LEVEL OF PREPAREDNESS OF THE RECUE 922 PERSONNEL OFCAUAYAN CITY

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION MANAGEMENT OFFICE

A Research Proposal
Presented to
Research Committee
Isabela Colleges, Inc.
Cauayan City, Isabela

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements in

CRIMINOLOGY RESEARCH I

by:
JAYSON S. CABILDO
JOSHUA S. ORTIZ
NOEL A. MORALES
MICHAEL C. BUENDIA
DYNO P. LABBUANAN
RUDY JR. Z. BUBO
 Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction

One of the main issues facing the Philippines now is flooding. Extreme tree-cutting

practices and the effects of climate change cause super typhoons to occur every year, which can

cause catastrophic flooding in our nation. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and

Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA 2006) defines a flood as "an abnormal progressive

rise in the water level of a stream that may result in the overflowing by the water of the normal

confines of the stream with the subsequent inundation of areas that are not normally submerged."

An unusually high and overflowing water level is called a flood. It typically happens when

there is an excess of water in a water channel, which might cause flows that are not typical for the

water's volume and quality (Adams, 2008).

Like on the other countries on Asia, Flooding is a frequent weather-related natural hazard

in Malaysia. Recognizing the magnitude of the flooding hazard is one of the main problems

Malaysia is now dealing with. The existing SOPs demonstrate that, in order to lessen this problem,

a thorough flood risk management approach is still required. The nation should be committed to

creating a national policy on flood risk management that calls for the effective, economical,

consistent, and long-term management of flood risk to individuals, communities, and property. Risk

management is a well-defined procedure for managing risks arising from natural, man-made, and

environmental threats. The use of risk management can be advantageous at all phases of an

activity, including design, planning, and execution. A comprehensive system for managing flood

risk will assess the risk before, during, and after the flood disaster.
 When it comes to emergency management, being ready to respond to a crisis, disaster, or

other emergency situation is the best way to characterize preparation. Preparedness, which goes

beyond mere readiness, is a concept that has shaped most aspects of disaster management and

will continue to do so both domestically and abroad. Looking back at American history, one can

see how the pioneers of modern emergency managers placed a high priority on preparation. For

instance, the government openly promoted preparedness for a potential nuclear attack by the

Soviet Union in the 1950s with the installation of air raid wardens and fall-out shelters.

Organizations and training are carrying out the disaster preparedness activities that are

handled by many disaster coordinating councils. In the last few years, every province and region

has established a variety of emergency services relating to disasters. To effectively lead their local

catastrophe coordinating councils, local chief executives—especially those elected to their

positions for the first time—have received disaster management training. Orientation has been

provided to designated organizations regarding their diverse roles in disaster management. There

has been widespread usage of specialized training in disaster medicine, first aid, vulnerability

assessments, evacuation, search and rescue, and damage assessment. In 1995 alone, there were

159 training sessions conducted across the country on various themes related to disaster

management.

The "Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction Management Act of 2010" (R.A. 101211), which

was passed by the Senate and the House of Representatives, is known as the "Philippine Disaster

Risk Reduction Management Act of 2010." According to Section 2 of the law, the goal of enacting

such a law is to protect the constitutional rights of the people—the right to life and the right to

property—which are threatened by disasters, including climate change. It established the

framework for the paradigm shift toward catastrophe Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

(DRRM), which went beyond simple catastrophe preparedness and response. the National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Program's Development and Promotion Plan (NDRMP)

aims to increase the ability of the Local Government Units (LGUs) of the National Government.

They shall provide the identification of hazards, vulnerabilities, and risks to be handled at the

national level. DRRM programs towards resource complementarity and efficient delivery of disaster

preparedness and response capabilities at all levels.

To improve the nation’s Disaster Risk Reduction Management and help Filipino

communities become more secure, adaptable, and disaster-resistant, the local law Republic Act

101211 was enacted in 2010. Prevention and mitigation, readiness, reaction, and rehabilitation and

recovery are its four main topic areas. It is the policy and responsible of the state to develop,

promote and implement a comprehensive National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan

(NDRRMP) that aims to strengthen the capacity of the national government and local government

unit, together with partner stakeholders to build the disaster risks, including projected climate

change risks and enhancing disaster and preparedness and response capabilities at all levels. At

the Regional Level, Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Organization, the current Regional

Disaster Coordinating Councils shall henceforth be known as the Regional Disaster Reduction and

Management Councils and shall coordinate, integrate, supervise, and evaluate the activities of

LDRRMCs. RDRRMC shall be responsible for ensuring disaster-sensitive Regional Development

Plans, and in case of emergencies shall convene the different regional line agencies and

concerned institutions and authorities (Republic Act No. 10121).

Public information is a crucial component of disaster management in the Philippines

before, during, and after a disaster. The catastrophe coordinating councils uphold and improve

public understanding of disaster reduction through both training and public education efforts. Media

workers are given manuals and advisories to help keep disaster preparedness on the public's

agenda.
 Typhoons frequently generate flooding in Cauayan City, which is a serious challenge for

locals, especially those who live close to the water. Typhoons on the previous years caused a lot of

problems for the locals, many of whom lost their homes and were distressed by the devastation.

Water poisoning caused crop ruin, livestock lost, and health problems for people. Due to a lack of

understanding and preparation, this issue causes them to enter a catastrophic crisis. Moreover, the

researchers wants to study the level of preparedness of the rescue 922 personnel of Cauayan City

Disaster Rick Reduction Management Office.

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Profile of the  Administering of the  Strong

respondent questionnaires coordination and
cooperation with
 Level of flood  Tabulation of other pertinent
disaster responses. organizations and
preparedness parties taking part
among  Statistical in rescue and flood
respondents Treatment of Data response efforts.

 Problems
encountered by
the respondents in
flood disaster
preparedness

FEEDBACK

Figure 1. The Paradigm of the study

 The Input-Process-Output framework will be employed in the study's conceptualization.

According to this IPO model, a variety of criteria affect how coherent the study is. Through IPO,

one can gain insight into the performance of researchers and how they optimize their data

collection efforts to generate a final product.

The profile factors of the respondents are contained in the input box, and the research

methodologies that will be utilized to assess the respondents' profile variables and degree of

preparedness for disasters are described in the process box. The output box pertains to the

potential outcome of the study. In addition, the input, process, and output-based study's result is

represented by the feedback.

Statement of the Problem

This study's primary goal is to assess and determine the Preparedness Level of Rescuers
in terms flood disasters in Cauayan City, Isabela.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Sex

1.3 Educational attainment

1.4 Length of Service

2. To what extent are the responders ready for flood disasters?

3. What issues with flood catastrophe preparedness are the responders facing?

4. How do the respondents deal with the issues influencing their readiness during flood disasters?

What are their strategies?

5. Does the flood readiness of the respondents differ significantly when categorized based on

profile variables?

Significant of the Study

This research study is beneficial for the following groups and individuals.

The Rescuers. The result of this study will give them knowledge and will serve as their guide for

them to know what they should do, and how they are going to prepare for future catastrophic

crises.

The Local Government Unit. This study will aid the LGU to strengthen its functions to direct,

implement, and coordinate Disaster Risk Management Programs within its territorial jurisdiction.

The Barangay. Based on R.A 10121, Barangay officials are the primary responders during

calamities or disasters since they are the authorities closest to ground zero, with the help of this

study will benefit the authorities of the Barangay where managing risk can therefore provide a way

for building resilience to other risks.

The Community. This study will help the community to increase their level of disaster preparedness

and to raise awareness among them regarding actions that should be taken when disasters struck.

The Future Researchers. The researcher may use the variable herewith to develop the framework

of the study. They may use the factors to know the level of preparedness among the flood victims

in Cauayan City, Isabela. Furthermore, the study’s findings may be used as an aid and foundation

for future research in areas link to the study. Future Researchers may use this study as a guide,

especially when it comes to, how prepared the rescuers are.

Scope and Delimitation

This study’s main goal was to determine the level of preparedness of CCDRRMO

Rescuers in flood disasters by using a survey questionnaire. To attain enough data about disaster

risk management data gathering will be conducted at Rizal Avenue, District 3, Cauayan City,

Isabela where the office of the CCDRRMO is located wherein the CCDRRMO Rescuers are the

respondents.

This study will consider every aspect of the rescuers’ personal information that may have an impact

on their service, such as their age, sex, educational attainment, and length of service.

Definition of Terms

This section discusses the definition of terms that are closely related to the present

research. The terms will support the study and lead the researcher to determine the capability level

of rescuers in flood disaster preparedness.

Capability. the ability and aptitude to carry out a specific task or carry out the responsibilities of a

specific role within an organization.

Disaster Preparedness. In this study, this refers to a set of actions that are taken as precautionary

measures in the face of potential disasters.

Flood. In this study, this refers to an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. In

the sense of “flowing water”, the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide.

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. In this study, this refers to the highest

organized and authorized body for Disaster Risk Reduction and Management in the Philippines.

Preparedness. refers to the ability of governments, professional response organizations,

communities, and individuals to anticipate and respond effectively to the impact of likely, imminent,

or current hazards, events, or conditions.

Rescuers. In this study, this study A person who saves someone from a dangerous or difficult

situation

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

FOREIGN STUDIES
 Montz. H. (2019)1 found that older respondents who perceived risks as being more

imminent and who had more prior experience with floods were more likely to respond to flood

disasters. Many respondents stated that they feel protected from flood and would not heed a

warning of one. Longevity of residence, actual and perceived position in the floodplain, prior

knowledge, and warning receptivity are all positively connected with readiness. Planning an

evacuation route is the most typical type of preparation. Results from this study can be used to

identify at-risk groups and teach them how to be prepared for flood disasters.

Considering the current findings, men appeared to have stronger faith in their capacity to

handle flooding and perceived themselves as being more prepared personally and domestically.

Women, however, demonstrated a greater comprehension of these occurrences. Women showed

more household-caring attitudes and actions and were more likely to say they would be willing to

assist flood victims at reception centers, which may be due to a deeper degree of understanding.

Even in the area of disasters, gender gaps have a significant impact on how civilizations around

the world function. Women and men are at risk for a variety of reasons, including "differentiated

roles and responsibilities, skills, and capabilities, vulnerabilities, social relations, institutional

structures, and long-standing traditions and attitudes," in addition to their physical location in time

and space (J Environ Res, 2018).2

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Preparedness Factor

1
Montz, H. is a respected researcher specializing in natural hazards and disaster management, particularly focusing on the
devastating impact of flash floods. With expertise in environmental science and risk assessment, Montz advocates for proactive
mitigation strategies to minimize the harm caused by these deadly phenomena.
2
The Journal of Environmental Research (JER) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers environmental science,
sustainability, and conservation. It publishes original research, reviews, and short communications on topics like pollution, climate
change, biodiversity, policy, and risk management.
 Disaster preparedness provides key strategic actions that place importance on activities

that focus on community awareness and understanding; emergency planning; local drills and

developing national disaster response plans. Risk information from the perspective of prevention

and mitigation is necessary for preparation activities to meet people's needs and the actual

situation. In addition, policies, budgets, and institutional arrangements established in the priority

areas of prevention and mitigation will be further strengthened through capacity-building activities

and the development of coordination mechanisms. Through these, the coordination,

complementary, and interoperability of work in DRRM activities and essential services will be

ensured. The behavioral change produced by the preparedness aspect was ultimately measured

by how people responded to the disaster.

On the front lines of preparation are local government units, local executives, and

communities. Disaster response values operations in actual disaster response operations, from

needs assessment and search and rescue to relief operations and early recovery operations. The

success and achievement of this priority area are highly dependent on the completion of activities

in terms of prevention, mitigation, and preparedness, including coordination and communication

mechanisms that will be developed. Field partnerships and vertical and horizontal coordination

between and among key stakeholders will contribute to the success of disaster response

operations and smooth transition to work early and long-term recovery. Recovery and recovery

priority areas include areas such as jobs and livelihoods, critical infrastructure and facilities,

housing, and resettlement, among others. These are recovery efforts made while people were

outside the evacuation centers. There are compelling reasons why the Philippines should

implement Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) and Climate Change Adaptation

(CCA).
 It is prone to natural disasters and dangers due to its geography and geology as well as

the presence of internal conflicts in some areas. Tropical cyclones and their successive effects of

rain and storms, as well as floods, are the most common types of hydro meteorological hazards in

this country. Between 2008 and 20017, eighty-four (84) tropical cyclones entered the Philippine

Area of Responsibility (PAR). These storms resulted in a total of 13,155 human victims and more

than 51 million families affected. Economic damage from storm damage to agriculture,

infrastructure, and private property is estimated at P158,242-B. Some of the most severe floods

and landslides caused by these storms also occurred during this period.

Factors affecting the flood preparedness of SMEs in Segamat district, Malaysia are

highlighted in this paper. Owners and managers of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

(n=253) were surveyed with an interviewer-supported survey using a series of questions about

preparing flood preparedness (designed and verified by a team of disaster management experts

from a variety of perspectives). Regression research has shed light on many aspects that influence

the participation of SMEs in flood preparedness efforts. The results showed the most reliable

factors influencing the perception of risk. This study aimed to understand the role of organizations

and assess their support in terms of emergency preparedness and response for people affected by

floods. This study used a mixed approach. Those affected by the floods were the ones interviewed

to assess the organizational role. The study revealed that before the 2018 floods to minimize loss

and damage, GOs played a very effective role in holding preparedness and shelter meetings, and

NGOs played a very helpful role. useful in organizing awareness-raising training. During the

emergency period, GOs play a relatively larger role in providing health insurance schemes,

agricultural assistance, and cash for housing creation relief and emergency assistance. NGOs play

a relatively larger role in providing food, water, clothing, medicine, etc. This study highlights

complex issues such as limited punishment, communication interruptions, victim

misunderstandings, and overlap. The findings of this study will be important to disaster

policymakers and civil society.

Government flood response SOPs were overwhelmed during the December 2016 floods in

Pahang, with flood relief agencies underperforming in evacuation, rescue, and relief operations.

Victim reviews of government SOPs for Preparedness, Warning, Rescue, Evacuation, Flood Relief,

and Recovery, show that there are many problems with current SOPs. The majority of flood victims

felt that SOPs were ineffective because many evacuation centers were without power and rescuers

were unable to reach flood victims. Many evacuation centers were flooded, rendering SOPs

inoperable.

Governance for disaster risk reduction: Improve standard operating procedures (sop) of

flood awareness, preparedness, warning systems, evacuation plans, and institutional

arrangements for flood risk management in the Sungai Pahang River basin. Chan, Ngai Weng

(2016)3 Governance for disaster risk reduction: Improve standard operating procedures (sop) of

flood awareness, preparedness, warning systems, evacuation plans, and institutional

arrangements for flood risk management in the Sungai Pahang River basin.

Flood preparedness, which can be significantly affected by the perception of disaster risk,

has been highlighted as an effective way to manage flood risk, as many other measures have been

demonstrated. was unsuccessful, but no studies have attempted to use multiple dimensions to

analyze this relationship in Ghana. The total number of flood preparedness behaviors adopted was

significantly associated with likelihood, a threat to life, feelings of anxiety, and perceived risk to

sustainability. Finally, income, education, and home ownership, along with other household and

individual characteristics, have a significant positive effect on flood preparedness. These findings

3
Chan, Ngai Weng studied “Flood disaster management in Malaysia: An evaluation of the effectiveness of government resettlement
schemes,” 2016.
suggest that effective flood mitigation policies should be combined with risk communication to

strengthen households' flood preparedness.

Italy is a country that is extremely prone to landslides and floods. The current study seeks

to better understand how residents of an Alpine valley in northern Italy perceive flood risk and their

disaster preparedness. Using a standardized questionnaire, 437 adult residents of 9

hydrogeological risk localities were interviewed. Participants were asked about adopting a range of

defense strategies that can mitigate the impact of flooding. A one-way scale created and validated

by the Flood Risk Perception Study was used to measure the perception of flood risk.

This study attempted to assess flood-prone areas in Bangkok, older adults' flood literacy,

and flood preparedness using a SWOT analysis. A community survey and expert interviews were

conducted. The results show that land use, drainage density, and maximum annual precipitation

are the most important parameters in flood risk mapping in Bangkok using Analytical Hierarchy

Process (AHP) and GIS technology. Much of Bangkok (50.32%) has been classified as a high

flood-risk area. A total of 736 questionnaires were distributed in flood-prone areas and places with

a high proportion of elderly people. SWOT and survey data show that many older adults have a low

level of digital and media literacy and little experience using

This article examines the relationship between community disaster preparedness and

response and the extent and pattern of community development. This was done by investigating

the 1997 Red River flood preparedness and response of three rural communities in Manitoba,

Canada. The communities were selected for their different ethnic mix and degree of relevance and

community development patterns. It is hypothesized that the extent and pattern of community

development affect a community's ability to respond to flooding. Communities characterized by

higher levels of physical, human, and social capital are better prepared and respond more
effectively to floods. However, where the community development model is characterized by high

levels of social capital, the decision-making process is complex.

A wide range of topics are covered by the Philippine disaster management program,

including public information, research and development, organization and training, building

infrastructure for disaster mitigation, responding to disasters, and rehabilitation. A key component

of the disaster management program is preparing for emergencies. Key agencies and

organizations have established, reviewed, and updated their disaster management plans. These

plans have been carefully documented, and their ongoing applicability is continually evaluated

(World Meteorological Organization, 2018). Other disaster preparedness measures have also been

implemented, including the creation of disaster management operations centers and disaster drills

and exercises. With the ability to provide a wide range of emergency services, such as rescue,

evacuation, emergency housing, and relief services, disaster management operations centers have

been built.

The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)

implemented an Early Warning, Early Action approach for improved flood preparedness and

response in 2019, using a seasonal prediction for West Africa for the first time. According to

interviews with catastrophe managers, this strategy enhanced their capability and reaction. In

contrast to weeks in prior years, relief supplies reached flood victims in a matter of days, averting

further casualties, illnesses, and losses to livelihoods while also improving resource utilization. The

use of medium- to long-range forecasts in disaster management has the potential to be beneficial,

particularly in light of the projected rise in extreme weather and climate-related events brought on

by climate variability and change. However, ongoing work and cooperation between disaster
managers, climate service providers, and significant humanitarian funders will be needed to fully

utilize the promise of these projections (IFRC 2017)4.

According to Shen (2019)5, consciousness is reduced when relevant information is not

provided or when recollections of previous experiences or occurrences are weak. In general,

raising awareness can be accomplished by actions that are focused on regional problems, offer

easy ways to lower the danger of flooding, and are regularly carried out (Poortinga, Bronstering &

Lannon 2017).

To carry out participatory flood risk management in local communities, it is necessary to

understand how residents perceive flood risks in their areas and what type of consciousness

residents have regarding disaster preparedness actions. Since not all people are so tolerant of

flood risk in the areas where they live, it is important to identify which factors affect the degree of

acceptance of people to flood risk. In Japan, community organizations such as volunteer fire

organizations and flood fighting organizations play a role in preventing disasters. It has been

pointed out, however, that the ability of communities to prevent disasters has declined as nuclear

families increased (Lim, M. B., LIM Jr, H., & Piantanakulchai, M. 2018).

LOCAL STUDIES

Evacuation decision during flood disasters indicates the choice of households to evacuate

or stay from the area at risk. This may be viewed as a simple decision but involves complex

behavioral and other external factors. Evacuation decision serves as a key input to transportation

planning in the event of a flood, hence, careful consideration of the factors that determine this

decision should be done. Such factors include broadly the characteristics of households and their

4
The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is a leading global humanitarian organization that
provides aid during disasters, conflicts, and health crises.
5
Shen X.'s 2019 Ph.D. dissertation explores flood risk perception and communication in Wuhan, China, and Cologne, Germany,
revealing cultural influences on responses to flood hazards.
capacity as well as risk-related factors. This review identifies the factors by bringing together

findings from the viewpoint of evacuation managers and social scientists as well as transportation

planners. Further research is needed to identify the interrelationships of these factors for

consideration in evacuation transportation planning and modeling (Lim, M. B., et al, 2018).

Furthermore, the Philippines conducted 103 drills were conducted in 1998 alone. Other

disaster preparedness measures have also been undertaken such as disaster drills and exercises,

and the establishment of disaster management operations centers. Disaster management

operations centers have been established with capabilities of a wide range of emergency services

which include rescue, evacuation, emergency housing, and relief services. In the event of

disasters, plans, and capabilities prepared beforehand are activated. The improved quality of

planning, coordination, and high state of preparedness has been responsible for more rapid and

comprehensive disaster response capabilities in various areas of the country. Volunteer workers

with proper training and reaction teams with proper equipment and skills have been invaluable in

the various military and civil agencies of government as well as those in the private sector. In

addition, the communications and warning capabilities of the government have also been

augmented by the media organizations and the corporate communication capabilities of large

Philippine enterprises. Together these resources have provided which are essential safety margins

during disasters of uncertain and unexpected destructive force (Asian Disaster Reduction Center,

2020).

The failure of state intervention strategies to satisfactorily alleviate the suffering of Nigeria's

flood victims and accelerate the recovery process highlights the need to adopt more efficient and

innovative response plans to deal with flood disasters in Nigeria. is justified. In reviewing the history

of institutional flood response arrangements, this article finds that there is no organized

organizational structure for coordinating emergency response actions. Existing response

procedures have proven ad hoc, ineffective, and poorly coordinated, despite the involvement of

numerous agencies. However, the Lagos State Government has now developed a preparedness

plan to help all stakeholders, including those living in flood-prone areas, to quickly anticipate and

implement remedial measures to reduce the risk of flood damage. Did. This paper uses the Lagos

model as a case study to recognize the value of preparedness planning and highlight its centrality

in flood disaster management. Based on the positive impacts of the Lagos model, this paper

proposes that the federal and other state governments of Nigeria follow in the footsteps of the

Lagos state government and develop similar preparedness plans for flood disaster management.

This enhances our ability to design and rapidly implement effective response and recovery actions.

Preparedness is a key component of disaster risk reduction in disaster-prone countries.

There are various approaches to disaster preparedness. However, what these approaches have in

common is that they are "preventive." Key elements of a preventative approach include, among

other things, preparation and education. In the spirit of this common cause, to increase the

capacity to cope with disasters that occur at different times and times and are usually related to

disasters by raising awareness among all stakeholders, all individuals, and communities.

Equipment Factor

To address this need, the research team developed a prototype tool to measure the

disaster resilience of healthcare workers by conducting a series of studies. This process begins

with a comprehensive review of the literature on the characteristics of disaster relief workers'

resilience (Mao, Fung, et al. 2020) and a study of focus group interviews on the views of the

medical rescue workers that have been deployed for disaster relief operations. on resilience to

disasters (Mao et al. 2019). An extensive review of adult resilience scales was conducted and

combined results from two previous studies to develop a prototype disaster resilience tool for

employees. healthcare rescue (Mao, Wang, et al. 2020)

 The effectiveness of policy implementation and the timely provision of support can have a

direct impact on victims [16]. Malaysia's flood relief system he based on two forms. Financial and

non-financial support. Implementing an effective flood management strategy requires enormous

financial resources in areas such as physical infrastructure development. These include building

large-scale dams, diverting rivers, and building large-capacity sewage treatment plants to restore

polluted rivers to their clean water state.

Disasters occur all over the world and require the involvement of emergency management

agencies, health, and human services, and community-based organizations in co-management

activities to build community resilience. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) has

gained wide acceptance in public health research as an approach that develops partnerships

between academic researchers and community actors to foster innovative solutions to complex

social problems.

However, little is known about how CBPR partnerships work and contribute to their

success. In this article, the authors report on his establishment with the Quebec City Municipality,

Canada, as part of the Enhancing Resilience and Capacity for Health (EnRiCH) project to improve

emergency preparedness and adaptability of high-risk populations. Introducing case studies of

CBPR partnerships. This qualitative research presents participants' perspectives on how the

partnership works and the outcome of this collaboration. Results are discussed in terms of context

and group dynamics, as well as system and capacity outcomes.

Affecting Factors

Flood-related catastrophes are among those that have recently drawn a lot of media

attention. When humans interfere with flood pains, flood catastrophes become vicious threats

rather than a natural occurrence, and their management calls for proper action at various stages

and local community involvement (Anderson 1991; Douglas 2017).

 Even though national and international organizations from all over the world have crested

and implemented programs to control flood disasters, the phenomenon still exists (Bichard &

Thurairajah 2019). Flood catastrophe occurrences are phenomenal on a worldwide scale, and they

are perhaps the most widespread disasters that affect most countries and result in the most

fatalities (IFRC 2016).

Food storage can be damaged if the storage area is flooded. Severe flooding often

disrupts food transport and inadequate food supplies can occur in food-deprived areas, especially

in cities, where supplies are cut off and there is not enough food in reserve. The flood that occurred

in Sudan in 1988 is a prime example of severe flooding. The sudden and unexpected outflow of

water from the White and Blue Nile Rivers due to unprecedented heavy rains caused heavy

material damage and human pain. In Khartoum province alone, food production has fallen by at

least 60%, and damage has affected irrigation canals, drainage systems, electricity, roads, and

water supply systems. Severe damage has been reported in agriculture, the main economic activity

of the people (Disaster Risk Management Research Guide for DIM 605: Section 2

If the storage space is flooded, the food supply may be damaged. Food shortage areas,

especially in towns with supply cuts and low food stocks, are likely to experience severe flooding

affecting food shipments. An extreme flood like the one that occurred in Sudan in 1988 is a prime

example. Due to unusually torrential rains, the sudden and rapid flow of water from the White and

Blue Nile has caused great destruction of property and human suffering. Food production has

fallen by at least 60% in Khartoum province alone, and irrigation canals, sewage systems,

electricity, highways, and water supply systems have also been damaged. The main economic

activity of the people, agriculture, was significantly damaged

The physical, climatic, and human factors that affect flooding, such as vegetation removal

and urban development, can be tentatively classified as the cause of flooding. Usually, rainfall is
one of the causes of climate-related flooding. Worldwide, prolonged rainfall is a major cause of

flooding. These events are often accompanied by days, weeks, or months of non-stop rain. The

impacts of human activities on the river basin affect flood behavior. In particular, changes in land

use have a direct impact on the intensity and behavior of floods. Increased runoff and often a

decrease in channel capacity are caused by higher rates of sedimentation than by deforestation.

(No, J. (2016). Extreme events: Physical reconstruction and risk assessment. Cambridge

University Press. New York)

The impact of floods is one of the biggest disasters in the world. More than half of the

world's flood damage occurs in Asia. The cause of the flooding is due to natural factors such as

heavy rains, heavy floods, high tides... and human factors such as blockage of canals or

deterioration of drainage channels, and inappropriate land use. management, deforestation in

upstream areas... Floods cause damage to people and property. Population growth leads to

greater urbanization, more impervious and less intrusive areas, as well as greater peak flooding

and runoff. The problems are becoming more severe due to more severe and frequent floods

possibly caused by climate change, socioeconomic damage, affected populations, public outcry,

and limited funds.

Flood damage prevention and mitigation includes structural flood control measures such

as dam or river dike construction and non-structural measures such as flood forecasting and

warning, flood risk and risk management, community involvement, institutional organization, etc.,

planning and operating integrated disaster management, and urban flood-related risks. In most

developing countries, flood management activities are managed by the government. The

participation of NGOs and the private sector is very limited. The activities are performed quite

independently without proper coordination or integration. Flood disaster management in developing

countries is primarily about responding to common disaster situations

 According to Inchaisri et al. (2018) “a catastrophic flood that not only affects humans but

also takes the lives of animals. Livestock loss data, including deaths, losses, and production

declines. The results indicate that the majority of livestock losses come from poultry and pig farms.

The density of damaged poultry and pigs was significantly different among the subdistricts with

high-density damage clusters along the river, especially in Chum Saeng and Kao Liew. Using

spatial hotspot analysis as a tool to categorize and classify high-risk flood areas provides insights

that help farmers be aware of possible flood damage. To avoid damage from sudden floods,

poultry and pig farms in at-risk areas need to be carefully managed, especially during the flood

season from August to December.”

This study aims to investigate the relationship between knowledge, attitude, and practice

of flood prevention among the people of the Klong Mahasawat community, Nakhon Pathom

province. The study sample consisted of 193 purposefully selected subjects. The data was

collected using a questionnaire and a test. Descriptive statistics and Spearman rank order

correlation were used in the data analysis. The results show that knowledge of flood preparedness

is related to flood preparedness attitude (rs = 0.204, p <.01) and flood preparedness practice. (rs =

0.262, p <.01) is statistically significant. Furthermore, attitude towards flood preparedness is related

to flood preparedness practice with statistical significance (rs = 0.192, p <.01).

Malaysia doesn't care much about environmental issues, especially disasters. We believe

that environmental issues are trivial issues to be resolved by districts and local governments, and

we expect the government to be the sole provider of flood control measures during floods. People

respond to disasters with one of her four options: adapt, defend, retreat, or do nothing. We can see

that the way humans adapt to floods naturally varies according to region and natural environment.

national economy. People's lifestyles and social structures are vastly different.

Strategies Factors
 The concept and practice of Disaster Risk Reduction is reducing disaster risk through

systematic effort to determine and reduce the casual factors of disaster. It is also including

disciplines like disaster management, disaster mitigation, and disaster preparedness (National

Meteorological and hydrological Services, 2020).

Disaster preparedness tasks, which are carried out by numerous disaster coordinating

councils, are being continued by organizations and training. Various disaster-related emergency

services have been developed during the past few years in every region and province. Local chief

executives, particularly those elected to their posts for the first time, have received training on

disaster management to enable them to effectively lead their local disaster coordinating councils.

Designated organizations have been orientation in their various roles in disaster management.

Specialized training in first aid, vulnerability analysis, disaster medicine, evacuation, search and

rescue, and damage assessment has been widely used. 159 training sessions on various disaster

management topics were held across the nation alone (Asian Disaster Reduction Center, 2018).

However, the level of preparedness for floods during and after the disaster was determined that to

the level of fear and the amount of damage sustained during the flood (Kenji Takao, Tadahiro

Motoyoshi, Teruko Sato, Teruko Fukuzondo, Kami Seo, Saburo Ikeda 2017).

Traditional communities declined, and solitary, live-alone old people increased. To perform

early relief activities quickly in the event of a disaster, it is necessary to make local disaster

prevention efforts daily. The public as well as the administrative authorities also need to participate

and cooperate to protect their communities so that their efforts should be reflected in administrative

planning. To find ways to involve residents in disaster-prevention activities, there is a need of

conducting a study to identify factors contributing to the participation of residents in disaster-

prevention activities. This chapter examines consciousness in accepting flood risks and the
intention to participate in community-based disaster preparedness activities and carries out studies

on each causal model based on questionnaire surveys (Lim, M. B., et al, 2018).

The concept and practice of Disaster Risk Reduction is reducing disaster risk through

systematic effort to determine and reduce the casual factors of disaster. It is also including

disciplines like disaster management, disaster mitigation, and disaster preparedness (National

Meteorological and hydrological Services, 2020).

Adopt emergency preparedness strategies, which can be described as pre-impact efforts

that provide the human and physical resources needed to support positive responses at the

moment of the impact of a hazard (Lindell and Perry 2020), is another strategy for mitigating the

physical effects of a disaster. Determining the requirements that a given level of tragedy will place

on the community is the first step in emergency preparedness. Four basic emergency response

tasks—emergency assessment, rapid risk reduction, population protection, and event management

—can be performed to meet these goals (Lindell & Perry, 2018).

It is recommended to replace passive response with proactive response to increase

management efficiency and reduce loss of life and property. Proactive disaster management

requires greater involvement of governments, NGOs, the private sector, and public participation. It

requires more effort and time, more budgets, equipment, facilities, and human resources, resulting

in the integration of flood management for long-term and short-term operations. The integrated

flood disaster management policy framework includes four cyclical steps, namely: 1) prepare for

flood impacts in advance, such as flood forecasting and warning; 2) ready for flood; 3) emergency

response during flood impacts and; 4) recovery and recovery from flood impacts. Examples of

urban flooding and risk management in Thailand are illustrated and discussed. Conclusion and

recommendations for further improvement are provided.

 A remarkable point in the study is that although the awareness level of the people is high,

the level of preparation is generally low, especially in terms of financial readiness. Several

recommendations were made, including improving community education and raising awareness of

flood preparedness strategies, creating a financial assistance program to strengthen people's

preparedness finance and encourage people to increase social capital and participate in

community gatherings” (Glago, F.J., 2019).

Therefore, governments and agencies have developed accelerated flood recovery systems

to reduce flood damage and provide early warning of potential floods. Delivery systems generally

describe procedures by government services for conducting government administration for the

community more consistently and effectively. A delivery system is a method of providing services

or goods to the public. In flood management, the task of delivery systems has been a method used

holistically for information and assistance at every stage. In Malaysia, the government played a key

role in the distribution system after the flood disaster.

Environment, earlier experience has shown that the most effective approach is through the

development of flood management programs using a holistic approach concerning the following

five strategies: 1) Prevention–avoiding construction of houses, properties, and industries in present

and future flood-prone areas for preventing damage caused by floods; 2) Protection–to reduce the

likelihood and the impact of floods in a specific location, with the Government taking structural and

non-structural measures; 3) Preparedness–to give information to the public about what to do in the

event of flooding and about flood risks; 4) Emergency Actions–in case of flood, developing the

emergency response, formulate plans and actions; 5) Recovery and lessons learned–after flooding

disaster, return to normal conditions as soon as possible and mitigate both social and economic

impact.
 According to this strategy, the collaboration of the government, private sector, Non-

Governmental Organizations (NGO), and community, in general, is the most important factor to

achieve the flood delivery system in Malaysia. Apart from that, the success of disaster

management depends on its implementation in the local areas; this can reduce the impact of the

disaster on the affected communities. However, the communities themselves based on education

about and awareness of disaster risk management, could also lead to a reduction of the impact of

disaster. In addition, the NDMRC Committee is tasked with planning, coordinating, and monitoring

flood relief efforts. The commission includes government departments and agencies as well as

social organizations that can provide rescue, shelter, food, and medical care to victims.

Additionally, in the event of flooding, the National Crisis and Disaster Management Mechanism

(NCDMM) is called the National Flood Disaster Relief Device (NFDRM). NFDRM responds to major

flood events and is essentially a reactive system. The NFDRM is theoretically responsible for

activities at the national, provincial, district, mukim, and village levels [6]. In the event of floods,

governments have developed relief mechanisms and emergency flood management, post-disaster

financing, and relief delivery systems to help victims recover from the disaster.

When floods occur, victims need help evacuating flooded areas. Flood protection

infrastructure and flood warning systems may already be damaged at the onset of floods.

Therefore, flood response in times of disaster requires close cooperation among the various actors

involved in flooded areas, including coordination at the district level, to ensure the efficient and

successful rescue of victims and reduction of material damage. and understanding is required.

This will cause disruption and additional hazards to flood rescue efforts, especially when

both roads and communications are disrupted, power supplies run short at the onset of flooding,

and rescue efforts must continue overnight. Flood disasters are directed by military and public

defense agencies to save victims [15]. For this reason, a highly accurate flood warning information
system that is provided well in advance of the flood and throughout the duration of the flood will

also help reduce the number of deaths, injuries, and property damage among flood victims. To help

flood victims and evacuate them safely as soon as possible during floods, flood hazard maps

should be prepared early and distributed to the public in advance.

As the Philippines is a disaster-prone country, people should be well equipped with the

necessary knowledge and skills to prepare for and respond to disasters. The aim of this work,

therefore, is to design a facility capable of holding various training courses and lectures related to

the treatment of this problem, which are currently being carried out in various parts of the country.

The project will be funded by the government and the main customer will be the training arm of the

Civil Defense Agency. RA 10121, also known as the Philippine Disaster Management Act of 2010,

calls for the establishment of a DRRM training institute, where individuals and public officials can

learn more about the DRRM and its functions, which is the primary impetus for this project. It has

become. Experience the theme around you. It also serves as a resource for researching and

publishing DRRM training materials. The site chosen for this project is where Ayala TBI currently

stands along CP Garcia and Katipunan Avenue near UP Diliman in Quezon City. The reason for

this is its proximity to residential and institutional buildings where trainers and trainees can stay

during their training. Due to its location, the place is less affected by domestic natural disasters

such as floods and earthquakes.

It has long been known that Jakarta, the capital of the Republic of Indonesia, is under

threat of flooding. There is growing recognition that community response and adaptation strategies

are important in planning future corrective actions. In-depth interviews were conducted in flood-

prone areas to explore community response and adaptation strategies adopted in Jakarta. Results

show increased vulnerability to flooding, which is related to several factors. (1) stakeholders, (2)

environment, (3) community, (4) infrastructure and its maintenance.

 Local communities have adopted a variety of physical adaptation strategies, including

raising housing standards, building terraced houses, and building small dikes to prevent water

intrusion into settlements. Several non-physical adaptations were also identified during fieldwork.

These adaptations are usually done through community action and the reuse of resources and

materials that were not affected by floods. However, it can be concluded that the uncoordinated

response to floods has led to further vulnerability of the population and that the community

response has been sub-optimal. This study highlights the urgent need to pay attention to improving

institutional links between stakeholders, especially at the community level, which can lead to more

efficient disaster relief.

Each country has its determination to deal with disasters. Malaysia has a comprehensive

set of tools that can be used to provide information and assistance before, during, and after

disasters in the event of flooding in flood-prone areas. Malaysia needs to improve its pre-disaster

delivery system to prevent future adverse impacts and flood damage from various climate changes.

Thailand is the Asian country that faced the worst flood disaster in 2017. They have already put

flood protection and flood policies in place, but this mechanism could not be more suitable when

such a situation arises. Based on these experiences, the government is making improvements,

learning from the 2017 floods, and developing short- and long-term measures to combat future

floods. In the case of the 2017 floods, on the other hand, it appears that the government's influence

on the disaster caused victims to suffer. The country is too corrupt for the government to provide

aid. However, the government intends to learn from this situation and make appropriate plans for

the future. Moreover, the United States had effective and efficient solutions for dealing with

disasters. But when Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, the U.S. government didn't take proper

responsibility for handling the disaster.

 Relief systems became inconsistent for some victims in April, and delays in declaring a

disaster led to victims' frustration with the government. But your government has already put its

NFIP in place so that the public can cover the damage caused by the disaster. Flood victims who

were unable to predict when floods would strike face even wider impacts due to their ill-

preparedness and inability to rescue their belongings. However, this situation has taught them that

they need to pay more attention and focus carefully on the flood warning system. Additionally,

governments have a key role in providing effective services to flood victims.

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design

To assess and determine the level of preparedness of CCDRRMO rescuers in flood

disasters, the Descriptive method will be used as a research design. It is the most appropriate

procedure that is suited to the goal, data collection method, and data presentation procedure for

the research questions to be answered.

Descriptive research can be defined as analyzing the present state of affairs, with the

researcher having no control over the variables. Furthermore, “descriptive research” can be

defined as “the attempt to determine, describe, or identify what is, whereas analytical research tries

to figure out why something is the way it is or how it came to be. Descriptive Research aims to

shed light on existing challenges or problems through a data collection procedure that allows them

to explain the situation more thoroughly than would be possible otherwise (Creswell 2014).

Respondents of the study

To gather as much data as needed to answer the research questions, the researchers will

select twenty (20) respondents by applying Non-Probability Sampling Technique from a total

population of sixty (109) rescuers actively employed or volunteering in CCDRRMO at Cauayan

City, Isabela.

Population and Locale of the Study

Cauayan City, Isabela served as the locale of the study. The researchers will employ the

Convenience Sampling Technique, a form of Non-Probability Sampling Technique in selecting 20

rescuers among the active CCDRRMO Rescuers who have knowledge and technical skills about

flood disaster preparedness and are responsible for implementing plans and policy.
In pilot studies, convenience sampling is used because it allows the researchers to obtain basic

data and trends regarding the study without the complications of using a randomized sample

(Explorable.com 2009).

The researchers will use of the convenience sampling method to identify possible

respondents for the study who are not only knowledgeable and responsible for Flood Safety

Preparedness but as well as available for data gathering.

Research Instruments

To collect sufficient data, a survey questionnaire will be utilized as the main instrument in

collecting data. The questionnaires is design to obtain the data of the respondents. The

instruments are compose of two parts, the first part is design to determine the profile of the

respondents as to age, sex, educational attainment, and length of service while the second part

focuses on the questions about the level of preparedness of CCDRRMO Rescuers in flood

disaster. An interview guide question will also given to the respondents to identify the problems

encountered by the CCDRRMO Rescuers in their level of preparedness.

To ensure the validity of the research instrument, the first draft of the questionnaire will be

submitted to the research adviser. It will undergone corrections and suggestions for the sake of

development to ultimately come up with the most accurate questionnaire that is applicable and

understood by the respondents.

Data Gathering Procedure

This research will be conducted to determine the level of preparedness of CCDRRMO

rescuers in flood disasters. For the completion of this study, the researcher underwent the following

procedures:

The researchers will request permission from the Office of the College Dean as well as the

Office of the CCDRRMO in the City of Cauayan to conduct the study. After attaining permission, a
letter will be addressed to the respondents asking for their consent to conduct the study before the

researcher will float a questionnaire which the respondents will answer, furthermore, the

researchers will conduct an interview with the rescuers from the CCDRRMO in the City of

Cauayan. The respondents who are willing to answer the questionnaire are in the data collection

phase of the study. When the data will be gathered, it will be immediately tabulated, analyzed, and

interpreted.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The researchers will use the following statistics to analyze the data gathered for this study:

Frequency and percentage. This will be used to determine the profile of the respondents.

This tool reduced the different sets of numbers or standard frequencies of comparative sets of

numbers. It was employed as a form of numerical analysis. This is utilized to determine the

respondent’s responses in each category.

Median and Quartile Deviation were used to describe the respondents’ flood preparedness.

P = Percentage

F = Frequency

N = Toa tremendous given or constant

Mean (x). This formula is used in determining the average perception of the respondents. During

the evaluation of the project, the average answer of the people who may take the survey is found

by taking the mean of their answers.

Where:

M = Mean

F = Frequency

X = Score of Respondents

N = Total Number of Respondents

Mann-Whitney U Test was used to determine the significant difference between the respondents’

flood preparedness when grouped according to sex, and educational attainment.

Kruskal-Wallis Test was utilized to determine the significant difference between respondents’ flood

preparedness when grouped according to age and length of service

n=

Where: n = Total population

n = sample size

e = margin of error

Ethical Consideration

As the researchers develop the data collection techniques, the need to consider the

research procedures that are likely to cause potential harm to the respondents will be realized. To

ensure the security of the respondents the researchers first confirmed if they were willing and

interested to participate in the data collection considering that the information that will be gathered

are related to their line of duty and might affect their effectiveness as a rescuer.

The following is the sample of potential harm to the respondents; Violating the

respondent’s right to privacy, failing to respect the answer that the respondents gave to the survey

questionnaire, and misunderstanding the idea or opinion that the respondents give to the

researchers. All responses will be kept confidential by the R.A 10173, otherwise known as the Data

Privacy Act, a law defining that seeks to protect all forms of information, be it private, personal, or

sensitive. All data gathered were used solely for educational and research purposes.

Research Output

The researchers aims to determine the level of preparedness of CCDRRMO Rescuers in

terms of Flood Disasters in the hopes of determining whether their performance in carrying out
rescue operations are effective for the purpose the results of which may determine whether the

rescuers are in need of further training in handling Flood-Related disasters

 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter exhibits the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data gathered from

the survey questionnaire. The presentation of the findings of the study followed the sequence of

the problems raised in Chapter 1.

Table 1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution on the CCDRRMO Rescuers’ Profile in terms of
Age.

Age Range ƒ %

20-30 7 35
31-40 10 50
41-55 3 15
Total 20 100

Table 1 summarizes the frequency distribution and percentage of the respondents

according to age. It appears that the majority of the respondents belong to the age group 31–40, as

evidenced by the frequency of 10 or 50%, followed by the age group 20–30, as evidenced by the

frequency of 7 or 35%. This means that the rescuers were highly prepared at the age of 31-40.

Factors like experience and exposure, socioeconomic stability, responsibility for

dependents, information accessibility and technological proficiency, education and awareness, and

community engagement can be used to explain why people aged 31 to 40 have higher

preparedness levels for flood disasters. According to research, people in their 30s and 40s typically

have good physical fitness, which is helpful for flood rescue efforts. found that people in this age

group had greater strength, flexibility, and endurance compared to older age groups, enabling them

to complete physically demanding tasks successfully (Smith 2017). Numerous studies stress the

significance of knowledge and decision-making abilities in flood rescue efforts. Researchers have
found that people in their 30s and 40s frequently have an excellent combination of experience and

cognitive skills, enabling them to make quick decisions in emergencies (Johnson and Williams,

2016).

Table 2. Frequency and Percentage Distribution on the respondents’ Profile in Terms of Sex

Sex ƒ %

Male 14 70

Female 6 30

Total 20 100

Table 2 summarizes the frequency distribution and percentage of the respondents

according to sex. It appears that the majority of the respondents were male, as evident by the

frequency of 14, or 70%. This means that the male rescuers were highly prepared for flood disaster

operations.

Men appeared to be more confident with their abilities to handle flooding and perceived

themselves as being more prepared personally and domestically. Women, however, demonstrated

a greater comprehension of these occurrences. Women showed more household-caring attitudes

and actions and were more likely to say they would be willing to assist flood victims at reception

centers, which may be due to a deeper degree of understanding. According to the study, men are

more likely to regard themselves as being self-sufficient in handling situations and taking risks.

(Vladimir C., Giulia R., Adem Ö., Paolo T., and Slavoljub D., 2018).
Table 3. Frequency and Percentage Distribution on the Respondents’ Profile in terms of

Educational Attainment

Educational Attainment ƒ %

Elementary 0 0

High School 0 0

College graduate 9 45

College Undergraduate 11 55

Total 20 100

Table 3 summarizes the frequency distribution and percentage of the respondents

according to educational attainment. It appears that the respondents are a combination of either

college graduates or college undergraduates, as evident by the frequency of 9 or 45% and 11 or

55%. This means that the Undergraduate and College Graduate rescuers were highly prepared for

flood disaster operations.

Advanced coursework and specialization, access to cutting-edge research facilities and

laboratories, collaboration with experts and professionals, policy and planning concerns, and

community engagement and outreach are all features of higher education in flood disaster

preparedness. Training improves one's ability to defend oneself and others. Disaster risk reduction

is achieved through physical improvement, greater awareness, and the development of response

capabilities to disaster threats. It is possible to accomplish the goals of catastrophe mitigation

through training, counseling, and education. Before a disaster, or in the pre-disaster phase,

mitigation and readiness should be implemented (Raikes, 2019).

Table 4. Frequency and Percentage Distribution on the Respondents’ Profile in Terms of Length of
Service

Length of Service ƒ %

1-5 years 13 65
6-10 years 5 25
11-20 years 2 10

Total 20 100

Table 4 summarizes the frequency distribution and percentage of the respondents

according to educational attainment. It appears that the majority of the respondents had already

spent 1–5 years in the service, as evident by the frequency of 13, or 65%. This means that the

rescuers having 1-5 years in the service are highly prepared for flood disaster operations.

People with one to five years of experience have a variety of traits, backgrounds, and

skills that improve their readiness for flood disaster circumstances. New applicants can offer new

insights, creativity, and creative ideas even if your current workforce is meeting its goals. Former

coworkers may have fresh approaches to problems already in existence, including issues you

might not even be aware of. Individuals with expertise and experience who provide innovative

ideas can also give a competitive advantage that aids in being ready for a flood disaster Oyters HR

(2022)

Table 5. Weighted Mean on the Level of preparedness of the respondents in terms of flood disaster

Indicator Mean QD Descriptive Interpretation

1. Mental and physical preparedness in 3.5 0.5 Strongly Agree
flood disaster.
2. Have evacuation areas for flood victims. 3.0 0.5 Agree
3. Having enough supplies of food, water, 3.5 0.5 Strongly Agree
and an emergency kit.
4. Trained enough to do a Rescue. 3.0 0.5 Agree
5. Plan before taking action. 4.0 0.375 Strongly Agree

Composite Median 3.5 0.5 Strongly Agree

Table 5 illustrates the level of preparedness of the respondents in terms of the flood

disaster. The table also shows that the statements "mental and physical preparedness in a flood

disaster", "having enough supplies of food, water, and an emergency kit" and "plan before taking

action" have a mean of 3.5, 3.5, and 4, respectively, with a descriptive interpretation of "strongly

agree". The table also shows that the statements "Have evacuation areas for flood victims", and

"Trained enough to do a rescue" have a mean of 3.0 and a descriptive interpretation of "Agree".

The result of the study shows that the composite median of the level of preparedness of

the CCDRRMO Rescuers group is 3.5 with a descriptive interpretation of "highly prepared." This

means that the rescuers are highly prepared in terms of their level of preparedness in a flood

disaster. However, in terms of evacuation areas and training, the rescuers should coordinate with

the Local Government Unit to address the problem encountered and conduct a training program

that can offer them a greater level of preparedness.

Table 6. Weighted Mean on the Problems encountered in flood disaster preparedness among the

respondents
 Indicator Mean QD Descriptive Interpretation

1. Sufficient equipment to be effectively 3.5 0.5 Strongly Agree

Prepared.
2. The materials needed were well organized 4 0.5 Strongly Agree
according to their use.
3. I am aware of how to use all the equipment 3 1.0 Agree
we have.
4. Capable enough to handle unexpected 3 0.5 Agree
situations.
5. Disseminating enough information before a 3 0.5 Agree
flood disaster.

Composite Median 3 0.5 Agree

Table 6 shows the problem encountered by the Rescuers in their level of preparedness.

Also, the table shows that the statement "Sufficient equipment to be effectively prepared", and "The

materials needed were well organized according to their used" has a mean of 3.5 and 4

respectively with a descriptive interpretation "Strongly Agree". The table also shows that the

statement ". I am aware of how to use all the equipment we have", "Capable enough to handle the

unexpected situation", and "Disseminating enough information before a flood disaster" has a mean

of both 3.0 respectively with a descriptive interpretation "Agree".

The result of the study shows the composite median of the problem encountered by the

respondents in flood disaster preparedness with a descriptive interpretation of "Prepared". This

means that the rescuers are prepared for the problem they encountered in flood disaster

preparedness. However, the respondents need to undergo a training program that can enhance

their skills, preparing them to face an unexpected situation and should add additional efforts in

terms of disseminating information before a flood disaster

Table 7. Weighted Mean on the Strategies employed in addressing the factors affecting

preparedness by the respondents before and during flood disasters

 Indicator Mean QD Descriptive Interpretation

1. Educating the flood victims about how 4.0 0 Strongly Agree

to properly prepare.
2. Cooperation is necessary in planning and 4.0 0 Strongly Agree
rescuing.
3. Active in participating in seminars. 4.0 0.5 Strongly Agree
4. Designating roles and responsibilities. 3.0 0.5 Agree
5. Having enough funds for the equipment 3.0 0 Agree
needed in rescuing.

Composite Median 3.5 0.5 Strongly Agree

Table 7 shows the strategies employed in addressing the problem encountered by the

respondents. The table shows that the statement "Educating the flood victims about how to

properly prepare", "Cooperation is necessary for planning and rescuing", and active in participating

in seminars" has a mean of all 4 respectively with a descriptive interpretation of "Strongly Agree".

That the statement "Designating roles and responsibilities", and "having enough funds for the

equipment needed in rescuing" has a mean of both 3 respectively with a descriptive interpretation

"Agree". Furthermore, the level of preparedness of the respondents in flood disaster has a

composite median of 3.5 which can be interpreted as "Highly Prepared" This means that the

rescuers are highly prepared in terms of employing strategies in flood disaster preparedness.

However, in terms of the designation of roles and responsibilities, and enough funds for the

equipment needed in rescuing, the rescuers admit that there is a need for them to develop

strategies that will improve their preparedness.

Table 8. Comparison between the Respondents’ Flood Preparedness when Grouped According to

Profile Variables

Profile Variables Mean Mean Rank U/ χ 2 P

 Sex
Male 3.5 10.5 42 1.0
Female 3.5 10.5
Age
20 – 30 3.75 10.79 0.684 0.71
31 – 40 3.375 9.65
41 – 55 3.75 12.67
Educational Attainment 25.5 0.707
High School 3.0 7.83
College Level 4.0 12.68
Length of Service
1 – 5 years 3.25 9.5 1.663 0.435
6 – 10 years 3.5 11.4
11 – 20 years 3.875 14.75

There is no significant difference between the respondents’ flood preparedness when

grouped according to sex (U =42 , p=1), age ( χ 2 (2)=0.684 , p=0.71), educational attainment

(U =25.5 , p=0.707), and length of service ( χ 2 (2)=1.663 , p=0.435) .

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

 This chapter represents the summary of findings, conclusion, and recommendation. The

purpose of this study is to determine the level of preparedness of Rescue 922 CCDRRMO

rescuers in the flood disaster of Cauayan City, Isabela.

Conclusions

The following conclusions were drawn:

1. The researchers found out that most of the respondents are male who attained

2. college undergraduate and were aged 31-40.

3. The weighted mean distribution was used in tabulating the gathered data and

determining the level of preparedness of CCDRRMO Rescuers in flood disasters.

The assessment of the respondents in the level of preparedness, a problem

encountered, and strategies addressing the problem encounters are Highly

prepared, that they can perform their roles, duties, and responsibilities fairly and

justly.

4. The researchers found out that the problem that the CCDRRMO Rescuers were

most likely to encounter was the evacuation center and a lack of awareness in

terms of using the equipment needed to flood disasters. It was also found out that

even thou the CCDRRMO Rescuers were highly prepared, it seems that there is

still always a problem when it comes to the civilians being rescued.

5. The study shows that the Rescue team is not only the one who is responsible

when a flood disaster comes, this also shows that we also should cooperate and

help them to lessen the problem they are encountering in flood disaster

preparedness.

Recommendations
 Based on the findings of the gathered data for the study, here are the recommendations to

cope with flood problems in Cauayan City.

1. The CCDRRMO rescuers may conduct a bench marking on the different regions facing similar

flood disasters to provide a broader perspective and enable the identification of best practices or

areas that need improvement.

2. The Local Government Unit may conduct regular training sessions, awareness campaigns, and

drills to enhance the knowledge and skills of CCDRRMO rescuers for them to have a greater level

of awareness to utilize the equipment in flood rescue operations.

3. The Local Government Unit may prioritize the allocation of funds, engage stakeholders, and

incorporate sustainable and resilient design principles to create facilities that can effectively serve

during emergencies

4. The CCDRRMO rescuers may foster strong collaboration and coordination with other agencies

and stakeholders involved in flood response and rescue operations

Reference
 A. Book

Lindell, M. K., & Perry, R. W. (1992). Behavioral foundations of community emergency

planning. Hemisphere Publishing Corp.

B. Journals

Anderson M.B., (1991). ‘Which costs more: Prevention or recovery’, Managing natural disasters
and the environment, Journal of World Bank, Washington, DC., 17-27.

Douglas, I., 2017, ‘Flooding in African cities, scales of causes, teleconnections, risks, vulnerability,
and impacts’, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction.

Frigerio I. De Amicis M., (2016). Mapping social vulnerability to natural hazards in Italy: A suitable
tool for risk mitigation strategies. Journal of Environmental Science & Policy 63, 187-196,
2016 .
Gerdan, S., (2014).Determination of Disaster Awareness, Attitude Levels and Individual Priorities
at Kocaeli University, 159-176. http://www.ejer.com.trLim, M, b. Lim Jr, H., and
Piantanakulchai, M. (2013). Factors affecting flood evacuation decision and its
implication planning. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 10,
163-177.
Wong, L. J. C., & Yazon, R. O. (2018). Disaster Preparedness Training Center. College of
Architecture, University of the Philippines Diliman. https://tuklas.up.edu.ph/Record/UP-997

C. Internet Sources

(Adams, A.G.) 2008, ‘Perennial flooding in the Accra Metropolis: The human factor’, unpublished
Master of Science thesis, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology,
Kumasi. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.09.024 on May 20, 2023.

Factors affecting perceived effectiveness of Typhoon Vamco (Ulysses) flood disaster response
among Filipinos in Luzon, Philippines: An integration of protection motivation theory and
extended theory of planned behavior. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102670 on April 28, 2023.

Glago F. J., (2019). Household disaster awareness and preparedness: A case study of flood
hazards in Asamankee in the West Akim Municipality of Ghana. Retrieved from
vhhtps://www.semanticscholar.org on May 2, 2023.

Hajar Mariah, Shamsul Bahrimd Tamrina (2021). Factors influencing flood disaster preparedness
initiatives among small and medium enterprises located in flood-prone areas. Retrieved
from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iidrr.2021.102303 on May 5, 2023
International Federation of Red Cross Crescent Societies (IFRC). (2008). Climate forecasts in
disaster management: Red Cross flood operation in West Africa, 2008. Retrieved from
PubMed.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23066755/ on May 10, 2023.
(Mao, Wang, et al. 2020). Characteristics of Resilience Among Disaster Rescue Workers: A
SystematicReview.Retrievedfromhhtps://www.researchgate.net/pubication/346621695 on
May 10, 2023.

M. K., (2011). Negara, Laporan Kesiapsagaan Bencana Semasa Mosun Timur Laut Malaysia.
Flood-Disaster-Management-in-Malaysia-An-Evaluation-of-the-Effectiveness-Flood-
Delivery-System.pdf (researchgate.net) on May 16, 2023.
N. W. Chan, (1995). “Flood disaster management in Malaysia: An evaluation of the effectiveness of
government resettlement schemes,” Disaster Prevention and Management, vol. 4, no. 4,
pp. 22-29. Flood-Disaster-Management-in-Malaysia-An-Evaluation-of-the-Effectiveness-
Flood-Delivery-System.pdf (researchgate.net) on May 12, 2023.

Oyters HR (2022). Effect of disaster training on knowledge regarding flood risk management
amongst families with older people.Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9453149/ on April 25, 2023.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. (2006). Causes

and Types of Floods. Retrieved September 18, 2012. Retrieved from
http://kidlat.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/genmet/floods/def_natur.html. On April 5, 2023.

Raikes, (2019).The importance of education on disasters and emergencies: A review article.

Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6512217/ on May 6, 2023.

Republic Act No. 10121. “Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010.”
Retrieved from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2010/05/27/republic- act-no-
10121/Asian Disaster Reduction Center. “The National Disaster Management Program”.
Retrieved from https://www.adrc.asia/management/PHL/Philippines_Disaster_Plan
on May 6, 2023
Shen X., 2009, ‘Flood risk perception and communication in different cultural contexts A
comparative case study between Wuhan, China and Cologne, Germany’, Ph.D.
dissertation, University of Bonn, (Google. scholar) Retrieved from Household disaster
awareness and preparedness: A case study of flood hazards in Asamankese in the West
Akim Municipality of Ghana - PMC (nih.gov)

Vladimir C., Giulia R., Adem Ö., Paolo T., and Slavoljub D., (2018). The Role of Gender in
Preparedness and Response Behaviors towards Flood Risk in Serbia. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6313390/ on May 10, 2023.
Water (2022)., Flood Hazard Mapping and Flood Preparedness Literacy of the Elderly Population
Residing in Bangkok, Thailand., 14(8), 1268; Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.3390/w14081268 on April 7, 2023.