GSE: COM155/GSE024

Introduction to Information Technology

Lecture # 1
Computer Basics

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 Textbooks
J. G. Brookshear, Computer Science: An
Overview, 13th Edition.

 Eric Frick, Information Technology Essentials

Volume 1, Frick Industries LLC, 2020.
 Angel R. Otero, Information Technology Control and
Audit, Fifth Edition, Auerbach Publications, 2020
 A handbook of Information Technology, Mark
Charlton, 9e.
 Useful Websites:
 Lecture notes (Power Point Presentations).

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 Instructors
Instructor:
Name : Dr. Mahmoud A. Elsakhawy
E-mail : maelsakhawy@msa.edu.eg

Office hours : 2 hours per week, via Zoom

Application.

Course website: http://e-learning.msa.edu.eg/

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 COM155/ GES024-TEAM

Whenever you need our help, you will find a group of tutors
are ready to support you:
Eng. Nada Yasser Ahmed Salama ------→ nayasser@msa.edu.eg
Eng. Nourhan Ahmed Yehia Saad ------→ noahmed@msa.edu.eg
Eng. Hagar Ahmed Mahmoud Morad ------→ hamorad@msa.edu.eg
Eng. Mohamed Hosny Abd Elmonem ------→ mhabdelmonem@msa.edu.eg
Motivational video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5KdykFAc1k

Introduction of Information Technology

(COM155/GSE024)
Fall 2024
To download the weekly plan, lecture notes, Sheets and Lab manual or
any other resources for the course and videos,
Please, visit http://e-learning.msa.edu.eg/

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 Course Main Outlines

Introduction to
IT

COM 155

CH1 CH2 CH4 CH5 CH6 CH7

CH3
Data types Computer Data
Data Data Information AI
& Organization Processing Communication
Data storage representation & Computer
Security &
in computer Network IoT
1.5 Lectures 1.5 Lectures 1.5 Lectures 1.5 Lectures 2 Lectures 1 lecture 2 Lectures

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Weekly Plane
Weekly Plane
Weekly Plane
 Course Assessment
Course Assessment will be based on :
Attendance, Assignments, Class Quizzes, Oral Quizzes, Projects,
Lab work, Final lab exam, Mid Term exam, and Final exam.
2 Class & 2 Online Exams 10% (4% Online Exams + 6% Class Quizzes)
Attendance 6% (6% Attendance (3%:Lecs + 3%:Labs)
2 Assignments 5% (2 Assignements)
Lab work + Projects 14% (9% Lab work + 5% Project)
Final Lab Exam 5 % (in the last two weeks before the final exam)
Mid-term Exam 20 % during the seventh and eighth week.
Final Exam: 40 %
Total 100 %
Important Notice:
 You should bring your participation notebook every lecture.

 75% of the lectures and Labs must be attended otherwise you will be
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deprived.
 Course main objectives
By the end of this course, students should be able to:
❖ Define types of data, simple model of computer, data storage,
data processing, integrated circuits (ICs), and registers.
❖ Recognize number systems and coding schemas.
❖ Identify the functions of OS, basics of programming
languages, and computer software categories.
❖ Apply computer skills on mini projects serving different
engineering departments.
❖ Explain the types of computer networks and data
communication.
❖ Organize the information security, Malicious Software, and
solutions.
❖ Have a view on the concepts and the future of AI & IoT.
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 Learning Outcomes (LO’s)

After completing this module, students will be able to:

1. Recognize how to use Windows platform, troubleshoot common errors, use
presentations and graphical tools, to improve keyboarding/word-processing
skills and how to use standard spread sheets.
2. Demonstrate current ethical and social issues associated with computing and
ability to distinguish between several different types of programming languages
and visual programming and platforms.
3. Apply general and personal skills to form a comprehensive power point
presentation and keyboarding/word-processing skills to use various word-
processing applications.
4. Develop presentation skills, Information Literacy, Communication Skills and
Research and Evaluation skills.

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Information Technology

IT Careers 15
 Chapter 1
Data Types & Data Storage

❖ Different types of Data.

❖ Generations of Computers.
❖ Classifications of Computers.
❖ Computer Structure (Basic Units of the computer).
❖ How does computer work?
❖ Data Hierarchy.
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 Chapter 2
Computer Organization

❖ Integrated Circuits (IC).

❖ Registers
❖ Computer Memory.
❖ CMOS & BIOS.
❖ Cache Memory.
❖ Ports and Interfaces of computer.
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 Chapter 3
Data representation in Computer

❖ Number Systems Conversation:

(Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal)

❖ Decimal/Denary System.

❖ Base (or Radix) of number system.

❖ ASCII code and Unicode.

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 Chapter 4
Data Processing

❖ Functions of OS.
❖ Types of OS.
❖ Program Development Life Cycle.
❖ Pseudo-code & Flowchart.
❖ Programming Languages.
❖ Compiler & Interpreter of HLPLs.
❖ Software Categories. 19
 Chapter 5
Data Communication and
Computer Network

❖ Computer Networks.
❖ Components of Data Communication.
❖ Transmission Media.
❖ Types of Computer Networks According to
the Geographical Area.
❖ Computer Networking Hardware.
❖ Computer Networks Applications. 20
 Chapter 6
Information Security

❖ Security Aspects (CIA).

❖ Hackers.
❖ Malicious Software.
❖ Solutions.
❖ Caesar Cipher Cryptography Method.
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 Chapter 7 : AI and IoT
❖ What is (AI)?
❖ How Does AI Work?
❖ Stages of AI.
❖ Types of AI upon the function. AI
❖ Robotics & AI.
❖ Branches (Domains) of AI.
❖ Difference between (AI), (ML) & (DL)
❖ What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?
❖ How does IoT work?
❖ Components of IoT. IoT
❖ What sectors use the IoT? 22
MSA – COM155/GSE024

Data types

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Brainstorming

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Difference Between Data and Information

Ex: Student Grades: A list of numerical

scores obtained by students on a test, Ex: Grade Average: Based on the student grades,
like “85”, “92”, “78”. the average grade of class can be derived.

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 Definitions:
 Data:
is an individual unit that contains raw materials
which do not carry any specific meaning.
 Information:
It is a processed data that improves our
knowledge, enabling us to take decisions and initiate actions.
 Information Technology (IT):
It is the technology that is used to acquire, store, organize,
process and disseminate processed data which can be used in
specified applications.

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Information Technology

IT Careers 31
 Different types
of Data

Numbers Text Image Audio Video

The computer industry uses the term

“MULTIMEDIA” to define Information.

The versatility of IT comes from the ability to

process a variety of data types.
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 Different types of Data
 Text: ex. A letter or a paragraph in a book.

 Image: ex. Your photo, map of Egypt, Fingerprint,

Image transmitted by a satellite, and X-ray.
 Audio or Sound: ex. Speeches, Songs,
Telephone Conversation, Noise, …etc. their main
property is that they have waveforms.

 Video or Moving Pic: when several pics are

shown one after another at a rate of about 30 to
60 pictures per second.
ex. Movies, computer games…etc.
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A simple Model of a Computer

 IT is concerned with:

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Information Processing Cycle

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 The computer

A “computer” is a machine used for manipulating data

according to a list of instructions known as a program

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 Generations of Computer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTc4kIVUnoA

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 Generations of Computers

1942 – 1955 1956 – 1964 1965 – 1975 The future (AI)

Transistors 1975 – The present
Vacuum Tubes Integrated Microprocessors voice recognition,
Ex: calculator smaller, faster, Circuits (IC) capability to learn and
cheaper and less GUI, mouse, hand-
Huge, a lot of machines held devices, organize themselves.
heat, Much heavy on became faster,
electricity use. laptops.
electricity cheaper and
punched card. smaller.

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 Characteristics of Computers

 Speed: it is calculated in GHz (one million instructions can

be processed in one second).
 Memory unit: is the amount of data that can be stored in
the storage unit. (GB, TB)
 Accuracy: The accuracy of information or measurements is their
quality of being true or correct, even in small details.
 Storage Capability: the quality of service that a storage system
can deliver. It is a guarantee that the storage system can provide
a specific set of characteristics for capacity, performance, availability,
redundancy, and so on.
 Versatility: it can perform multiple tasks simultaneously with equal
ease.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLst_k_eWkE

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PDA
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 Supercomputers
 A supercomputer is a computer with a high level
of performance as compared to a general-
purpose. The performance of a supercomputer is
commonly measured in floating-point operations
per second (FLOPS) instead of million
instructions per second (MIPS).
Floating Point Operations Per
Second (FLOPS) is a measure of
computer performance, useful in the
fields of scientific. For such cases it is
a more accurate measure than
measuring Instructions Per Second.

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Supercomputers

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 Mainframe Computers
They are used
primarily by large
organizations for
critical applications;
bulk data processing,
such as industry and
statistics, enterprise
resource planning; and
transaction processing.

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Minicomputers (Servers)
A minicomputer fills
the space between
the mainframe and
microcomputer,
Minicomputers are mid-
range servers operating
business and scientific
applications. However,
the use of the term
minicomputer has
diminished and has
merged with servers.

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Microcomputers
A microcomputer
is a complete computer on
a small scale, designed for
use by one person at a time.
Common microcomputers
include laptops, desktops
(PCs) and handheld
devices. microcomputers
also include some
calculators, smart phones,
notebooks, tablets and
embedded systems.

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 Computer Structure

• Input Unit (I/P)

• CPU (Center Processing Unit)
• Storage Unit
• Output Unit (O/P)
http://planeta42.com/it/computerpuzzle/m/
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 CPU (Center Processing Unit)
 It is the brain of the computer system.
It works with the data in discrete form (0 and 1).
It processes data (I/P) and converts it into
meaningful information (O/P)
• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) It performs the arithmetic
(add, subtract, division,…) and logical (AND, OR, XOR,…)
operations.
• Control Unit: It checks the correctness of the operations
sequence. It fetches the program instructions from the registers
(cache memories). It controls the I/O devices and transfers data
to and from the primary storage.
• Registers: these are special-purpose, high speed temporary
memory units that can hold data, instructions, and results of
the calculations.
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 Input / Output (I/O) and Storage Unit
 The I/O unit serves as the communication medium between
the computer system and the user.
 The Input unit (I/P) accepts instructions and data from the
user via the input devices as keyboard, mouse, scanner,
etc. and converts them into the form that computer can
understand (machine language: 0, 1).
 The output unit (O/P) accepts the output information
(machine language: 0s, 1s) produced by the CPU and
converts it into the form that the user can understand via
output devices as printer, monitor and plotter.
 Storage unit stores the input entered through the (I/P) unit
before processing and the results produced through the
(O/P) unit before supplying to the user. It is divided into
Primary and Secondary Memory .
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 Direct-Attached Storage

DAS

NAS (Network
Attached Storage)

DAS (Direct
Attached Storage)

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 How does Computer work???
 Basic 3 steps: Input, Processing, Output.
 Tasks are assigned to the computer in sets of step-by-step
instructions, which are known as Programs.

 Data, information is encoded as patterns of 0’s and 1’s

called bits (BInary digiTs).

Some possible meanings for a single bit

 Numeric value (1 or 0)

 Boolean value (True or False)

 Voltage (High or Low)

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Bits & Bytes

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 Data Hierarchy

Byte

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Definitions
 Bit: It is the smallest element of data or a single binary digit, either a 0 or 1.
Bit is represented by a lower-case b. (bps)

 Byte: A number of related bits are combined to form a Byte (8 bits) or

character, ex. a letter P, the number 2, and the special character $, &, …
 Field: A field (data field) is a meaningful collection of related characters
which holds a single fact. It is the smallest logical data entity which is
treated as a single unit in the data processing. Consider a date field (Date),
e.g. 21 Sep 1969.

 Record: A record is a collection of related fields. An Employee record may

contain a name field, address field, birthdate field and so on.

 File: An associated group of related records is a file, or a file is a collection

of related records. Every record in a file has the same set of fields.

 Database: Database stores aggregations of files that contain information.

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Definitions (continued)

 Byte: A unit of eight bits is known as a byte. Hence, a byte is able to

contain any binary number between 00000000 and 11111111. It is
represented by an upper-case B. (KB)
 Kilobyte: In a decimal system, kilo stands for 1000, but in a binary
system, kilo refers to 1024 Byte. It is usually represented as KB.
 Megabyte: It comprises 1024 Kilobytes, or 1,048,576 bytes.
However, since this number is hard to remember, a megabyte can be
thought of as a million bytes.
 Gigabyte: It consists of 1024 Megabytes (1,073,741,824 bytes).
Gigabyte is the standard unit of measurement for RAM and is
represented as GB.
 Terabyte: It refers to 1024 Gigabytes. Often represented as TB.
It is the standard unit of measurement for hard disks (HD) and is often
represented as TB.
 Petabyte: It refers to 1024 Terabytes. Often represented as PB.
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Common Quantities of Bytes

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