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42 views5 pages

bio form 2 ms

Uploaded by

Masega Daniel Manali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BIOLOGY FORM 2

1(a) Genetics

b) Biochemistry

c) Ecology

d) Entomology

2(a) -Enclose the cell contents

-Control or regulate entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell

(b)(I) Mitochandria

(ii) Chloroplasts

(iii) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

3(a) Teeth

They cut and grind food into small pieces to increase the surface area for digestion and
for easy swallowing.

(b) Saliva

- It contains water which is a medium for chemical reactions and acts as a solvent.

- It contains salivary amylase/ptyalin which digests starch to maltose

4) - Active transport needs energy while diffusion does not need energy

- In active transport, the movement of molecules is against the concentration gradient


while in diffusion it is along the concentration gradient

- Active transport depends on the availability of oxygen for respiration while diffusion
does not.

5(a) Light stage - grand

- Dark stage – stroma of the chloroplasts.

(b)(I) The rate of photosynthesis increases as carbon(IV) oxide concentration increases upto a
certain level optimum level where other factors become limiting.

(iii) The rate of photosynthesis increases as light intensity increases, up to a certain level or
optimum light intensity range when other limiting factors slows down the rate of photosynthesis.
6 A-Phloem: Transport of organic food substances from their sites of manufacture,
especially the leaves to other parts of the plant.

B- Cambium:- Formation of new xylem and phloem tissues or responsible for secondary
growth.

C- Xylem:- Transport of water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves.

D- Epidermis:- Protects the inner, more delicate tissues from mechanical damage and
from entry of pathogenic microorganisms

(b) Parenchyma cells

(c) Part C would be stained

(d) It is a dicot because of the following reasons:

- Parenchyma tissue is separated into cortex and pith

-Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring between the cortex and pith

-Vascular cambium is present

7(a)(i) 4% - 0.04% = 3.96%

(ii 21% - 4% = 17%

(b) - Inhaled air has a higher concentration (%) of oxygen than exhaled air. Some of the
oxygen is used for respiration.

- Inhaled air has a lower concentration or percentage of carbon(IV) oxide than exhaled
air. Carbon(IV) oxide is produced in respiration

- The concentration of nitrogen is the same in both inhaled and exhaled air. Nitrogen
does not play any part in gaseous exchange and so its concentration does not change.

8(a) The cylinders were placed in a hypotonic solution ie. Low solute concentration than that
of cell sap. The cells absorbed water by osmosis until they become turgid. Thus increase
in cell size and firmness.

(b) Placing the cylinders in a juice extract of the pawpaw fruit/isotonic solution.

9(a) Cell wall, chloroplast and sap vacuole

(b) Chlorophyll – traps light energy and uses it to drive the synthesis of food materials.

(c) Cell sap; (i) stores salts and sugars


(ii) Helps to maintain an osmotic gradient which regulates movement of water in and out
the cells.

(iii) Helps to regulate the shape and turgidity of the cell

(d) Cellulose

(e) In dim light. They move to the upper part of the cell in order to receive enough sunlight
for photosynthesis.

10.(i) Fatty acids and glycerol

(b) - form part of the cell membrane

-Provide insulation of bodies of animals

-A source of metabolic water

- Provide energy in absence of carbohydrates.

(c) By boiling with a dilute acid like dilute hydrochloric acid.

11a) P – rings of chitin/ spiral bands Ö 1mk


Q – tracheoles Ö 1mk
b) Circular rings keep the trachea open when pressure is exerted inside the lumen is low
Ö 1mk
c) Carbon (IV) oxide is of high concentration in the muscle tissue therefore it diffuses from the tissues
into the tracheoles and moves to the trachea and out through the spiracles into the atmosphere
(3mks)
d) – the walls are thin and lack chitin for rapid diffusion of gases (1mk)
- Walls are moist to dissolve gases (1mk)
- They are highly branched to increase the surface area for gaseous exchange

12

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration


1, Oxygen is necessary for the complete 1, Oxygen is no required and the substrate
oxidation of the substrates is not completely broken down lactic acid
and alcohol are formed
2. It is more efficient because it releases 2) It is inefficient because it releases less
large amount of energy. One molecule of energy. One molecule of glucose gives 2
glucose gives 38ATP molecule ATP
molecules
3) Energy is released slowly in small 3) Energy is released faster over a short
amounts, in steps period
4) The end products are water and carbon 4) The end products are alcohol in plants
(IV) oxide, which diffuse out of the cells and lactic acid in animals and can
before they accumulate. accumulate fast to toxic levels.
5) It takes place in the cytoplasm and 5) It takes places in the cytoplasm
mitochondria

13(a) -Always moist to dissolve gases which diffuse in solution form

-Thin-walled/epithelium this is one cell thick to reduce the distance of molecules moves.

- Have a large surface area for maximum exchange of gases (Highly branched or highly
folded to increase the surface area.

- Highly vascularised to maintain a sleep concentration gradient hence maximum gaseous


exchange.

- Must be permeable to respiratory gases.

(b) Breathing occurs in two stages:

Breathing in or inhalation or inspiration

- External intercostals muscles contract while internal intercostal muscles relax.


- This causes lifting/raising of the ribcage upwards and outwards
- Muscles of diaphragm contract hence flattens
- The volume of the thoracic cavity increase and pressure decreases than the
atmospheric pressure
- The higher air pressure in the atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs
- The lungs inflates

Breathing out or exhalation or expiration

- External intercostal muscles relax, while internal intercostal muscles contract.


- This causes the ribcage to move downwards and inwards.
- The muscles of the diaphragm relax and the diaphragm assumes a dome shape.
- This makes the volume of the thoracic cavity to decrease while pressure increases
than the atmospheric pressure
- Higher pressure in the thoracic cavity forces air out of lungs.
- The lungs deflate

14. (a) K – Root hair cell (2 mks)

L – Endodermis

(b) Elongated to increase area for absorption of water and mineral salts

15. (a) A – Vera Cava (1 mk)

B- Aorta
C- Left ventricle
b.

A (artery) B (vein)
Narrow lumen Wide lumen
Thick muscular elastic walls Thin less muscular elastic walls
Valves only at the base where it leaves the Has valves at intervals throughout their
heart length

c. To generate enough pressure; in order to pump to all parts of the body to a longer
distance. (2 mks)

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