F or m u l a e S h e e t f or P h y si cs www . c o n c e p t s - o f - p h y s i c s . c om | pg. 1 F or m u l a e S h e e t f or P h y si cs www . c o n c e p t s - o f - p h y s i c s . c om | pg. 2 F or m u l a e S h e e t f or P h y si cs www . c o n c e p t s - o f - p h y s i c s . c om | pg.

Physics formulas from Mechanics, Waves, Optics, Heat and Motion in a straight line with constant a: Mechanical energy: E = U + K. Conserved if forces are Rotation about an axis with constant α: ω
~ ~
A
~2
A
Thermodynamics, Electricity and Magnetism and Modern conservative in nature. 2
Superposition of two SHM’s: ǫ δ
Physics. Also includes the value of Physical Constants. Helps v = u + at, s = ut + 12 at2 , v 2 − u2 = 2as ω = ω0 + αt, θ = ωt + 12 αt2 , ω 2 − ω0 2 = 2αθ mg mω R cos θ
mgθ′ = mg − mω 2 R cos2 θ ~1
in quick revision for CBSE, NEET, JEE Mains, and Advanced. Power Pav = ∆W
∆t , Pinst = F~ · ~v θ
A
R
Relative Velocity: ~vA/B = ~vA − ~vB x1 = A1 sin ωt, x2 = A2 sin(ωt + δ)
0.1: Physical Constants 2 2
P R
Moment of Inertia: I = i mi ri , I= r dm
1.5: Centre of Mass and Collision x = x1 + x2 = A sin(ωt + ǫ)
Speed of light c 3 × 108 m/s P R q
GM
q
Pxi mi , R xdm
1 2
Planck constant h 6.63 × 10−34 J s
u y Centre of mass: xcm = xcm = mr 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 mr 2 2 mr m(a +b )
2 2
Orbital velocity of satellite: vo = A = A1 2 + A2 2 + 2A1 A2 cos δ
mi dm 2 mr 3 mr 5 mr 12 ml 12 R

u sin θ
hc 1242 eV-nm H
x A2 sin δ
Projectile Motion:
q
Gravitation constant G 6.67×10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2 b
Escape velocity: ve = 2GM tan ǫ =
θ a R A1 + A2 cos δ
Boltzmann constant k 1.38 × 10−23 J/K O u cos θ CM of few useful configurations: ring disk shell sphere rod hollow solid rectangle
Molar gas constant R 8.314 J/(mol K) R vo
m1 r m2 Kepler’s laws:
Avogadro’s number NA 6.023 × 1023 mol−1 1.9: Properties of Matter
Charge of electron e 1.602 × 10−19 C x = ut cos θ, y = ut sin θ − 12 gt2 1. m1 , m2 separated by r: C a
g m2 r m1 r Ik Ic F/A ∆P F
Permeability of vac- µ0 4π × 10−7 N/A2 y = x tan θ − x2 m1 +m2 m1 +m2 First: Elliptical orbit with sun at one of the focus. Modulus of rigidity: Y = ∆l/l , B = −V ∆V , η= Aθ
2u2 cos2 θ Theorem of Parallel Axes: Ik = Icm + md2 d
uum ~
Second: Areal velocity is constant. (∵ dL/dt = 0).
u2 sin 2θ u2 sin2 θ cm 1
= − V1 dV
Permitivity of vacuum ǫ0 8.85 × 10−12 F/m 2u sin θ h 4π 2 3
Third: T 2 ∝ a3 . In circular orbit T 2 = GM a .
Compressibility: K = B dP
1 T = , R= , H= 2. Triangle (CM ≡ Centroid) yc =
Coulomb constant 4πǫ0 9 × 109 N m2 /C2 g g 2g 3
C
h
lateral strain ∆D/D
Faraday constant F 96485 C/mol
h
3
z y Poisson’s ratio: σ = longitudinal strain = ∆l/l
Theorem of Perp. Axes: Iz = Ix + Iy
Mass of electron me 9.1 × 10−31 kg 1.3: Newton’s Laws and Friction 2r
x 1.8: Simple Harmonic Motion 1
Mass of proton mp 1.6726 × 10−27 kg 3. Semicircular ring: yc = π
C
2r
Elastic energy: U = 2 stress × strain × volume
r π
Mass of neutron mn 1.6749 × 10−27 kg Linear momentum: p~ = m~v p Hooke’s law: F = −kx (for small elongation x.)
Radius of Gyration: k = I/m
Atomic mass unit u 1.66 × 10−27 kg 4. Semicircular disc: yc = 4r
d2 x k
Atomic mass unit u 931.49 MeV/c2 Newton’s first law: inertial frame. 3π
r
C 4r
~ = ~r × p~, ~ = I~ Acceleration: a = dt2 = −m x = −ω 2 x Surface tension: S = F/l
3π Angular Momentum: L L ω
Stefan-Boltzmann σ 5.67×10−8 W/(m2 K4 )
Newton’s second law: F~ = d~
p
dt , F~ = m~a 2π
= 2π m
p
constant r y Time period: T = Surface energy: U = SA
5. Hemispherical shell: yc = 2 C r ~ P θ ~
ω k
Rydberg constant R∞ 1.097 × 107 m−1
r 2
Torque: ~τ = ~r × F~ , ~τ = dL
dt , τ = Iα F
Newton’s third law: F~AB = −F~BA ~
r x Displacement: x = A sin(ωt + φ) Excess pressure in bubble:
Bohr magneton µB 9.27 × 10−24 J/T O
3r √
Bohr radius a0 0.529 × 10−10 m Frictional force: fstatic, max = µs N, fkinetic = µk N 6. Solid Hemisphere: yc = 8 C 3r Velocity: v = Aω cos(ωt + φ) = ±ω A2 − x2 ∆pair = 2S/R, ∆psoap = 4S/R
r 8 ~ ~τext = 0 =⇒ L
Conservation of L: ~ = const.
Standard atmosphere atm 1.01325 × 105 Pa
v2 v2 µ+tan θ
Wien displacement b 2.9 × 10−3 m K Banking angle: = tan θ, = 7. Cone: the height of CM from the base is h/4 for P~
Capillary rise: h = 2S cos θ
rg rg 1−µ tan θ F = ~0, ~τ = ~0
P
Equilibrium condition: rρg
constant the solid cone and h/3 for the hollow cone.
mv 2 v2 Potential energy: U = 12 kx2 U
Centripetal force: Fc = r , ac = Kinetic Energy: Krot = 1 2
2 Iω
r x
−A 0 A
2 Hydrostatic pressure: p = ρgh
1 MECHANICS Pseudo force: F~pseudo = −m~a0 , Fcentrifugal = − mv
r Motion of the CM: M =
P
mi Dynamics:
Kinetic energy K = 12 mv 2 K Buoyant force: FB = ρV g = Weight of displaced liquid
Minimum speed to complete vertical circle: P
mi~vi F~ext ~τcm = Icm α
~, F~ext = m~acm , p~cm = m~vcm 0 A
x
1.1: Vectors −A
~vcm = , p~cm = M~vcm , ~acm = ~ = Icm ω Equation of continuity: A1 v1 = A2 v2 v2
p p
vmin, bottom = 5gl, vmin, top = gl M M K = 12 mvcm 2 + 12 Icm ω 2 , L ~ + ~rcm × m~vcm 1 2 2
v1
Notation: ~a = ax ı̂ + ay ̂ + az k̂ Total energy: E = U + K = 2 mω A

Impulse: J~ = F~ dt = ∆~ Bernoulli’s equation: p + 12 ρv 2 + ρgh = constant

R
q p
Magnitude: a = |~a| = a2x + a2y + a2z θ 1.7: Gravitation √
l
q Before collision After collision
q Torricelli’s theorem: vefflux = 2gh
l cos θ l
Conical pendulum: T = 2π θ T Simple pendulum: T = 2π l
Dot product: ~a · ~b = ax bx + ay by + az bz = ab cos θ g Collision: m1 m2 m1 m2
Gravitational force: F = G mr1 m 2
m1 F F m2 g dv
Viscous force: F = −ηA dx
2
v1 v2 v1′ v2′ r
ı̂ mg
a × ~b
~ ~b Momentum conservation: m1 v1 +m2 v2 = m1 v1′ +m2 v2′ F
Cross product: q
I
θ ̂
2
Elastic Collision: 12 m1 v1 2+ 12 m2 v2 2 = 12 m1 v1′ + 12 m2 v2′
2 Potential energy: U = − GMr m Physical Pendulum: T = 2π mgl Stoke’s law: F = 6πηrv
k̂
~
a
1.4: Work, Power and Energy Coefficient of restitution: GM
Gravitational acceleration: g = v
R2
~a ×~b = (ay bz − az by )ı̂ + (az bx − ax bz )̂ + (ax by − ay bx )k̂ −(v1′ − v2′ )

Work: W = F~ · S
~ = F S cos θ, F~ · dS
~ 1, completely elastic
R
W = e= = h r
πpr 4


v1 − v2 0, completely in-elastic Variation of g with depth: ginside ≈ g 1 − R
q
I Poiseuilli’s equation: Volume flow
=
|~a × ~b| = ab sin θ p2 Torsional Pendulum T = 2π k
time 8ηl
Kinetic energy: K = 12 mv 2 = 2m 2h

l
Variation of g with height: goutside ≈ g 1 −
If v2 = 0 and m1 ≪ m2 then v1′ = −v1 . R 2
2r (ρ−σ)g
Potential energy: F = −∂U/∂x for conservative forces. If v2 = 0 and m1 ≫ m2 then v2′ = 2v1 . Terminal velocity: vt = 9η
1.2: Kinematics Effect of non-spherical earth shape on g:
Elastic collision with m1 = m2 : v1′ = v2 and v2′ = v1 . gat pole > gat equator (∵ Re − Rp ≈ 21 km)
Ugravitational = mgh, Uspring = 12 kx2
Average and Instantaneous Vel. and Accel.: 1 1 1
Springs in series: keq = k1 + k2
k1 k2
Effect of earth rotation on apparent weight:
~vav = ∆~r/∆t, ~vinst = d~r/dt Work done by conservative forces is path indepen- 1.6: Rigid Body Dynamics
~aav = ∆~v /∆t ~ainst = d~v /dt Hdent and depends only on initial and final points: ∆θ dθ Springs in parallel: keq = k1 + k2 k2
F~conservative · d~r = 0. Angular velocity: ωav = ∆t , ω= dt , ~v = ω
~ × ~r k1

∆ω dω
Work-energy theorem: W = ∆K Angular Accel.: αav = ∆t , α= dt , ~a = α
~ × ~r

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2 Waves 3 Optics
q h i
5v
4. 1st overtone/2nd harmonics: ν1 = 2 T 5. 2nd overtone/5th harmonics: ν2 = 5ν0 = 4L S1 P Lens maker’s formula: 1
f = (µ − 1) 1
R1 − 1
R2
2L µ dy y
Path difference: ∆x = D d θ

2.1: Waves Motion 3

q
T 6. Only odd harmonics are present.
5. 2nd overtone/3rd harmonics: ν2 = 2L µ S2 D
3.1: Reflection of Light f
1 1
General equation of wave: ∂2y
=
2
1 ∂ y Lens formula: − = f1 , m= v
∂x2 v 2 ∂t2 . 6. All harmonics are present.
Phase difference: δ = 2π normal v u u
A λ ∆x Laws of reflection: (i)
incident i r reflected
u v
Notation: Amplitude A, Frequency ν, Wavelength λ, Pe- N Interference Conditions: for integer n, Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same
riod T , Angular Frequency ω, Wave Number k, Open organ pipe:
L L A  plane (ii) ∠i = ∠r Power of the lens: P = f1 , P in diopter if f in metre.
1 2π 2π 2nπ, constructive;
T = = , v = νλ, k= String fixed at one end: N δ=
N A (2n + 1)π, destructive, Two thin lenses separated by distance d:
ν ω λ A N A Plane mirror:
λ/2 d d
Progressive wave travelling with speed v: 1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0 
(i) the image and the object are equidistant from mir- 1 1 1 d
nλ,
constructive; = + −
1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0 Allowed freq.: L = n λ2 , ν = n 4L
v
, n = 1, 2, . . . ∆x = ror (ii) virtual image of real object F f1 f2 f1 f2 d
y = f (t − x/v), +x; y = f (t + x/v), −x n + 12 λ, destructive
v
q 2. Fundamental/1st harmonics: ν0 = f1 f2
2. Allowed Freq.: L = (2n + 1) λ4 , ν = 2n+1
4L
T
µ, n = 2L
2v Intensity:
y 0, 1, 2, . . .. 3. 1st overtone/2nd harmonics: ν1 = 2ν0 = 2L
I
A q p Spherical Mirror: O
x
3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: ν0 = 4L 1 T 3v I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos δ, f 3.3: Optical Instruments
λ λ µ 4. 2nd overtone/3rd harmonics: ν2 = 3ν0 = 2L v
Progressive sine wave: 2 p p 2 p p 2 u
q
Imax = I1 + I2 , Imin = I1 − I2 Simple microscope: m = D/f in normal adjustment.
3
4. 1st overtone/3rd harmonics: ν1 = 4L T 5. All harmonics are present.
µ
y = A sin(kx − ωt) = A sin(2π (x/λ − t/T )) 1. Focal length f = R/2
q I1 = I2 : I = 4I0 cos2 2δ , Imax = 4I0 , Imin = 0 Objective Eyepiece
nd th 5 T 1 1 1
5. 2 overtone/5 harmonics: ν2 = 4L µ 2. Mirror equation: v +u = f
O ∞
l1 + d

2.2: Waves on a String 6. Only odd harmonics are present. Fringe width: w = λD
d
3. Magnification: m = − uv Compound microscope:
l2 + d

Speed of waves on a string with mass per unit length µ Resonance column: Optical path: ∆x′ = µ∆x u v fe
3.2: Refraction of Light
p
and tension T : v = T /µ √ q D
1 √1 . n T
Sonometer: ν ∝ L, ν∝ T, ν ∝ µ ν= 2L µ speed of light in vacuum c
Transmitted power: Pav = 2π 2 µvA2 ν 2 Refractive index: µ = speed of light in medium = v 1. Magnification in normal adjustment: m = v D
Interference of waves transmitted through thin film: u fe
1 2µ sin θ
Interference: 2.3: Sound Waves incident reflected 2. Resolving power: R = =
l1 + d = λ2 , l2 + d = 3λ
4 , v = 2(l2 − l1 )ν sin i µ2 µ1 i
∆d λ
 Snell’s Law: =
Displacement wave: s = s0 sin ω(t − x/v) nλ,
constructive; sin r µ1
y1 = A1 sin(kx − ωt), y2 = A2 sin(kx − ωt + δ) ∆x = 2µd = µ2
r
fo fe
Beats: two waves of almost equal frequencies ω1 ≈ ω2 n + 12 λ, destructive. refracted
y = y1 + y2 = A sin(kx − ωt + ǫ) Pressure wave: p = p0 cos ω(t − x/v), p0 = (Bω/v)s0
p1 = p0 sin ω1 (t − x/v), p2 = p0 sin ω2 (t − x/v) real depth d d′ Astronomical telescope:
q Apparent depth: µ = apparent depth = d′ d I
A= A1 2 + A2 2 + 2A1 A2 cos δ Speed of sound waves: p = p1 + p2 = 2p0 cos ∆ω(t − x/v) sin ω(t − x/v) Diffraction from a single slit: θ
y
O
b
A2 sin δ s s s
ω = (ω1 + ω2 )/2, ∆ω = ω1 − ω2 (beats freq.) y
tan ǫ = B Y γP D
A1 + A2 cos δ vliquid = , vsolid = , vgas = Critical angle: θc = sin−1 1 µ
 ρ ρ ρ For Minima: nλ = b sin θ ≈ b(y/D) µ θc 1. In normal adjustment: m = − ffoe , L = fo + fe
2nπ, constructive; Doppler Effect:
δ= 1.22λ 1 1
(2n + 1)π, destructive. Resolution: sin θ = b
2. Resolving power: R = ∆θ = 1.22λ
2π 2 B 2 2 p0 2 v p0 2 v + uo
Intensity: I = v s0 ν = 2B = 2ρv ν= ν0
v − us 2 θ
2A cos kx

Law of Malus: I = I0 cos θ I0 I A

Standing Waves: x where, v is the speed of sound in the medium, u0 is 3.4: Dispersion
A N A N A δ
Standing longitudinal waves: the speed of the observer w.r.t. the medium, consid- Deviation by a prism: i r i′ A
λ/4 r′ Cauchy’s equation: µ = µ0 + λ2 , A>0
ered positive when it moves towards the source and
p1 = p0 sin ω(t − x/v), p2 = p0 sin ω(t + x/v) negative when it moves away from the source, and us µ
Dispersion by prism with small A and i:
y1 = A1 sin(kx − ωt), y2 = A2 sin(kx + ωt) p = p1 + p2 = 2p0 cos kx sin ωt is the speed of the source w.r.t. the medium, consid-
′
y = y1 + y2 = (2A cos kx) sin ωt ered positive when it moves towards the observer and δ = i + i − A, general result 1. Mean deviation: δy = (µy − 1)A
negative when it moves away from the observer. sin A+δ m
2. Angular dispersion: θ = (µv − µr )A
n + 12 λ2 , nodes; n = 0, 1, 2, . . . 2
i = i′ for minimum deviation


µ= ,
x= sin A2
n λ2 , antinodes. n = 0, 1, 2, . . . Dispersive power: ω = µv −µr
≈ θ
(if A and i small)
µy −1 δy
L 2.4: Light Waves δ
Closed organ pipe: Visit www.concepts-of-physics.com to buy δm = (µ − 1)A, for small A
L δm µ′
x A
Plane Wave: E = E0 sin ω(t − v ), I = I0 “IIT JEE Physics: Topic-wise Complete Solutions” i′ i Dispersion without deviation:
String fixed at both ends: N N and our other books. Written by IITians, Foreword µ A′
A N A by Dr. HC Verma, Appreciated by Students.
aE0 I0 µ1 µ2 (µy − 1)A + (µ′y − 1)A′ = 0
λ/2 1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0 Spherical Wave: E = r sin ω(t − vr ), I = r2
2. Allowed freq.: L = (2n + 1) λ4 , ν = (2n + 1) 4L
v
, n= Refraction at spherical surface:
Q
Deviation without dispersion:
1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0 and at x = L P O
(µv − µr )A = (µ′v − µ′r )A′
q 0, 1, 2, . . . u v
2. Allowed Freq.: L = n λ2 , ν =n
2L
T
µ , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .. 3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: ν0 = v Young’s double slit experiment
4L
1
q
T 3v
µ2 µ1 µ2 − µ1 µ1 v
3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: ν0 = 2L 4. 1 st
overtone/3 rd
harmonics: ν1 = 3ν0 = − = , m=
µ 4L v u R µ2 u

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4 Heat and Thermodynamics 4.4: Theromodynamic Processes 5 Electricity and Magnetism 5.3: Capacitors i ig G i ~
Energy of a magnetic dipole placed in B:
Galvanometer as an Ammeter: i − ig U = −~µ·B~
4.1: Heat and Temperature First law of thermodynamics: ∆Q = ∆U + ∆W 5.1: Electrostatics Capacitance: C = q/V S
~
ig G = (i − ig )S Bi l B
Temp. scales: F = 32 + 95 C, Work done by the gas: +q Hall effect: Vw = y
K = C + 273.16 Coulomb’s law: F~ = 1 q1 q2
4πǫ0 r 2 r̂ q1 r q2
−q ned w
x
Parallel plate capacitor: C = ǫ0 A/d R G i d z
Z V2 A A Galvanometer as a Voltmeter: ↑
Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT , n : number of moles ∆W = p∆V, W = pdV ~ r) = 1 q
d A ig B
Electric field: E(~ 4πǫ0 r 2 r̂ q
~
E
V1 ~
r VAB = ig (R + G)
van der Waals equation: p + Va2 (V − b) = nRT 5.6: Magnetic Field due to Current


  r2
V2
Wisothermal = nRT ln 1 q1 q2
Electrostatic energy: U = − 4πǫ 4πǫ0 r1 r2 R C
Thermal expansion: L = L0 (1 + α∆T ), V1 0 r Spherical capacitor: C = r2 −r1 −q +q i ~
⊗B
r1 Charging of capacitors: ~ = µ0 i d~l×~
r
A = A0 (1 + β∆T ), V = V0 (1 + γ∆T ), γ = 2β = 3α Wisobaric = p(V2 − V1 ) 1 q Biot-Savart law: dB 4π r 3 θ
Electrostatic potential: V = 4πǫ0 r
~
r
V d~l
F ∆l p1 V 1 − p 2 V 2
Thermal stress of a material: =Y
h i
A l Wadiabatic = ~
r
t
q(t) = CV 1 − e− RC
γ−1
Z
~ · ~r,
dV = −E V (~r) = − ~ · d~r
E θ2
2πǫ0 l
Wisochoric = 0 ∞ Cylindrical capacitor: C = ln(r2 /r1 )
r2
l
C
4.2: Kinetic Theory of Gases r1 t Field due to a straight conductor: i
d ~
Discharging of capacitors: q(t) = q0 e− RC q(t)
⊗B
p
~ θ1
General: M = mNA , k = R/NA Electric dipole moment: p~ = q d~ −q +q R
T1 A
d Capacitors in parallel: Ceq = C1 + C2 µ0 i
Q1 C1 C2 B= 4πd (cos θ1 − cos θ2 )
n Efficiency of the heat engine: W B Time constant in RC circuit: τ = RC
Q2 1 p cos θ V (r) µ0 i
Maxwell distribution of speed: T2 Potential of a dipole: V = θ r Field due to an infinite straight wire: B = 2πd
4πǫ0 r 2 1 1 1
p
~ Capacitors in series: Ceq = C1 + C2
C1 C2
A B ∆H Peltier heat
vp v̄ vrms v work done by the engine Q1 − Q2 Peltier effect: emf e = ∆Q = charge transferred . dF µ 0 i1 i2 i1 i2
η= = Force between parallel wires: dl = 2πd
heat supplied to it Q1 Er Force between plates of a parallel plate capacitor:
Field of a dipole: Q2 d
q q
RMS speed: vrms = 3kT
= 3RT
Q2 T2 θ r F = 2Aǫ Seeback effect: e
m M ηcarnot = 1 − =1− Eθ 0 T
p
~ T0 Tn Ti
Q1 T1 Q2
1 2p cos θ 1 p sin θ 1 2 1
Er = , Eθ = Energy stored in capacitor: U = 2 CV = = 2 QV
a
q q
8kT 8RT P
Average speed: v̄ = πm = πM
4πǫ0 r3 4πǫ0 r 3 2C
1. Thermo-emf: e = aT + 12 bT 2 Field on the axis of a ring: i ~
B
T1
q Q1 ~ ~τ = p~ × E
Torque on a dipole placed in E: ~ Energy density in electric field E: U/V = 12 ǫ0 E 2 2. Thermoelectric power: de/dt = a + bT .
d

Most probable speed: vp = 2kT Coeff. of performance of refrigerator: W µ0 ia2

m BP =
Q2 ~ U = −~
Pot. energy of a dipole placed in E: ~
p·E Capacitor with dielectric: C = ǫ0 KA 3. Neutral temp.: Tn = −a/b. 2(a2 +d2 )3/2
d
T2
Pressure: p = 13 ρvrms
2
Q2 Q2
4. Inversion temp.: Ti = −2a/b.
a
COP = W = Q1 −Q2 µ0 iθ
5.2: Gauss’s Law and its Applications ∆H Thomson heat Field at the centre of an arc: B = ~⊙ i
Equipartition of energy: K = 12 kT for each degree of Rf 5.4: Current electricity Thomson effect: emf e = ∆Q = charge transferred = σ∆T . 4πa B θ
∆Q ∆Q a
freedom. Thus, K = f2 kT for molecule having f de- Entropy: ∆S = T , S f − Si = i T
H
~ · dS
~
Electric flux: φ = E Current density: j = i/A = σE Faraday’s law of electrolysis: The mass deposited is
grees of freedoms. Field at the centre of a ring: B = µ0 i
Q Tf 2a
Const. T : ∆S = T, Varying T : ∆S = ms ln ~ · dS~ = qin /ǫ0 1 eE i 1
Drift speed: vd = 2 mτ =
H
f Ti Gauss’s law: E m = Zit = Eit
Internal energy of n moles of an ideal gas is U = 2 nRT .
neA F H
~ · d~l = µ0 Iin
Ampere’s law: B
Adiabatic process: ∆Q = 0, pV γ = constant Field of a uniformly charged ring on its axis: Resistance of a wire: R = ρl/A, where ρ = 1/σ where i is current, t is time, Z is electrochemical equiv-
1 qx a alent, E is chemical equivalent, and F = 96485 C/g is Field inside a solenoid: B = µ0 ni, n = N
4.3: Specific Heat EP = q ~ Temp. dependence of resistance: R = R0 (1 + α∆T ) l
4πǫ0 (a2 +x2 )3/2
x E Faraday constant. l
4.5: Heat Transfer P
Q Ohm’s law: V = iR
Specific heat: s = m∆T ∆Q
Conduction: ∆t = −KA ∆T
x E and V (of a uniformly charged sphere: µ0 N i
1 Qr Kirchhoff ’s Laws: (i) The Junction Law: The algebraic 5.5: Magnetism Field inside a toroid: B =
Latent heat: L = Q/m 2πr
4πǫ0 R3 , for r < R
x r
Thermal resistance: R = E= E
KA 1 Q sum of all the currents directed towards a node is zero
∆Q 4πǫ0 r 2 , for r ≥ R O
r
i.e., Σnode Ii = 0. (ii)The Loop Law: The algebraic Lorentz force on a moving charge: F~ = q~v × B
~ + qE
~
Specific heat at constant volume: Cv = n∆T   R
V 1 x1 x2 K1 K2 A ( 2
sum of all the potential differences along a closed loop ~2
Rseries = R1 + R2 = A K1 + K2
Q
3 − Rr 2 , for r < R V Charged particle in a uniform magnetic field: B
V= 8πǫ 0R in a circuit is zero i.e., Σloop ∆ Vi = 0. Field of a bar magnet: d
∆Q x1 x2 1 Q v
Specific heat at constant pressure: Cp = n∆T 4πǫ0 r , for r ≥ R r mv 2πm
S N ~1
B
O q r= qB , T =
p R
A2 qB d
K2 1 1 1 A
1 1 1 1 Resistors in parallel: = + ~⊗ r B1 = µ0 2M µ0 M
4π d3 , B2 =
Relation between Cp and Cv : Cp − Cv = R = + = (K1 A1 + K2 A2 ) A1 Req R1 R2 R1 R2 B
Rparallel R1 R2 x K1 E and V of a uniformly charged spherical shell: B
4π d3

Ratio of specific heats: γ = Cp /Cv x 0, for r < R E ~ Horizontal Bh
E= 1 Q Resistors in series: Req = R1 + R2
B
Angle of dip: Bh = B cos δ δ
4πǫ0 r 2 , for r ≥ R r R1 R2 Force on a current carrying wire: ~l
emissive power Ebody O R A B
Relation between U and Cv : ∆U = nCv ∆T Kirchhoff ’s Law: absorptive power = abody = Eblackbody ~ i
Bv B
(
1 Q F
4πǫ0 R , for r < R V R1 R2
F~ = i ~l × B
~
Specific heat of gas mixture: V = Tangent galvanometer: Bh tan θ = µ0 ni
2r , i = K tan θ
Eλ 1 Q
4πǫ0 r , for r ≥ R O
r
Wheatstone bridge:
↑ G
Wien’s displacement law: λm T = b R R3 R4 Magnetic moment of a current loop (dipole):
n1 Cv1 + n2 Cv2 n1 Cp1 + n2 Cp2 Moving coil galvanometer: niAB = kθ, i= k
Cv = , γ= λ nAB θ
n1 + n2 n1 Cv1 + n2 Cv2 λm Field of a line charge: E = λ V
µ ~
~ A
µ ~
~ = iA
2πǫ0 r q
Balanced if R1 /R2 = R3 /R4 . i
Time period of magnetometer: T = 2π I
∆Q σ M Bh
Molar internal energy of an ideal gas: U = f2 RT , Stefan-Boltzmann law: ∆t = σeAT 4 Field of an infinite sheet: E = 2ǫ0
Electric Power: P = V 2 /R = I 2 R = IV ~ ~τ = µ
Torque on a magnetic dipole placed in B: ~
~ ×B
f = 3 for monatomic and f = 5 for diatomic gas. dT σ ~ = µH
Permeability: B ~
Newton’s law of cooling: dt = −bA(T − T0 ) Field in the vicinity of conducting surface: E = ǫ0

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c 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 1 c 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 1 c 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 1
F or m u l a e S h e e t f or P h y si cs w ww . c o n c e p t s - o f - p h y s i c s . c om | pg. 10 F or m u l a e S h e e t f or P h y si cs w ww . c o n c e p t s - o f - p h y s i c s . c om | pg. 11

5.7: Electromagnetic Induction C R

1
Z 6 Modern Physics N0
N
RC circuit: i ωC
φ −λt
H
~ · dS
~ Population at time t: N = N0 e N0
Magnetic flux: φ = B
p ˜
e0 sin ωt
1
R 6.1: Photo-electric effect 2

O t1/2 t
Faraday’s law: e = − dφ Z= R2 + (1/ωC)2 , tan φ = ωCR Photon’s energy: E = hν = hc/λ
dt

Lenz’s Law: Induced current create a B-field that op- L R R Photon’s momentum: p = h/λ = E/c Half life: t1/2 = 0.693/λ
poses the change in magnetic flux. LR circuit: i φ
ωL
Max. KE of ejected photo-electron: Kmax = hν − φ Average life: tav = 1/λ
+ √ ωL
˜
e0 sin ωt
Z

Population after n half lives: N = N0 /2n .

Z= R 2 + ω 2 L2 , tan φ = R
Threshold freq. in photo-electric effect: ν0 = φ/h
Motional emf: e = Blv l ~
v ~
⊗B
V0 Mass defect: ∆m = [Zmp + (A − Z)mn ] − M
− L C R 1 hc 1

φ hc
Z Stopping potential: Vo = − e
LCR Circuit: i
ωC
φ
1
ωC − ωL e λ e φ 1
Binding energy: B = [Zmp + (A − Z)mn − M ] c2
hc λ
di −φ
Self inductance: φ = Li, e = −L dt
q ˜
e0 sin ωt
ωL R e
Q-value: Q = Ui − Uf
Self inductance of a solenoid: L = µ0 n2 (πr2 l) 2 1
−ωL
1 de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p


Z= R2 + ωC − ωL , tan φ = ωC
R Energy released in nuclear reaction: ∆E = ∆mc2
q
1 1 where ∆m = mreactants − mproducts .
h t
i
Growth of current in LR circuit: i = Re 1 − e− L/R νresonance = 2π LC

i 6.2: The Atom

L R Power factor: P = erms irms cos φ
e
0.63 R Energy in nth Bohr’s orbit: 6.4: Vacuum tubes and Semiconductors
e
t N1 e1 e1 N1 N2 e2
Transformer: = e2 , e 1 i1 = e2 i2 mZ 2 e4 13.6Z 2
S i L
R
N2
˜ i1 i2
˜ En = −
8ǫ0 2 h2 n2
, En = −
n2
eV Half Wave Rectifier:
D

R Output
Decay of current in LR circuit: i = i0 e− L/R
i
t
√
Speed of the EM waves in vacuum: c = 1/ µ0 ǫ0 Radius of the nth Bohr’s orbit:
˜
L R
i0
ǫ 0 h2 n 2 n2 a 0 Full Wave Rectifier:
0.37i0 rn = , rn = , a0 = 0.529 Å
S i L
R
t πmZe2 Z ˜ Output

nh
Quantization of the angular momentum: l = 2π
Grid
Time constant of LR circuit: τ = L/R Triode Valve: Cathode

1 2
Photon energy in state transition: E2 − E1 = hν Filament Plate
Energy stored in an inductor: U = 2 Li E2 E2

U B2 hν hν
Energy density of B field: u = = ∆Vp
V 2µ0 E1
Emission
E1 Plate resistance of a triode: rp = ∆ip
Absorption ∆Vg =0
di
Mutual inductance: φ = M i, e = −M dt
Wavelength of emitted radiation: for a transition Transconductance of a triode: gm =
∆ip
∆Vg
from nth to mth state: ∆Vp =0
 
EMF induced in a rotating coil: e = N ABω sin ωt 1 1 1 Amplification by a triode: µ = −
∆Vp
= RZ 2 2 − 2 ∆Vg
∆ip =0
λ n m
i
Alternating current: t Relation between rp , µ, and gm : µ = rp × gm
T
i = i0 sin(ωt + φ), T = 2π/ω I Kα
Kβ
hc
1 T
R X-ray spectrum: λmin = eV
Ie Ic
Average current in AC: ī = i dt = 0
T 0 Current in a transistor: Ie = Ib + Ic
λmin λα λ
h R i1/2 i2 Ib
RMS current: irms = 1 T
i2 dt = i0
√ t
√
T 0 2 Moseley’s law: ν = a(Z − b)
Ic
T α and β parameters of a transistor: α = Ie , β =
X-ray diffraction: 2d sin θ = nλ Ic α
Ib , β = 1−α
Energy: E = irms 2 RT Visit www.concepts-of-physics.com to buy Heisenberg uncertainity principle: ∆Ic
1 “IIT JEE Physics: Topic-wise Complete Solutions” Transconductance: gm = ∆Vbe
Capacitive reactance: Xc = ωC
∆p∆x ≥ h/(2π), ∆E∆t ≥ h/(2π)
and our other books. Written by IITians, Foreword
Logic Gates:
Inductive reactance: XL = ωL by Dr. HC Verma, Appreciated by Students. AND OR NAND NOR XOR
A B AB A+B AB A+B AB̄ + ĀB
6.3: The Nucleus 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Imepedance: Z = e0 /i0
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Nuclear radius: R = R0 A1/3 , R0 ≈ 1.1 × 10−15 m 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0
dN
Decay rate: dt = −λN

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c 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 1 c 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 1