CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

LEVEL OF SATISFACTION OF CITIZENS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT

DISASTER RESPONSE IN SELECTED BARANGAYS IN TUGUEGARAO CITY,
CAGAYAN

_______________________________________

A Thesis
Presented to
The Faculty of the Department of Arts and Humanities
College of Humanities and Social Sciences
Cagayan State University

_______________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science

_______________________________________

by
Gammad, Alfredo Jr. J.
Guiang, Andrea Nicole L.
Madria, Princess E.

2025

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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Natural disasters that have of late been deepening in both incidence and severity have

become the hallmark of the twenty-first century. A global map of weather-related disasters

produced by the UNDRR (2020) reveals that disasters have increased sharply and rapidly

around the world. For instance, the 2019 Tropical Cyclone Idai, which struck Mozambique,

Zimbabwe, and Malawi, resulted in widespread destruction, affecting over 3 million people and

causing on estimated $2 billion in damages. This situation makes disaster risk management

important in ensuring that the world protects lives and assets from climate change, according to

a World Bank report (2021). According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(2018), climate-related disasters are considered to displace approximately 200 million people

by 2050, underscoring the need for proper approaches to addressing the complex effects of the

climate disasters. In this connection, one can identify the buildup of focusing on the functioning

of resilience. The programs for disaster risk reduction, commonly abbreviated as DRR, and

climate change adaptation are gradually finding places in various nations’ policies. There are

targets spelled out in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 that the

UN member states committed to. However, most of the world’s areas still seem unable to

adequately prepare for and respond to the exigencies of disaster management marked by socio-

economic risks, infrastructure, and technology accessibility. (ArcGIS StoryMaps, 2020).

The Philippines, situated along the Pacific Rim, is one of the most disaster-prone

countries in the world, with periodically occurring disasters such as typhoons, floods, and

earthquakes. The Philippines is, on average, visited by about 20 typhoons in a year, of which

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many are destructive. A particular example is Typhoon Ulysses (Vamco) in November 2020,

which demonstrated the severity that the country encountered. (NASA Earth Observatory,

2020). To combat the effects of these disasters, the government of the Philippines passed in

2010 the act known as The Philippines’ Disaster Risk Reduction Management Act (2010),

otherwise called Republic Act No. 10121. This legislation proves that the government does not

only respond to the physical challenges that the natural calamities bring. Hence, several

programs, such as the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP),

Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (LDRRMCs), and Barangay Disaster

Risk Reduction and Management Committees (BDRRMCs), have been implemented in the

Local Government Units (LGUs) across the country. This plan focuses on four main areas of

concern: preparedness, in the NDRRMC framework, is classified into four: (1) disaster

prevention and mitigation; (2) disaster preparedness; (3) disaster response; and (4) disaster

rehabilitation and recovery (2011). (GMA Network | News and Entertainment, 2020).

Tuguegarao City is an informative case that shows the challenges of disaster response in

the Philippines. Typhoon Ulysses (2020) brought about flooding that affected 80 percent of the

city’s land area, which forced several thousand citizens out of their homes and resulted in

extensive loss to property and, notably, to crops as well. (NASA Earth Observatory, 2020). In

response, the local government set up evacuation centers, sought to rescue people, and provided

released supplies. However, many residents complained of late and inadequate support as well

as insufficiency of help. This dissatisfaction is quite an indicator that barangay governments are

still struggling with lots of odds despite the reality that they often are at the receiving end when

disasters hit the country but come ill-equipped, trained, and most of the time

underfunded. Despite the implementation of the Philippines’ Disaster Risk Reduction

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Management Act of 2010, which provided guidelines on disaster preparedness and response,

this framework failed to address remaining gaps after Typhoon Ulysses. Most of the time, local

government, in particular barangay councils, have had a tough time mobilizing resources to

help the affected population when disasters occur. Hence, there is a pressing need to conduct a

study on the level of satisfaction among residents in Tuguegarao regarding the performance of

the local government during and after Typhoon Ulysses.

Also, one is forced to consider the psychological and/or emotional repercussions of

such disasters on the societies involved. According to research, this leads to worsening of other

related matters such as anxiety and depression among residents and hitches the healing process,

raising questions about the broader impacts of disaster response beyond physical and financial

losses.

Barangay governments, served as the first line of defense, face challenge in managing

disaster risk situations due poor coordination and limited capacity. Many of the barangays that

were interviewed expressed that their capacity to respond to the scale of the disaster was a

challenge; they were unable to adequately cope with the situation, and at the same time they

admitted their lack of resources and training. This highlights the need for targeted strategies to

enhance local capacities and resilience.

While much has been studied on disaster risk reduction (DRR) at the national level, the

performance of community-based disaster risk reduction (CBDRR) strategies in Tuguegarao

City and similar areas has attracted little attention. Most of the studies dealt with how

barangays (the lowest government unit, which serves as the frontliners in times of disaster) can

improve their preparations for the type of hazard to experience. For instance, the concerns

confronted by many barangays during Typhoon Ulysses—lack of coordination, capacity-

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building practices, and unavailability of resources—connote a call for better preparedness.

Food for thought: this begs for further research to provide urban places and communities with

the know-how, instruments, and means to best cope with natural disasters.

Furthermore, there has been limited attention to how social and cultural issues affect

disaster management in Tuguegarao. The literature does not adequately consider local social

aspects. This significantly contributes to the study of disaster preparedness at the barangay

level. Another significant gap that exists is the technology gap. While tools come easy, such as

early warning systems, processes, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) being passed on

air to help the barangay, the cost comes as a tilting issue in setting them up even with

inadequate training. Research is needed to enhance the effective use of technology in local

communities to improve disaster preparedness.

Considering these trends, issues, and problems of the study, the following research

question was formulated to guide the assessment of the level of satisfaction of Tuguegarao City

residents with the performance of the local government during the aftermath of Typhoon

Ulysses. The research will employ a combination of survey, focus group discussions, and both

qualitative and quantitative data collection methods to gather information on residents’

experiences. Questionnaires will be given to the cross-section of residents to determine their

satisfaction with disaster preparedness and response activities and recovery efforts. Further,

interviews will also be conducted to gather detailed accounts of individuals’ experiences during

the disaster.

This research intends to establish such performance gaps for local government entities

by evaluating their crisis management strategies and performance in meeting the urgent and

future needs of those communities most impacted by disasters. Special emphasis is placed on

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factors relating to the timing of the aid delivery, the sufficiency of the evacuation arrangements,

and the availability of the information during such a crisis. In addition, the study will discuss

such findings that concern the possibilities of community involvement and participation in

disaster response since the practice of applications with the active participation of the

population increases the results of the recovery and strengthening of critical infrastructures

considerably.

This research also aims at offering practical suggestions that could help improve

subsequent endeavors in disaster management. In this sense, the work’s findings should help

local government officials to prevent replicating certain strategies and identify directions that

require improvement for effective disaster risk reduction and response. Furthermore, the

findings of this investigation might assist in designing adequate training courses for the local

emergency groups in order to provide them with knowledge and experiences sufficient for a

successful reaction in case of incidents.

Lastly, this research aims to the enhancement of coping and adaptation in communities

when confronted with more frequent and intense natural disasters. Disasters are becoming more

frequent and intense due to climate change, putting more pressure on effective disaster risk

management. This research is also beyond seeking satisfaction levels; it aims at constructing

cooperation between the residents, the local government, and other organizations to enhance

the resilience of Tuguegarao City. By bringing out the role of the community in disaster

management, this study thus postulates the philosophy of disaster preparedness and response as

one that is shared responsibility among the community and the local government and not a

preserve of the future.

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Conceptual Framework

INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE

Local Government Unit Citizens’ satisfaction

Disaster Response

Figure 1. Independent Variable – Dependent Variable

This figure highlights how the disaster response of local government can contribute to

or against trust. The results show that when the government is better prepared and responds

effectively during disasters, it directly impacts how satisfied the citizens are.

Thus, examining this relationship will make it clearer if the local government is

prepared for managing the disasters and how their response contributes to bringing a direct

change in the lives of those who have been served. At the end of the day, this study is going to

help us understand if we are doing a good enough job from the community and what should

change so that residents feel safer as well as have local support when it comes to crisis

management.

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Statement of the problem

This research aims to determine the Level of Satisfaction of Citizens and the Level of

Compliance of Local Government Unit in Disaster Response.

Specifically, it aspires to answer the following questions:

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of the following:

1.1 Age

1.2 Sex

1.3 Civil Status

1.4 Religion

1.5 Residence

2. What is the level of satisfaction of citizens on local government’s disaster response in

terms of:

2.1 Preparedness before the calamity

2.2 Response during the calamity

2.3 Support after the calamity

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3. What is the level of compliance of the Local Government Unit in terms of

preparedness before the calamity, response during the calamity and support after the

calamity?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and their level

of satisfaction?

5. What is the relationship between the level of compliance of LGU and the level of

satisfaction of citizens?

Hypotheses

Based on the statement of the problem, the following hypotheses were formed:

Ho1: There is no significant relationship between the citizens and the local government

preparedness before the calamity, responses during the calamity and support after the

calamity.

Ho2: There is no significant relationship between the level of satisfaction among Tuguegarao

City residents and the effectiveness of the Local government Unit disaster response.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focused on the citizens of the Barangays: Capatan, Centro 10, Linao Norte,

and Linao West, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. It assesses how the local government responds to

them to ensure their satisfaction. The total number of respondents that is needed is at least 100

citizens of the barangays, and this number of respondents is enough to provide good insights to

successfully conduct this study. We use surveys and questionnaires in conducting this study. It

will be limited to these three barangays, with other areas in Tuguegarao excluded because they

have been recognized for their more advanced disaster preparedness and management

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strategies. The time frame and logistical constraints are key delimitations, meaning the research

will not cover other municipalities in Cagayan or nearby regions.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study is essential to evaluate the satisfaction level among residents

after disaster experience in their area that may be useful for Tuguegarao City, Cagayan local

government unit regarding its improved service delivery. The research will be beneficial for the

undermentioned associated partners:

Residence of Barangay: The citizens of the chosen barangays will act as first responders or

immediate victims in times of calamities, and their awareness on what should be prepared,

given answers during a disaster happens, and recovery is to follow. With this study, they have a

voice to speak their worries and needs while also offering ideas so that the relevant

stakeholders at local government will work in tandem with the public on disaster management.

Citizens of Tuguegarao City: This study will enable the constituents to know what they need

in times of calamities or disasters before, during and after it. When local citizens are more

involved with the local authorities and agents of disaster management, the common populace

will be motivated to share their concerns and needs.

Residents of Cagayan Province: The findings will benefit the residents with important

information on how to prepare for disasters, how to respond to them and how to recover from

them. It will act as a practical knowledge to them as they take necessary measures during

affected events and minimize on the number of people being affected. Citizens are in a better

position to help each other during disasters if they have prior knowledge on how to do it.

Local Government Officials: This research study hence produces information that will help

local government officials enhance their emergency risk reduction preparedness. This they can

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use in increasing effectiveness of plans and strategies in handling emergencies in order to

improve their performance.

Municipality of Tuguegarao City: Potentially, as the focus of this study, Tuguegarao City

might achieve apposite acclaim for the implementation of efficient disaster preparedness plans.

It is noteworthy that research not only provides specific information to officials but also

improves these workers’ performance and, as a result, contributes to the municipal benefit.

Other Cities and Municipalities in Cagayan: This study will be useful to other cities and

municipalities as a reference in relation to disaster response concerns. Consequently, these

areas can practice similar approaches in their places to achieve citizen satisfaction and security

based on the discoveries made.

Future Researchers: This work will create future research reference where other researchers

can follow, modify or extend the methodologies as well as the findings used in this research.

This research may act as reference for other studies and cause-related actions that increase

community readiness in disaster response and management systems.

Definition of Terms

This may help the readers understand easily the context of this study and to enlighten

them, they should know first the different terms that included in this paper. This will include

the following:

Citizens – an inhabitant of a particular town or city which can be native or naturalized person

who owes allegiance to a government and is entitled to protection from it.

Disaster – any natural or human-generated calamitous event that produces great loss of human

life or destruction of the natural environment, private property, or public infrastructure. A

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disaster may be relatively sudden, such as an earthquake or an oil spill, or it may unfold over a

longer period, such as the effects of an ongoing pandemic or climatic disruption.

Disaster Preparedness – consists of a set of measures undertaken in advance by governments,

organizations, communities, or individuals to better respond and cope with the immediate

aftermath of the disaster, whether it be human-induced or caused by natural hazards.

Disaster Response – refers to the actions taken directly before, during or in the immediate

aftermath of the disaster to protect against further loss of life and property.

Level of Satisfaction – the extent to which a person’s experience with a products, services, or

company exceeds their predetermined satisfaction goals.

Local Government – is the authority or the administration of a particular town, county, or

district, with representatives elected by those who live there to determine and execute policy in

an area inside and smaller than a whole state.

Officials – a person holding public office or having official duties, especially as a

representative of an organization or government.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the researcher considered in

strengthening the importance of the present study. It also presents the synthesis of the art to

fully understand the research for better comprehension of the study.

Citizens Satisfaction on Local Government’s Disaster Response in terms of:

Preparedness before the calamity

An effective natural disaster management according to Sobel and Leeson (2007), it

requires efficient information generation at three critical stages. The first stage is the

recognition stage: where the disaster has occurred, how severe is it? Is relief needed? The

second is the needs assessment and allocation stage: what relief supplies are needed, who has

them readily available, and what areas and individuals need them the most? The third stage is

the feedback and evaluation stage: are our disaster-relief activities working, and what, if

anything, needs modification? When the disaster relief is centralized and managed by

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government, it necessarily becomes bureaucratized. Government agencies such as Federal

Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), they are created to administer the reliefs for the

citizens. In this way, the disaster management will be effective because they have plans on how

to do when the disaster occurred. Detailed protocols that involve multiple layers of approval

before action may not be helping the victims but they are slowing the procedure. Sometimes the

government will have so many ways to be able to approve something, they did not know that in

times of disaster, the victims is in need of help immediately because it is possible that many

lives will be in danger if the rescuers are slow.

During a crisis, people tend to assign responsibility to government for unpredictable

events, especially if they have witnessed deficient or null disaster preparedness in the past.

Positive public opinion of a satisfactory government performance on economic and political

issues and public goods provision seems to determine higher levels of institutional trust. They

argued that the more in line performance of political systems and institutions are with citizen

demands, the stronger social capital will be, suggesting a link between social capital and

institutional performance. As a result, higher levels of institutional trust will produce greater

economic development, with major impacts on citizen wellbeing (Cisterna et al., 2022). It says

that positive feedback to local government will make them improve their plans on disaster

preparedness. They will develop more their services and also their equipment to efficiently

serve people in those times.

“Research on the influence of remedial measures on public satisfaction after

government information service failures in typhoon disasters: A case from China” stated that,

according to the statistics of experts from the World Meteorological Organization, natural

disasters that threaten human survival include typhoon, earthquake, flood, thunderstorm,

tornado, snow storm, avalanches, volcanic eruption, heat wave, landslide, tide, etc. Timely and

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accurate release of emergency information by the local government will not only help the

people to know the progress of disasters and the response measures but also guide them and

enhance its ability to respond to disasters. Strategies and measures should be taken to realize

quick and effective information release in order for the citizens to know what they must do in

times of disaster. In this way, their panic can be reduced and the operation would be normal

and smooth for the society (Zhong, 2020). Disasters do happen unexpectedly and we cannot

deny the fact that planning is not enough. We must provide them information on what they

must do when the disaster strikes in the city. In this way, we can probably save them because

they know what they will do if ever disaster came in the most unexpected time. The number of

casualties may decrease if ever the authorities will pay their attention to give awareness to their

people.

“Community-based leadership in disaster resilience: The case of Small Island

Community in Hagonoy, Bulacan, Philippines” stated that, to achieve disaster resilience comes

after effective disaster risk governance where it refers to how the public authorities, civil

servants, media, private sector, and civil society coordinate at community, national, and

regional levels to manage and reduce disaster and climate-related risks. One of the key

components of effective disaster governance requires transferring power, authority, and

capacity building to local communities so they can participate effectively in making relevant

policies, decisions, and actions that reflect their socio-ecological context. Leadership in local

communities, or community-based leadership, plays an important role and is an indispensable

component in the practice of effective disaster governance to achieve disaster resilience.

Community-based leadership, or also referred to as community leadership, is a kind of

leadership that is communal, collective, and distributive and focuses on local communities and

their organizations generating ideas together, learning together, growing and developing

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together, and constructing the meaning of their shared existence, while recognizing and

respecting the diverse backgrounds of the different members, groups, and organizations

existing in the community (Abenir et al., 2022). It clearly shows that informing your citizens to

rise their awareness on this matter makes them resilient when sudden events occur because they

have a knowledge on what they must do, where to go when the time has come, and what are the

things they need to bring just in case they need to evacuate.

Disaster preparedness plans reduce future damages, but may lack testing to assess their

effectiveness in operation. Disaster plans such as practice drills to monitor and assess its

effectiveness before the unwanted hazards hits. In light of the more recent disasters in the

Philippines, disaster research has become even more urgent. Center for Research on the

Epidemiology of Disasters 2014 where their main topic is for natural disasters providing a

wealth of data related to health, they also aim to improve disasters preparedness and response

has been active for more than 40 years in the field. It consists steps to minimize harm and aid in

recovery should a disaster occurs (Dariagan, Atando & Asis, 2020). It is evident here that

disaster plans can help lessen the casualties and when the calamity or hazards hits, the people

living there is also safe because they are aware of the safety information given by the

government. The government also must require a practice drill in every school, workplace or

any establishments in our country to monitor how they do it and to know how effective it is.

Response during the calamity

Immediate relief pertains to ‘quick help’ when the disaster is currently happening. It

consists of equipment and goods that will be used to rescue people. In India, the importance of

immediate relief to those citizens who are affected is a bedrock principle because it is

undeniable that following several considerable disasters in India, civil society and, to an extent,

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the State, have responded, occasionally swiftly and comprehensively, with rescue and relief

operations. People in India showed that involvement of local people and civil society groups in

rescue and relief was not a clearly defined process. It exhibited that the government views

rescue and relief work as a piecemeal business, as the responsibility of its revenue department

and public support is not factored into it. In the absence of a well-defined process of involving

people, spontaneous involvement has often gone undirected and is viewed as obstruction by the

authorities. The overall perspective of the administration is to view people as passive recipients

of government largesse rather than as valuable partners in dealing with disasters. The provision

of relief on a dependable, annual basis has been transformed into a business opportunity for a

small group of people, establishing it as a pattern in almost all areas prone to regular droughts,

floods, heat waves, and riots (Parasuraman & Unnikrishnan, 2002). It is evident in India that

the principle of immediate relief is a bedrock like principle because it is an idea that the

government should not ban because relief can help people who are affected by the disaster. As

the government must respond as soon as possible, they must ensure that the goods they will

give to the people will help them even just for a week to survive after the unwanted disaster.

Responding to disasters is entirely different from responding to conflict-related complex

agencies. Disaster response is inherently chaotic, tried and tested international tools and

procedures do exist to assist a disaster-affected government and its people to handle the

situation. However, new players, including the corporate sector, and to some extent the public,

have entered the field of disaster response. Natural calamities claimed many lives of people

worldwide maybe because of lack of preparedness before and response of the rescuers and

government during the disaster. Natural disasters are unpredictable natural events such as

earthquakes, cyclones, floods and volcanic eruptions. The humanitarian community must

understand that disaster response is a completely different specialized activity that requires

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professionals and decision makers experienced in this field in order to function effectively.

Donors must also fund response preparedness between disasters. Finally, if the corporate sector

is serious about disaster response, it has to work within established coordination structures and

agree to certain ethical and professional guidelines (Katoch, 2006). Disaster response is highly

important because it can save lives by helping them in those situations that is hard for them. We

cannot predict disasters; they arrive unexpectedly so we must be prepared always to respond

and to evacuate.

A disaster can strike an entire nation and its impact is felt most of community level. It

may strike one or several communities at once but the important thing is that, how will the

government respond during the calamity. In the context of disaster management, the idea of

community participation is taken to mean a group of people looking after their most vulnerable

members. 'Shared responsibility' connotes collective action towards achieving a common goal.

An organized community certainly has its advantages. By using what is available locally, it can

facilitate a timely response which, in turn, can spell a difference in saving lives and mitigating

the loss of property. The process of organizing also enhances the openness of those involved

towards voluntarism, enabling the community to reduce its dependence on either the local or

national government in times (Capili, 2003). The government may engage the community to

participate in responding when the calamity hits by rescuing their fellow citizens, helping each

other when needed, etc. They may also raise seminars to those citizens who wants to volunteer

in order to help the rescuers to save people in those times.

“Public satisfaction with the government’s disaster response during Typhoon Odette

(Rai)” stated that, Typhoon Odette (international name "Rai"), which barreled into the

Philippines on December 16, 2021, affecting 2.2 million families and 7.8 million individuals,

has cost the country US$324 million in agricultural losses and US$572 million in infrastructure

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damage as reported by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

(NDRRMC). For disaster response to be effective, the public's perception concerning the

quality of service provided during typhoons is critical since every government response aims to

protect and satisfy public needs and interests. People's attitudes and behavior toward the

government would depends on their initiative to make people trust and satisfied with their

services and policies. Therefore, it also reflects the programs and services that government

delivers to the public, including their perception of the utilization of resources (Mata et al.,

2023). Every local government has its own guidelines on what to do when the sudden event

comes. Its only trust and compliance are what we need for them to effectively accomplish their

job to respond to the needs of the people. It will also make them more eager to help because

they know that people are trusting them and patiently waiting for their help.

Support after the calamity

After a large-scale disaster, affected local governments face challenges such as a

shortage of skilled staff in disaster response operations. Human resource support from external

organizations is essential. Japan has a major achievements of human support system for

affected local government and communities with the aftermath of the disaster because some of

their laws pertaining to disaster risk reduction management was amended to particularly focus

on the emergency response of the government. In terms of mutual support among local

governments, these key points should be monitored in every local government: First, each local

government should enhance its own disaster response capacity. Second, the entire country

should use skilled human resources effectively. Third, national and local governments should

prepare to receive assistance from overseas. Also, the national government must define a

detailed plan for dispatching personnel to affected areas, should dispatch support teams directly

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to each affected prefecture, instead of setting up onsite organizations that cover multiple

prefectures and should prepare to receive these onsite organizations (Beniya, 2021). After the

calamity, the local government should always be ready on rescuing the people affected by the

disaster. They should be the first to rescue, to address their needs and give them relief goods,

first aids and equipment to use when they are in need. Volunteers may help when needed, also

evacuation centers should be safe and clean to avoid unnecessary injuries and casualties.

Politics have influenced disaster responses. After the Stafford Act of 1988 (an amended

version of the Disaster Relief Act of 1974) was passed in the US, presidential disaster

declaration came to be motivated not by need, but by presidential and congressional influence,

including concerns about swing states, congressional representation, and future presidential

elections. Decisions of the governments pertaining to disaster reliefs are not depended on needs

but rather on biased decision-making about disaster measures, which hampers early and

effective response to and recovery from severe catastrophes. Decision-making on post-disaster

measures, employed as research objects in the literature, are primarily presidential disaster

declaration and agricultural disaster relief in the US, and sometimes disaster relief payments in

other countries. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no study has investigated the link

between politics and disaster relief payments in Japan. Nevertheless, it is well known that Japan

has experienced numerous severe calamities, particularly massive earthquakes, such as the

Kobe Earthquake of 1995 and the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. Hence, scrutinizing the

Japanese case could shed light on this academic field (Kondoh & Miyazaki, 2022). Japan has

been the greatest number of disasters and yet they are still rising because of their good disaster

risk management. Also, their citizens already know how to handle every situation because they

used to it. Japan is a country that is prone to earthquakes and tsunamis so the government is

always ready for that.

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Developing Asia like the Philippines is the most natural disaster-prone region in the

world (ADB 2013a, ADBI 2013). The shocks expose 1.6 billion Asians who live on less than

$2 a day to life-threatening conditions. The region has accounted for about one-third of the

disasters worldwide over the last decade: Close to 350,000 people died and over 1.7 billion

were affected. Total damages were valued at almost $500 billion. Large calamitous events can

also push the region back on to a slower path of economic growth. The government should

improve their public spending and investment following a disaster because it can help augment

and upgrade capital stock, encourage the adoption of new technologies, enhance the risk-

resiliency of existing systems, and lift standards of living. Natural disasters can have

catastrophic economic, social, and environmental impacts. Damage to infrastructure such as

roads, telecommunications, and power networks and destruction of assets like machinery and

livestock can severely obstruct economic activity. Human and social impacts can arise from

loss of property, homelessness, and disruption of communities, compounded by death,

disability, ill health, and mental trauma (Shikha et al., 2018). As this statement said, the

government should improve their public spending and investment because if they can control it

then the government will have more budget for the expense of buying goods such as rice,

canned goods, first aid kits and many more for the affected citizens of their area.

The Agta narratives and knowledge illustrated in this paper describe significant impacts

this event has had on various members' mobility, housing, and livelihoods. Hunter-gatherers

like the Agta from Northeastern Luzon, Philippines centralize their lifestyle and subsistence

around water ecosystems (i.e., rivers and coasts), and have particular adaptive strategies to

prepare for and withstand annual threats of typhoons despite also being particularly vulnerable

to extreme environmental changes. The Philippines is a country that expects to be hit by about

20 tropical cyclones each year, with 5 destructive typhoons predicted by the data source

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

because our country is known for its title “typhoon belt”. Some Agtas when they are being hit

by the typhoon, they don’t want money or any goods that is only available for a week instead

they want that the government will give them plows, harrows and carabaos (Asian water

buffalos and pull plows) as a relief items (Buenafe-ze & Telan, 2018). The people of Agtas

community can request the help they want after the calamity because they know more what

they need most of the time. Even if the government prepares the usual relief goods, they will

give but some Agtas want to be practical and they must give it to them as their assistance.

Level of Compliance of Local Government Unit

The world has recently experienced an almost unprecedented string of disasters— both

natural and human made—adding renewed urgency for both government agencies and the

public to increase their levels of preparedness. An all-hazards approach takes a broader view of

preparedness by suggesting that public health efforts should inform and motivate federal, state,

and local agencies and the public to be prepared for any of a wide array of potential disasters.

At the public level, a primary goal of the US Department of Health and Human Services, the

Department of Homeland Security, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and

the American Red Cross is to convince individuals to maintain a number of recommended

generic emergency supplies and to develop family communication and evacuation plans to

respond to any contingency. Historically, those most likely to be affected by disaster are those

individuals with low socioeconomic status, minorities, and recent immigrants are less likely to

be prepared and comply with disaster response directives. A number of factors explain this

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

social disparity, primarily socio demographic-related factors, such as a lack of material and

educational resources.

The National Response Plan has changed dramatically in the last 2 decades, evolving

from primarily natural disasters (pre-1984) to include chemical disasters (following the 1984

toxic gas spill in Bhopal, India), terrorism (post-2001), and pandemic influenza (post-2006). On

February 28, 2003, President George W. Bush issued Homeland Security Presidential Directive

5, ordering the development of the National Response Plan under the direction of the Secretary

of Homeland Security to “integrate Federal Government domestic prevention, preparedness,

response, and recovery plans into one all-discipline, all-hazards plan.” In 2006, this approach

was codified into law in the “Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act” PL 109-417

(Murphy et al., 2009).

Canadians face a wide range hazards and these hazards interact with vulnerabilities to

trigger major disasters, such as the 1996 Saguenay flood, the 1997 Red River flood, and the

1998 ice storm. A changing climate, more people and property at risk, increasing economic and

technological interdependence and environmental degradation are some of many societal

factors which are converging to increase the likelihood, magnitude and diversity of disasters in

years to come (Etkin 1999; McBean 2004). Researchers around the world have broadened our

understanding of the physical and social variables that precipitate disasters and have identified

a number of strategies to mitigate disaster losses. While hazards may not be preventable, the

damage inflicted by these extreme events can be significantly reduced. Despite notable past

successes and a supportive policy community, Canada has not yet fully integrated mitigation

into disaster management. In this paper, we argue that a greater political commitment will be

necessary in order to move from a system oriented primarily toward response and recovery to

one that emphasizes disaster mitigation and risk reduction. Internationally there appears to be a

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

growing consensus that a "paradigm shift"' is required to move from reactive, response-based

disaster management to a more proactive effort aimed at disaster mitigation and risk reduction.

As a reflection of this, many countries have revised their disaster management policies to

integrate a greater emphasis on mitigation (Henstra & McBean, 2005).

There are gaps in Australia’s emergency management legislation. The states and

territories have extensive and comprehensive emergency management legislation, but the

provisions dealing with local government range from almost non-existent (in New South

Wales) to significant (in Queensland) despite the clear recognition that local government has,

or should have, an important role in this area. The Commonwealth has no federal emergency

management legislation, and the Australian Government’s authority to act during times of

national crisis can be, and has been, challenged. Unlike many economies, such as the UK, the

Australian Government has no defined legislative standing over other jurisdictions regarding

emergency and disaster management issues. Effectively planning for and responding to a

catastrophic natural disaster is beyond the capacity of any single agency or government. It’s

generally recognized in most developed economies that responsibility for all aspects of disaster

management across the spectrum of prevention, preparation, response and recovery (PPRR) is

shared between government, individuals, the business and non-government sectors, and

communities. This paper considers legal arrangements for the allocation of responsibility for

disaster management across the three levels of government in Australia in contrast to the UK’s

Civil Contingencies Act and the Stafford Act in the US. It argues that the Australian states

could benefit from a UK-type Act, and the Commonwealth from an Act more aligned to the US

legislation.

Section 1 reviews the emergency management arrangements in Australia, identifying

gaps in Australian emergency legislation and authority. Australia is a federation in which state

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

and territory governments exercise significant independent authority, so this identifies the role

of the state and federal governments.

Section 2 provides an overview of the UK Civil Contingencies Act. This Act sets out

how emergencies or disasters are managed in the UK and how responsibility is shared between

the national government and local authorities. As a modern, comprehensive piece of legislation,

this Act is offered as an example of ‘exemplary practice’.

Section 3 undertakes a similar analysis of the Stafford Act in the US. The US, like

Australia, is a federation in which responsibilities are shared between the state and federal

governments. This Act governs the federal response to disasters and may have significant

learning for Australia.

Finally, Section 4 considers whether there are provisions of the UK and US legislation

that can or should be adopted in Australia and whether an Australian Civil Contingencies Act,

or Stafford Act, would be a useful addition to the Australian emergency management

legislative framework (Eburn, 2017).

Compliance with the R.A. 10121 or the “Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction

Management Act of 2010” can build resilience of local communities and strengthen the

country’s institutional capacity. Negros Occidental was not spared from disasters, the dry spell

in 2018 caused the 6.11 million pesos losses of Negros Occidental in its rice crop (Bayoran,

2019). The consolidated damage report of the Provincial Agriculture Office of the province

was rice production losses amounting to more than Php123millions from January to May 2020.

Tropical depression “Samuel” caused flash floods. The flooding due to heavy rains caused

millions of losses in LGUs of Northern Negros Occidental (Nicavera, 2021). The compliance

of Local Government Units (LGUs) with the provisions of the PDRRM Act in the areas of risk

management practices and institutional arrangements and capacities focused on the

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

four thematic areas of disaster. Challenges encountered by DRRM officers and planning

coordinators of 32 LGUs were investigated. Using descriptive analysis, the findings revealed a

high level of compliance with risk management practices in prevention and mitigation,

preparedness, and response and a moderate level of rehabilitation and recovery (Yusay &

Caelian, 2022).

The country is highly exposed to natural hazards because it lies along the Pacific

Typhoon Belt and is within the Pacific Ring of Fire. The risk is compounded by uncontrolled

settlement in hazard-prone areas, high poverty rate, failure to implement building codes and

construction standards, and the degradation of forests and coastal resources, among others.

Flooding is the most frequently experienced phenomenon in the Philippines due to the

monsoon rains and typhoons. Damage to property, agriculture, as well as loss of lives may

happen during floods. The Philippines experienced several disasters related to flooding which

caused many deaths and damage to property in the last decade. Based on the record of the

CDRRMO, 17 out of the 76 barangays or 22.37 percent are prone to flooding. There are two

barangays which are affected by heavy flooding or which are isolated during heavy rains.

These barangays are Balanti and Sitio Yabutan in barangay San Miguel. Other identified flood

prone barangays are Carangian, San Vicente, Ligtasan, Sto. Cristo, San Roque, San Sebastian,

San Juan Bautista, San Pablo, San Rafael, Sta. Maria, Sinait, Panampunan, Matatalaib,

Amucao, and Maliwalo. In 2010, the Philippine government enacted Republic Act No. 10121

also known as the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (PDRRM

Act of 2010). According to Section 2 of the said act, it shall be the policy of the state to adopt a

disaster risk reduction and management approach that is holistic, comprehensive, integrated,

and proactive in lessening the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of disasters including

climate change, and promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

stakeholders concerned, at all levels, especially the local community. In Tarlac City, they

created a City Ordinance No. 010-12 series of 2012 entitled “An Ordinance Institutionalizing

the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System in the City of Tarlac and Providing

Funds for the Implementation Thereof” and it was approved so, the Tarlac City Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Council (TCDRRMC) was created. It undergoes in the Office of

the City Mayor and assisted by three (3) staff namely those for: (1) Administration and

Training; (2) Research and Planning; and (3) Operations and Warning (Mohammed, 2018).

The United Nations defines Disaster Risk Reduction as the “concept and practice of

reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors of

disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and

property, wise management of land and the environment, and improved preparedness for

adverse events” (UNESCO and UNICEF, 2014). Disaster Risk Reduction Management

(DRRM), on the other hand, is the systematic process of using administrative directives,

organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and

improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility

of disaster. As presented in various local and international policy agendas, it has been stressed

that the education sector is one of the most susceptible during disasters. Schools, particularly

the young students, often suffer the worse impacts from both natural and man-made hazards.

Accordingly, DepEd has created the Comprehensive DRRM in Basic Education Framework,

which underscores the three pillars: 1) Safe Learning Facilities; 2) School Disaster

Management, and; 3) DRRM in Education. The core of the program involves the Department’s

aim to: 1) Protect learners and education workers from death, injury, and harm in schools; 2)

Plan for educational continuity in the face of expected hazards and threats; 3) Safeguard

education sector investments; and 4) Strengthen risk reduction and resilience through

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

education. The School Planning Team (SPT) and the School DRRM Team (SDRRM Team) are

mandated to work together to implement the DRRM processes of assessment, planning,

implementation, monitoring, evaluation and reporting. However, it is necessary that the entire

school community— students, teachers, non-teaching personnel, and administrators—are

involved in these processes. Students, particularly, are the core of each process. They must

participate from the assessment stage (hazard mapping), planning stage (creation of work plan),

and implementation of the capacity-building programs of the SDRRM Team so as to educate

them on disaster awareness and preparedness (Martinez et al., n.d).

Relationship of Profile of the Respondents and their Level of Satisfaction in terms of

Disaster Response

During the course of a normal lifespan, most people are confronted with any number of

aversive events. Accidents happen, loved ones die, health gives out, money disappears, or

property is damaged. Therefore, most people are usually able to survive isolated aversive

events with no lasting psychological damage (Bonanno, 2004). Disasters can be shockingly

lethal, often claiming the lives of hundreds if not thousands of people and spreading a wide

web of loss and grief over a vast geographical range. Disasters often impact broader domains

that go well beyond the individual. Disasters affect the nature and structure of families. They

impact the communities in which they take place, taxing their institutions and sometimes

challenging their survival. Disasters may impact many different aspects of life, and not

surprisingly their study tends to cut across multiple investigate disciplines, including clinical,

social and developmental psychology; psychiatry; epidemiology; and sociology. Disasters can

lead to serious physical health costs. A common health hazard of human-made disasters is the

release of disease agents or noxious substances (Bonanno et al., 2010).

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Flash floods are localized extreme events and are characteristic of steep team slopes and

impervious urbanized areas (Tobin & Montz, 1994, 1997). The two key elements are intensity

and duration of rainfall. Local atmospheric, topographic, and soil conditions, ground cover, and

drainage basin characteristics also play an important role. Flash floods can occur within a few

minutes or hours of excessive rainfall, dam or levee failure, or sudden release of water held by

an ice jam (Bryant 1991). They can roll boulders, tear out trees, and destroy buildings and

bridges, and trigger catastrophic mud slides. Fast-moving water associated with flash floods

can even float cars. Gruntfest (1977, 1986, 1987) examined the effectiveness systems and

actions taken by people who experienced the Big Thompson Canyon, Colorado, flash flood on

31 July 1976. This flood caused the deaths of 135 people. Grunt fest compared the actions of

the survivors and non-survivors, and the warned and non-warned populations (Paul, 2002).

In 2013, Super Typhoon Haiyan (local name: Yolanda) made landfall in the Eastern

Visayan region of the Philippines damaging and destroying 1.14 million houses. As it had also

affected 5.13 million population and claimed 6300 lives, it had been considered as one of the

deadliest typhoons to enter the Philippines. Embedded on these figures was the plight of

communities in impoverished, degraded, and risk-prone settlements. Following Super Typhoon

Haiyan, massive humanitarian responses from both government and non-government sectors

were simultaneously launched to spearhead the recovery of the displaced communities. Global

Shelter Cluster reports that a total of 344,853 households had since been assisted with

incremental housing solutions by humanitarian organizations while the National Housing

Authority (NHA) completed 29,661 houses as of October 2016 out of the planned total of

206,488. In terms housing reconstruction approach, agency-driven (“top-down”) remains to be

the status quo wherein lead organizations and/or agencies solely or majorly undertake the

project delivery process from start to finish, although this may lead to housing outputs which

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

are not matched with the real needs of the affected communities. Participatory approaches as

alternative means to the traditional architectural and planning practice were initiated in the

1960s to foster local capacity especially among the low- and moderate-income communities.

Post-disaster housing reconstruction frameworks and guidelines, the importance of

beneficiaries’ participation as a component or central aspect in the reconstruction program is

not guaranteed unless post-evaluated. Hadlos, 2021 stated that “Evaluations play an invaluable

monitoring role in revealing where past lessons have or have not over time been translated into

changed practice”.

An earthquake is a natural disaster that has been part of history, causing catastrophic

events that lead to social and economic losses. As a result, there is a pressing need for a change

toward earthquake readiness, with earthquake preparedness playing a significant role in

fostering this study. Despite the significant role of earthquake preparedness in lessening the

impact of this natural catastrophe, challenges are present that disable the people and the

concerned agencies from entirely benefiting from its implication. Experts say that being

prepared during a disaster plays a vital role in ensuring safety. Knowing how to handle such

situations accurately and appropriately is crucial to lessen the impact of earthquakes. Recent

studies indicate that an individual's knowledge and perception of earthquakes have significantly

affected their actions. Furthermore, systematic measures to examine and manage disasters can

lessen the negative impacts. According to Dagatan et al., 2024, this study will help students be

prepared for and effectively contribute to lessening the risks and ensuring effective

communication between the parties involved. Communication is one effective technique to

prevent and lessen earthquake damage. Risk communication manages to A notify the general

public about the implications of an incident and the severity of earthquakes, and how decisions

may impact students' preparedness.

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

The Differences between the Level of Compliance of Local Government Unit and the

Level of Satisfaction of Citizens

Public administration involves the recruitment, training, and development of civil

servants as well as the management of their performance to ensure quality public services,

strategic planning processes to determine long-term goals and preparation of budgets to fund

various public programs and services, as well as the process of developing and implementing

purposeful policies. to overcome public problems and improve community welfare (Sahid,

Abdul, 2020). Public administration requires management of State finances including revenue

collection, expenditure and financial reporting, where in the process of managing State finances

the Government must ensure that government activities are carried out transparently and are

accountable to the public, as well as that there is a mechanism to supervise and control

government performance (Tambunan, 2022). The community is needed in improving public

administration services and maximum service because it requires transparency and

accountability activities so that the services provided are better and truly serve the community

optimally. In addition to transparency and accountability, public administration services must

implement reliable capabilities in service (reliability), where the reliability of this service is

related to the certainty that the government can meet the needs and expectations of the

community in an efficient, effective and sustainable manner, where public administration

services must be truly present in serving every problem in society efficiently and effectively,

and able to continue in the future if the people in Government change to other parties

(Retraubun, Alex SW, 2022). Public administration services must be consistent in quality and

implementation time. The public needs to have confidence that they will receive the same good

service every time they interact with the government (Sihombing, 2024).

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BACHELOR OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Compliance is an important aspect of having a successful transition of a plan in

management. Grady et al., (2016) identified barriers to the implementation of disaster risk

reduction. Depending on the situation at hand, the urban community must set up a concrete

plan of action when a disaster strikes. Household preparation levels should be good (Tam et al.,

2018) in the city since it has the resources for human survival. Dwirahmadi et al. (2019)

showed that stakeholder groups share common views regarding the important human aspects

being central to resilience-building efforts. In relation, Amaratunga et al. (2018) identified

needs and skills, which are necessary to produce broader knowledge gaps. Preparation for a

disaster is inevitable and stocking up necessary things is essential but needs to be adjusted from

time to time (Sudo et al., 2019) those companies in urban areas. This is a revelation for

everyone in the government wherein, help is always along the way when a disaster is ravaging

a community least to say, an urban community. The loss of lives is unthinkable and

unaccountable. Thus, the government need not overlook this matter. Consequently, Alarslan

(2018) concluded that there are still many hard works needed with a view to building better

cooperation among different institutions. However, the lack of a comprehensive plan limits the

implementation of wide range initiatives on DRRM. Also, Panganiban (2019) explored the

citizen satisfaction survey to the quality-of-service delivery of local government units and

identified key factors that influence the satisfaction of users of government services.

Conversely, Raza (2018) explained that adaptive and coping capacities of local government

units remain very weak and assessment on risk and incorporating it in developing local risk-

sensitive physical and development plans are still not part of the planners and decision-makers'

agenda (Asio, 2021).

The disaster may start from minor accident, and such minor accident can develop into

large scale disaster, leading to fatal accident. It is mandatory for the local government to have

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

improved performance on disaster and safety management system. The local government

should meet expectations of local residents and should have independent and leading functional

role for effective disaster management. The local government also should fulfill the duty at the

frontline of disaster scenes to protect lives and property of local residents. The administrative

demand on disaster and safety management increased as local residents have higher awareness

on disaster compared to the past. Due to change from agricultural economic structure to

industrial economic structure, large number of populations moved to cities with developed

industry (Seol-a & Sang-il, 2019). Citizen’s satisfaction is the primary criterion for assessing

the quality of the product or service, as well as the ancillary services and key performance

indicators of public organizations, that are supplied to clients. In order to enhance the quality of

a product or service and provide a firm with a competitive edge, measuring customer

satisfaction is an essential component of the process (Almihat et al., 2022).

Satisfaction requires a moment of truth or experience of the service before evaluating

how satisfied the service recipient is. According to satisfaction is a positive disconfirmed

expectation, while stated that it is a post-consumption experience that compares perceived

quality with expected quality. Moreover, argued that African Journal of Advanced Pure and

Applied Sciences (AJAPAS) satisfaction could be broadly characterized as a post-purchase

evaluation of product quality given pre-purchase expectations. Moreover, customer satisfaction

will depend on confidence in the quality of service. The development of customer satisfaction

indices for the services given by inspectors in certain departments where is Al-Ain

Municipality, United Arab Emirates. They discovered that consumer satisfaction indices and

trust scores were in the middle of the eighties, suggesting strong levels of customer

contentment and trust. The definition of consumer satisfaction given by might be transaction-

specific or cumulative. This consumer analyzes the service and decides their level of

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BACHELOR OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

satisfaction at initial contact. However, analyze the satisfaction of recurring consumers from

the first time they used the service to the present. From the perspective of the government,

conducting a customer satisfaction survey will help to obtain the best available information by

learning their opinions and perceptions, comprehending the impact of alternative options based

on whether or not they meet customers' needs, and mitigating the risk of unintended

consequences, if not eliminating them entirely. The common sense suggests that citizens as

actors and as players in policy making and the receivers of the public services have a voice in

constructing performance measures that assess the quality and impact of services. The citizen

satisfaction methods stress the importance of the link between a municipality and its

constituents and that a well-performing municipal government is the one that can satisfy the

needs of local citizens who are the beneficiaries of its services. The perceived quality of

government outcomes represented by its services is more important to citizens than the way in

which resources are utilized to generate these outcomes. Citizen satisfaction can be used as a

measure of institutional performance and how local government can respond to the needs

(Almihat et al., 2022).

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the citizens satisfaction in the local

government’s disaster response. Local governments always prepare to make sure that they give

their constituents the things that they need whenever the disaster strikes. Citizens satisfaction

on Local Government’s disaster response focuses on the ways of the authorities to sustain the

people’s satisfaction with their services and performance. The literatures that are being

mentioned above clearly shows that disaster management and disaster planning of the local

government is really important to conduct as frequently as it should be for the safety and

awareness of the people around the area. It is also said that; it takes a lot of courage and

determination to help people in need during disaster because it can be risky for the rescuers too.

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

The local government’s compliance to disaster response is very important for their

constituents because in that way they will feel that they are loved by the authorities. Authorities

tend to always make way for the people to recognize them because they want to say to them

that they are always there whenever the disaster strikes. Before the disaster strikes, they always

prepare and comply the things and the equipment that may use to rescue them such as first aid

kits, rescue boats, rope rescue gear, rescue scissors, rain gears, stretchers, spinal boards and

many more equipment that they had to prepare.

Satisfaction of the citizens and the local government’s disaster response is also a factor

of the authorities to see what is the effects of their preparations/actions to the people, what are

their reactions and suggestions to totally improve the services of the rescuers and the officials.

They can also make use of this to assess what makes them satisfy or what are things they need?

For you to know what you need to give them in times of disaster.

Lastly, the factors that satisfies the citizens on the local government’s disaster response

is important for the authorities to know the different factors that they need to do in advance to

avoid casualties and dissatisfaction between them and their people. Do early evacuation and

seminars for the young people to make them aware of the happenings that they may face in the

future. As young people, they should be the most active in this matter because who will know

maybe one of them will be one of the city/municipality mayor one day, then at least they have

the knowledge on what his/her constituents needs.

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BACHELOR OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the method of research design, data gathering procedures, the

references, respondents and sampling techniques, ethical protocols, the instrumentation, and

statistical tools and data analysis.

Research Design

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

The researchers employed the quantitative method and used descriptive design to

determine the level of satisfaction of citizens with the local government’s disaster response and

preparedness of the Local Government Unit. This method is used to gather data for a deeper

understanding of a specific subject and give insights for future studies or exploring areas where

little is known about the research problem. The researcher also used of surveys and

questionnaires method to collect and record information from multiple people, groups or

organizations. Additionally, they served as the essential part of some more complex data

collection and analysis methodologies (INTRAC). Therefore, this research method is

considered to be the most appropriate for the understanding since this involves the assessment

of the given condition.

Locale of the Study

This study was conducted in the Municipality of Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. Out of

forty-nine (49) Barangays, we chose four (4) barangays including Barangay Capatan, Barangay

Centro 10, Barangay Linao West, and Barangay Linao Norte as our Locale of the study.

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Source: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/2e3737e354e14171afdbeaaf26437dc0

Respondents and Sampling Technique

The researchers used simple random sampling of 100 randomly selected participants in

Barangay Capatan, Barangay Centro 10, Barangay Linao West, and Barangay Linao Norte.

This method is the most appropriate since there are large population sizes, participants have an

equal and fair chance of being selected and the resulting sample is unbiased and unaffected by

the research team (Qualtrics, n.d, 2018). Their level of satisfaction was be assessed using the

Net Promoter Score, an instrument invented by Fred Reichheld in 2003. It is a single survey

question that gauge’s customer satisfaction with a product or service.

Research Instrument

The researchers were utilized surveys and questionnaires as their instruments in

gathering data. This instrument is used to gather data on their demographic profile, the level of

satisfaction of the citizens, how their satisfaction influences affect local government disaster

response and the factors that satisfy the citizens on the disaster response of the local

government.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher secured permission to conduct this study from the Dean of the College of

Humanities and Social Sciences and the research adviser. The researchers were also sent an

approval letter to the Barangay Officials for the conduct of the study in the said area. After the

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

permission is secured, the researcher was administered it personally to the targeted respondents.

After answering the surveys and questionnaires, the researchers assured that one hundred

percent (100%) of retrieval would be summarized for proper interpretation and analysis.

Ethical Protocols

The research was strictly implemented A HIGHLY CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT

to all data gathered and drawn in this study since the study is dealing with a very sensitive issue

the research will also secure permission from the person concerned before publishing articles or

information.

Statistical Tools and Data Analysis

This study used descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage and NPS Tool for the

profile of the participants, level of satisfaction, their influence on the local government’s

disaster response and the factors that can satisfy them in terms of disaster response.

For the data to be tallied, analyzed, and interpreted, the researchers utilized the following

statistical tools that will be needed in treating the responses of the participants.

 Frequency count and percentage distribution – for the researchers to show the

distribution of the profile variables or data from the participants.

 Net Promoter Score – for the researchers to know the level of satisfaction and the

influence of participants to the local government’s disaster response.

Figure 1: Frequency count and percentage distribution

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Figure 2. Net Promoter Score

In the Net Promoter system, customers are categorized into three groups—promoters,

detractors, passives—depending on how they answer the question. Where Promoters (score of

9 and 10) represent a company’s most enthusiastic and loyal customers: these people are likely

to act as brand ambassadors, enhance a brand’s online reputation, and increase referral flows,

helping fuel the company's growth. Detractors (score of 0 to 6, included) are unlikely to

recommend a company or product to others, probably won’t stick around or repeat purchases,

and—worse—could actively discourage potential customers away from a business.

Passives (score of 7 or 8) are not actively recommending a brand, but are also unlikely to

damage it with negative word of mouth. Although they are not included in the NPS calculation,

passives are very close to being promoters (particularly when they give a score of 8), so it

always makes strategic sense to spend time investigating what to do to win them over (Hotjar,

2023).

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Name (Optional): ____________________ Gender: [ ]Male[ ]Female [ ]Other,

specify:______

Age: [ ] 18-25 [ ] 26-35 [ ] 36-45 [ ] 46-60 [ ] 61 and above

Religion:__________________

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Civil Status: [ ] Single [ ] Married [ ] Widow/er Barangay: ______________

Have you experienced a disaster in your area within the past year?
[ ] Yes [ ] No

INSTRUCTIONS: This questionnaire addresses your opinion regarding the following

statements in terms of your degree of satisfaction intends to measure your organization's

approach to markets. You are to draw a (✓) on the option. The scale is anchored with 1 being

Very Dissatisfied, 2 for Dissatisfied, 3 for Moderately Satisfied, 4 for Satisfied and 5 being

Very Satisfied.

INDICATOR 1 2 3 4 5
BEFORE THE DISASTER
1. How satisfied are you when the local government
prepare the community for disasters by issuing the memo
about blue/red alert status, cancellation of classes/travels
and no sailing policy?
2. How well does the local government prepare the
community for disasters through patrolling in the
community and distribute relief goods to the identified
areas with reported numbers of evacuees in the evacuation
centers?
3. Are you satisfied when the local government does a
good job of informing the public about the pre-emptive
and /or forced evacuation if the area is no longer safe?
4. In your perspective, how satisfied are you when the
local government prepare stockpile, rescue equipment and
supplies such as preposition of basic goods, medicines,
fuel, communication (walkie-talkie), vehicles, clearing
equipment, rescue tools, devices and supplies?
5. Given that your barangay is prone to flooding, how
satisfied are you when the local administration has
prepared the standby supplies, equipment, and relief
goods?

DURING THE DISASTER

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

6. How satisfied are you that the local

government/CDRRMO provided services like they are still
available for call and do the rescue immediately?
7. How satisfied are you with the search and rescue
operations conducted by the local administration during
the disaster?
8. How satisfied are you with the local government's
efforts to keep the public informed throughout the
disaster?
9. How satisfied are you with the local government's quick
response and support to the victims?
10. How satisfied are you with the local government's
efforts to continue tracking and monitoring the Tropical
Cyclone and inform the community about it?

AFTER THE DISASTER

11. How satisfied are you when the local

government/CDRRMO conduct a Search, Rescue and
Retrieve (SRR Operation) and clearing operations?
12. How satisfied are you when the local
government/CDRRMO conduct RDANA (tools to assess
damage and needs immediately after the disaster) and
PDANA (needs assessment after the disaster) in your
community?
13. How satisfied are you when the local government
lifted the memos about suspension of classes, no sailing
policy and cancellation of travel authorities of personnel
after the disaster?
14. Are you satisfied with the services of the local
government/CDRRMO when they conduct relief goods
assistance if necessary?
15. Are you satisfied with the efforts made by the local
administration to advice the community in the evacuation
centers to return to their respective homes and barangays
once it is safe?

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INDICATOR 1 2 3 4 5

LOCAL GOVERNMENT COMPLIANCE

16. Does the LGU enforce disaster risk reduction policies effectively?

17. Is the LGU efficient in mobilizing emergency response teams?

18. Does the LGU provide clear and timely reports on disaster
activities?
19. How well does the LGU incorporate plans for barangays
development with disaster preparedness?
20. Is there a community training program on disaster response
regularly conducted?
21. Do you feel that the efforts of disaster response and recovery are
well coordinated?
22. Is disaster response assistance delivered fair and just?

23. Transparency in how disaster funds and resources are used.

24. Effectiveness of LGU in addressing complaints about disaster
response.
25. Community leaders’ involvement in disaster preparation.

26. Equal distribution of financial assistance to affected families.

27. Are disaster related procedures and guidelines clearly

communicated to the public?
28. How effective is the LGU in restoring essential services (water,
electricity, communication) after a disaster?
29. Does the LGU ensure that roads and pathways remain passable
for emergency responders?
30. How satisfied are you in the LGU’s capacity to handle disaster
situations?

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