DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, ELECTRONIC CITY

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
CLASS: 9
TOPIC: MOTION (NOTES )

Motion:
Movement of any object from one position to another position with respect
to the observer is called as Motion.

A body is said to be in motion when its position changes continuously with

respect to a stationary object taken as reference point.

Motion Along a Straight Line:

When an object moves along a straight line, the motion of the object is called
rectilinear motion. For example; motion of a car on highway.

Vectors and Scalar Quantities:

Page 1 of 20
 Distance:
 The actual length of the path covered by a moving object in the given time
irrespective of direction is called distance.
 It is a scalar quantity.
 Its SI unit is metre (m).
Displacement:
 The shortest distance measured from initial to the final position of an object
is known as the displacement.
 It is a vector quantity.

NOTE :
The distance travelled by a moving object cannot be zero but the
displacement of a moving object can be zero.

Uniform Motion:
 When an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to
be in uniform motion.
EX: A car running at a constant speed of 10 m/s .

Non-Uniform Motion:
 When an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said
to be in non-uniform motion.
EX: The motion of a train starting from the railway station .

Speed (s):
 The distance travelled by an object in unit time is referred to as speed.
 It is represented as
Speed = Distance Travelled / Time taken
Speed = s /t
 Its SI unit is metre/ second (m/s).
 It is a scalar quantity.

 Average speed: For non-uniform motion, the average speed of an object is

obtained by dividing the total distance travelled by an object by the total time
taken.

Page 2 of 20
 Velocity (v):
 Speed of an object in a particular direction is named as velocity,
 Velocity is the displacement of body in unit time.
 It is represented as:
Velocity = Displacement / Time

 It is a vector quantity.

 Its SI unit is metre/ second (m/s).

 Average velocity: It is given by the arithmetic mean of initial velocity and

final velocity for a given period of time.

 Average velocity = (Initial velocity + Final Velocity) / 2

Average velocity = (u + v) / 2

Uniform Velocity : A body has a uniform velocity if it travels in a specified

direction in a straight line and moves over equal distances in equal intervals
of time.

NOTE: The average speed of a moving body can never be zero, but the
average velocity of a moving body can be zero.

Acceleration (a):
 The rate of change of velocity is termed as acceleration.
 It is represented as:

a = (v –u) / t
Page 3 of 20
 Its SI unit is metre/seccond2 (m/s2).
 It is a vector quantity.
 The acceleration is taken to be positive if it is in the direction of velocity and
negative when it is opposite to the direction of velocity.
 Negative acceleration is also named as retardation or de-acceleration.
 An object moving on a circular path though with uniform speed, is always
said to be accelerated as it changes its direction every moment.

 Uniform acceleration: When velocity of body changes by equal amounts in

equal time intervals, acceleration is said to be uniform.
For example: Motion of a freely falling ball.
 Non - uniform acceleration: When velocity of body changes by unequal
amounts in equal intervals if time, acceleration is said to be non - uniform.
For example: Motion of a car on a crowded city road.

Graphical Representation of Motion

1. Distance -Time Graph for Uniform Speed:
Distance -Time graph for uniform speed, is a straight line as shown below:

Distance -Time Graph for Non-Uniform Speed:

Distance -Time graph for uniform speed, is obtained in the form of a curve as
shown below:

Page 4 of 20
3. Distance -Time Graph for a Body at Rest:
Distance -Time graph for a body at rest is a straight line parallel to the time
axis (x-axis):

Velocity-Time Graph
1. Velocity-Time Graph for Uniform Acceleration:
Velocity-Time graph for uniform acceleration, is a straight line as shown
below:

2. Velocity-Time Graph for Non-Uniform Acceleration:

Velocity-Time graph for non-uniform acceleration, is obtained as a zig-zag
line as shown below:

3. Velocity-Time Graph for Zero Acceleration (constant velocity)

.

Page 5 of 20
Zero Acceleration
4. Velocity-Time Graph for uniform retardation.

uniform retardation

Equations of uniformly accelerated motion

First Equation of Motion:
 It gives the velocity acquired by a body in time ‘t’.
Consider a body having initial velocity ‘u’ .Suppose it is subjected to a
uniform acceleration ‘a’ so that after time ‘t’, its final velocity becomes
‘v’.

Page 6 of 20
Second Equation of Motion.
 It gives the distance travelled by a body in time ‘t’
Consider a body having initial velocity ‘u’ .Suppose it is subjected to a
uniform acceleration ‘a’ so that after time ‘t’, its final velocity becomes ‘v’.
Let the distance travelled by the body in this time be ‘s’.

We know that
Distance = Average velocity X Time

Average velocity = (u+v)/2

.: Distance (s ) = (u+v)/2 × t …….eq.(1)

Again we know that:( from first equation of motion)

v = u + at
substituting this value of “v” in eq.(1), we get
s = (u+u+at)/2× t
s = (2u+at)/2 × t
s = (2ut+at2)/2
s = 2ut/2 + at2/2
s = ut +1/2 at2
This is the 2nd equation of motion

Page 7 of 20
Third Equation of Motion.
 It gives the velocity acquired by a body in travelling a distance ‘s’

Page 8 of 20
This is the third equation of motion.

Page 9 of 20
Note : To solve problems on motion we should remember that
(1) if a body starts from rest, its initial velocity, u = 0
(2) if a body comes to rest( it stops), its final velocity, v = 0
(3) if a body moves with uniform velocity, its acceleration a = 0

Uniform Circular Motion

 When a body moves along a circular path, then its direction keeps
changing continuously. Therefore its motion along a circular path is
said to be accelerated.
 The force which is needed to make an object travel in a circular path is
called centripetal force.
 Examples:
Satellites move in uniform circular motion around the earth.
_________________________________________________

Answer the following

1.Under what condition is the magnitude of average velocity of an object
equal to its average speed?
The magnitude of average velocity of an object equal to its average speed
only when the object moves along a straight line path.
2. Distinguish between speed and velocity.
Speed Velocity
It is the distance travelled by a It is the distance travelled by a
body per unit time in any body per unit time in a fixed
direction. direction
It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
Speed may be positive or zero but Velocity may be positive ,
never negative negative or zero

Page 10 of 20
3.State which of the following situations are possible and give an example of
these:
(a) an object with a constant acceleration but zero velocity.
(b) an object moving in a certain direction with an acceleration in the
perpendicular direction.
Answer
(a) an object with a constant acceleration but zero velocity is possible.
For example, when an object is just released from a height, then it is being
acted upon by a constant acceleration of 9.8 m/s2 but its initial velocity is
zero.
b) an object moving in a certain direction with an acceleration in the
perpendicular direction is possible.
For example, when an object is moving with uniform motion in a circle, then
the motion of the object at any instant of time is along the tangent to that
circle at that instant, but the acceleration is along the radius of the circle
which is perpendicular to the direction of motion along the tangent.
Speed-time graph (constant speed)

Page 11 of 20
 • No change in speed
• So no acceleration .
• We can find the distance travelled by the body.
• Distance = speed × time
• Distance =OA × OC
Distance = Area of rectangle OABC

Speed-time graph(uniform acceleration)

Page 12 of 20
 • Speed changes equal amounts in equal intervals of time.
• Uniform acceleration.
• We can find acceleration from the slope.
• Acceleration = Change in speed/Time = PQ/OQ
• The distance travelled by the moving body can also be calculated
• The distance travelled is equal to the area of triangle OPQ
The distance travelled = ½ × OR ×OQ

Speed-time graph ( initial speed is not zero

Page 13 of 20
 • Initial speed = OB
• B to C ----- uniform acceleration
• Distance travelled = Area of trapezium OBCA
• Distance travelled = (Sum of two parallel sides × height)/2
• Distance travelled = (OB+AC) × OA/2

Derivations of equations of motion (graphical method)

First Equation of motion

Page 14 of 20
 • Initial velocity of the body = u ( at point A)
• Its velocity changes at a uniform rate from A to B in time ‘t’.
• The final velocity becomes ‘v’ after time ‘t’
• So it has an uniform acceleration ‘a’ from A to B
• Initial velocity = u = OA
• Final velocity = v = BC
• Time taken = t = OC

• BC = BD + DC = BD+ OA
• v = BD+ u -------------------------equation (1)
• To calculate BD
• Acceleration a = slope of line AB
• a = BD/AD
• a = BD / OC ( AD = OC)
• a = BD / t
BD = at

• Substitute the value of BD in equation (1)

• v = BD + u

• v = at + u

• v = u + at

Second Equation of motion

• The body travels a distance ‘s ‘ in time ‘t’.

Page 15 of 20
The distance travelled by the body is given by the area of the space between the line
AB and the time axis OC (area of the figure OABC)
• Area of the figure OABC = Area of rectangle OADC + Area of triangle ABD
• Area of rectangle OADC = OA × OC = u × t (area = length × breadth)
• Area of triangle ABD = ½ × breadth × height
• Area of triangle ABD = 1/2 ×AD ×BD

= ½ × t × at = ½ at²
• Distance travelled s = Area of rectangle OADC + Area of triangle ABD
• s = ut + ½ at²

• To calculate BD
• Acceleration a = slope of line AB
• a = BD/AD
• a = BD / OC ( AD = OC)
• a = BD / t
BD = at

Third Equation of motion

• The body travels a distance ‘s ‘ in time ‘t’.

The distance travelled by the body is given by the area of the space between the line
AB and the time axis OC
(area of the figure OABC)
• s = Area of trapezium OABC
• s = (sum of parallel sides) × height /2
• s = (OA + CB) × OC/2
• s = (u + v ) × t /2
• s = ( u + v ) (v – u )/2a
• s = ( v + u ) (v – u )/2a
• s = (v2 - u2 ) / 2a a2 - b2 = (a+b) (a-b)
• 2as = v2 - u2
• v2 = u2 + 2as
______________________________________________________________________
DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, ELECTRONIC CITY
SUBJECT: PHYSICS
CLASS: 9
Uniform Circular Motion (notes)

Page 16 of 20
  Uniform circular motion can be described as the motion of an object in a circle at a constant
speed.
 As an object moves in a circle, it is constantly changing its direction.
 Here, the speed is constant but the velocity changes.
 As there is change in velocity , the body starts accelerating.
 We call this acceleration as centripetal acceleration (or radial acceleration), and the force acting
towards the centre is called centripetal force.

Centripetal force F = mv2/ r

 m is the mass of the body .
 v is the velocity of the body.
 r is the radius of the circular path.

If ‘v’ is the velocity of the object , then the time taken to complete one revolution
T = 2πr/ v

Following are the examples of uniform circular motion:

 Motion of artificial satellites around the earth is an example of uniform circular motion. The
gravitational force from the earth makes the satellites stay in the circular orbit around the earth.
 The motion of electrons around the nucleus of an atom.

Page 17 of 20
  The motion of blades of the wind mills.
 The tip of second’s hand of a watch with circular dial shows uniform circular motion.

A stone is attached to a string and whirled above the head, what type of motion does it have? If
the string breaks, what will happen to the stone?

 It has uniform circular motion.

 The stone flies off in a direction tangential to the point at which the string breaks.

_________________________________________________________________________________-

Page 18 of 20
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, ELECTRONIC CITY
SUBJECT: PHYSICS
CLASS: 9
REVISION

1.If a motorist travels from A to B at a speed of 40km/hr and returns at speed of 60km/hr, wha
is his average speed?
Average speed = Total Distance / Total Time Taken

Let us consider distance D then

We know

Speed = (distance/time)

40 = (D/T1) 60 = (D/T2)

T1 = (D/40) T2 = (D/60)

Total time (T) = T1+T2

(D/40)+(D/60) = (60 D + 40 D) /2400 = 100 D /2400 = D /24

TOTAL DISTANCE = (D+D) = 2D

WE KNOW

AVG SPEED = (TOTAL DISTANCE/TOTAL TIME)

= (2D/(D/24))

= 48Km/h

OR
Average speed = 2 uv/ (u+v)
= (2 ×40 ×60)/ (40 +60 )
= 4800/100 = 48 Km/h

2. A man travels from home to shop in 20 m/s and instantly turns back and goes back to home
30 m/s .Find the average speed.

Let us consider distance D then

We know

Speed = (distance/time) Page 19 of 20

20 = (D/T1) 30 = (D/T2)

T1 = (D/20) T2 = (D/30)

Total time (T) = T1+T2

T = (D/20) + (D/30)

T = (30 D + 20 D ) / 600
T = 50 D / 600 = 5D /60
TOTAL DISTANCE = (D+D) = 2D

AVERAGE SPEED = (TOTAL DISTANCE/TOTAL TIME)

= 2D/5 D/60 = (2D / 5D )×60 = 24 m/s

*********************************************************************************

Page 20 of 20