the curved vane, then find the
force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of the jet when (i) vane is smooth and (ii) when
coefficient of friction is 0.85. Ans:i) Fx=10639.69N, ii) Fx=9855.543 N

Example-5.16 Force exerted by a nozzle

A nozzle of diameter 20mm is fitted to a pipe of diameter 40mm. Find the force
exerted by the nozzle on the water which is flowing through the pipe at rate of
1.2m3/minute ?

𝑄 0.02
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 , 𝑉1 = = = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟗𝟐𝒎/𝒔
𝐴1 0.001256
𝑄 0.02
𝑉2 = = = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟔𝟗𝒎/𝒔
𝐴2 0.000314
Exercise
Firefighters are holding a nozzle at the end of a hose while trying to extinguish a fire. If the
nozzle exit diameter is 8 cm and the water flow rate is 12 m3/min, determine
(a) the average water exit velocity and (b) the horizontal resistance force required of the
firefighters to hold the nozzle. Answers: (a) 39.8 m/s, (b) 7958 N

Example-5.𝟏𝟕 Water Jet Striking a Moving Cart

Water accelerated by a nozzle to 35 m/s strikes the vertical back surface of a cart moving
horizontally at a constant velocity of 10 m/s in the flow direction (as shown in Fig. below).
The mass flow rate of water through the stationary nozzle is 30 kg/s. After the strike, the water
stream splatters off in all directions in the plane of the back surface. (a) Determine the force
that needs to be applied by the brakes of the cart to prevent it from accelerating. (b) If this
force were used to generate power instead of wasting it on the brakes, determine the maximum
amount of power that could ideally be generated. (c) If the mass of the cart is 400 kg and the
brakes fail, determine the acceleration of the cart when the water first strikes it. Assume the
mass of water that wets the back surface is negligible.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
We take the cart as the control volume, and the direction of flow as the positive direction of x-axis. The relative
velocity between the cart and the jet is
Vr = Vjet -Vcart = 35 - 10 = 25 m/s
The mass flow rate of water striking the cart corresponding to a water jet velocity of 25 m/s relative to
the cart is
𝑽 𝟐𝟓
𝒎̇𝒓 = 𝑽 𝒓 ∗ 𝒎̇𝒋𝒆𝒕 = 𝟑𝟓 ∗ 𝟑𝟎𝒌𝒈/𝒔=21.43kg/s
𝒋𝒆𝒕

The momentum equation for steady flow in the x (flow)-direction reduces in this case to

We note that the brake force acts in the opposite direction to flow, and we should not forget the negative
sign for forces and velocities in the negative x-direction. Substituting the given values,
1𝑁
𝐹𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 =-𝑚̇𝑟 ∗ 𝑉𝑟 = = -(21.43 kg/s)(+25 m/s)( 1 kg·m/𝑠2 ) = -535.8 N ≅ -536 N

The negative sign indicates that the braking force acts in the opposite direction to motion. The power wasted
by the brakes is:-
1𝑤
𝑊̇ = 𝐹𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 ∗ 𝑉𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 538.8𝑁 ∗ 10𝑚/𝑠 (1𝑁.𝑚/𝑠)=5358W=5.36KW

(c) When the brakes fail, the braking force will propel the cart forward, and the acceleration will be
𝐹 535.8 1𝑘𝑔. 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑎= = ( ) = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟒𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑡 400𝑘𝑔 1𝑁

Exercise-1
A horizontal water jet of constant velocity V impinges normally on a vertical flat plate and splashes off the sides
in the vertical plane. The plate is moving toward the oncoming water jet with velocity (½)V. If a force F is required
to maintain the plate stationary, how much force is required to move the plate toward the water jet?

Fig-1 Exercise-1 Fig-2 Exercise-2

Exercise-2
Water shoots out of a large tank sitting on a cart with frictionless wheels. The water jet velocity is Vj = 7.00
m/s, its cross-sectional area is Aj = 20.0 mm2, and the momentum flux correction factor of the jet is 1.04.
The water is deflected 135º as shown (𝜃 = 45º), and all of the water flows back into the tank. The density of
the water is 1000 kg/m3. Calculate the horizontal force F (in units of N) required to hold the cart in place?