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Human Respiratory System (Notes)

The document explains aerobic respiration, which occurs in cells to convert glucose into energy using oxygen. It details the respiratory system's structure, including the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli, and describes the process of gas exchange where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled. Additionally, it covers the mechanics of breathing, highlighting how changes in chest cavity volume facilitate inhalation and exhalation.

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Marie Xavier - Felix
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10 views5 pages

Human Respiratory System (Notes)

The document explains aerobic respiration, which occurs in cells to convert glucose into energy using oxygen. It details the respiratory system's structure, including the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli, and describes the process of gas exchange where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled. Additionally, it covers the mechanics of breathing, highlighting how changes in chest cavity volume facilitate inhalation and exhalation.

Uploaded by

Marie Xavier - Felix
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• Aerobic respiration: The kind of respiration which happens inside our cells.

• 1.1 The human respiratory

Respiration
• releases energy from food(glucose) in our cells
• is the process of converting glucose to energy
• is a series of chemical reactions that happens in all living things & all the cell
• in your body (it is not “breathing in and out”)

Using energy to stay alive


• for Movement
• send electrical impulses along neurones.
• keep our bodies warm when it is cold.
• Carbohydrates from the food - are especially good for giving us energy.
• our digestive system breaks the carbohydrates down to glucose. (energy store)
• The blood delivers glucose to every cell in the body.
• mitochondria inside cells release energy from glucose, so that the cells can use the energy.
• The mitochondria carry out a chemical reaction called aerobic respiration. Aerobic means that
is uses oxygen, from the air.

• In this reaction, some of the energy inside the glucose is released.


• This is done in a very controlled way. Just a little bit of energy is released at a time – just enough
for the cell’s needs.
• 20% of air is oxygen.0.04% of the air is CO2
• Oxygen from air breath into lungs. Some of the oxygen from the air goes into bloodstream. The
blood delivers the oxygen to every cell in the body, so that the cells can use it for respiration. The
blood collects the waste carbon dioxide from the cells, and takes it back to the lungs
• The respiratory system includes the trachea, bronchi, lungs diaphragm and the muscles
between the ribs.

• The trachea branches into two bronchi (singular: bronchus). One bronchus goes to each lung &
carries air deep into the lungs. Each bronchus divides into several smaller bronchioles that end
by branching into many air sacs. (gas exchange - oxygen goes into the blood, and the carbon
dioxide comes out)
• Trachea &bronchi – has strong rings of cartilage around it to support them. feel hard ridges
on it, with softer areas between.
• Lungs feel spongy, because they are full of air sacs.
• Larynx contains vocal cords (bands of muscle that stretch across larynx) .When vocal cords
vibrate, they make a sound.

1.2 Gas exchange

• Lung full of spaces called air sacs or alveoli. The alveoli are full of air.
• There are also lots of very tiny blood vessels (capillaries) in the lungs, wrapped around the air
sacs.
• The capillary is pressed tightly against the alveolus. The wall of the capillary is also made of a
single layer of very thin cells.
• Inside the alveolus, this air is very close to the blood. There are only 2 very thin cells between
the air and the blood. The oxygen particles in the air are a gas, so they are moving freely. They
can easily move from the air, through the cells and into the blood, carbon dioxides diffuse
into the air in the air sac. This is called diffusion.
• Diffusion is the net movement of molecules (O2) from an area where they are at a higher
concentration (in air sac) to areas where they are at a lower concentration. (in the blood).
• When the oxygen gets into the (RBC) blood, it dissolves & combines with haemoglobin.
• Gas exchange is the diffusion of gases into and out of the body. This happens inside the air sacs
in the lungs.
• Oxygen diffuses from the air sacs into the blood. Carbon dioxide diffuses the other way.
• Air sacs are very tiny, have very thin walls, and have blood capillaries lying closely alongside
them. This helps gas exchange to take place quickly.

1.3 Breathing

Inhaling and exhaling basically means increasing and decreasing the volume of our chest cavity. This
creates low pressure and high pressure in our lungs, resulting in air getting sucked into our lungs

and leaving our lungs. This movement is called breathing.


When you inhale (breathe in), the intercostal muscles change shape. They get shorter and fatter, and
we say that they contract. When they do this, they also move your ribcage upwards and outwards.
Muscles in your diaphragm contract and flatten it. This increases the volume of your chest. Air flows
through your nose into your lungs.

When you exhale (breathe out), the muscles relax. Your ribcage falls and your diaphragm rises. Your
chest volume gets smaller and air flows out of your lungs.

The number of times you inhale and exhale in one minute is your breathing rate (in breaths per minute)

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