ES 443

Architectural
Structures
ES 443:
Architectural
Structures

Engr. Ronnel Cesista Fabia

01/20/2025
Recall: Principles
Internal Reactions
Normal / Axial Force
Shear Force
Twisting Moment (Torque)
Bending Moment
Stiffness
 Principles of Stiffness
- is the ability of a component or an assembly of components to resist deformations when
subjected to actions.

• Stiffness:
𝑃 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐾= =
𝛿 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑃 𝐴𝐸
𝐾= = (Axial Stiffness)
𝛿 𝐿
𝑉 𝐴𝐺
𝐾= = (Shear Stiffness) Differential Value:
𝛿𝑉 𝐿 𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝑀
𝑇 𝐽𝐺 𝐾= = 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥
𝐾= = (Torsional Stiffness) 𝜃 𝐿 𝐸𝐼
𝜃 𝐿
𝑀𝐿 𝑑𝜃 𝑀 𝑀
𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝜃= = 𝑦′′ =
𝐾= = (Flexural Stiffness) 𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝜃 𝐿
Theorems on Area
 Static Moment of Area
• It is a measure of the spatial distribution of a shape in relation to an axis.

𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 First Moment of Area By Components:

a.) Summation Form 𝑄𝑥 = න 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 (along the

x axis)
𝑄 = Σ𝐴𝑟
𝑄𝑦 = න 𝑥 𝑑𝐴 (along the
b.) Integral Form y axis)

𝐴 𝑄 = න 𝑟 𝑑𝐴 Principles:
Σ𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑁𝐴 = Σ𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑁𝐴
𝑦
(Varignon’s
𝑄𝑇 = Σ𝑄𝑖
𝑟 Theorem)
𝑄𝑇𝑥 𝑄𝑇𝑥 (Centroid of
𝑥ҧ = , 𝑦ത =
𝐴𝑇 𝐴𝑇 the Area)
𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
 Area Moment of Inertia
• It is a measure of the ability of a member to resist bending.

𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 Second Moment of Area By Components:

a.) Summation Form 𝐼𝑥 = න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 (along the

x axis)
𝐼 = Σ𝐴𝑟 2
𝐼𝑦 = න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴 (along the
b.) Integral Form y axis)
𝐽 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐼𝑦
𝐴 𝐼= න 𝑟2 𝑑𝐴
𝑦 Principles:
Polar Moment of Inertia (Parallel Axis
𝐼𝑁𝐴 = Σ 𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2
𝑟 𝑖 Theorem)
𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑦 (Centroid of
𝑟𝑥 = ,𝑟 =
𝐴𝑇 𝑦 𝐴𝑇 Uniform I)
𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Center of Area
Centroidal Area Moment of Inertia
Center of Area
Centroidal Area Moment of Inertia
Examples
 Examples:
• Determine the Moment of Inertia of the Figure as shown below.
(a) 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 (b) 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎

𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎

𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎
 Examples:
• Determine the Moment of Inertia of the Figure as shown below.
(c) 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 (d) 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎

𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎

𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎
 Solution 1:
Locate the Center of Area of the Section:
(a) 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝑄𝑇 = Σ𝑄𝑖 (Varignon’s Theorem)

𝟏 The centroid is at the center (50 𝑚𝑚, 50 𝑚𝑚).

(The cross section is doubly symmetric)

𝟐 Moment of Inertia at the Neutral Axis:

𝐼𝑁𝐴 = Σ 𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 (Parallel Axis Theorem)
𝑖
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝑵𝑨 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑥 = 𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 − 𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2
1𝑥 2𝑥
1 3
1
𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑥 = 100 100 + 0 − 75 503 + 0
12 12
𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑥 = 7,552,083.333 𝑚𝑚4

𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 − 𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2

1𝑦 2𝑦
(𝟎, 𝟎) 1 1
𝒚 𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎 𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑦 = 100 1003 + 0 − 50 753 + 0
12 12
𝒙 𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑦 = 6,575,520.833 𝑚𝑚4
 Solution 1:
Locate the Center of Area of the Section:
(b) 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝑄𝑇 = Σ𝑄𝑖 (Varignon’s Theorem)
𝐴1 − 𝐴2 𝑥ҧ = 𝐴1 𝑥1 − 𝐴2 𝑥2
𝟏
𝑥ҧ = 23.333 𝑚𝑚, 𝑦ത = 50 𝑚𝑚 (singly symmetric)
𝟐
Moment of Inertia at the Neutral Axis:

𝒄𝒈𝟏 𝒄𝒈𝟐 𝐼𝑁𝐴 = Σ 𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 (Parallel Axis Theorem)

𝑖
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝑵𝑨 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑥 = 𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 − 𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2
1𝑥 2𝑥
1 3
1
𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑥 = 60 100 + 0 − 40 603 + 0
12 12
𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑥 = 4,280,000 𝑚𝑚4
1
𝐴1 = 6,000 𝑚𝑚2 𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑦 = 100 603 + 6000 30 − 23.333 2 −
(𝟎, 𝟎) 12
𝒚 𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝐴2 = 2,400 𝑚𝑚2 1
60 403 + 2400 40 − 23.333 2
𝑥1 = 30 𝑚𝑚 12
𝒙 𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑦 = 1,080,000 𝑚𝑚4
ഥ
𝒙 𝑥2 = 40 𝑚𝑚
 Solution 1:
Locate the Center of Area of the Section:
(c) 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝑄𝑇 = Σ𝑄𝑖 (Varignon’s Theorem)
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 𝑦ത = 𝐴1 𝑦1 + 𝐴2 𝑦2
𝟏 𝒄𝒈𝟏
𝑥ҧ = 100 𝑚𝑚, 𝑦ത = 120.456 𝑚𝑚 (singly symmetric)

𝟐 𝑵𝑨 Moment of Inertia at the Neutral Axis:

𝐼𝑁𝐴 = Σ 𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 (Parallel Axis Theorem)
𝑖
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 1
𝒄𝒈𝟐 𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑥 = 200 503 + 10000 175 − 120.456 2
12
ഥ
𝒚 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎 1
+ 80 1503 + 12000 75 − 120.456 2
12
𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑥 = 79,128,787.879 𝑚𝑚4

𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 + 𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2

1𝑦 2𝑦
(𝟎, 𝟎) 1 1
𝒚 𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑦 = 50 2003 + 0 + 150 803 + 0
12 12
𝐴1 = 10,000 𝑚𝑚2 𝑦1 = 175 𝑚𝑚
𝒙 𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑦 = 39,733,333.333 𝑚𝑚4
𝐴2 = 12,000 𝑚𝑚2 𝑦2 = 75 𝑚𝑚
 Solution 1:
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎 Locate the Center of Area of the Section:
(d) 𝑥ҧ = 100 𝑚𝑚, 𝑦ത = 100 𝑚𝑚 (Unsymmetric)
𝟏 𝒄𝒈𝟏
Moment of Inertia at the Neutral Axis:
𝟑 𝐼𝑁𝐴 = Σ 𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 (Parallel Axis Theorem)
𝑖
1
𝑵𝑨 𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑥 = 120 403 + 4800 180 − 100 2
12
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒎 1
+ 120 403 + 4800 20 − 100 2
12
𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎 1
+ 40 1203 + 0
12
𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑥 = 68,480,000 𝑚𝑚4
𝟐 𝒄𝒈𝟐
1
𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑥 = 40 1203 + 4800 140 − 100 2
12
(𝟎, 𝟎) 1
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎 + 40 1203 + 4800 60 − 100 2
12
𝒚 𝐴1 = 4,800 𝑚𝑚2 𝑥1 = 140 𝑚𝑚 𝑦1 = 180 𝑚𝑚 1
+ 120 403 + 0
𝐴2 = 4,800 𝑚𝑚2 𝑥2 = 60 𝑚𝑚 𝑦2 = 20 𝑚𝑚 12
𝒙
𝐴3 = 4,800 𝑚𝑚2 𝑥3 = 100 𝑚𝑚 𝑦3 = 100 𝑚𝑚 𝐼𝑁𝐴 𝑦 = 27,520,000 𝑚𝑚4
Shear and Moment
Diagram
Principles of Shear and Moment
• By Area Method
Δ𝑉 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
Δ𝑀 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

• By Integration Method
𝑤(𝑥) = 𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′′′ = 𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑥 (Load Equation)
𝑉(𝑥) = 𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′′ = 𝑑𝑀/𝑑𝑥 (Shear Equation)
𝑀(𝑥) = 𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = 𝑑𝜃/𝑑𝑥 (Moment Equation)
𝜃(𝑥) = 𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝛿/𝑑𝑥 (Slope Equation)
𝛿(𝑥) = 𝐸𝐼𝑦 (Deflection Equation)
 Patterns in Diagrams
• Increasing Degree

Load Diagram 𝑛

Shear Diagram 𝑛+1

Moment Diagram 𝑛+2

Slope Diagram 𝑛+3

Deflection Diagram 𝑛+4

Deflected Shape Pattern for Beam
Rotation
- rotation happens only on external and internal hinges.
Sign Convention for the Moment
Point of Inflection
- change in direction of bending moment from positive to negative and vice versa.

When the beam

deflection smiles.

When the beam

deflection became sad.
Typical Shear Distribution in a Frame

Note:
(a) Red Color means Negative
Shear
(b) Blue Color means Positive
Shear
(c) For uniformly distributed
load only
Typical Moment Distribution in a Frame

Note:
(a) Red Color means Negative
Moment
(b) Blue Color means Positive
Moment
(c) For uniformly distributed
load only

Σ𝑀𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = Σ𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
Factor/ Coefficient Method
NSCP 408.4.3: As an alternate to frame analysis, the following approximately moments and
shears shall be permitted to be used in design of continuous beams and one-way slab, provided:
1. There are two or more spans
2. Spans are approximately equal, with the larger of two adjacent clear spans not greater the shorter by
more than 20%
3. Loads are uniformly distributed
4. Unit Live Load does not exceed 3 times unit Dead Load
5. Members are prismatic

Continuous Compound Beam Numerical

𝒘𝒖𝟏 𝒘𝒖𝟐 𝒘𝒖𝟑 𝒘𝒖𝟒 Checking:

𝒍𝒏𝟐 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟐𝒍𝒏𝟑

𝒘𝑳𝑳 ≤ 𝟑𝒘𝑫𝑳

𝒍𝒏𝟏 𝒍𝒏𝟐 𝒍𝒏𝟑 𝒍𝒏𝟒

 Shear and Moment Coefficients
Moment Coefficients

Note:
𝒍𝒏 = clear span for positive
Shear Coefficients moment or shear and
average of adjacent clear
spans for negative moment
 Shear and Moment Coefficients
Terminologies

End Span Interior Span

Discontinuous
End Interior Exterior Interior
Face of Face of Face of
Exterior Interior Interior
Support Support Support

Exterior Interior Interior

Support Support Support
 Shear and Moment Coefficients
Ends Span
Unrestrained Support Unrestrained Support
𝟏
𝟏𝟏 𝟏
𝟏𝟒

𝟎
𝟏
−
𝟏𝟔

Spandrel Beam Support Others

𝟏 𝟏
𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒

𝟏 𝟏
− −
𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟐
 Shear and Moment Coefficients
First Interior Span
Two Span More than Two Span
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒐𝒓
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟔

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
− − − −
𝟗 𝟗 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏

Others
𝟏
𝟏𝟔

𝟏 𝟏
− −
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
 Shear and Moment Coefficients
Shear Coefficient

𝟏 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓
(For Two Span)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏
(For more than Two Span)
𝟐
Examples
 Examples no. 1:
• The continuous beam as shown is subjected to 8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 dead load and 20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 live load
and the two upper columns both receives a 200 𝑘𝑁 factored load. Determine the following:
(a) The Factored Positive Moment at Point G. (f) The Factored Negative Moment at Point D.
(b) The Factored Positive Moment at Point H. (g) The Factored Negative Moment at Point E.
(c) The Factored Positive Moment at Point I. (h) The Factored Shear at Point A.
(d) The Factored Negative Moment at Point A. (i) The Factored Axial Force at Column BC.
(e) The Factored Negative Moment at Point B. (j) The Factored Axial Force at Column DE.

𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒙 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒙 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒙 𝟑𝟓𝟎

𝑮 𝑯 𝑰

𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑫 𝑬 𝑭

𝟒. 𝟎 𝒎 𝟑. 𝟕 𝒎 𝟒. 𝟎 𝒎
 Solution no. 1:
• Solve for the unknowns: 𝒘𝑫𝑳 = 𝟖 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
𝑷𝒖 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝑷𝒖 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝒘𝑳𝑳 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

𝒘𝒖 𝒘𝒖 𝒘𝒖

𝑨 𝑮 𝑩 𝑪 𝑯 𝑫 𝑬 𝑰 𝑭

𝒍𝒏𝟏 𝒍𝒏𝟐 𝒍𝒏𝟑

Factored Uniformly Distributed Load: Clear Span:

𝒃𝟏 𝒃𝟐
𝒘𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟒 𝒘𝑫𝑳 𝒘𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒘𝑫𝑳 + 𝟏. 𝟔 𝒘𝑳𝑳 𝒍𝒏 = 𝑳 − − 𝒍𝒏 = 𝑳 − 𝒃𝒂𝒗𝒆
𝟐 𝟐
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 𝑤𝐷𝐿 + 1.6 𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝑤𝐷𝐿 < 8𝑤𝐿𝐿 0.2 0.35
𝑙𝑛1 = 4 − −
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 (8) + 1.6 (20) 2 2
𝑤𝑢 = 41.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑙𝑛1 = 3.725 𝑚 𝑙𝑛2 = 3.35 𝑚
𝑙𝑛3 = 3.65 𝑚
 Solution no. 1:
• Solve for the unknowns: 𝒘𝑫𝑳 = 𝟖 𝒌𝑵/𝒎
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝒘𝑳𝑳 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

𝟒𝟏. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 𝟒𝟏. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 𝟒𝟏. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

𝑨 𝑮 𝑩 𝑪 𝑯 𝑫 𝑬 𝑰 𝑭

𝟑. 𝟕𝟐𝟓 𝒎 𝟑. 𝟑𝟓 𝒎 𝟑. 𝟔𝟓 𝒎

Check the Parameters:

Two or More Span 𝒍𝒏𝟏 ≤ 𝟏. 𝟐𝒍𝒏𝟐 𝒘𝑳𝑳 ≤ 𝟑 𝒘𝑫𝑳

Uniformly Distributed Load 3.725 ≤ 1.2(3.35) 20 ≤ 3(8)

Members are Prismatic 3.725 < 4.2 20 < 24

 Solution no. 1:
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵

𝟒𝟏. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 𝟒𝟏. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 𝟒𝟏. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

𝑨 𝑮 𝑩 𝑪 𝑯 𝑫 𝑬 𝑰 𝑭

𝟑. 𝟕𝟐𝟓 𝒎 𝟑. 𝟑𝟓 𝒎 𝟑. 𝟔𝟓 𝒎

(a) Factored Positive Moment at Point G (b) Factored Positive Moment at Point H (c) Factored Positive Moment at Point I
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑴𝒖𝑮 = 𝒘𝒖 𝒍𝟐𝒏𝟏 𝑴𝒖𝑯 = 𝒘𝒖 𝒍𝟐𝒏𝟐 𝑴𝒖𝑰 = 𝒘𝒖 𝒍𝟐𝒏𝟑
𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟏
1 2
1 2
1 2
𝑀𝑢𝐺 = 41.6 3.725 𝑀𝑢𝐻 = 41.6 3.35 𝑀𝑢𝐼 = 41.6 3.65
14 16 11
𝑀𝑢𝐺 = 41.230 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑀𝑢𝐻 = 29.179 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑀𝑢𝐼 = 50.383 𝑘𝑁𝑚
 Solution no. 1:
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵

𝟒𝟏. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 𝟒𝟏. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 𝟒𝟏. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

𝑨 𝑮 𝑩 𝑪 𝑯 𝑫 𝑬 𝑰 𝑭

𝟑. 𝟕𝟐𝟓 𝒎 𝟑. 𝟑𝟓 𝒎 𝟑. 𝟔𝟓 𝒎

(d) Factored Negative Moment at Point A (e) Factored Negative Moment at Point B (f) Factored Negative Moment at Point D
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑴𝒖𝑨 = − 𝒘𝒖 𝒍𝟐𝒏𝟏 𝑴𝒖𝑩 = − 𝒘𝒖 𝒍𝟐𝒏(𝒂𝒗𝒆) 𝑴𝒖𝑫 = − 𝒘𝒖 𝒍𝟐𝒏(𝒂𝒗𝒆)
𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟏
2 2
1 2
1 3.725 + 3.35 1 3.35 + 3.65
𝑀𝑢𝐴 = − 41.6 3.725 𝑀𝑢𝐵 = − 41.6 𝑀𝑢𝐷 = − 41.6
24 10 2 11 2
𝑀𝑢𝐴 = −24.051 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑀𝑢𝐵 = −52.058 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑀𝑢𝐷 = −46.327 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Solution no. 1:
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵

𝟒𝟏. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 𝟒𝟏. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 𝟒𝟏. 𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

𝑨 𝑮 𝑩 𝑪 𝑯 𝑫 𝑬 𝑰 𝑭

𝟑. 𝟕𝟐𝟓 𝒎 𝟑. 𝟑𝟓 𝒎 𝟑. 𝟔𝟓 𝒎

(g) Factored Negative Moment at Point E (h) Factored Shear at Point A

𝟏 𝟏
𝑴𝒖𝑬 = − 𝒘𝒖 𝒍𝟐𝒏(𝒂𝒗𝒆) 𝑽𝒖𝑨 = 𝒘𝒖 𝒍𝒏𝟏
𝟏𝟎 𝟐
2
1 3.35 + 3.65 1
𝑀𝑢𝐸 = − 41.6 𝑉𝑢𝐴 = 41.6 (3.725)
10 2 2
𝑀𝑢𝐸 = −50.960 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑉𝑢𝐴 = 77.480 𝑘𝑁
 Solution no. 1:
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵

𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓
𝒘𝒖 𝒍𝒏𝟏 𝒘 𝒍 𝒘 𝒍 𝒘𝒖 𝒍𝒏𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝒖 𝒏𝟐 𝟐 𝒖 𝒏𝟐 𝟐
𝑩 𝑪 𝑫 𝑬

(i) Factored Axial Force at Column BC (i) Factored Axial Force at Column DE
𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓
𝑷𝒖(𝑩𝑪) = 𝑷𝒖 + 𝒘𝒖 𝒍𝒏𝟏 + 𝒘𝒖 𝒍𝒏𝟐 𝑷𝒖(𝑫𝑬) = 𝑷𝒖 + 𝒘𝒖 𝒍𝒏𝟐 + 𝒘𝒖 𝒍𝒏𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
1.15 1 1 1.15
𝑃𝑢(𝐵𝐶) = 200 + 41.6 3.725 + 41.6 3.35 𝑃𝑢(𝐷𝐸) = 200 + 41.6 3.35 + 41.6 3.65
2 2 2 2
𝑃𝑢(𝐵𝐶) = 358.782 𝑘𝑁 𝑃𝑢(𝐷𝐸) = 356.988 𝑘𝑁
Weight Distribution
of Slab
 One-Way Slab Distribution
𝒔 (𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏)
Aspect Ratio: 𝒎= 𝒎 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟓 (One Way)
𝑳 (𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏)

Floor Load per unit Area:

𝒒𝒖 (𝑘𝑃𝑎) 𝒒𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟒 𝒒𝑫𝑳
𝒒𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒒𝑫𝑳 + 𝟏. 𝟔 𝒒𝑳𝑳

𝟏
𝒔
𝟐

𝑳
Floor Unit Load:
𝒘𝒖 (𝑘𝑁/𝑚)
𝟏
𝒘𝒖 = 𝒒𝒖 ∙ 𝒔
𝟐
𝑳
 Two-Way Slab Distribution
𝒔 (𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏)
Aspect Ratio: 𝒎= 𝒎 > 𝟎. 𝟓 (Two Way)
𝑳 (𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏)
𝟏 Floor Load per unit Area:
𝒘𝒖 ′ = 𝒒𝒖 ∙ 𝒔
𝒒𝒖 (𝑘𝑃𝑎) 𝟐
𝒒𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟒 𝒒𝑫𝑳
𝒒𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒒𝑫𝑳 + 𝟏. 𝟔 𝒒𝑳𝑳
𝒔
𝒔

𝟏
𝒔 𝒘𝒖 (𝑘𝑁/𝑚) Floor Unit Load:
𝟐
𝟒𝟓° 𝟏
𝒘𝒖 = 𝒒𝒖 ∙ 𝒔
𝒔 𝟑
𝑳
𝟏
𝒘𝒖 ′ = 𝒒𝒖 ∙ 𝒔 Floor Unit Load:
𝟐 𝒘𝒖 (𝑘𝑁/𝑚)
𝟑 − 𝒎𝟐
𝒘𝒖 = 𝒒𝒖 ∙ 𝒔
𝟔
𝑳 𝑳
Shear and Moment in
Reinforced Concrete
 Shear and Moment
• Shear force and bending moment diagrams are analytical tools used in conjunction with structural
analysis to help perform structural design by determining the value of shear forces and bending
moments at a given point of a structural element such as a beam.

𝑴𝒖 𝑽𝒖

𝑪𝒄
𝑽𝒄 + 𝑽𝒔

Actual Loads at a Point Capacity of the Material to Resist Loads

𝑻
Stress
 Average Stresses
• It is a measure of how much force an object experiences per unit area
Common Stress Values for Reinforced Concrete
𝑃 = 𝐴𝑓
Tensile Internal Force
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 𝜋 2
𝑻 = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔 𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐
≤ 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑁 ∙ 𝑑
4 𝑏

Compressive Internal Force

𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 𝜋 2
𝑪𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔 ′𝒇𝒔 ′ 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 600 ≤ 𝑓𝑦 ′ 𝐴𝑠 ′ = 𝑁 ∙ 𝑑
4 𝑏
𝑐

𝑪𝒄 = 𝑨𝒄 𝒇𝒄 𝑓𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏

Shear Internal Force

(Direct Stress/ Average Stress) 𝑑 𝜋 2
𝑽𝒔 = 𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒗𝒔 𝑓𝑣𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑠
(sin 𝛼 + cos 𝛼) 𝐴𝑣 = 𝑁 ∙ 𝑑
4 𝑏
𝑃 1
𝑓= 𝑽𝒄 = 𝑨𝒘 𝒇𝒗𝒄 𝑓𝑣𝑐 = 𝜆 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴𝑤 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝐴 6
Strain
Yielding Strength

where:
𝑓𝑦 → Yield Stress
𝑓𝑢 → Ultimate Stress

note:
1 𝑘𝑠𝑖 ≈ 6.9 MPa
 Brittle vs Ductile 1 – Initial Modulus
2 – Young’s Modulus
Brittle Material 3 – Proportional Limit
𝑓 (stress)
does not Yield 4 – Elastic Limit
𝐷𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 8 5 – Yield Strength (fy)
6 6 – Ultimate Strength (fu)
7 – Nominal Rupture Strength
4 5 7
8 – True Rupture Strength
3
𝐷 𝐴 – Elastic Region
2 𝐶
𝐵 𝐵 – Plastic Region
𝐴
1 𝐶 – Strain Hardening Region
𝜀 (strain) 𝐷 – Necking Region
∆𝑓
𝐸= (Hooke’s Law)
∆𝜀
 Brittle Material

• They exhibit sharp reductions of

strength and stiffness after
reaching the maximum
resistance.

• For Concrete, the higher the

grade, the lower is the inelastic
deformation capacity.

• The ductility of concrete and

masonry is about 𝟏. 𝟓 – 𝟐. 𝟎
 Ductile Material

• Mild steel has average values of

material ductility of 𝟏𝟓 – 𝟐𝟎 if
ultimate strains 𝜀𝑢 are limited to
the incipient strain hardening.

• Metal alloys, such as aluminum

and stainless steels, exhibit
values of material ductility as
high as 𝟕𝟎 − 𝟖𝟎.
 Stress and Strain
Diagram of Concrete
Concrete Stress – Strain Diagram
Normal Weight Concrete Light Weight Concrete
Introduction
 Reinforced and
Prestressed Concrete
Structures
 Basic Load
Combinations
NSCP 2015: Chapter
2
 Load Combinations
LRFD or USD ASD or WSD
203.3 Load Combination using Strength Design or 203.4 Load Combination using Allowable Stress or
Load and Resistance Factor Design Allowable Strength Design

203.3.1 Basic Load Combinations 203.4.1 Basic Load Combinations

Where strength design or load and resistance factor design Where allowable stress or allowable strength design is
is used, structures and all portions thereof shall resist the used, structures and all portions thereof shall resist the
most critical effects from the following combinations of most critical effects from the following combinations of
factored loads: factored loads:

1.4(𝐷 + 𝐹) (203-1) 𝐷+𝐹 (203-8)

1.2 𝐷 + 𝐹 + 𝑇 + 1.6(𝐿 + 𝐻) + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) (203-2) 𝐷+𝐻+𝐹+𝐿+𝑇 (203-2)
1.2𝐷 + 1.6(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) + (𝑓1 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 0.5𝑊) (203-3) 𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + 𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅 (203-3)
1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 𝑓1 𝐿 + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅) (203-4) 𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + 0.75[𝐿 + 𝑇 𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑇 ] (203-4)
1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 𝑓1 𝐿 (203-5) 𝐸
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + 0.60𝑊 𝑜𝑟 1⋅4 (203-5)
0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 1.6𝐻 (203-6)
0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 1.6𝐻 (203-7)
Load Combinations
where: Note:
𝐷 dead load 𝑓1 = 1.0
𝐹 fluid load (for L in public
assembly and garage
𝑇 temperature and shrinkage load and for 𝐿 > 4.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎)
𝐻 soil load
𝑓1 = 0.5
𝐿 live load
(others)
𝐿𝑟 roof live load
𝑅 rain load
𝑊 wind load
𝐸 earthquake load
 Structural Loads
NSCP 2015: Chapter
2
Common Structural Loads
 Vertical Loads
(Gravity Loads)
Vertical Loads (Gravity Loads)
 Dead Load (Gravity Loads)

• Dead loads are permanent or stationary

loads which are transferred to structure
throughout the life span.
• Dead load is primarily due to self-weight
of structural members, permanent
partition walls, fixed permanent
equipment and weight of different
materials.
• It majorly consists of the weight of the
roofs, beams, walls, columns, etc. which
are otherwise termed as the permanent
parts of the building.
Minimum Dead Load Properties (kN/m3)
Minimum Dead Load Properties (kN/m3)
Minimum Design Dead Load (kPa)
Minimum Design Dead Load (kPa)
Superimposed Dead Load
 Live Load (Gravity/Moving Loads)

• Live loads are either movable or moving

loads without any acceleration or impact.
• These loads are assumed to be produced
by the intended use or occupancy of the
building including weights of movable
partitions or furniture etc.
• Live loads keep on changing from time
to time. These loads are to be suitably
assumed by the Designer. It is one of the
major loads in the Design.
Minimum Design Live Load (kPa)
Minimum Design Live Load (kPa)
Minimum Design Live Load (kPa)
Minimum Design Live Load (kPa)
Minimum Design Live Load (kPa)
Reduction of Live Load
Alternate Reduction of Live Load
Limitations of Reduction of Live Load
Limits:
0.5𝐿0 ≤ 𝐿 ≤ 𝐿0 for members receiving load
from one level only
0.4𝐿0 ≤ 𝐿 ≤ 𝐿0 Others

Influence Area (AI)

𝐴𝐼 ≥ 40.00 𝑚2 Limitation
𝐴𝐼 = 4𝐴𝑡 for Column
𝐴𝐼 = 2𝐴𝑡 for Beam
𝐴𝐼 = 𝐴𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 for Two – way Slab
𝐴𝐼 = 𝐿𝑏𝑓 for Pre – cast T Beam
Influence Area
Limitations on Impact of Live Load

Live Load Impact Factor

15
𝐼𝐹 = ≤ 0.3 Impact Live Load
𝐿+37
Live Load Impact Design
𝐿 = 𝐿0 (1 + 𝐼𝐹) Effect of Impact Live Load
Lateral Loads
Lateral Loads
 Concrete
Properties
 Concrete Properties
Modulus of Elasticity
- concrete's elastic modulus ranges from 30 to 50 GPa in general.
𝐸𝑐 = 0.043𝜌𝑐1.5 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐸𝑐 = 33𝜌𝑐1.5 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑝𝑠𝑖 (lightweight concrete, 1440 − 2560 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )

𝐸𝑐 = 4,700 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐸𝑐 = 57,000 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑝𝑠𝑖 (normal weight concrete)

Modulus of Rupture (Maximum Tensile Bending Stress of Plain Concrete)

- shows the force resisted by the concrete section when it is subjected to the bending tensile load.
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓𝑟 = 7.5𝜆 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑝𝑠𝑖 where:
𝑓𝑐𝑡 = average splitting tensile
𝑓𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.62𝜆(1.8𝑓𝑐𝑡 ) 𝑀𝑃𝑎 strength of the concrete
Compressive Strength of Concrete with respect to Time
- the ability of the concrete to resist the direct pressure of applied compression force.
𝑡 𝑛
′ ′
𝑓𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑓𝑐 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
4 + 0.85𝑡 𝑀 = ෍(𝑇𝑖 − 10)(𝑡𝑖 ) Maturity of Concrete
𝑖=1
 Concrete Properties
Modification Factor
𝜆 = 0.75 (lightweight concrete)
𝜆 = 0.85 (sand lightweight concrete)
𝜆 = 1.0 (normal-weight concrete)

Poisson’s Ratio:
𝜇𝑐 = 0.1 − 0.2

Creep and Shrinkage

- the effect due to which concrete undergoes continuous deformation under sustained loading applied
for a considerable time.
Time Dependent Factor: 409.6.2.5 Steel Ratio of Compression Bars:
𝜉 𝜉 = 2.0 (5 years or more) ′
(a) For simple and continuous
′
𝜆 = ′
𝐴 𝑠 beam, consider the midspan
1 + 50𝜌′ 𝜉 = 1.4 (12 months) 𝜌 =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (b) For cantilever and fixed
𝜉 = 1.2 (6 months) beam, consider at the support
𝜉 = 1.0 (3 months)
Reinforcing Steel
Bars
Reinforcing Bar Minimum Strength
Reinforcing Bar Actual Diameter
Reinforcing Bar Markings
Reinforcing Bar Markings
Reinforcing Bar Markings
Reinforcing Bar Stress – Strain Diagram
Basic Structural
Systems
 Structural Systems

NSCP 208.4.6
• Bearing Wall System
• Building Frame System
• Moment-Resisting Frame System
• Dual System
• Cantilevered Column System
• Undefined Structural System
• Non-building Structural System
 Bearing Wall System

• A structural system without

complete vertical load-
carrying space frame.
Bearing walls or bracing
systems provide support for
all or most of gravity load.
Resistance to lateral is
provided by shear walls or
braced frames.
 Building Frame System

• A structural system with an

essentially complete space
frame providing support for
gravity loads. Resistance to
lateral is provided by shear
walls or braced frames.
 Moment Resisting Frame System

• A structural system with an

essentially complete space
frame providing support for
gravity loads. Moment-
resisting frames provide
resistance to lateral load
primarily by flexural action
of members.
 Dual System

• An essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity

loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced
frames and moment-resisting frame (SMRF, IMRF, MMRWF, or steel
OMRF).
The moment-resisting frames shall be designed to independently
resist at least 25 percent of the design base shear. The two systems shall
be designed to resist the total design base shear in proportion to their
relative rigidities considering the interaction of dual system at all levels.
Dual System
Primary Structural
Components
 Structural Components
Primary Beams

Columns
Shear Wall

Slabs
 Primary (Main) vs Secondary
(Intermediate) Beams
Structural Framing
 Structural Framing

Application of Strong and Weak Axis in a Frame

Limits in Structural
Dimensions
 Beam

Minimum Dimension
Support Condition Minimum h

200 𝑚𝑚 𝑙𝑛
Simply Supported 𝑢𝑣
16
𝑙𝑛
One End Continuous 𝑢𝑣
18.5
𝑙𝑛
Two End Continuous 𝑢𝑣
21
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑛
Cantilever 𝑢𝑣
8
𝑓𝑦
𝑢 = 0.4 + (for any values of 𝑓𝑦 )
700
𝑣 = 1.65 − 0.0003𝜌𝑐 ≥ 1.09 (for lightweight concrete)
𝑣 = 1.0 (others)
 Minimum Dimension
Given the beam AB as shown, determine the minimum depth.

Lightweight Concrete
200 𝑚𝑚
𝑨 𝑩

𝟒. 𝟎 𝒎 𝟑. 𝟖 𝒎

ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑙𝑛
𝑢𝑣 (for One End Continuous)
18.5
𝑙𝑛 𝑓𝑦
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.4 + 1.65 − 0.0003𝜌𝑐
18.5 700
4,000 275
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.4 + 1.65 − 0.0003(1800)
𝑓𝑦 = 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎 18.5 700

𝜌𝑐 = 1,800 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 190.286 𝑚𝑚

Basic Reinforcement
Detailing
 Beam

Beam Typical Reinforcement

@ Support @ Midspan
Beam
Minimum Clear Spacing, 𝒔
𝒄𝒄 𝑠(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 25 𝑚𝑚
𝑠(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 𝑑𝑏
4
𝑠(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔
3

Minimum Concrete Cover, 𝒄𝒄

𝑐𝑐 (𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 40 𝑚𝑚 (for Interior Beam and
Exterior Beam with 𝑑𝑏
𝒔 𝒔 = 16 𝑚𝑚)

𝑐𝑐 (𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 50 𝑚𝑚 (for Exterior Beam with

𝒄𝒄 𝑑𝑏 > 16 𝑚𝑚)

𝒄𝒄
𝑐𝑐 (𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 75 𝑚𝑚 (for exposed to earth)
Beam

Typical Cranked Rebar Details

@ Midspan
 Beam
Beam Typical Reinforcement

@ Support @ Midspan

Spacer Bar must be ≥ 25𝑚𝑚 𝜙 @ 1 𝑚 o.c.

Flexure in Beams
WSD
 NSCP Code: WSD
Design Condition
(a) Over Reinforced (𝑀𝑐 < 𝑀𝑠 : concrete fails first)
(b) Balanced Condition (𝑀𝑐 = 𝑀𝑠 : concrete and steel fails simultaneously)
(c) Under Reinforced (𝑀𝑐 > 𝑀𝑠 : steel fails first)
Allowable Stress Modular Ratio
(a) Horizontal Members 𝐸
𝑛 = 𝐸𝑠 ≥ 6 (for Tension Side)
𝑐
- Concrete 2𝐸𝑠
2𝑛 = ≥6 (for Compression Side)
𝑓𝑐 = 0.45 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐸𝑐
𝑛 ≈ 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
- Steel
𝑓𝑠 = 0.50 𝑓𝑦 for slab, 𝑑𝑏 ≤ 10 𝑚𝑚, 𝑓𝑦 ≤ 200 𝑀𝑃𝑎 Moment Resistant Coefficient
𝑓𝑠 = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 for 𝑓𝑦 = 280 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (Grade 40) 1 (For Rectangular
𝑅 = 𝑓𝑐 𝑘𝑗
2 Cross Section)
𝑓𝑠 = 170 𝑀𝑃𝑎 for 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (Grade 60)
(b) Vertical Members Factor k and j
𝑛 𝑓𝑠 𝑘
- Concrete - Steel 𝑘= ; 𝑟= 𝑗 = 1−
𝑛+𝑟 𝑓𝑐 3
𝑓𝑐 = 0.25 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑓𝑠 = 0.40 𝑓𝑦
 NSCP Code: WSD
Cracking Moment of Concrete Immediate/ Short Term Deflection
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑦𝑡 ; 𝑦𝑡 = distance from extreme 5𝑤𝐿4
𝑓𝑟 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡 = (for simple beam only)
𝐼𝑔 tension fiber of concrete to NA. 384 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑒

Maximum Moment due to Applied Loads Additional Deflection due to Sustained Loads
1 2 ; 𝑤 = unfactored load 𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 𝜆′𝛿𝑠𝑢𝑠
𝑀𝑎 = 𝑤𝐿
8 (for simple beam only) 𝛿𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑤𝐷𝐿 + % 𝑤𝐿𝐿
=
Cracked Moment of Inertia 𝛿𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝐷𝐿 + 𝑤𝐿𝐿

𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 𝐼𝑇 (𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) Total/ Long Term Deflection

Gross Moment of Inertia 𝛿𝑡 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡 + 𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑑
𝐼𝑔 = 𝐼𝑁𝐴 (neglect reinforcement)
Effective Moment of Inertia
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 (if 𝑀𝑎 < 𝑀𝑐𝑟 ; no crack) Note: For Continuous Members

𝑀𝑐𝑟
3
𝑀𝑐𝑟
3 1
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − Icr ≤ Ig (if 𝑀𝑎 > 𝑀𝑐𝑟 ; with crack) 𝐼𝑒 = (𝐼𝑒− + 𝐼𝑒+ )
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎 2
 NSCP Code: WSD
Deflection
In addition to being safe, the structure must be serviceable. A serviceable structure is
one that performs satisfactorily, not causing any discomfort or perceptions of unsafety for the
occupants or users of the structure.
Deflection is a serviceability limit state, not one of the strength, so deflections should
be computed with service loads.

Deflection Limits/ Allowable Deflections

A B
𝜹

𝑳
 Singly Reinforced Beam (WSD)
𝒇𝒄
𝟏
𝒌𝒅
𝟑 𝑪𝒄
𝒌𝒅 𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒄
𝒅
𝑵𝑨 𝒋𝒅
𝒅 − 𝒌𝒅
𝒏𝑨𝒔 (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑨𝒔
𝑻
𝒇𝒔 /𝒏
Transformed
Gross Section Stress Diagram Force Diagram Cracked Section Transformed Uncracked Section

Analysis Design Stress from Stress Diagram

1.) Solve 𝑘𝑑 (σ 𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑁𝐴 = σ 𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑁𝐴 ) 1.) Solve 𝑀 (σ 𝑀 = 0) 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑠 /𝑛
𝑛 𝑓 =
2.) Solve 𝐼𝑇 (IT = σ(𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 )) 2.) Solve 𝑘, 𝑗 (𝑘 = 𝑛+𝑟 ; 𝑟 = 𝑓𝑠 ) 𝑘𝑑 𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑
𝑐
3.) Solve 𝑀 (𝑓𝑏 = 𝑀𝑐/𝐼𝑇 ) 3.) Solve 𝐴𝑠 (𝑀 = 𝑇(𝑗𝑑)) 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑠 /𝑛 𝑛
= 𝑘=
𝐸𝑠 𝑘 1−𝑘 𝑛 + 𝑓𝑠 /𝑓𝑐
Note: 𝐼𝑐𝑔 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙) ≈ 0 Note: 𝑛 = ≥6
𝐸𝑐
 Singly Reinforced Beam (WSD)
𝒇𝒄
𝟏
𝒌𝒅
𝟑 𝑪𝒄
𝒌𝒅 𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒄
𝒅
𝑵𝑨 𝒋𝒅
𝒅 − 𝒌𝒅
𝒏𝑨𝒔 (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑨𝒔
𝑻
𝒇𝒔 /𝒏
Transformed
Gross Section Stress Diagram Force Diagram Cracked Section Transformed Uncracked Section

Strength Moment Capacity

1 For Rectangular 𝑀𝑐 (𝑘𝑑) Moment Capacity
𝐶𝑐 = 𝐴𝑐 (𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑁𝐴) 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑀𝑐 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑗𝑑)
2 Beam 𝐼𝑇 based on Concrete
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 General 𝑓𝑠 𝑀𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑) Moment Capacity
= 𝑀𝑠 = 𝑇(𝑗𝑑)
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 Tensile Strength of 𝑛 𝐼𝑇 based on Steel
Steel
 Doubly Reinforced Beam (WSD)
𝒇𝒄
𝟏
𝒅′ 𝒌𝒅 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 𝑨𝒔 ′ 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 𝑨𝒔 ′
𝒌𝒅 𝒇′𝒔 𝟑 𝑪𝒄
𝟐𝒏 𝑪𝒔
𝒅 𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒄
𝑵𝑨 𝒋𝒅
𝒅 − 𝒌𝒅
𝒏𝑨𝒔 (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑨𝒔
𝑻
𝒇𝒔 /𝒏
Transformed
Gross Section Stress Diagram Force Diagram Cracked Section Transformed Uncracked Section

Analysis Design Stress from Stress Diagram

1.) Solve 𝑘𝑑 (σ 𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑁𝐴 = σ 𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑁𝐴 ) 1.) Solve 𝑀 (σ 𝑀 = 0) 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑠 /𝑛 𝑓𝑠′ /2𝑛
𝑛 𝑓 = =
2.) Solve 𝐼𝑇 (IT = σ(𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 )) 2.) Solve 𝑘, 𝑗 (𝑘 = 𝑛+𝑟 ; 𝑟 = 𝑓𝑠 ) 𝑘𝑑 𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑 𝑘𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝑐
3.) Solve 𝑀 (𝑓𝑏 = 𝑀𝑐/𝐼𝑇 ) 3.) Solve 𝐴𝑠 (𝑓𝑏 = 𝑀𝑐/𝐼𝑇 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑠 /𝑛 𝑛
= 𝑘=
𝐸𝑠 𝑘 1−𝑘 𝑛 + 𝑓𝑠 /𝑓𝑐
Note: 𝐼𝑐𝑔 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙) ≈ 0 Note: 𝑛 = ≥6
𝐸𝑐
 Doubly Reinforced Beam (WSD)
𝒇𝒄
𝟏
𝒅′ 𝒌𝒅 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 𝑨𝒔 ′ 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 𝑨𝒔 ′
𝒌𝒅 𝒇′𝒔 𝟑 𝑪𝒄
𝟐𝒏 𝑪𝒔
𝒅 𝑨𝒄 𝑨𝒄
𝑵𝑨 𝒋𝒅
𝒅 − 𝒌𝒅
𝒏𝑨𝒔 (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑨𝒔
𝑻
𝒇𝒔 /𝒏
Transformed
Gross Section Stress Diagram Force Diagram Cracked Section Transformed Uncracked Section

Strength Moment Capacity

Compressive 𝑀𝑐 (𝑘𝑑) 𝑓𝑠 𝑀𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑) 𝑓𝑠′ 𝑀𝑠 ′(𝑘𝑑 − 𝑑′)
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
Strength of Concrete 𝑓𝑐 = = =
𝐼𝑇 𝑛 𝐼𝑇 2𝑛 𝐼𝑇
Compressive
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 ′𝑓𝑠 ′
Strength of Steel Moment Capacity Moment Capacity Moment Capacity
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 Tensile Strength of based on Concrete based on Steel based on Steel
Steel in Tension in Compression
Flexure in Beams
USD
 NSCP Code: USD
Design Condition Strength Reduction Factor
(a) Over Reinforced (𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 : concrete fails first) 𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦
𝜙 = 0.65 + 0.25
(b) Balanced Condition (𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 : concrete and steel fails simultaneously) 1,000 − 𝑓𝑦
(c) Under Reinforced (𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦 : steel fails first)
1,000 → 0.90
Classification of Section 𝑓𝑠 → 𝜙
(a) Tension Controlled (𝑓𝑠 ≥ 1,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎) 𝑓𝑦 → 0.65
𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005 𝑓𝑐 3 𝑑
3 𝜌 ≤ 𝛽1 ∙ ∙
𝑐 ≤ 𝑑𝑡 𝑓𝑦 8 𝑑𝑡
8
(b) Transition Region (𝑓𝑦 < 𝑓𝑠 < 1,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
𝜀𝑦 < 𝜀𝑡 < 0.005
3 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 > 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑡
𝑐𝑏𝑎𝑙 > 𝑐 > 𝑑𝑡
8
(c) Compression Controlled (𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝑓𝑦 )
𝜀𝑡 ≤ 𝜀𝑦 𝜌 ≥ 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝒇𝒚 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝑐 ≥ 𝑐𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑐 600 𝑑
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 𝛽1 ∙ ∙
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝟑/𝟕 𝟑/𝟖
 NSCP Code: USD
Strain Depth of Compression Block
(a) Concrete 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝜀𝑐 = 0.003
Distance between NA and extreme
(b) Steel compression fiber
𝜀𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠 /𝐸𝑠 600
𝑐𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 600+𝑓 𝑑𝑡 (for 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 )
𝑦
𝜀𝑠 ≥ 0.004 (for Non-prestressed with 𝑃𝑢 < 0.10𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑔 )
3
𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7 𝑑𝑡 (for Analysis)
𝜀𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦 /𝐸𝑠 (for Deformed Reinforcements)
3
𝜀𝑦 = 0.002 (for Prestressed Reinforcement and Grade 280) 𝑐𝑡 = 8 𝑑𝑡 (for Design)

Stress Whitney’s Constant

(a) Concrete 0.05 ′
β1 = 0.85 − 𝑓𝑐 − 28
𝑓𝑐 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑓𝑐 ′𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 17 𝑀𝑃𝑎 7
28 → 0.85
(b) Steel
𝑓𝑐 ′ → β1
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 (for 𝑓𝑠 ≥ 𝑓𝑦 ; steel yields) 56 → 0.65
𝑑𝑡 −𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐
(for 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 ; steel does not yield) Note: for fc′ = 55 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → β1 = 0.65
 NSCP Code: USD Minimum Steel Area
Steel Ratio 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑤 𝑑𝑡 (two-way)
(a) Tension Steel Ratio 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑤 ℎ (one-way)
𝜌 = 𝐴𝑠 /𝑏𝑑𝑡 (for Rectangular Beam) Maximum Steel Area
(b) Minimum Steel Ratio 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ 0.0014 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑𝑡 (rectangular)
𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑓
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (for 𝑓𝑐′ ≥ 31.36 𝑀𝑃𝑎; two-way bending) 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑐 𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (general)
4𝑓𝑦 𝑦
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (for 𝑓𝑐′ < 31.36 𝑀𝑃𝑎; two-way bending)
𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑠𝑡−3/8 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥−3/7
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.002 (for 𝑓𝑦 < 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎; one-way bending)
Designed Steel Area
420
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 (for 𝑓𝑦 ≥ 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎; one-way bending) 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 (𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑠 < 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝐴𝑠 < 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
(c) Maximum Steel Ratio
𝑓 3 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑠 ′ (𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝐴𝑠 )
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑐 𝛽1 ∙ 7 ∙ 𝑑 (for Analysis)
𝑦 𝑡 (for Rectangular Tension Reinforcement Index:
𝑓𝑐 3 𝑑 Beam)
𝜌𝑡 = 𝛽 ∙ ∙ (for Design) 𝜔 = 𝜌𝑓𝑦 /𝑓𝑐 ′ (for Rectangular
𝑓𝑦 1 8 𝑑𝑡
Beam)
(c) Balanced Steel Ratio Moment Resistance Coefficient:
𝑓𝑐 600 𝑑 (for Rectangular ′
10 (for Rectangular
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 𝛽1 ∙ ∙ 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓𝑐 𝜔 1 − 𝜔
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑡 Beam) 17 Beam)
Strength Reduction Factor
 Singly Reinforced Beam (USD)
𝜺𝒄 𝒇𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′

𝑨𝒄 ഥ
𝒚
𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝒂
𝒄 𝑪𝒄
𝒅𝒕 𝒅
𝑵𝑨
ഥ
𝒅−𝒚
𝑴𝑵
𝒅𝒕 − 𝒄 𝑨𝒔
𝑻
𝜺𝒔 𝒇𝒔 𝒇𝒔

Gross Section Strain Diagram Stress Diagram Force Diagram Area under Stress

Analysis Design
1.) Check if doubly (𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) 1.) Solve 𝑀𝑢 (σ 𝑀 = 0)
2.) Solve 𝑎 and 𝑐 (Σ𝐹ℎ = 0; 𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇; assume 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 ) 2.) Check if doubly (𝑐 > 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑦))
ത
3.) Solve 𝑓𝑠 (𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝑓𝑦 ) 3.) Solve 𝐴𝑠 (Σ𝐹ℎ = 0; As ≥ As min )
4.) Solve 𝑀𝑢 (Σ𝑀 = 0; 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇(𝑑 − 𝑦))
ത
 Singly Reinforced Beam (USD)
𝜺𝒄 𝒇𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′

𝑨𝒄 ഥ
𝒚
𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝒂
𝒄 𝑪𝒄
𝒅𝒕 𝒅
𝑵𝑨
ഥ
𝒅−𝒚
𝑴𝑵
𝒅𝒕 − 𝒄 𝑨𝒔
𝑻
𝜺𝒔 𝒇𝒔 𝒇𝒔

Gross Section Strain Diagram Stress Diagram Force Diagram Area under Stress

Strength Nominal Moment Strain from Strain Diagram

𝐶𝑐 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐 (Compressive Strength) 𝑀𝑛 = (𝐶𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑇)(𝑑 − 𝑦)
ത 𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑠
=
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (Tensile Strength) 𝑐 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
Factored Moment
600 𝑓𝑠
𝑀𝑢𝑑 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛 =
𝑐 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
 Doubly Reinforced Beam (USD)
𝜺𝒄 𝒇𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′

𝒅′ 𝑨𝒔 ′ ഥ
𝒚
𝜺𝒔 ′ 𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝒂 𝑪𝒔
𝒄 𝑪𝒄
𝑨𝒄
𝒅𝒕 𝒅 ഥ
𝒅−𝒚 𝒅 − 𝒅′
𝑵𝑨
𝑴𝑵 𝟏 𝑴𝑵 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 − 𝒄 𝑨𝒔
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝜺𝒔 𝒇𝒔 𝒇𝒔

Gross Section Strain Diagram Stress Diagram Force Diagram Area under Stress

Analysis Design
1.) Check if doubly (𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) 1.) Solve 𝑎 and 𝑐 (Σ𝐹ℎ = 0; As1 = As max )
2.) Solve 𝑓𝑠 ′ (𝑓𝑠 ′ ≤ 𝑓𝑦 )
2.) Solve 𝑎 and 𝑐 (Σ𝐹ℎ = 0; 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇; assume 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝑓𝑦 )
3.) Solve 𝐴′𝑠 > 0 (Σ𝑀 = 0; 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇1 𝑑 − 𝑦ത + 𝐶𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ))
3.) Solve 𝑓𝑠 and 𝑓𝑠 ′ (𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝑓𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑠 ′ ≤ 𝑓𝑦 ) 4.) Solve 𝐴𝑠2 (Σ𝐹ℎ = 0; 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇2 ; 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 )
4.) Solve 𝑀𝑢 (Σ𝑀 = 0; 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑦ത + 𝐶𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )) 5.) Solve 𝐴𝑠 (𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴s max + As2 )
 Doubly Reinforced Beam (USD)
𝜺𝒄 𝒇𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇𝒄 ′

𝒅′ 𝑨𝒔 ′ ഥ
𝒚
𝜺𝒔 ′ 𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝒂 𝑪𝒔
𝒄 𝑪𝒄
𝑨𝒄
𝒅𝒕 𝒅 ഥ
𝒅−𝒚 𝒅 − 𝒅′
𝑵𝑨
𝑴𝑵 𝟏 𝑴𝑵 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 − 𝒄 𝑨𝒔
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝜺𝒔 𝒇𝒔 𝒇𝒔

Gross Section Strain Diagram Stress Diagram Force Diagram Area under Stress

Strength Nominal Moment Strain from Strain Diagram

𝐶𝑐 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐 (Compressive Strength) 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑇1 𝑑 − 𝑦ത + 𝐶𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) 𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑠 𝜀𝑠 ′
= =
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 ′𝑓𝑠 ′ (Compressive Strength) Factored Moment 𝑐 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (Tensile Strength) 600 𝑓𝑠 𝑓𝑠 ′
𝑀𝑢𝑑 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛 = =
𝑐 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 𝑐 − 𝑑′
Examples: (WSD
and USD)
 Example no. 1: Analysis SRB
Given Isolated T-Beam as shown: Analysis Information:
𝑓𝑐′ = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (lightweight concrete)
350 𝑚𝑚 𝜌𝑐 = 1,800 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (lightweight concrete)
𝑓𝑐𝑡 = 2.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (lightweight concrete)
0 120 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐 = 40 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (Grade 60 Rebar)
𝑑𝑡𝑏 = 12 𝑚𝑚 (Grade 40 Rebar)

𝑤𝐷𝐿 = 10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 (including the self-weight)

𝑤𝐿𝐿 = 12 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 (5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 capacity after 3 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠)
350 𝑚𝑚
5 − 24 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 𝐿 = 4 𝑚 (simple beam length)
Determine the following:
(a) The deflection of the beam after 3 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 (serviceability).
(b) The moment capacity based on ASD.
280 𝑚𝑚 (b) The moment capacity based on USD.
Solution
ASD
 Solution no. 1: Analysis ASD
Given Isolated T-Beam as shown: (a) Solve for the Location of NA (Plain Concrete Only)
𝑄𝑇 = Σ𝑄
350 𝑚𝑚 280 350 + 350 120 𝑦𝑡 = 280 350 175 + (350)(120)(410)
𝑦𝑡 = 245.500 𝑚𝑚
𝒄𝒈𝟐
0 120 𝑚𝑚 (b) Solve for the Gross Moment of Inertia (Plain Concrete Only)
𝐼𝑔 = Σ(𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 )
𝑵𝑨 1 3 2
𝐼𝑔 = 280 350 + 280 350 245.5 − 175 +
12
1 3 2
𝒄𝒈𝟏 350 120 + 350 120 410 − 245.5
12
𝑦𝑡 350 𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑔 = 2,674,431,666.667 𝑚𝑚4
5 − 24 𝑚𝑚 𝜙
(c) Solve for the Modulus of Rupture 𝜆 = 0.75 for lightweight concrete
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆(1.8 𝑓𝑐𝑡 )
reference line 𝑓𝑟 = 0.62(0.75) 30 𝑓𝑟 = 0.62(0.75)(1.8 )(2.8)
280 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑟 = 2.547 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓𝑟 = 2.344 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (governs)
 Solution no. 1: Analysis ASD
Given Isolated T-Beam as shown: (d) Solve for the Cracking Moment
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑦𝑡
𝑓𝑟 =
350 𝑚𝑚 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 (245.5)
2.344 =
2,674,431,666.667
0 120 𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 25.535 𝑘𝑁𝑚

(e) Solve for the Maximum Moment due to Loads

𝑵𝑨 1
𝑀𝑎 = 𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐷𝐿 = 10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚; 𝑤𝐿𝐿 = 12 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
8
1
𝑀𝑎 = (10 + 12)(42 )
8
𝑦𝑡 350 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑎 = 44.000 𝑘𝑁𝑚 > 𝑀𝑐𝑟 (cracked section)
5 − 24 𝑚𝑚 𝜙
(f) Solve for the Modular Ratio
𝑛 = 𝐸𝑠 /𝐸𝑐 ≥6 𝐸𝑐 = 0.043𝜌𝑐1.5 𝑓𝑐 ′
reference line 𝑛 = 200,000/0.043 1,800 1.5 30
280 𝑚𝑚
𝑛 = 11.119 𝑛 = 11 (governs)
 Solution no. 1: Analysis ASD
Transformed Isolated T-Beam (g) Solve for the Location of the NA of Cracked Section
Σ𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑁𝐴 = Σ𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑁𝐴
350 𝑚𝑚 1
350 120 𝑘𝑑 − 60 + 280 𝑘𝑑 − 120 𝑘𝑑 − 120
2
𝒄𝒈𝟐 = 7,920𝜋 (406 − 𝑘𝑑)
0 120 𝑚𝑚
𝑘𝑑 𝑘𝑑 = 180.945 𝑚𝑚
𝒄𝒈𝟏
NA
(h) Solve for the Transformed Moment of Inertia
280 𝑚𝑚 𝑑 = 406 𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑇 = Σ(𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 ) ; 𝐼𝑐𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 ≈ 0
2
𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑 1 𝑘𝑑 − 120
𝐼𝑇 = 280 𝑘𝑑 − 120 3 + 280 𝑘𝑑 − 120
12 2
𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 7,920𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 1
350 120 3 + 350 120 𝑘𝑑 − 60 2 +
12
[0 + 𝑛𝐴𝑠 406 − 𝑘𝑑 2 ]
24
𝑑 = 120 + 350 − 40 − 12 − 𝐼𝑇 = 1,946,128,213.350 𝑚𝑚4 < 𝐼𝑔
2
2 𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 1,946,128,213.350 𝑚𝑚4
𝐴𝑠 = 720𝜋 𝑚𝑚 (cracked moment of inertia)
 Solution no. 1: Analysis ASD
Transformed Isolated T-Beam (i) Solve for the Effective Moment of Inertia
3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − Icr ≤ Ig
350 𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
3 3
25.535 25.535
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − Icr
44 44
0 120 𝑚𝑚
𝑘𝑑
𝐼𝑒 = 2,088,479,673.533 𝑚𝑚4 < 𝐼𝑔
NA
(j) Solve for the Instantaneous or Short Term Deflection
280 𝑚𝑚 𝑑 = 406 𝑚𝑚
5𝑤𝐿4
𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 𝑤𝐷𝐿 = 10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑 384 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑒
𝑤𝐿𝐿 = 12 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
1.5
𝐸𝑐 = 0.043𝜌𝑐 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝐿 = 4000 𝑚𝑚
𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 7,920𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 𝐸𝑐 = 17,986.135 𝑀𝑃𝑎
5(10 + 12)(4000)4
𝛿𝑠𝑡 =
384 (17,986.135)(𝐼𝑒 )
𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 1.952 𝑚𝑚
 Solution no. 1: Analysis ASD
Transformed Isolated T-Beam (k) Solve for the Additional Deflection after 3 years
𝛿𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑤𝐷𝐿 + % 𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 𝜆′𝛿𝑠𝑢𝑠
=
350 𝑚𝑚 𝛿𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝐷𝐿 + 𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝜉
′
𝛿𝑠𝑢𝑠 10 + 5 𝜆 =
1 + 50𝜌′
= 𝜉 = 1.40 𝜌′ = 0
1.952 10 + 12
0 120 𝑚𝑚 𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑑 = (1.4)𝛿𝑠𝑢𝑠
𝑘𝑑 𝛿 = 1.331 𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑢𝑠
𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 1.863 𝑚𝑚
NA

280 𝑚𝑚 𝑑 = 406 𝑚𝑚 (l) Solve for the Total Deflection after 3 years
𝛿𝑡 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡 + 𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑑 Serviceability Check
𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑 (Allowable Deflection)
𝛿𝑡 = 1.952 + 1.863
𝐿
𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 7,920𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 𝛿𝑡 = 3.815 𝑚𝑚 𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 240 (floor beam)
4000
Safe on Deflection! 𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
240
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 16.667 𝑚𝑚
 Solution no. 1: Analysis ASD
Transformed Isolated T-Beam (m) Solve for the Moment Capacity of the RC T Beam
350 𝑚𝑚 Based on Concrete: Based on Steel
𝑀𝑐 (𝑘𝑑) 𝑓𝑠 𝑀𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑)
𝑓𝑐 = =
𝐼𝑇 𝑛 𝐼𝑇
𝑘𝑑 𝐴𝑐 120 𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑐 (180.945) 170 𝑀𝑠 (406 − 180.945)
0.45𝑓𝑐 ′ = =
1,946,128,213.350 11 1,946,128,213.350
NA
𝑀𝑐 = 145.197 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑀𝑠 = 133.641 𝑘𝑁𝑚
280 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 406 𝑚𝑚 Based on Concrete: Based on Steel
𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑
𝑀𝑐 = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑗𝑑) 𝑘 = 0.446 𝑀𝑠 = 𝑇(𝑗𝑑)
𝑘 𝑘
𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 7,920𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 𝑀𝑐 = 𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 1 − (𝑑) 𝑀𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 1 − (𝑑)
3 3
𝑀𝑐 = 144.421 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑀𝑠 = 132.927 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 0.5 13.5 350 180.945
−2(0.5)(4.547)(180.945 − 120)(35) 𝑀 = 133.641 𝑘𝑁𝑚 > 𝑀𝑎 (governs)
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 417,783.470 𝑘𝑁
Under Reinforced (𝑀𝑐 > 𝑀𝑠 : steel fails first)
𝑓𝑐 = 0.45 𝑓𝑐′ = 13.500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑑 = 180.945 𝑚𝑚
Solution
USD
 Solution no. 1: Analysis USD
(a) Check if Doubly 0.05 ′
Area under Stress of Isolated T-Beam 𝐴𝑠 = 720𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 𝛽1 = 0.85 − (𝑓𝑐 − 28)
117 7
350 𝑚𝑚 𝛽1 =
140
𝑓𝑐
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑓𝑠
𝑐 𝑎 120 𝑚𝑚 3
𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥
7
3 117
𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (406) 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (174)
NA 7 140
𝑑 = 406 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 174 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 145.414 𝑚𝑚

𝑑−𝑐 𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 280 𝑎 + (350 − 280)(120)

𝐴𝑠 = 720𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 49,116 𝑚𝑚2

0.85(30)
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (49,116)
420
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2,982.043 𝑚𝑚2
280 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑐′ = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐴𝑠 = 2,261.947 𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (Singly)
Maximum Steel Area
For Rectangular Beam
Σ𝐹ℎ = 0 𝑓𝑐
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑏
𝑓𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐶𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑓𝑐
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝛽 𝑐 )𝑏
𝑓𝑦 1 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 3
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 ∙ 𝑑𝑡 ∙ 𝑏
𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑦 7
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴 General
𝑓𝑦 𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑐 3
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 ∙ ∙ 𝑏𝑑𝑡
𝑓𝑦 7
where: 𝑓𝑐 3 𝑑
𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum area of the 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 ∙ ∙ 𝑏𝑑𝑡
𝑓𝑦 7 𝑑𝑡
compression block
𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏 (rectangle) 𝑓𝑐 3 𝑑
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 ∙ ∙
𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 7 𝑑𝑡
3
𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑𝑡
7 Maximum Steel Area
 Solution no. 1: Analysis USD
Area under Stress of Isolated T-Beam (b) Solve for a and c: Assume Tensile Steel yields
350 𝑚𝑚 Σ𝐹ℎ = 0
𝑇 − 𝐶𝑐 = 0
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑐
𝑐 𝑎 120 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
720𝜋 420 = 𝐴𝑐 (0.85)(30)
NA 𝐴𝑐 = 37,255.593 𝑚𝑚2

𝑑 = 406 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝑐 ≥ 𝐴𝑓 (T – Beam) 𝐴𝑓 = 350(120)

𝑑−𝑐 𝐴𝑓 = 42,000 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 720𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑐 < 𝐴𝑓 (Rectangular Beam Analysis)
𝐴𝑐 = 350(𝑎)
𝑎 = 106.445 𝑚𝑚

280 𝑚𝑚 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝑐 = 127.370 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑐′ = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 Solution no. 1: Analysis USD
Area under Stress of Isolated T-Beam (c) Solve for fs
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 𝜙 = 0.90 (𝑓𝑠 ≥ 1000 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
350 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐 Under Reinforced/ Tension
406 − 127.370 Controlled (steel fails first)
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑎 127.370
𝑐 120 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠 = 1,312.545 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 (Steel Yields)
NA (d) Solve for Mud
Σ𝑀 = 0
𝑎
𝑑 = 406 𝑚𝑚 −𝑀𝑛 + 𝑇 𝑑 − 𝑦ത = 0 𝑦ത = 2 (for Rectangular Beam)
𝑑−𝑐 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇 𝑑 − 2 1
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢 𝐿2
𝑎 8
𝐴𝑠 = 720𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑑 − 2
1 2
𝑀𝑛 = 720𝜋(420) 406 −
106.445 𝑀𝑢 = 31.2 4
2 8
𝑀𝑛 = 335.145 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑀𝑢 = 62.4 𝑘𝑁𝑚
280 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢𝑑 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛
𝑓𝑐′ = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝑤𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝑤𝐿𝐿
𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑤𝑢 = 31.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑀𝑢𝑑 = 301.631 𝑘𝑁𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢
 Example no. 2: Analysis DRB
Given Isolated T-Beam as shown: Analysis Information:
𝑓𝑐′ = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (normal-weight concrete)
350 𝑚𝑚 𝜌𝑐 = 2,700 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (normal-weight concrete)
𝑓𝑐𝑡 = 3.0 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (normal-weight concrete)
0 120 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐 = 40 𝑚𝑚
2 − 24 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (Grade 60 Rebar: Tension and Compression)
𝑑𝑡𝑏 = 12 𝑚𝑚 (Grade 40 Rebar)
379 𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝐷𝐿 = 15 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 (including the self-weight)
𝑤𝐿𝐿 = 20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 (10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 capacity after 3 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠)
350 𝑚𝑚
8 − 24 𝑚𝑚 𝜙
𝐿 = 4 𝑚 (simple beam length)
Determine the following:
(a) The deflection of the beam after 3 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 (serviceability).
(b) The moment capacity based on ASD.
280 𝑚𝑚 (b) The moment capacity based on USD.
Solution
ASD
 Solution no. 1: Analysis ASD
Given Isolated T-Beam as shown: (a) Solve for the Location of NA (Plain Concrete Only)
𝑄𝑇 = Σ𝑄
350 𝑚𝑚 280 350 + 350 120 𝑦𝑡 = 280 350 175 + (350)(120)(410)
𝑦𝑡 = 245.500 𝑚𝑚
𝒄𝒈𝟐
0 120 𝑚𝑚 (b) Solve for the Gross Moment of Inertia (Plain Concrete Only)
2 − 24 𝑚𝑚 𝜙
𝐼𝑔 = Σ(𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 )
𝑵𝑨 1 3 2
𝐼𝑔 = 280 350 + 280 350 245.5 − 175 +
12
1 3 2
𝒄𝒈𝟏 350 120 + 350 120 410 − 245.5
12
𝑦𝑡 350 𝑚𝑚
8 − 24 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 𝐼𝑔 = 2,674,431,666.667 𝑚𝑚4

(c) Solve for the Modulus of Rupture 𝜆 = 1 for normal-weight concrete

𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆(1.8 𝑓𝑐𝑡 )
reference line 𝑓𝑟 = 0.62(1.0) 25 𝑓𝑟 = 0.62(1.0)(1.8 )(3.0)
280 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑟 = 3.100 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (governs) 𝑓𝑟 = 3.348 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 Solution no. 1: Analysis ASD
Given Isolated T-Beam as shown: (d) Solve for the Cracking Moment
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑦𝑡
𝑓𝑟 =
350 𝑚𝑚 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 (245.5)
3.100 =
2,674,431,666.667
0 120 𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 33.771 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2 − 24 𝑚𝑚 𝜙
(e) Solve for the Maximum Moment due to Loads
𝑵𝑨 1
𝑀𝑎 = 𝑤𝐿2 𝑤𝐷𝐿 = 15 𝑘𝑁/𝑚; 𝑤𝐿𝐿 = 20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
8
1
𝑀𝑎 = (15 + 20)(42 )
8
𝑦𝑡 350 𝑚𝑚
8 − 24 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 𝑀𝑎 = 70.000 𝑘𝑁𝑚 > 𝑀𝑐𝑟 (cracked section)

(f) Solve for the Modular Ratio

𝑛 = 𝐸𝑠 /𝐸𝑐 ≥6 𝐸𝑐 = 4700 𝑓𝑐 ′
reference line 𝑛 = 200,000/4700 25
280 𝑚𝑚
𝑛 = 8.511 𝑛=9 (governs)
 Solution no. 1: Analysis ASD
Transformed Isolated T-Beam (g) Solve for the Location of the NA of Cracked Section
350 𝑚𝑚 Σ𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑁𝐴 = Σ𝑄𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑁𝐴
1
(2𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑠 ′ = 4,896𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 350 120 𝑘𝑑 − 60 + 280 𝑘𝑑 − 120
2
𝑘𝑑 − 120

𝒄𝒈𝟐 𝑑′ +4,896𝜋(𝑘𝑑 − 64) = 10,368𝜋 (379 − 𝑘𝑑)

0
𝑘𝑑 𝑘𝑑 = 171.987 𝑚𝑚
𝒄𝒈𝟏
NA
(h) Solve for the Transformed Moment of Inertia
280 𝑚𝑚 𝑑 = 379 𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑇 = Σ(𝐼𝑐𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑 2 ) ; 𝐼𝑐𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 ≈ 0
2
𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑 1 𝑘𝑑 − 120
𝐼𝑇 = 280 𝑘𝑑 − 120 3 + 280 𝑘𝑑 − 120
12 2
𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 10,368𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 1
350 120 3 + 350 120 𝑘𝑑 − 60 2 +
12
0 + 2𝑛 − 1 𝐴′𝑠 𝑘𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ 2 + [0 + 𝑛𝐴𝑠 379 − 𝑘𝑑 2 ]
𝑑 ′ = 40 + 12 + 24/2 = 64 𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑇 = 2,165,457,178.594 𝑚𝑚4 < 𝐼𝑔
𝐴𝑠 ′ = 288𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 2,165,457,178.594 𝑚𝑚4 (cracked moment of inertia)
𝐴𝑠 = 1,152𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
 Solution no. 1: Analysis ASD
Transformed Isolated T-Beam (i) Solve for the Effective Moment of Inertia
3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − Icr ≤ Ig
350 𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
3 3
33.771 33.771
(2𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑠 ′ = 4,896𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 𝑑′ 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − Icr
70 70
0
𝑘𝑑
𝐼𝑒 = 2,222,609,471.233 𝑚𝑚4 < 𝐼𝑔
NA
(j) Solve for the Instantaneous or Short Term Deflection
280 𝑚𝑚 𝑑 = 379 𝑚𝑚
5𝑤𝐿4
𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 𝑤𝐷𝐿 = 15 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑 384 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑒
𝑤𝐿𝐿 = 20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐸𝑐 = 4700 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝐿 = 4000 𝑚𝑚
𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 10,368𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 𝐸𝑐 = 23,500 𝑀𝑃𝑎
5(15 + 20)(4000)4
𝛿𝑠𝑡 =
384 (23,500)(𝐼𝑒 )
𝛿𝑠𝑡 = 2.234 𝑚𝑚
 Solution no. 1: Analysis ASD
Transformed Isolated T-Beam (k) Solve for the Additional Deflection after 3 years
𝛿𝑠𝑢𝑠 𝑤𝐷𝐿 + % 𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 𝜆′𝛿𝑠𝑢𝑠
=
350 𝑚𝑚 𝛿𝑠𝑡 𝑤𝐷𝐿 + 𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝜉
′
𝛿𝑠𝑢𝑠 15 + 10 𝜆 =
1 + 50𝜌′ 𝐴′
(2𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑠 ′ = 4,896𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑠
𝑑′ 2.234 15 + 20 𝜉 = 1.40 𝜌′ =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
0 1.4
𝑘𝑑 𝛿𝑠𝑢𝑠 = 1.595 𝑚𝑚
𝜆′ =
288𝜋
NA 1 + 50
280 ∙ 379
𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑑 = (0.982)𝛿𝑠𝑢𝑠
280 𝑚𝑚 𝑑 = 379 𝑚𝑚
𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 1.566 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑
(l) Solve for the Total Deflection after 3 years (Serviceability Check)
𝐿
𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 10,368𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 𝛿𝑡 = 𝛿𝑠𝑡 + 𝛿𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 240 (floor beam)
𝛿𝑡 = 2.234 + 1.566 4000
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝛿𝑡 = 3.161 𝑚𝑚 240
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 16.667 𝑚𝑚
Safe on Deflection!
 Solution no. 1: Analysis ASD
Transformed Isolated T-Beam (m) Solve for the Moment Capacity of the RC T Beam
Based on Concrete: Based on Steel in Tension:
350 𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑐 (𝑘𝑑) 𝑓𝑠 𝑀𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑)
𝑓𝑐 = =
𝐼𝑇 𝑛 𝐼𝑇
(2𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑠 ′ = 4,896𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 𝑑′ 𝑀𝑐 (171.987) 170 𝑀𝑠 (379 − 171.987)
0 0.45𝑓𝑐 ′ = =
𝑘𝑑 2,165,457,178.594 9 2,165,457,178.594
𝑀𝑐 = 141.646 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑀𝑠 = 197.587 𝑘𝑁𝑚
NA
𝑑 = 379 𝑚𝑚 Based on Steel in Compression:
280 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠′ 𝑀𝑠 ′(𝑘𝑑 − 𝑑′)
𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑 =
2𝑛 𝐼𝑇
170 𝑀𝑠 ′(171.987 − 64)
𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 10,368𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 =
2(9) 2,165,457,178.594
𝑀𝑠 ′ = 189.388 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑓𝑐 = 0.45 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑘𝑑 = 171.987 𝑚𝑚 𝑀 = 141.646 𝑘𝑁𝑚 > 𝑀𝑎 (governs)

𝑓𝑐 = 11.250 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑘 = 0.454
Over Reinforced (𝑀𝑐 < 𝑀𝑠 : concrete fails first)
Solution
USD
 Solution no. 1: Analysis USD
(a) Check if Doubly 0.05 ′
Area under Stress of Isolated T-Beam 𝐴𝑠 = 1,152𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 𝛽1 = 0.85 − (𝑓𝑐 − 28)
7
350 𝑚𝑚 𝛽1 = 0.85 for 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑓𝑠
𝑐 𝑎 120 𝑚𝑚 3
2 − 24 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥
7
3
𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (379) 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85(162.429)
NA 7
𝑑 = 379 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 162.429 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 138.064 𝑚𝑚

𝑑−𝑐 𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 280 𝑎 + (350 − 280)(120)

8 − 24 𝑚𝑚 𝜙
𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 47,058 𝑚𝑚2

0.85(25)
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (47,058)
420
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2,380.911 𝑚𝑚2
280 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑐′ = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐴𝑠 = 3,619.115 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (Doubly)
Maximum Steel Area
For Rectangular Beam
Σ𝐹ℎ = 0 𝑓𝑐
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑏
𝑓𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐶𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑓𝑐
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝛽 𝑐 )𝑏
𝑓𝑦 1 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐 3
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 ∙ 𝑑𝑡 ∙ 𝑏
𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑦 7
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴 General
𝑓𝑦 𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑐 3
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 ∙ ∙ 𝑏𝑑𝑡
𝑓𝑦 7
where: 𝑓𝑐 3 𝑑
𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum area of the 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 ∙ ∙ 𝑏𝑑𝑡
𝑓𝑦 7 𝑑𝑡
compression block
𝐴𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏 (rectangle) 𝑓𝑐 3 𝑑
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 ∙ ∙
𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 7 𝑑𝑡
3
𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑𝑡
7 Maximum Steel Area
 Solution no. 1: Analysis USD
Area under Stress of Isolated T-Beam (b) Solve for a and c: Assume All Steel yields
350 𝑚𝑚 Σ𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝑇 − 𝐶𝑐 − 𝐶𝑠 = 0
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠
𝑐 𝑎 120 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝑓𝑦 ′
𝐴′𝑠 = 288𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
1,152𝜋 420 = 𝐴𝑐 0.85 25 + 288𝜋(420)
NA 𝐴𝑐 = 53,648.054 𝑚𝑚2

𝑑 = 379 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝑐 ≥ 𝐴𝑓 (T – Beam) 𝐴𝑓 = 350(120)

𝑑−𝑐 𝐴𝑓 = 42,000 𝑚𝑚2
2
𝐴𝑠 = 1,152𝜋 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑐 > 𝐴𝑓 (T Beam Analysis)
𝐴𝑐 = 350 120 + 280(𝑎 − 120)
𝑎 = 161.600 𝑚𝑚

280 𝑚𝑚 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝑐 = 190.118 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑐′ = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 Solution no. 1: Analysis USD
Area under Stress of Isolated T-Beam (c) Solve for fs and fs’
350 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐
379 − 190.118
120 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐 𝑎 𝐴′𝑠 = 288𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 190.118
𝑓𝑠 = 596.099 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 (Steel Yields)
NA 𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑓𝑠 ′ = 600
𝑑 = 379 𝑚𝑚 𝑐
190.118 − 64
𝑑−𝑐 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 600
190.118
𝐴𝑠 = 1,152𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑠 ′ = 398.020 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦 ′ (Steel Does Not Yield)

Resolve for 𝑎 and 𝑐 and for the

280 𝑚𝑚 stresses 𝑓𝑠 and 𝑓𝑠 ′.
𝑓𝑐′ = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝑤𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝑤𝐿𝐿
𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑤𝑢 = 50 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
 Solution no. 1: Analysis USD
Area under Stress of Isolated T-Beam (d) Resolve for a and c:
𝑐 − 𝑑′
Σ𝐹𝐻 = 0 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑠′ = 600
350 𝑚𝑚 𝑐
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑐 + 𝐶𝑠

120 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠 ′
𝑐 𝑎 𝐴′𝑠 = 288𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑐 = 350 120 + 280(𝑎 − 120)

NA 𝐴𝑐 = 350 120 + 280(𝛽1 𝑐 − 120)

𝑐 − 64
𝑑 = 379 𝑚𝑚 1,152𝜋 420 = 𝐴𝑐 0.85 25 + 288𝜋 600
𝑐
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐 = 193.431 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 = 1,152𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝑎 = 164.416 𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑐 = 350 120 + 280(𝑎 − 120)

280 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑐 = 54,436.578 𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑐 > 𝐴𝑓 (T Beam Analysis)
𝑓𝑐′ = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 Solution no. 1: Analysis USD
Area under Stress of Isolated T-Beam (e) Resolve for fs and fs’
350 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐
379 − 193.431
120 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐 𝑎 𝐴′𝑠 = 288𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 193.431
𝑓𝑠 = 575.613 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 (Steel Yields)
NA 𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑓𝑠 ′ = 600
𝑑 = 379 𝑚𝑚 𝑐
193.431 − 64
𝑑−𝑐 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 600
193.431
𝐴𝑠 = 1,152𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑠 ′ = 401.480 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦 ′ (Steel Does Not Yield)

𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦
𝜙 = 0.65 + 0.25
1,000 − 𝑓𝑦
575.613 − 420
280 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 = 0.65 + 0.25
1,000 − 420
𝑓𝑐′ = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝑤𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝑤𝐿𝐿
𝜙 = 0.717 Transition Region (steel fails first)
𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑤𝑢 = 50 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
 Solution no. 1: Analysis USD
Area under Stress of Isolated T-Beam (f) Solve for the Location of Centroid of Ac
350 𝑚𝑚 𝑄𝑇 = Σ𝑄
reference line
350 120 + 280 𝑎 − 120 𝑦ത = 350 120 60 +
𝐴′𝑠 = 288𝜋 𝑚𝑚2 𝑎 − 120
𝑦ത 280 𝑎 − 120 120 +
𝑎 120 𝑚𝑚 2
𝒄𝒈 𝑦ത = 78.781 𝑚𝑚

(g) Solve for Mud 1

𝑀𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢 𝐿2
NA 8
Σ𝑀 = 0 1
𝑑 = 379 𝑚𝑚 −𝑀𝑛 + 𝐶𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑦ത + 𝐶𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 0 𝑀𝑢 = 50 4 2
8
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑦ത + 𝐴𝑠 ′𝑓𝑠 ′(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) 𝑀𝑢 = 100 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝐴𝑠 = 1,152𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
𝑀𝑛 = 54,436.578 0.85 ∙ 25 379 − 78.781
+288𝜋(401.480)(379 − 64)
𝑀𝑛 = 461.710 𝑘𝑁𝑚

280 𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑢𝑑 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛

𝑓𝑐′ = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑤𝑢 = 1.2𝑤𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝑤𝐿𝐿 𝑀𝑢𝑑 = 331.046 𝑘𝑁𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢
𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑤𝑢 = 50 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Shear and Torsion in
Beams USD
 Torsional Stiffness
Torsional Stiffness, Kt, of a member length l is
defined as the torsional moment, T, required
to cause a unit twist in the length l; that is

The total twist can be found by virtual work by

equating the external work done when the The term CG is the torsional rigidity of the section
torque, T, acts through a virtual angle change θ to
the internal work done when the shearing
stresses due to torsion, τ, act through a shear
strain γ=τ/G. The resulting integral equation is:
Equilibrium and Compatibility
Torsion
Torsional loadings can be separated into two basic
categories: equilibrium torsion, where the torsional
moment is required for the equilibrium of the structure,
and compatibility torsion where the torsional moment
results from the compatibility of deformations between
members meeting at a joint.
 Calculation of Torsional Moments
1. Equilibrium Torsion: Statically Determinate Case
The torsional moment at any section can be
calculated by cutting a free body diagram at that
section.

1. Equilibrium Torsion: Statically Indeterminate Case

Design of Torsion
and Shear
Basic Design Equations
Torsional Moment
A torsional moment is resisted by shearing stresses in the uncracked member
and by the shear flow forces.

For greatest efficiency, the shearing stress and shear flow forces should flow
around the member in the same circular direction and should be located as
far from the axis of the member as possible.
Torsional Reinforcement
Torsional Reinforcement and Anchorage
Since the inclined cracks can spiral around the beam, stirrups are required in
all four faces of the beam.
The inclined compressive stresses in concrete can affect the parts not well
anchored, specifically the corners which do not have concrete confinement.

Thus, ACI Code Section 11.5.4.2(a) requires that stirrups be anchored with
135˚ hooks around a longitudinal bar if the corner can spall.
Minimum Torsional Reinforcement
When factored torsional moment exceeds the threshold torsion, the larger of:
a) The torsional reinforcement satisfying the strength requirements of ACI Code
Section 11.5.3, and
b) The minimum reinforcement required by ACI Code Section 11.5.5 must be
provided.
Spacing of Torsional Reinforcement
Maximum Yield Strength of Torsional Reinforcement
ACI Code Section 11.5.6.3 limits the yield strength used in design calculations to 60
ksi (413.685 MPa). This is done to limit crack widths at service loads.

High-Strength Concrete
Comparison of ACI and NSCP codes
ACI
NSCP
Minimum Torsional
Reinforcement
Comparison of ACI and NSCP codes
ACI
NSCP
Threshold Torsion

Cracking Torsion
SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED
BY CONCRETE,Vc (WITHOUT BY CONCRETE,Vc (WITH AXIAL
AXIAL COMPRESSION) COMPRESSION)

SIMPLIFIED CALCULATION: SIMPLIFIED CALCULATION:

DETAILED CALCULATION: DETAILED CALCULATION:

λ = 1.0 (Normal Weight Conc.)

λ = 0.85 (Sand Light Weight Conc.)
λ = 0.75 (Light Weight Conc.)
SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED SPACING LIMITS OF SHEAR CRITICAL SECTION FOR BEAM
BY STIRRUPS, Vs REINFORCEMENT SHEAR

Where:
S = Spiral pitch or the longitudinal
spacing of shear reinforcement, MINIMUM SHEAR
mm
REINFORCEMENT
Av = Effective area of all bar legs or
d
wires within spacing s, mm²
fyt = specified yield strength of hoop, tie
or spiral reinforcement, Mpa
PROCEDURE IN DESIGN OF
STIRRUPS

1. Solve Vu (Ultimate Shear @

Critical Section) d

Vu = R-
wd

2. Solve for Vc (Shear Capacity of

Concrete) without axial load.
• Simplified
• Detailed (Table 422.5.5.1)

2a. Solve for Vc (Shear Capacity

of Concrete) with axial load.
• Simplified

• Detailed (Table 422.5.6.1)

CROSS-SECTIONAL LIMITS

MINIMUM TORSIONAL
REINFORCEMENT
TORSION IN BEAMS

NSCP 2015 CODE

REQUIREMENTS:
 Application of
ACI Code Design
Method for
Torsion
Beam Design Procedure for Torsion

01 02 03 04
Check if Check for Calculate Calculate
torsion effects adequacy for required required shear
can be combined torsional reinforcement
neglected shear and reinforcement
tension
Beam Design Procedure for Torsion

05 06 07
Determine Calculate Finalize beam
total stirrups longitudinal detail
reinforcement torsion considering
and check for reinforcement flexure, shear
minimum and spacing and torsion
Illustrative Problem
A reinforced concrete girder has a width of 400 mm and an overall depth of 500
mm. Concrete cover is 40 mm. The centroid of longitudinal bars of the girder are
placed 65 mm from the extreme concrete fiber. Concrete compressive strength is
20.7 Mpa and steel yield strength for longitudinal bars is 415 Mpa. Use 12 mm
stirrups with fyt = 275 Mpa. The following factored forces are computed from this
beam:

Factored Moment (positive), Mu = 450 kN.m.

Factored Shear at Critical Section near the face of support, Vu = 250 kN
Factored Torsional Moment, Tu = 40 kN.m.

Design this beam as per ACI Code for Torsion.

 1. Check for torsional effects

●
For non-prestressed members,

Making the comparison,

Thus, torsional effects must be considered.

 2. Check for adequacy of combined S&T

ACI 318-14 Sec. 22.7.7.1 (NSCP 2015 Sec. 422.7.7.1) requires that cross-sectional dimensions
be selected on the following basis:
For solid sections,

Substituting the values,

Therefore, section is adequate.

3. Calculate torsional reinforcement

ACI 318-14 Sec. 22.7.6.1 (NSCP 2015 Sec. 422.7.7.1) states:

Considering Equation 22.7.6.1a,
 Using 12mm stirrups,

Therefore, s = 124.557mm.

Checking with provisions on spacing,

4. Calculate shear reinforcement

ACI 318-14 Sec. 22.5.10.1 (NSCP 2015 Sec. 422.5.10.1) requires:

For one-way shear reinforcement, Checking with reinforcement limits,

(NSCP 2015 Table 409.7.6.2.2)

Thus, stirrups are necessary. (NSCP 2015 Section 422.5.1.2)

 Using 12mm stirrups,

Therefore, s = 198.025mm.
Checking with provisions on spacing,
5. Calculate total stirrup reinforcements

ACI 318-14 Section 9.6.4.2 (NSCP 2015 Section 409.6.4.2) details:

For total stirrup reinforcement,

Checking with minimum limits,

Using 12mmΦ closed stirrups,

Therefore, s = 65.054mm
6. Calculate longitudinal reinforcement

ACI 318-14 Section 9.6.4.3 (NSCP 2015 Section 409.6.4.3) specifies:

Additional area of longitudinal reinforcement,

controls!

Checking with minimum limits,

Using 12mmΦ bars,

 7. Finalize beam details

ACI 318-14 Section 9.7.5.1 (NSCP 2015 Section 409.7.5.1) suggests:

From analysis on additional torsional reinforcement,
From analysis on flexural reinforcement,

Considering torsional effects,

7 pcs – 28mmΦ top bars

3 pcs – 25mmΦ bottom bars

Stirrups,
Final Beam Detail
Thank You!
 April 2024 Board Exam
Given Isolated T-Beam as shown:

𝑐𝑐 = 50 𝑚𝑚 𝐹𝑦𝑙 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑏𝑓 𝑑𝑡𝑏 = 10 𝑚𝑚 𝐹𝑦𝑣 = 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑠 = 100 𝑚𝑚 𝐹𝑐 ′ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎
8 − 20 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 45 𝑚𝑚 100 𝑚𝑚

Determine the following:

(1) The Moment Capacity

(2) The Shear on Concrete
400 𝑚𝑚
(3) The Shear on Reinforcing Steel Bar

4 − 20 𝑚𝑚 𝜙

350 𝑚𝑚
 April 2024 Board Exam
Given Isolated Pile Footing as shown:
Column Size: 600 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 600 𝑚𝑚
0.6 𝑚 1.8 𝑚 1.8 𝑚 0.6 𝑚
Piles Size: 400 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 400 𝑚𝑚
0.6 𝑚
𝜏𝑤𝑏 = 0.88 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑠𝑐 = 250 𝑚𝑚
c 𝜏𝑝𝑠 = 1.35 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜙 = 0.75

1.2 𝑚
𝐹𝑦𝑙 = 413 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 300 𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝑐 ′ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Determine the following:

1.2 𝑚

(1) The Thickness due to Wide Beam Shear Stress

0.6 𝑚 (2) The Thickness due to Punching Shear Stress
(3) The Thickness due to Moment

The Thickness of Footing?

Sources

• ASEP Earthquake Seminar

• NSCP 2015
• ASCE Manual
• Civil Splash
• Strength of Materials (Pytel and Singer)