Approximate analysis for Horizontal Loads

1. Portal method
2. Cantilever method
3. Factor method
 PORTAL METHOD

Assumptions

1. The points of contraflexure in all the members lie at their

midpoints.
2. Horizontal shear taken by each interior column is double
that taken by each exterior column.

Horizontal forces are assumed to act only at the joints.

 A B C D
P1

P 2P 2P P

P 2P 2P P

E F G
H
P2

Q 2Q 2Q Q

Q 2Q 2Q Q

I J K L
 P1
P1  P  2P  2P  P P
6
P  P  Q  2Q  2Q  Q  Q  P1  P2
1 2
6
Problem 3: Analyse the frame using portal method.

120 kN A B C D
3.5 m
7m 3.5 m 5m

180 kN E F G
H
3.5 m

I J K L
Horizontal shears:
120
For the top storey, P1  P  2P  2P  P  P   20kN
6

For the bottom storey, Q  P1  P2  120 180  50kN

6 6
 35kNm
120kN A
Moments: 3.5 m

1.75 m
35kNm 10kN

20kN

35kNm 35kNm
B

70kNm
10kN
10kN 40kN
Beam moments:
35 35 35
A B C D
35 35 35

122.5 E 122.5 F 122.5 G

H
122.5 122.5 122.5

I J K L
Column moments:
A 35 kNm B 70 C D 35 kNm
70

E F G
H
35 87.5 70 175 70 175 35 87.5

I J K L
87.5 175 175 87.5
Beam and Column moments:

35 35 35 35
B D
35 70 35 70 35
35

122.5 122.5 122.5

70 70 35
175 175 122.5 87.5
35 87.5 122.5 122.5

87.5 175 175 87.5

Home work

40 kN A B C
5m 7.5 m

3.5 m
80 kN D E F
5m

G H I
 CANTILEVER METHOD

• Frame considered as a vertical cantilever

Assumptions

1. The points of contraflexure in all the members lie at

their midpoints.
2. The direct stresses (axial stresses) in the columns are
directly proportional to their distance from the
centroidal vertical axis of the frame.
 P1
y4
y2 y3
y1

P2

A1 A2 A3 A4

Area of cross
section
Centroidal vertical axis
of the frame

To locate centroidal vertical A1d1  A2d2  A3d3 A4d4

axis of the frame, y A  A  A  A
1 2 3 4
 V1 V2 V3 V4

My
x 
I
M is constant at a given height (of the ‘vertical cantilever’).
I

1  2 3 4 V1 A1 V2 A2 V3 A3 V4 A4
       1
y1 y2 y3 y4 y1 y2 y3 y4



P1
m2
h m1
2 B
H1 H2 H3 H4

V1 V2 V3 V4

h
M PB 1
Vm V m V m V m
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
2
2

From 1 and  2  , V1,V2,V3,V4 can be found.

P1

H1 H2 H3 H4

P1  H1  H2  H3  H4
Problem 4: Analyse the frame using cantilever method, if all
the columns have the same area of cross section.

120 kN A B C D
3.5 m
7m 3.5 m 5m

180 kN E F G
H
3.5 m

I J K L
To locate centroidal vertical axis of the frame,
A1  0  A1  7  A1 10.5  A1 15.5  33 8.25m
y  
A1 A1  A1  A1 4

120
7.25
1.25 2.25
8.25

180

Also, V1 A1 V2 A2 V3 A3 V4 A4 V1 V2 V3 V4
      
8.25 1.25 2.25 7.25 8.25 1.25 2.25 7.25
40
 1.25V1 2.25V1 7.25V1
V2 , V3  , V
8.25 8.25 4 8.25

P1
m2
h m1
2 O
H1 H2 H3 H4

V1 V2 V3 V4

h
For the top storey, M P O 1
Vm V m V m V m
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
2
3.5
120 V 15.5 V 8.5 V 5 V 0
1 2 3 4
2
 V1 15.5  
3.5 1.25V1   2.25V1  5
120  8.5   
2 8.25 8.25 
    

V1  13.615kN



1.2513.615
V2   2.063kN,
8.25
2.2513.615
V3   3.713kN,
8.25

7.2513.615
V4   11.965kN
8.25

Check : 13.615 2.063 3.71311.965  0

 H1 H2 H3 H4
O

V1 V2 V3 V4

For the bottom storey,

M 1203.5   180
3.5 3.5
V 15.5 V 8.5 V 5 V 0
 O 
2

2
1 2 3 4

 
 
120 3.5 
3.5 
180
3.5
V 15.5   1.25V1   2.25V1 
8.5   5
  1  8.25  8.25 
2 2
     

V1  61.267kN

1.2561.267
V2   9.283kN,
8.25
2.2561.267
V3   16.709kN,
8.25

7.2561.267
V4   53.841kN
8.25

Check : 61.267  9.28316.709  53.841 0

 7.652kNm
Moments: 120kN A
3.5 m

1.75 m
47.652kNm 13.615kN

27.3kN

13.615kN

45
Beam and Column moments:

47.6 27.4 29.9

29.9 D
B
47.6 75 27.4 57.3 29.9
47.6

166.8 96 104.7
75 57.3 29.9
187.8 96 143.2 104.7 74.8
47.6 119.2 166.8

119.2 187.8 143.2 74.8

46
Home work 25 kN A B
6m

3.5 m
50 kN C D

3.5 m
55 kN E F

4.5 m

G H

47
• Factor method.