Road

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 Introduction of Roads

Road

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

 Highway

 Expressway

Pavement

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 Road

 Any harden surface which can carry the traffic movement from Origin to Destination.

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 Highway

 Special Category of road which is allow to carry the high speed of vehicle.

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 Expressway

 Special category of road with superior facility which allow to carry the high speed

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and high volume of traffic and connect directly origin to destination.

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 Pavement

 When road is constructed in number of layers.

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 Types of Road as per MORTH

1. Non-Urban Road-

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 National Highway
 State Highway

Major District Road

 District Road
Other District Road
 Village Road

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 National Highway, State Highway & Major District Road is also known as Rural Highway.
 Other District Road & Village Road is also known as Rural Road.
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 2. Urban Road
 Arterial Road

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 Sub-Arterial Road

 Collector Street

 Local Street Road

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 Non-Motorized Transport Street and Greenway

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 3. Types of roads according to the
cross-section

 Expressways

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 4 Lane / 6 Lane / 8 Lane Roads

 Two Lane Roads with or without shoulders

 Intermediate Lane Roads

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 Single Lane Road
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 Expressway

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4 Lane / 6 Lane / 8 Lane Roads

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4 Lane 8 Lane
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 Two Lane Roads

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Intermediate Lane Roads

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 Single Lane Road

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 MORTH
 As per constitution of India, union government through the ministry of road transport and highway

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(MORTH) is responsible for development and maintenance of national highways.

 State government and union territories are responsible for the same, for roads other than national
highways in their respective jurisdiction.

 MORTH implement the national highway projects through the agency of-

 State Governments

 National Highway Authority of India


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National Highway Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL)

 Border Road Organization (BRO)

 Project Implementation Unit (PIU)

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Components of Road

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cross section
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 Components of road

 Right of way  Camber or cross slope

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 Building line  Road margins

 Control line  Median or divider

 Toe width  Kerb stone

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 Shoulder

 Carriage way  Drainage

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 Terrain

 Terrain involves the vertical and horizontal dimensions of land surface.

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 In physical geography, terrain is the lay of the land. This is usually expressed in terms
of the elevation, slope, and orientation of terrain features.

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 Right of way
 Right of way (ROW) or land width is the width of land acquired for the road, along its
alignment. It should be adequate to accommodate all the cross-sectional elements of

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the highway and may reasonably provide for future development.

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 Building line
 Building line refers to the front line up to which the building can lawfully extend. It is also called
as set- back or font building line. a minimum distance of this building line from the center line of

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the accompanying road is laid down as the limit beyond which no construction is allowed
towards the road.

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 Control line

 In case of a public building such as cinemas, a commercial concern, factories, which attract a

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large number of vehicles, should be set back at a further distance apart from the building line.
The line which accounts for this extra margin is known as the control line.

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 Toe width

 The width of road at original ground level (OGL) is known as toe width.

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 Formation / roadway width
 Width of formation or roadway width is the sum of the widths of pavements or carriage way
including separators, shoulders and drainage. Or the width of road at finished road level (FRL) is

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known as Formation width. This does not include the extra land in formation/cutting.

Road Roadway width in m

classification Plain and Mountainous and
rolling terrain steep terrain
NH/SH 12 6.25-8.8
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9 4.75
ODR 7.5-9.0 4.75
VR 7.5 4.0
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 Carriage way

 Width of the carriage way or the width of the pavement depends on the width of the traffic

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lane and number of lanes.

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Single Lane carriageway 4 Lane carriageway

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 Camber or cross slope
 Camber is the cross slope provided to raise middle of the road surface in the transverse
direction to drain off rain water from road surface.

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 The objectives of providing camber are:
 Surface protection especially for gravel and bituminous roads
 Sub-grade protection by proper drainage
 Quick drying of pavement which in turn increases safety

Surface type Cross slope

Concrete 2%reinforceqst.com
Bituminous 2.5 %
Earthen 3%
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 Road margins
 The portion of the road beyond the carriageway and on the roadway can be generally called
road margin.

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 Median or divider

 Road median is the portion in between the dual carriage way which separates the traffic

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flow in opposite direction.

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 Kerb stone

 Kerbs indicate the boundary between the carriage way and the shoulder or footpaths.

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 Types of kerbs-

 Low or mountable kerbs

 Semi-barrier type kerbs

 Barrier type kerbs

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 Submerged kerbs
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 Shoulder

 Shoulders are provided along the road edge and is intended for accommodation of stopped

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vehicles, serve as an emergency lane for vehicles and provide lateral support for base and
surface courses.

 Shoulder width shall be 2.5 m on each side out of which 1.5 m may be of paved one.

 3 m wide paved and 2 m wide earth shoulder on the outer edge of the carriageway cross fall.

 Types of shoulder-

 Paved shoulder reinforceqst.com

 Earthen shoulder
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 Drainage

Highway drainage is an essential part of highway design and construction which remove

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

the surplus water with in the highway limits and satisfactory dispose it.

 Types of drain on the basis of surface-

 Lined drain

 Unlined drain reinforceqst.com

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 Lined drain

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 Unlined drain

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 Drainage system of expressway

 Shoulder drain  Chute drain  Toe drain

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 Shoulder drain

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 Chute drain

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 Toe drain

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 Stages in preparation

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and sanction of project

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Standard process for the

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construction of road

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1. Final selection of alignment

2. Land acquisition (Right of way)

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3. Tree cutting

 measurement - nos.

 if girth of tree > 300 mm at 1 m above the ground level.

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Removal of Stump
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4. Clearing grass and removal of rubbish

Measurement - hectare

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4. Clearing and Grubbing Road Land including removal and disposal of top
organic soil not exceeding 150 mm in thickness.

Measurement – hectare

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5. Topographical Survey - Original Ground Level Survey (OGL Survey)

To find out the levels of ground

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6. Cutting and filling of soil up to embankment top level (ETL) for the
construction of embankment

Measurement - m³

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7. Laying of layers of road one by one as per design may be flexible pavement
or rigid pavement

Measurement of all the layers - m³

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Universal Formula to find out the

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Earthwork Quantity of cutting or
filling for embankment
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Types of Pavement
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 Flexible Pavement

 The pavement in which the total structure bends or deflects under the traffic load. It is a
mixture of asphaltic or bituminous material and aggregates.

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 Rigid Pavement

 A rigid pavement is constructed from cement concrete or reinforced concrete slabs.

The design of rigid pavement is based on providing a structural cement concrete slab

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of sufficient strength to resists the loads from traffic.

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 Layers of Flexible Pavement

 Surface course or Wearing course

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 Base course

 Sub base

 Sub grade

 Embankment reinforceqst.com

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 Embankment

R
As per Morth 5 Revision
th

clause 300
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 Embankment

 Min. each layer thickness 100 mm

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 Max. each layer thickness

 200 mm if static roller used

 250 mm if vibratory roller used

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Max. size of coarse material 75 mm.

 Measurement - m³
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 Important Soil Requirement

 The materials used in embankments shall be soil, moorum, gravel, reclaimed material from

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pavement, fly ash, a mixture of these or any other material as approved by the Engineer.

 Materials shall be free of logs, stumps, roots, rubbish or any other ingredient likely to affect
the stability of the embankment.

 Expansive soil are not allowed in the embankment layers below subgrade for 500 mm thick.

 Liquid limit max. 50%.

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 Plasticity index max. 25%.

 Free swell index max. 50%.

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Density requirements of embankment

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 Compaction

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 Compacted Layer thickness max. 250 mm (vibratory roller) or 200 mm (static roller).

 Moisture content +1 to -2% on OMC (Optimum Moisture Content).

 Relative compaction not less than 95%.

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 Sub grade

 Min. each layer thickness 100 mm

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 Max. each layer thickness

 200 mm if static roller used

 250 mm if vibratory roller used

 Level tolerance 20 mm.

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Max. size of coarse material 50 mm.

 Measurement - m³
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 Important Soil Requirement

 The materials used in sub grade shall be soil, moorum, gravel, reclaimed material from

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pavement, fly ash, a mixture of these or any other material as approved by the Engineer.

 Materials shall be free of logs, stumps, roots, rubbish or any other ingredient likely to affect
the stability of the sub grade.

 Expansive soil are not allowed.

 Ideal proportion of soil (70 - 80)% sand, (10 - 20)% silt, (5 - 10)% clay.
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 Liquid limit max. 50%.  Free swell index max. 50%.

 Plasticity index max. 25%.

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 Compaction

Compacted Layer thickness max. 250 mm (vibratory roller) or 200 mm (static roller).

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

 Optimum moisture content 9 - 13% at the time of execution.

 Moisture content +1 to -2% on OMC (Optimum Moisture Content).

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Minimum roller capacity 8 to 10 ton.

 Rolling start from edge and move towards center of road.

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 Compaction
 Rolling should be continue till the surface should behave like elastic mass, dense and even.

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 Roller should pass minimum 5 run on each strip, width should be overlap by 1/3rd width.

 Increasing no. of passes may not increase density of soil.

 Speed of roller less than 5 km/hr.

 Density not less than 17.5 kN/m³.

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 Relative compaction not less than 97%.

 CBR (California Bearing Ratio) 7 to 12%.

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400 Sub-base and base

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(Non-Bituminous)
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 GSB
 GSB (Granular Sub Base) or

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Drainage layer or Filter media

 Min. each layer thickness 150 mm

 Max. each layer thickness

 200 mm if static roller used

 250 mm if vibratory roller used

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 Level tolerance 10 mm.

 Measurement - m³ https://app.reinforceqst.com
 The material to be used for the work shall be natural sand, crushed gravel,

crushed stone, or combination thereof depending upon the grading required.

 The material shall be free from organic or other deleterious constituents.

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 Grading of material 75 mm to 0.075 mm.

 Grading type – I / II / III / IV / V / VI.

 Gradings III and IV shall preferably be used in lower sub-base.

 Gradings V and VI shall be used as a sub-base-cum-drainage-layer.

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 The grading to be adopted for a project shall be as specified in the contract.

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Grading for GSB materials

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Physical requirements for
materials for GSB

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 Compaction

 Up to 100 mm thickness - Smooth wheel roller of 8 - 10 ton.

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 Up to 200 mm thickness - Vibratory roller.

 OMC during compaction 1-2% below the lab OMC (generally 6-7%).

Max. density to achieve = 98% of MDD.


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 Water absorption is less than 2%.
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 Base course - WMM

 WMM – Wet Mix Macadam

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 Min. each layer thickness 75 mm

 Max. each layer thickness 200 mm

Level tolerance 10 mm.


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 Measurement - m³
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 Base course - WMM
 WMM consist of laying and compacting clean, crushed, graded aggregate and granular
material, premixed with water.

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 Grading of material 53 mm to 0.075 mm.
 If multi layer exist -
 First layer – Grader machine
 Second layer – Paver machine
 Mixing

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Mix homogenously with the front end loader with suitable watering
 Mix in WMM plant or concrete batching plant

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Grading requirements of
aggregates for WMM

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Physical requirements of coarse
aggregates for WMM

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 Compaction

 Up to 100 mm thickness - Smooth wheel roller of 8 - 10 ton.

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 Up to 200 mm thickness - Vibratory roller.

 The speed of the roller shall not exceed 5 km/hr.

 Trips of the roller shall be terminated in stops at least 1 m away from any preceding stop.

 Rolling shall be continued till thereinforceqst.com

density achieved is at least 98% of the maximum dry

density for the material.

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500 Surface course

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(Bituminous)
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 DBM
 DBM – Dense Bituminous Macadam

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 Single Layer thickness 50-100 mm

 Level tolerance 6 mm.

Measurement - m³ / m² / tonnes

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Physical requirements for coarse
aggregates for DBM

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Composition of Dense Graded
Bituminous Macadam

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 BC
 BC – Bituminous Concrete

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 Single Layer thickness 30 mm /40 mm /50 mm

 Level tolerance 6 mm.

Measurement - m³

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Physical requirements for coarse
aggregate for BC

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Composition of Bituminous
Concrete Pavement Layers

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 Binder

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(Bituminous Material)
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Grades of Bitumen

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Mixing, Laying and Rolling Temperatures for
Bituminous Mixes (Degree Celcius)

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 Laying
 In presence of standing water on the surface.

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 When rain is imminent, and during rains, fog or dust storm.

 When the base/binder course is damp.

 When the air temperature on the surface on which it is to be laid is less than 10ºC for

mixes with conventional bitumen and is less than 15ºC for mixes with modified bitumen.
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 When the wind speed at any temperature exceeds the 40 km per hour at 2 m height.
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 Compaction
 Compaction of bituminous materials shall commence as soon as possible after laying.

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 Compaction shall be completed before the temperature falls below the minimum rolling

temperatures stated in the relevant part of these Specifications.

 Rolling of the longitudinal joints shall be done immediately behind the paving operation.

 rolling shall commence at the edges and progress towards the center longitudinally
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except that on super-elevated and unidirectionally cambered portions.

 Rolling shall continue until all roller marks have been removed from thehttps://app.reinforceqst.com
surface.
 Compaction
 The initial or breakdown rolling shall be done with 8–10 tonne static weight smooth-wheel

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rollers.

 The intermediate rolling shall be done with 8–10 tonne static weight or vibratory roller or with

a pneumatic tyre roller of 12 to 15 tonne weight, with a tyre pressure of at least 0.56 MPa.

 The finish rolling shall be done with 6 to 8 tonne smooth wheel tandem rollers.
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 overlapping on successive passes by at least one-third of the width of the rear roll in the

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 Compaction
 Rollers should move at a speed of not more than 5 km per hour.

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 The roller shall not be permitted to stand on pavement which has not been fully compacted.

 Necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent dropping of oil, grease, petrol/ diesel or other

foreign matter on the pavement either when the rollers are operating or standing.

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 Prime Coat
 Application of a single coat of low viscosity liquid bituminous material to a porous granular

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surface (WMM).

 A primed surface shall be allowed to cure for at least 24 hours

 Primer shall be -

Cationic bitumen emulsion SS1 grade (IS:8887)


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 Medium curing cutback bitumen (IS:217)
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 Prime Coat
 Measurement – m²

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 Prime coat with bitumen emulsion


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It can be absorbed by the surface without causing run-off of excessive primer

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Achieve desired penetration of about 8-10 mm.

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 Prime coat with cutback bitumen


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It can be absorbed by the surface without causing run-off of excessive primer

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Achieve desired penetration of about 8-10 mm.

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 Tack Coat
 Application of a single coat of low viscosity liquid bituminous material to existing

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bituminous, cement concrete or primed granular surface.

 To ensure the bonding between existing and new layer.

 To repair the potholes and patching work.

 Tack coat -
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 To bind WMM and DBM.

 To bind DBM and BC. https://app.reinforceqst.com

 Tack Coat
 Measurement – m²

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 Tack Coat Material

 Tack coat shall be -

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 Cationic bitumen emulsion RS1 grade (IS:8887)

 Bitumen of VG 10 grade (IS:73)

 Cutback bitumen RC:70 (IS:217)

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Rate of Application of Tack Coat

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Rigid Pavement

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 Layers of Rigid Pavement

 Concrete Pavement

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 Sub base

 Sub grade

 Embankment
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 Embankment

 Min. each layer thickness 100 mm

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 Max. each layer thickness

 200 mm if static roller used

 250 mm if vibratory roller used

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Max. size of coarse material 75 mm.

 Measurement - m³
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 Subgrade

 Min. each layer thickness 100 mm

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 Max. each layer thickness

 200 mm if static roller used

 250 mm if vibratory roller used

 Level tolerance 20 mm.

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Max. size of coarse material 50 mm.

 Measurement - m³
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 Subbase - GSB
(Granular Subbase)
 GSB (Granular Sub Base) or

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Drainage layer or Filter media

 Min. each layer thickness 150 mm

 Max. each layer thickness

 200 mm if static roller used

 250 mm if vibratory roller used

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 Level tolerance 6 mm.

 Measurement - m³ https://app.reinforceqst.com
 Subbase - DLC
(Dry Lean Concrete)
 Minimum thickness-

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 150 mm - EW, NH, SH, MDR

 100 mm - Rural road

 Level Tolerance 6 mm

 Measurement - m³

Offset -
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

 200 mm - manually

 750 mm - mechanically https://app.reinforceqst.com

Material
REINFORCE
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 Cement

 Any of the following types of cement may be used with prior approval of the Engineer:

 Fly Ash-

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Fly-ash upto 20 percent by weight
with 43/53 grade cement.
of material (cement+flyash) may be used along

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 Aggregate Gradation for
Dry Lean Concrete

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 Cement Content

 The minimum cement content shall be 150 kg/cu.m of concrete.

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 In case flyash is blended at site as part replacement of cement.

 The quantity of flyash shall not be more than 20 percent by weight of cementitious material

The content of OPC shall not be less than 120 kg/cu.m.


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 The mix shall be proportioned with a maximum aggregate cementitious material ratio of 15:1.
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 Compaction

 The spreading, compacting and finishing of the lean concrete shall be carried out as rapidly

R EINFORCE
as possible.

 Time between the mixing of the first batch of concrete in any transverse section of the layer
and the final finishing of the same shall not exceed 90 minutes when the temperature of
concrete is between 25ºC and 30ºC, and 120 minutes if less than 25ºC.

 Work shall not proceed when the temperature of the concrete exceeds 30ºC.

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Double drum smooth-wheeled vibratory rollers of minimum 80 to 100 kN static weight are
suitable for rolling dry lean concrete.

 rolling shall begin from the edges gradually progressing towards the centre.
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 Joint

Construction and longitudinal joints shall be provided as per the drawings.

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

 Transverse butt type joint shall be provided at the end of the construction in a day.

 Longitudinal construction joint shall be provided only when full width paving is not possible.

 Transverse joints in Dry Lean concrete shall be staggered from the construction butt type
joint in Concrete pavement by 800-1000 mm.

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Longitudinal joint in Dry Lean Concrete shall be staggered by 300-400 mm from the
longitudinal joint of concrete pavement.

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 Concrete Pavement - PQC
(Pavement Quality Concrete)

 Thickness 150 - 300 mm

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as per design

 Level Tolerance 5 mm

 Measurement - m³

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Material
REINFORCE
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 Cement

 Any of the following types of cement capable of achieving the design strength may be

R EINFORCE
used with prior approval of the Engineer, but preference shall be to use at least the 43
grade or higher.

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 Fly-ash upto 20 percent by weight of cementitious material may be used in Ordinary
Portland Cement 43 and 53 Grade The fly ash shall conform to IS:3812 (Part I).
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 Chemical Admixtures

Admixtures conforming to IS:9103 and IS:6925 shall be permitted to improve workability

R EINFORCE


of the concrete and/or extension of setting time.

 Silica Fumes

 Silica fume conforming to a standard approved by the Engineer may be used as an

admixture in the proportion of 3 to 10 percent of cement. Silica fume shall comply with
the requirements given in IS:15388-2003, IS:456-2000, IRC:SP:76 and IRC:44-2008.
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 Fibres
 Fibres may be used to reduce the shrinkage cracking and post-cracking. The fibres may be steel
fibre as per IRC:SP:46 or polymeric Synthetic fibres within the following range of specifications:

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 When fibres are used, the mix shall be so designed that the slump of concrete at paving site is
25±15 mm.
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 Aggregate Gradation for
Pavement Quality Concrete

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 Los Angeles Abrasion Test value not exceeding 35 percent.
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 Cement Content

 When Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is used the quantity of cement shall not be less

R EINFORCE
than 360 kg/cu.m.

 In case fly ash grade I (as per IS:3812) is blended at site as part replacement of cement.

 the quantity of fly ash shall be up to 20 percent by weight of cementitious material and
the quantity of OPC in such a blend shall not be less than 310 kg/cu.m.

 The minimum of OPC content, in case ground granulated blast furnace slag cement

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blended, shall also not be less than 310 kg/m3 .

 If this minimum cement content is not sufficient to produce concrete of the specified
strength, it shall be increased as necessary by the contractor at his own cost.
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Separation Membrane

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 Separation Membrane

A separation membrane shall be used between the concrete slab(PQC) and the sub-base(DLC).

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

 Separation membrane shall be impermeable PVC sheet 125 micron thick transparent or white
in color laid flat with minimum creases.

 Before placing the separation membrane, the sub-base shall be swept clean of all the
extraneous materials using air compressor.


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Wherever overlap of plastic sheets is necessary, the same shall be at least 300 mm and any
damaged sheathing shall be replaced at the Contractor’s cost.

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 Joints

 Joints are discontinuities in the cement

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concrete pavement slab that are
necessary to allow for expansion,
contraction.

 Main purpose of joints is to relieve part of

the stresses developed due to the
temperature variations in the slab.
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 How to provide Joint?

 Initial cut thickness not less than 3 mm.

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 Depth of cutting 1/3rd to 1/4th of PQC slab at transverse or longitudinal joint as soon as

concrete harden.

 During summer ambient temperature is more than 30°C cutting may be caried after 4-8

hours of laying.
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 When the temperature is less than 30°C joint cutting may be done 8-12 hours of laying.
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R EINFORCE
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 Types of Joints
 Transverse Joints  Longitudinal Joints

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Along Road Width Along Road Length

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 R EINFORCE
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Subbase
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 Types of Transverse Joint

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 Expansion Joints

 Contraction Joints

 Construction Joints

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 Expansion Joint

 These are full depth joint provided transversely into which pavement can expand.

R EINFORCE
 To relieve the compressive stress due to expansion of slab.

 20-25 mm wide and it’s tolerance ± 1.5 mm.

 Spacing of expansion joint vary from 20 m to few 100 m.

 When slab thickness > 200 mm, provide dowel bar.

 Spacing of dowel bar in expansion joint at 300 mm C/C.

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 These joint are very difficult to maintain, they get filled with dirt, they are therefore not in use.

 The current practice which to provide these joint only when concrete slab abuts with bridge or culvert.
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Slab Thickness Dowel Bar Details

mm Dia. Length Spacing

200 25 360 300

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230 30 400 300

250 32 450 300

280 36 500 300

300 38 500 300

350
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38 500 300

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R EINFORCE
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R EINFORCE
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 R EINFORCE
 Compressible joint filler 20 to 25 mm ± 1.5 filler depth 25 ± 3 mm lower than slab thickness
Dowel bar (MS Round) to be covered with plastic sheathing for (1/2 length + 50 mm).
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 R EINFORCE
Sealing Details of Joints Sealing Details of Joints Sealing Details of Joints (Grooves
(Grooves Suitable for Hot Poured (Grooves Suitable for Cold Suitable for Cold Silicone Sealant)
Rubberized Bitumen Sealant) Polysulphide Sealant)

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 R EINFORCE
Debonding Strip Back up rod
Synthetic Filler Board

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 Contraction Joint

 To relieve tensile stress into concrete.

R EINFORCE
 Prevent from irregular cracks due to contraction in concrete.

 Provide machine cut groups 3-5 mm wide.

 Depth of cutting 1/3rd to 1/4th of PQC slab.

 Provide dowel bar for heavy loaded roads.

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Spacing of contraction joint is 4-5 m C/C.

 For RCC pavements spacing varies from 7.5 m to 17 m depend upon slab thickness.

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R EINFORCE reinforceqst.com
Cutting of PQC slab for contraction joint.

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R EINFORCE
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Sealing Details of Joints (Grooves Suitable for Hot Poured Rubberized Bitumen Sealant)

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Sealing Details of Joints (Grooves Suitable for Cold Polysulphide Sealant)

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 R EINFORCE
Sealing Details of Joints (Grooves Suitable for Cold Silicone Sealant)
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 Construction Joint

 The need for such joints arises when construction work is required to be stopped more

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than 30 minutes at a place other than the location of contraction or an expansion joint
due to some breakdown of the machinery or any other reason.

 Such joints are of butt type and extend to the full depth of the pavement.

 The sealing of such joints shall be done in the same manner as for contraction joints, by
cutting a groove 10-12 mm wide and 20-25 mm deep.
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 The work should normally be stopped at the regular location of contraction or expansion
joint.
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R EINFORCE
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 Longitudinal Joint
 Longitudinal joints are provided in multi-lane pavements and also when the pavement is more

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than 4.0 m wide.

 They also relieve stresses due to wrapping. Initially joint is cut to a depth 1/4 to 1/3 of the slab.

 Tie bars are provided at the joints not for load transference but for keeping the adjoining slabs
together.

 The top 10-20 mm depth of the joint is sawn to a width of 6-8 mm for sealing.


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Dia. of tie bar 16 mm, length 720 mm and spacing 660-800 mm C/C depend upon thickness.

 Spacing of tie bar on curves of R<360 m shall not be less than 350 mm C/C.
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R EINFORCE
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R EINFORCE
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R EINFORCE
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R EINFORCE
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 R EINFORCE reinforceqst.com
Sealing Details of Joints (Grooves Suitable for Hot Poured Rubberized Bitumen Sealant)

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Sealing Details of Joints (Grooves Suitable for Cold Polysulphide Sealant)

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 R EINFORCE
Sealing Details of Jointsreinforceqst.com
(Grooves Suitable for Cold Silicone Sealant)

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R EINFORCE
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Joint Configuration of Two Lane Road https://app.reinforceqst.com

 Types of Rigid Pavement

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 Jointed Plain Cement Concrete Pavement (JPCCP)

 Jointed Reinforced Cement Concrete Pavement (JRCCP)

 Continuous Reinforced Cement Concrete Pavement (CRCCP)

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Jointed Plain Cement Concrete Pavement
(JPCCP)

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Jointed Reinforced Cement Concrete Pavement
(JRCCP)

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Continuous Reinforced Cement Concrete
Pavement (CRCCP)

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