F or m u l a e S h e e t f or P h y si cs www . c o n c e p t s - o f - p h y s i c s . c om | pg. 1 F or m u l a e S h e e t f or P h y si cs www . c o n c e p t s - o f - p h y s i c s . c om | pg. 3 F or m u l a e S h e e t f or P h y si cs www . c o n c e p t s - o f - p h y s i c s . c om | pg.

2 Waves
q
Physics formulas from Mechanics, Waves, Optics, Heat and Motion in a straight line with constant a: ω
~ ~
A 4. 1st overtone/2nd harmonics: ν1 = 2 T
~2
A 2L µ
Thermodynamics, Electricity and Magnetism and Modern 2
Superposition of two SHM’s: ǫ δ
v = u + at, s = ut + 12 at2 , v 2 − u2 = 2as mω R cos θ 2.1: Waves Motion
q
Physics. Also includes the value of Physical Constants. Helps mg 3 T
mgθ′ = mg − mω 2 R cos2 θ ~1
A 5. 2nd overtone/3rd harmonics: ν2 = 2L µ
in quick revision for CBSE, NEET, JEE Mains, and Advanced. θ
R ∂2y 2
1 ∂ y
Relative Velocity: ~vA/B = ~vA − ~vB General equation of wave: ∂x2 = v 2 ∂t2 . 6. All harmonics are present.
x1 = A1 sin ωt, x2 = A2 sin(ωt + δ)
0.1: Physical Constants
x = x1 + x2 = A sin(ωt + ǫ) Notation: Amplitude A, Frequency ν, Wavelength λ, Pe-
Speed of light c 3 × 108 m/s q
GM
q riod T , Angular Frequency ω, Wave Number k, L
Planck constant h 6.63 × 10−34 J s
u y Orbital velocity of satellite: vo = R A = A1 2 + A2 2 + 2A1 A2 cos δ
1 2π 2π

u sin θ
hc 1242 eV-nm H
x A2 sin δ T = = , v = νλ, k= String fixed at one end: N A
Projectile Motion:
q
Gravitation constant G 6.67×10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2 Escape velocity: ve = 2GM tan ǫ = ν ω λ A N
θ R A1 + A2 cos δ
Boltzmann constant k 1.38 × 10−23 J/K O u cos θ λ/2
Progressive wave travelling with speed v:
Molar gas constant R 8.314 J/(mol K) R vo
Avogadro’s number NA 6.023 × 1023 mol−1 Kepler’s laws: 1.9: Properties of Matter 1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0
y = f (t − x/v), +x; y = f (t + x/v), −x
x = ut cos θ, y = ut sin θ − 12 gt2 a
q
Charge of electron e 1.602 × 10−19 C 2. Allowed Freq.: L = (2n + 1) λ4 , ν = 2n+1 T
g F/A ∆P F 4L µ, n =
Permeability of vac- µ0 4π × 10−7 N/A2 y = x tan θ − x2 First: Elliptical orbit with sun at one of the focus. Modulus of rigidity: Y = ∆l/l , B = −V ∆V , η= Aθ y 0, 1, 2, . . ..
uum 2u2 cos2 θ ~
Second: Areal velocity is constant. (∵ dL/dt = 0). A q
x
Permitivity of vacuum ǫ0 8.85 × 10−12 F/m 2u sin θ u2 sin 2θ u2 sin2 θ 4π 2 3 Compressibility: K = 1
= − V1 dV
3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: ν0 = 4L 1 T
1 T = , R= , H= Third: T 2 ∝ a3 . In circular orbit T 2 = GM a . B dP
Progressive sine wave:
λ
2
λ µ
Coulomb constant 4πǫ0 9 × 109 N m2 /C2 g g 2g q
lateral strain ∆D/D 3 T
Faraday constant F 96485 C/mol Poisson’s ratio: σ = longitudinal strain = ∆l/l 4. 1st overtone/3rd harmonics: ν1 = 4L µ
y = A sin(kx − ωt) = A sin(2π (x/λ − t/T ))
Mass of electron me 9.1 × 10−31 kg 1.3: Newton’s Laws and Friction 1.8: Simple Harmonic Motion 1
q
Mass of proton mp 1.6726 × 10−27 kg Elastic energy: U = 2 stress × strain × volume 5. 2nd overtone/5th harmonics: ν2 = 4L5 T
µ
Mass of neutron mn 1.6749 × 10−27 kg Linear momentum: p~ = m~v Hooke’s law: F = −kx (for small elongation x.)
2.2: Waves on a String 6. Only odd harmonics are present.
Atomic mass unit u 1.66 × 10−27 kg
Newton’s first law: inertial frame. d2 x k 2
Atomic mass unit u 931.49 MeV/c2 Acceleration: a = dt2 = −m x = −ω x Surface tension: S = F/l Speed of waves on a string with mass per unit length µ
p
Stefan-Boltzmann σ 5.67×10−8 W/(m2 K4 ) and tension T : v = T /µ √
Newton’s second law: F~ = d~
p
dt , F~ = m~a 2π
pm q
Time period: T = = 2π Surface energy: U = SA Sonometer: ν ∝ 1 √1 . n T
constant ω k L, ν∝ T, ν ∝ µ ν= 2L µ
Rydberg constant R∞ 1.097 × 107 m−1 Transmitted power: Pav = 2π 2 µvA2 ν 2
Newton’s third law: F~AB = −F~BA Displacement: x = A sin(ωt + φ) Excess pressure in bubble:
Bohr magneton µB 9.27 × 10−24 J/T
√ Interference: 2.3: Sound Waves
Bohr radius a0 0.529 × 10−10 m Frictional force: fstatic, max = µs N, fkinetic = µk N Velocity: v = Aω cos(ωt + φ) = ±ω A2 − x2 ∆pair = 2S/R, ∆psoap = 4S/R
Standard atmosphere atm 1.01325 × 105 Pa y1 = A1 sin(kx − ωt), y2 = A2 sin(kx − ωt + δ) Displacement wave: s = s0 sin ω(t − x/v)
v2 v2 µ+tan θ
Wien displacement b 2.9 × 10−3 m K Banking angle: rg = tan θ, rg = 1−µ tan θ Capillary rise: h = 2S cos θ
constant rρg y = y1 + y2 = A sin(kx − ωt + ǫ) Pressure wave: p = p0 cos ω(t − x/v), p0 = (Bω/v)s0
mv 2 v2 Potential energy: U = 12 kx2 U
Centripetal force: Fc = r , ac = r x
q
−A 0 A A= A1 2 + A2 2 + 2A1 A2 cos δ Speed of sound waves:
2 Hydrostatic pressure: p = ρgh
1 MECHANICS Pseudo force: F~pseudo = −m~a0 , Fcentrifugal = − mv
r A2 sin δ s s s
tan ǫ = B Y γP
Kinetic energy K = 12 mv 2 K
x Buoyant force: FB = ρV g = Weight of displaced liquid A1 + A2 cos δ vliquid = , vsolid = , vgas =
Minimum speed to complete vertical circle: 0 A ρ ρ ρ
1.1: Vectors

−A 2nπ, constructive;
Equation of continuity: A1 v1 = A2 v2 v2 δ=
(2n + 1)π, destructive.
p p
vmin, bottom = 5gl, vmin, top = gl 1
v1
2 2
Notation: ~a = ax ı̂ + ay ̂ + az k̂ Total energy: E = U + K = 2 mω A
2
2π B 2 2 p0 v2
p0 2
Intensity: I = v s0 ν = 2B = 2ρv
1 2
Bernoulli’s equation: p + 2 ρv + ρgh = constant

2A cos kx
q
Magnitude: a = |~a| = a2x + a2y + a2z θ √ x
l Standing Waves:
q q Torricelli’s theorem: vefflux = 2gh A N A N A
Conical pendulum: T = 2π l cos θ
θ T Simple pendulum: T = 2π l
l Standing longitudinal waves:
Dot product: ~a · ~b = ax bx + ay by + az bz = ab cos θ g g dv
Viscous force: F = −ηA dx
λ/4
p1 = p0 sin ω(t − x/v), p2 = p0 sin ω(t + x/v)
ı̂ mg y1 = A1 sin(kx − ωt), y2 = A2 sin(kx + ωt)
a × ~b
~ ~b F p = p1 + p2 = 2p0 cos kx sin ωt
Cross product: q
I
θ ̂
Physical Pendulum: T = 2π mgl Stoke’s law: F = 6πηrv y = y1 + y2 = (2A cos kx) sin ωt
k̂
~
a
1.4: Work, Power and Energy
n + 12 λ2 , nodes; n = 0, 1, 2, . . .


v
x=
~a ×~b = (ay bz − az by )ı̂ + (az bx − ax bz )̂ + (ax by − ay bx )k̂ Work: W = F~ · S
~ = F S cos θ, W =
R
F~ · dS
~ n λ2 , antinodes. n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Volume flow πpr 4 r
Poiseuilli’s equation: =
q
I L
|~a × ~b| = ab sin θ p2 Torsional Pendulum T = 2π k
time 8ηl Closed organ pipe:
Kinetic energy: K = 12 mv 2 = 2m
l L
2
2r (ρ−σ)g
Potential energy: F = −∂U/∂x for conservative forces. Terminal velocity: vt = 9η String fixed at both ends: N N
1.2: Kinematics A N A
Ugravitational = mgh, Uspring = 12 kx2 λ/2 1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0
Average and Instantaneous Vel. and Accel.: 1 1 1
Springs in series: = + k1 k2
keq k1 k2
2. Allowed freq.: L = (2n + 1) λ4 , ν = (2n + 1) 4L
v
, n=
Work done by conservative forces is path indepen- 1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0 and at x = L
~vav = ∆~r/∆t, ~vinst = d~r/dt 0, 1, 2, . . .
Hdent and depends only on initial and final points:
q
k2
~aav = ∆~v /∆t ~ainst = d~v /dt Springs in parallel: keq = k1 + k2 2. Allowed Freq.: L = n λ2 , ν =n T
µ , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .. 3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: ν0 = v
F~conservative · d~r = 0. k1 2L
q
4L
1 T 3v
3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: ν0 = 2L 4. 1st overtone/3rd harmonics: ν1 = 3ν0 =
Work-energy theorem: W = ∆K µ 4L

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3 Optics 4 Heat and Thermodynamics 5 Electricity and Magnetism

h i
1 1 1
Lens maker’s formula: f = (µ − 1) R1 − R2 4.4: Theromodynamic Processes 5.3: Capacitors

3.1: Reflection of Light f 4.1: Heat and Temperature First law of thermodynamics: ∆Q = ∆U + ∆W 5.1: Electrostatics Capacitance: C = q/V
1 1
Lens formula: − = f1 , m= v
Temp. scales: F = 32 + 95 C, Work done by the gas: +q
normal v u u K = C + 273.16 Coulomb’s law: F~ = 1 q1 q2
4πǫ0 r 2 r̂ q1 r q2
−q
Laws of reflection: (i) Parallel plate capacitor: C = ǫ0 A/d
incident i r reflected V2 A A
u v
Z
Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT , n : number of moles ∆W = p∆V, W = pdV ~ r) = 1 q
d
Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same Electric field: E(~ 4πǫ0 r 2 r̂ q
~
E
Power of the lens: P = f1 , P in diopter if f in metre. V ~
r
van der Waals equation: p + Va2 (V − b) = nRT 1


plane (ii) ∠i = ∠r  r2
V2
Wisothermal = nRT ln 1 q1 q2
Electrostatic energy: U = − 4πǫ 4πǫ0 r1 r2
Two thin lenses separated by distance d: Thermal expansion: L = L0 (1 + α∆T ), V1 0 r Spherical capacitor: C = r2 −r1 −q +q
Plane mirror: r1
d d
A = A0 (1 + β∆T ), V = V0 (1 + γ∆T ), γ = 2β = 3α Wisobaric = p(V2 − V1 ) Electrostatic potential: V = 1 q
4πǫ0 r
(i) the image and the object are equidistant from mir- 1 1 1 d F ∆l p1 V 1 − p 2 V 2
= + − d Thermal stress of a material: =Y Wadiabatic =
ror (ii) virtual image of real object F f1 f2 f1 f2 A l
γ−1
Z ~
r
f1 f2
~ · ~r,
dV = −E V (~r) = − ~ · d~r
E 2πǫ0 l
Wisochoric = 0 ∞ Cylindrical capacitor: C = ln(r2 /r1 )
r2
l
r1
I 4.2: Kinetic Theory of Gases
Spherical Mirror: O
p
~
f 3.3: Optical Instruments General: M = mNA , k = R/NA Electric dipole moment: p~ = q d~ −q +q
v T1 A
u d Capacitors in parallel: Ceq = C1 + C2
Q1 C1 C2
Simple microscope: m = D/f in normal adjustment. n Efficiency of the heat engine: W B
1. Focal length f = R/2 Q2 1 p cos θ V (r)
Objective Eyepiece Maxwell distribution of speed: T2 Potential of a dipole: V = 4πǫ0 r 2
θ r
1 1 1
2. Mirror equation: 1
+ 1
= 1 p
~ Capacitors in series: Ceq = C1 + C2
C1 C2
v u f A B
O ∞ vp v̄ vrms v work done by the engine Q1 − Q2
3. Magnification: m = − uv Compound microscope: η= =
heat supplied to it Q1 Er Force between plates of a parallel plate capacitor:
Field of a dipole: Q2
q q
u v fe
RMS speed: vrms = 3kT
= 3RT
Q2 T2 θ r F = 2Aǫ
m M ηcarnot = 1 − =1− Eθ 0
3.2: Refraction of Light D p
~
Q1 T1 Q2
Er = 1 2p cos θ
, Eθ = 1 p sin θ Energy stored in capacitor: U = 12 CV 2 = = 12 QV
q q
speed of light in vacuum c 8kT 8RT
Refractive index: µ = speed of light in medium = v 1. Magnification in normal adjustment: m = v D Average speed: v̄ = πm = πM
4πǫ0 r3 4πǫ0 r 3 2C
u fe T1
1 2µ sin θ Q1 ~ ~τ = p~ × E
Torque on a dipole placed in E: ~ Energy density in electric field E: U/V = 12 ǫ0 E 2
2. Resolving power: R = =
q
incident reflected ∆d λ 2kT Coeff. of performance of refrigerator:
sin i µ2 µ1 i
Most probable speed: vp = m
W
Snell’s Law: = Q2 ~ U = −~ ~ Capacitor with dielectric: C = ǫ0 KA
sin r µ1
µ2 fo fe Pot. energy of a dipole placed in E: p·E d
r T2
refracted Pressure: p = 13 ρvrms
2
Q2 Q2
COP = W = Q1 −Q2
real depth d d′ Astronomical telescope: Equipartition of energy: K = 12 kT for each degree of 5.2: Gauss’s Law and its Applications 5.4: Current electricity
Apparent depth: µ = apparent depth = d′ d I ∆Q
Rf ∆Q
O freedom. Thus, K = f2 kT for molecule having f de- Entropy: ∆S = T , S f − Si = i T
H
~ · dS
~
Electric flux: φ = E Current density: j = i/A = σE
grees of freedoms.
Q Tf
Const. T : ∆S = T, Varying T : ∆S = ms ln ~ · dS~ = qin /ǫ0 1 eE i
Drift speed: vd = 2 mτ =
H
1 Ti Gauss’s law: E
Critical angle: θc = sin−1 µ Internal energy of n moles of an ideal gas is U = f2 nRT . neA
µ θc 1. In normal adjustment: m = − ffoe , L = fo + fe
1 1 Adiabatic process: ∆Q = 0, pV γ = constant Field of a uniformly charged ring on its axis: Resistance of a wire: R = ρl/A, where ρ = 1/σ
2. Resolving power: R = ∆θ = 1.22λ
1 qx a
4.3: Specific Heat EP = 4πǫ0 (a2 +x2 )3/2 q ~
E Temp. dependence of resistance: R = R0 (1 + α∆T )
4.5: Heat Transfer x P
A Q
3.4: Dispersion Specific heat: s = Ohm’s law: V = iR
m∆T ∆Q
Deviation by a prism:
δ Conduction: ∆t = −KA ∆T
x E and V (of a uniformly charged sphere:
i r i′ A Kirchhoff ’s Laws: (i) The Junction Law: The algebraic
r′ Cauchy’s equation: µ = µ0 + λ2 , A>0 Latent heat: L = Q/m 1 Qr
Thermal resistance: R = x
E= 4πǫ0 R3 , for r < R E
KA 1 Q sum of all the currents directed towards a node is zero
4πǫ0 r 2 , for r ≥ R
µ r
Dispersion by prism with small A and i: Specific heat at constant volume: Cv = ∆Q O R i.e., Σnode Ii = 0. (ii)The Loop Law: The algebraic
n∆T  
A
V 1 x1 x2 K1 K2
( 2
sum of all the potential differences along a closed loop
δ = i + i′ − A, general result 1. Mean deviation: δy = (µy − 1)A Rseries = R1 + R2 = A K1 + K2
Q
3 − Rr 2 , for r < R V
∆Q x1 x2 V = 8πǫ 0R
1 Q in a circuit is zero i.e., Σloop ∆ Vi = 0.
sin A+δ m
2. Angular dispersion: θ = (µv − µr )A Specific heat at constant pressure: Cp = n∆T 4πǫ0 r , for r ≥ R r
2 p O
µ= , i = i′ for minimum deviation A2
R
A
sin A2 µv −µr θ 1 1 1 1
K2
Resistors in parallel: 1
= 1
+ 1
R1 R2
Dispersive power: ω = µy −1 ≈ δy (if A and i small) Relation between Cp and Cv : Cp − Cv = R Rparallel = R1 + R2 = x (K1 A1 + K2 A2 ) K1 A1
E and V of a uniformly charged spherical shell: Req R1 R2
δ  B

δm = (µ − 1)A, for small A Ratio of specific heats: γ = Cp /Cv x 0, for r < R E

δm
A µ′ E= 1 Q Resistors in series: Req = R1 + R2
4πǫ0 r 2 , for r ≥ R r R1 R2
i′ i Dispersion without deviation: emissive power Ebody O R A B
A′ Relation between U and Cv : ∆U = nCv ∆T Kirchhoff ’s Law: absorptive power = abody = Eblackbody
µ
(
1 Q
4πǫ0 R , for r < R V R1 R2
µ1 µ2 (µy − 1)A + (µ′y − 1)A′ = 0 Specific heat of gas mixture: Eλ V = 1 Q
4πǫ0 r , for r ≥ R O
r
Wheatstone bridge:
↑ G

Refraction at spherical surface: Deviation without dispersion: Wien’s displacement law: λm T = b R R3 R4

Q
n1 Cv1 + n2 Cv2 n1 Cp1 + n2 Cp2
P O
(µv − µr )A = (µ′v − µ′r )A′ Cv = , γ= λ
u v n1 + n2 n1 Cv1 + n2 Cv2 λm Field of a line charge: E = λ V
2πǫ0 r
Balanced if R1 /R2 = R3 /R4 .
∆Q σ
µ2 µ1 µ2 − µ1 µ1 v Molar internal energy of an ideal gas: U = f2 RT , Stefan-Boltzmann law: ∆t = σeAT 4 Field of an infinite sheet: E = 2ǫ0
− = , m= f = 3 for monatomic and f = 5 for diatomic gas. Electric Power: P = V 2 /R = I 2 R = IV
v u R µ2 u Newton’s law of cooling: dT
= −bA(T − T0 ) Field in the vicinity of conducting surface: E = σ
dt ǫ0

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i ig G i ~
Energy of a magnetic dipole placed in B: 5.7: Electromagnetic Induction C R Z 6 Modern Physics N0
N
Galvanometer as an Ammeter: i − ig U = −~µ·B~ RC circuit: i
1
ωC
φ
H
~ · dS
~ Population at time t: N = N0 e−λt N0
Magnetic flux: φ = B
ig G = (i − ig )S
S
Bi l ~
B ˜
e0 sin ωt
R 6.1: Photo-electric effect 2

Hall effect: Vw = 1
p t1/2 t
y Z= R2 + (1/ωC)2 , tan φ = O
ned w
x Faraday’s law: e = − dφ
dt ωCR Photon’s energy: E = hν = hc/λ
R G i d z
Galvanometer as a Voltmeter: ↑ Half life: t1/2 = 0.693/λ
A ig B Lenz’s Law: Induced current create a B-field that op- L R R Photon’s momentum: p = h/λ = E/c
VAB = ig (R + G) poses the change in magnetic flux. LR circuit: i φ
5.6: Magnetic Field due to Current ωL
Max. KE of ejected photo-electron: Kmax = hν − φ Average life: tav = 1/λ
R C + √ ωL
˜
e0 sin ωt
Z

Population after n half lives: N = N0 /2n .

i ~
⊗B Z= R 2 + ω 2 L2 , tan φ = Threshold freq. in photo-electric effect: ν0 = φ/h
Charging of capacitors: ~ = µ0 i d~l×~
r Motional emf: e = Blv R
Biot-Savart law: dB 4π r 3 θ l ~
v ~
⊗B
V d~l
~
r V0 Mass defect: ∆m = [Zmp + (A − Z)mn ] − M
h i − L C R 1 hc 1

φ hc
t Z Stopping potential: Vo = −
q(t) = CV 1 − e− RC LCR Circuit: i
ωC 1
ωC − ωL e λ e φ
e
Binding energy: B = [Zmp + (A − Z)mn − M ] c2
φ 1
θ2 hc λ
di −φ
Self inductance: φ = Li, e = −L dt
t
C
Field due to a straight conductor: d ~
q ˜
e0 sin ωt
ωL R e
Q-value: Q = Ui − Uf
− RC i ⊗B 2 2
2 1
Discharging of capacitors: q(t) = q0 e q(t) Self inductance of a solenoid: L = µ0 n (πr l) Z= R2 + 1
− ωL , tan φ = ωC −ωL
de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p
θ1 ωC
q R Energy released in nuclear reaction: ∆E = ∆mc2
R 1 1 where ∆m = mreactants − mproducts .
h t
i
µ0 i Growth of current in LR circuit: i = Re 1 − e− L/R νresonance = 2π LC
B= 4πd (cos θ1 − cos θ2 )
Time constant in RC circuit: τ = RC i 6.2: The Atom
µ0 i L R Power factor: P = erms irms cos φ
Field due to an infinite straight wire: B = 2πd e Energy in nth Bohr’s orbit: 6.4: Vacuum tubes and Semiconductors
e 0.63 R

∆H Peltier heat t N1 e1 e1 N1 N2 e2
Peltier effect: emf e = = charge transferred .
Transformer: = e2 , e 1 i1 = e2 i2 mZ 2 e4 13.6Z 2
∆Q Force between parallel wires: dF
dl = µ 0 i1 i2
2πd
i1 i2 S i L
R
N2
˜ i1 i2
˜ En = −
8ǫ0 2 h2 n2
, En = −
n2
eV Half Wave Rectifier:
D

d R Output
Seeback effect: e

T0 Tn Ti
T Decay of current in LR circuit: i = i0 e− L/R
i
t
√
Speed of the EM waves in vacuum: c = 1/ µ0 ǫ0 Radius of the nth Bohr’s orbit:
˜
L R
a i0
P
1. Thermo-emf: e = aT + 12 bT 2 Field on the axis of a ring: i ~
B ǫ 0 h2 n 2 n2 a 0 Full Wave Rectifier:
0.37i0 rn = , rn = , a0 = 0.529 Å
2. Thermoelectric power: de/dt = a + bT .
d
S i L
R
t πmZe2 Z ˜ Output

µ0 ia2
3. Neutral temp.: Tn = −a/b. BP = 2(a2 +d2 )3/2 Quantization of the angular momentum: l = nh Grid
2π
Time constant of LR circuit: τ = L/R Triode Valve:
4. Inversion temp.: Ti = −2a/b. Cathode
a Photon energy in state transition: E2 − E1 = hν Filament Plate

∆H Thomson heat Field at the centre of an arc: B = µ0 iθ

~⊙ θ i Energy stored in an inductor: U = 12 Li2 E2 E2
Thomson effect: emf e = ∆Q = charge transferred = σ∆T . 4πa B
a hν hν
U B2 ∆Vp
Faraday’s law of electrolysis: The mass deposited is Energy density of B field: u = V = 2µ0 E1 E1 Plate resistance of a triode: rp =
µ0 i Emission Absorption ∆ip
∆Vg =0
Field at the centre of a ring: B = 2a di
m = Zit = 1
Eit Mutual inductance: φ = M i, e = −M dt
F Wavelength of emitted radiation: for a transition Transconductance of a triode: gm =
∆ip
~ · d~l = µ0 Iin
H
Ampere’s law: B from nth to mth state: ∆Vg
∆Vp =0
where i is current, t is time, Z is electrochemical equiv-  
alent, E is chemical equivalent, and F = 96485 C/g is Field inside a solenoid: B = µ0 ni, n = N EMF induced in a rotating coil: e = N ABω sin ωt 1 1 1 Amplification by a triode: µ = −
∆Vp
l = RZ 2 2 − 2 ∆Vg
Faraday constant. l λ n m ∆ip =0
i
Alternating current: t Relation between rp , µ, and gm : µ = rp × gm
µ0 N i T
5.5: Magnetism Field inside a toroid: B = 2πr r i = i0 sin(ωt + φ), T = 2π/ω I Kα
Kβ
hc
Lorentz force on a moving charge: F~ = q~v × B
~ + qE
~ 1 T
R X-ray spectrum: λmin = eV
Ie Ic
Average current in AC: ī = i dt = 0
~2
T 0 Current in a transistor: Ie = Ib + Ic
B
Charged particle in a uniform magnetic field: d
λmin λα λ
v Field of a bar magnet: h R i1/2 i2 Ib
S N ~1
B
RMS current: irms = 1 T
i2 dt = i0
√ t
√
q r= mv 2πm Moseley’s law: ν = a(Z − b)
qB , T = T 0 2
qB d Ic
µ0 2M µ0 M T α and β parameters of a transistor: α = Ie , β =
~⊗ r B1 =
B 4π d3 , B2 = 4π d3 X-ray diffraction: 2d sin θ = nλ Ic α
Ib , β = 1−α
Bh
Energy: E = irms 2 RT Visit www.concepts-of-physics.com to buy
~
B Horizontal Heisenberg uncertainity principle:
δ ∆Ic
Force on a current carrying wire: ~l Angle of dip: Bh = B cos δ 1 “IIT JEE Physics: Topic-wise Complete Solutions” Transconductance: gm = ∆Vbe
Capacitive reactance: Xc = ωC
∆p∆x ≥ h/(2π), ∆E∆t ≥ h/(2π)
Bv B
~
F i and our other books. Written by IITians, Foreword
Logic Gates:
F~ = i ~l × B
~ µ0 ni Inductive reactance: XL = ωL by Dr. HC Verma, Appreciated by Students. AND OR NAND NOR XOR
Tangent galvanometer: Bh tan θ = 2r , i = K tan θ A B AB A+B AB A+B AB̄ + ĀB
6.3: The Nucleus 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Magnetic moment of a current loop (dipole): k
Imepedance: Z = e0 /i0
Moving coil galvanometer: niAB = kθ, i= 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
nAB θ Nuclear radius: R = R0 A1/3 , R0 ≈ 1.1 × 10−15 m 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
µ ~
~ A
µ ~
~ = iA 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
q
i I dN
Time period of magnetometer: T = 2π M Bh Decay rate: dt = −λN
~ ~τ = µ
Torque on a magnetic dipole placed in B: ~
~ ×B
~ = µH
Permeability: B ~

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