CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTION

THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTION
(Exist in theory as well as real life)
1. Theoretical Distribution is a distribution where the values of a variable are distributed
according to some definite mathematical laws.

2. In other words, Theoretical Distributions are mathematical models; where the

frequencies/probabilities are calculated by mathematical computation.

3. Theoretical Distribution are also called as Expected Variance Distribution or

Frequency Distribution

THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTION

A. Binomial Distribution (Bernoulli Distribution)

1. The probabilities of ‘x’ number of success or the p.m.f (Probability Mass Function) of
a Binomial Distribution is given by :
P(x) =
where, p = probability of success
q = probability of failure=(1-p)
‘x’= no. of success
And (n –x) = no. of failures
Note 1: Sum of powers of p and q will always add up to ‘n’ irrespective of no. of success.
Note 2: There are(n + 1) possible value of ‘x’ i.e. x = { 0,1,2,3,..... ,n}

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2. This distribution is a discrete probability Distribution where the variable ‘x’ can
assume only discrete values i.e. x = 0, 1, 2, 3,....... n

3. This distribution is derived from a special type of random experiment known as

Bernoulli Experiment or Bernoulli Trials, which has the following characteristics

(i) Each trial must be associated with two mutually exclusive & exhaustive
outcomes – SUCCESS and FAILURE. Usually the probability of success is denoted
by ‘p’ and that of the failure by ‘q’ where q = 1-p and therefore p + q = 1.
(ii) The trials must be independent under identical conditions.

(iii) The number of trial must be finite (countably finite).

(iv) Probability of success and failure remains unchanged throughout the process.

Note 1 : A ‘trial’ is an attempt to produce outcomes which is neither sure nor impossible
in nature.

Note 2 : The conditions mentioned may also be treated as the conditions for Binomial
Distributions.

4. Characteristics or Properties of Binomial Distribution

(i) It is a bi parametric distribution i.e. it has two parameters n & p where
n = no. of trials
p = probability of success.

(ii) Mean of distribution is np.

(iii) Variance = npq
(iv) Mean is greater than variance always i.e. np > npq.
(v) SD =
(vi) Maximum variance is equal to (n/4)
(vii) Binomial Distribution may be Symmetrical or Asymmetrical (i.e. skewed) where
q > p; its positively skewed and when q < p its negatively skewed.
When q = p = 0.5 skewness is equal to zero. In such a case, the distribution is
said to be symmetrical.

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(viii) Binomial Distribution may be Uni-Modal or Bi-Modal depending on the values

of the parameters n & p.

Case I : When (n + 1).p is not an integer the distribution is uni-modal and the
greatest integer contained in (n+1) p is the value of the mode.
E.g. n = 6; p = 1/3; find modal value.

Solution : (n + 1)p = (6 + 1) x 0.3

= 7 x 0.3 = 2.1 which is not an integer. Hence the given distribution is
unimodal and the value of mode is equal to 2 (Greatest integer integral
value in 2.1)

Case II: When (n + 1)p is an integer; the distribution is bi-modal and the modal
values are (n+1)p and (n+1)p – 1 respectively.
E.g. n = 7 and p = 0.5; find mode or modes.

Solution : (n +1)p = (7 + 1)p

= 8(0.5)
= 4. Which is an integer.
Hence the two modes are :4 & (4 -1) =3

(ix) Additive Property of Binomial Distribution: If ‘x’ and ‘y’ are two independent
binomial variates with parameters(n1,p) and (n2,p) respectively,then x + y will
also follow a binomial distribution with parameters {(n1 + n2), p} Symbolically
the fact is expressed as follows:
X ~ B (n1,p)
Y ~ B (n2,p)
X + Y ~ B(n1 + n2, p)

(x) The method applied for fitting a binomial distribution to a given set of data is
called “Method of Moments”.

5. The distribution is called Binomial as the probabilities can be obtain by deferent

terms of the expansion of Binomial series (q+p)n

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CONCEPT OF UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION (DISCRETE VARIABLE)

1. If a discrete random variable ‘x’ assumes n possible values namely x1 x2, ....xn
with equal probabilities, then the probability of its taking any particular value is
always constant and is equal to (1/n). The p.m.f (Probability Mass Function) of such
distribution is given by f(x) = 1/n where x = x1 x2, .... xn. These distributions are known
as Uniform Distribution because the probability is uniform for all values of x.

e.g. Probability Distribution of the no. of points in a throw of a die.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
p

2. Mean of Uniform Distribution is : and variance of uniform distribution is

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CLASSWORK SECTION

1. A discrete random variable x follows uniform distribution and takes only the values
5, 7, 12, 15, 18. Find P (x >10).
a) 2/5 b) 3/5 c) 4/5 d) None of the above

2. If a discrete random variable x follows uniform distribution and assumes only the
values 8, 9, 11, 15, 18, 20. Then find P(|x – 14| < 5).
a) 1 b) ½ c) 2/3 d) 1/3

3. A random variable x follows Binomial distribution with mean 2 and variance 1.2.
Then the value of n is:
a) 3 b) 5 c) 7 d) 6

4. The mean of binomial distribution B equal to

a) 3/5 b) 8/3 c) 3/4 d) 4/3

5. If in a Binomial distribution np = 9 and npq = 2.25, then q is equal to:

a) 0.75 b) 0.25 c) 0.10 d) 0.45

6. If in a Binomial distribution mean 20; S.D. = 4, then p is equal to:

a) 1/5 b) 2/5 c) 3/5 d) 4/5

7. A student obtained the following results: For the binomial distribution mean = 4,
variance = 3. Comment on the accuracy of his results.
a) Correct results, with n = 12
b) Correct results, with n = 16
c) Wrong calculations, as q > 1
d) None of the above

8. An unbiased dice is tossed 500 times. The standard deviation of the number of
‘sixes’ in these 500 tosses are:
a) 50/6 b)51/6 c)15/6 d) None of these

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9. Mean =10, SD= , Mode=

a) 10 b) 12 c) 9 d) 8

10. The mean of binomial distribution is 20 and standard deviation is 4 then;

a)

b)

c)

d)

11. If mean and variance are 5 and 3 respectively then relation between p and q is
a) p > q b) p < q c) p=q d) p is symmetry

12. If x is a binomial variable with a parameter n = 15 and p = 1/3, then the value of
mode of the distribution
a) 5 b) 5 and 6 c) 5.5 d) 6

13. The mode of Binomial distribution for which mean is 4 and variance is 3, is equal to?
a) 4 b) 4.25 c) 4.5 d) 4.1

6 coins are tossed. Find the probability of getting

14. All heads
a) 1/64 b) 15/64 c) 22/64 d) 5/16

15. Two heads

a) 15/64 b) 22/64 c) 5/16 d) 31/64

16. Two or more heads

a) 15/64 b) 22/64 c) 5/16 d) 57/64

17. At most two heads

a) 15/64 b) 22/64 c) 5/16 d) 15/22

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18. A machine produces 2% defectives on an average. If 4 articles are chosen randomly.

What is probability that there will be exactly 2 defective articles?
a) 0.0023 b) 0.115 c) 0.325 d) 0.452

19. The binomial distribution with mean = 20 and sd = 4 is:

a) (1/4 + 4/5)100 b) (4/5 + 1/5)100
c) (4/5 + 1/5)50 d) None of the above

20. The probability that a student is not a swimmer is 4/5, then the probability that out
of five students four are swimmers is

a) b) c) d) None of these

21. The overall percentage of failures in a certain examination is 60. What is the
probability that out of a group of 6 candidates at least 5 passed the examination?
a) b) c) d)

22. If 15 dates are selected at random, then the probability of getting two Sundays is:
a) 0.29 b) 0.39 c) 0.49 d) 0.23

23. Assuming that half the population is vegetarian and each of 128 investigators
takes a sample of 10 individuals to see whether they are vegetarian. How many
investigators would you expect to report that 2 people or less vegetarians.
a) 5 b) 7 c) 9 d) 11

An experiment succeed twice as often as it fails. What is the probability that in the
next 5 trials, there will be:

24. 3 successes.
a) 77 / 243 b) 81 / 243 c) 80 / 243 d) None of the above

25. At least 3 successes.

a) 80 / 243 b) 192 / 243 d) 77 / 243 d) None of the above

A man takes a step forward with a probability 0.6 and a step backward with a
probability of 0.4. Find the probability that at the end of 11 steps, the man is:

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26. One step ahead of starting point.

a) b)

c) d)

27. One step behind of starting point.

a) b)

c) d)

28. One step away of starting point.

a) b)

c) d)

29. If x and y are 2 independent binomial variable with parameters 6 and ½, 4 and ½
respectively, what is P(x + y ≥ 1)?
a) 1023/1024 b) 1056/1923
c) 1234/2678 d) None of the above

30. X is binomial variable with n = 20, what is the mean of X if it is known that x is
symmetric?
a) 5 b) 10 c) 2 d) 8

31. If X ~ B (n, p), what would be greatest value of the variance of x when n =16?
a) 2 b) 4 c) 8 d) 6

32. if x is a binomial variate with parameter 15 and 1/3, what is the value of mode of
the distribution
a) 5 and 6 b) 5 c) 5.50 d) 6

33. What is the probability of getting 3 heads if 6 unbiased coins are tossed
simultaneously?
a) 0.50 b) 0.20 c) 0.3125 d) 0.6875

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34. What is the probability of making 3 correct guesses in 5 True – False answer type
questions?
a) 0.3125 b) 0.5676 c) 0.6875 d) 0.4325

35. X is binomial variable such that 2P(x=2) = P(x=3) and mean of X is known to be 10/3.
What would be the probability that X assumes at most the value 2?
a) 16/81 b) 17/81 c) 47/273 d) 26/243

36. Assuming that one-third of the population is tea drinkers and each of 1000
enumerators takes a sample of 8 individuals to find out whether they are tea
drinkers or not, how many enumerators are expected to report that five or more
people are tea drinkers?
a) 100 b) 95 c) 88 d) 90

37. Out of 128 families with 4 children each, how many are expected to have at least
one boy and one girl?
a) 100 b) 105 c) 108 d) 112

38. In 10 independent rollings of a biased die, the probability that an even number will
appear 5 times is twice the probability that an even number will appear 4 times.
What is the probability that an even number will appear twice when the die is rolled
8 times?
a) 0.0304 b) 0.1243 c) 0.2315 d) 0.1926

Calculation of Parameters

39. A binomial random variable x satisfies the relation 9P(x = 4) = P(x =2) when n = 6.
Find the value of the parameter ‘P’?
a) 1 / 2 b) 1/3 c) 1 / 4 d) 1 / 5

40. In a binomial distribution consisting of 5 independent trials, probability of 1 and

2 successes are 0.4096 and 0.2048 respectively. Find the parameter ‘P’ of the
distribution?
a) 1 / 3 b) 1/4 c) 2 / 5 d) 1 / 5

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Theoretical Aspect
41. The probability distribution whose frequency function f(x) = 1/n,
x = x1, x2, ..., xn is known as:
a) Binomial distribution b) Poisson distribution
c) Normal distribution d) Uniform distribution

42. Probability Function is known as

a) Frequency Function b) Continuous Function
c) Discrete Function d) None

43. The no. of points obtained in a single throw of an unbiased die follows
a) Binomial Distribution b) Poisson Distribution
c) Uniform Distribution d) None

44. The no. of points obtained in a single throw of an unbiased, die has frequency
function
a) f(x) = ¼ b) f(x) = 1/5 c) f(x) = 1/6 d) None

45. If for any distribution f(x) = 1/n, then mean of the distribution would be:
a) n/2 b) (n + 1)/2 c) (n – 1)/2 d) None of the above

46. A theoretical probability distribution.

a) Does not exit b) exists in theory
c) exists in real life d) (b) and (c) both

47. Binomial distribution is a:

a) Discrete Probability Distribution
b) Continuous Probability Distribution
c) Both a) and b) above
d) Neither a) nor b) above

48. An important discrete probability distribution is:

a) Normal Distribution
b) Binomial Distribution
c) Geometric Distribution
d) None of the above

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49. The important characteristic(s) of Bernoulli trials is:

a) Trials are independent
b) Each trial is associated with just two possible outcomes.
c) Trials are infinite
d) Both a) and b) above

50. An example of a bi-parametric discrete probability distribution is

a) binomial distribution
b) Poisson distribution
c) normal distribution
d) both (a) and (b)

51. In Binomial distribution ‘n’ means

a) Number of trials of the experiment
b) Number of success.
c) The probability of getting success.
d) None of the above

52. In Binomial distribution ‘p’ denotes probability of:

a) Success
b) Failure
c) Both a) and b) above
d) None of the above

53. The mean of a Binomial distribution with parameter n and p is:

a) n (1 – p) b) np (1 – p) c) np d) n

54. Variance of Binomial distribution is

a) np b) npq c) nq d) pq

55. The mean of binomial distribution is :

a) Always more than its variance
b) Always equal to its standard deviation
c) Always less than its variance
d) Always equal to its variance

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56. The maximum value of the variance of a Binomial distribution with parameters
and pis :

a) b) c) d)

57. For a binomial distribution, there may be

a) one mode b) two mode c) zero mode d) (a) or (b)

58. Binomial distribution is symmetrical if:

a) p > q b) p=q c) p<q d) p ≠ q

59. When ‘p’ = 0.5, the binomial distribution is:

a) Asymmetrical
b) Symmetrical
c) Both a) and b) above
d) Neither a) nor b) above

60. A Binomial distribution is:

a) Never negatively skewed
b) Never positively skewed
c) Never symmetrical
d) Symmetrical when p = 0.5

61. For a binomial distribution, mean and mode

a) Are always equal
b) Are never equal
c) are equal when q = 0.50
d) Do not always exist.

62. When ‘p’ is larger than 0.5, the binomial distribution is

a) Asymmetrical
b) Symmetrical
c) Both
d) None

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63. For n independent trials in Binomial distribution, the sum of the powers of p and q
is always n,whatever be the number of successes.
a) True b) False
c) both of a) and b) above d) None of the above

64. The results of ODI matches between India and Pakistan follows:
a) Binomial distribution b) Poisson distribution
c) Normal distribution d) (b) or (c)

65. In a Binomial distribution if n is infinitely large, the probability p of occurrence of

event is close to ____ and q is close to ____ then binomial distribution follows to
Poisson distribution.
a) 0, 1 b) 1,1 c) 1,0 d) None of the above

66. For a binomial distribution if variance = mean/2, then the values of n and p will be
a) 1 and 1/2 b) 2 and 1/2 c) 3 and ½ d) Any value and 1/2

67. Examine the validity of the following:

Mean and standard deviation of a binomial distribution are 10 and 4 respectively.
a) Not valid b) Valid
c) Both a) and b) d) Neither a) nor b)

68. A theoretical probability distribution

a) Doesn’t exist b) Exist in theory
c) Exist in real life d) both (b) and (c)

69. Probability distribution may be

a) Discrete b) continuous c) infinite d) (a) or (b)

70. Parameter is a characteristic of

a) Population
b) sample
c) Probability distribution
d) Both (a) and (b)

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71. An example of a parameter is

a) sample mean
b) Population mean
c) Binomial distribution
d) sample size

72. The variance of binomial distribution with parameters n and p is

a) n(1-p) b) np(1-p) c) d)

73. When a coin is tossed 10 times then we see

a) Normal Distribution
b) Poisson Distribution
c) Binomial Distribution
d) None

74. Binomial probability Distribution is a

a) Continuous b) discrete c) both d) none

75. When there are a fixed number of repeated trial of any experiments under identical
conditions for which only one of two mutually exclusive outcomes, success or failure
can result in each trail then, we use
a) Normal Distribution
b) Binomial Distribution
c) Poisson Distribution
d) None

Theory Answer Key

41. D 42. A 43. C 44. C 45. A
46. B 47. A 48. B 49. D 50. A
51. A 52. A 53. C 54. B 55. A
56. C 57. D 58. B 59. B 60. D
61. C 62. A 63. B 64. A 65. A
66. A 67. A 68. A 69. D 70. B
71. A 72. B 73. B 74. B 75. B
76. B

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B. POISSON DISTRIBUTION
1. The probability of ‘x’ no. of success or the p.m.f (Probability Mass Function) of a
Poisson Distribution is given by

P(x) = ( ‫ = ג‬m)
where x = desired no. of success.
e 2.71828
Note1 : ( = m) Mean = variance = parameter of the distribution
Note2: is a constant and the value of which can be obtained from the table.
Note3: When the parameter ‘m’ is not provided but n and p are provided we shall
use m = np for evaluating the parameter.

2. It is a discrete probability distribution where the variable ‘x’ can assume values ‘x’=
0, 1, 2, 3,......∞.

3. This distribution is a limiting case of Binomial Distribution when
(i) n → ∞ (i.e. no. of trials become very large)
(ii) p → 0, (i.e. probability of success is very small)
(iii) q → 1, (i.e. probability of failure is very high)
(iv) np is finite and constant which is denoted by ‘m’ i.e. np = m or

4. Some examples of Poisson Distribution:

(i) No. of telephones calls per minute at a switch board
(ii) The no. of printing mistake per page in a large text.
(iii) The no. of cars passing a certain point in 1 minute
(iv) The emission of radio active (alpha) particles.

5. The conditions under which the Poisson Distribution is used or the condition for
Poisson Model are as follows:
(i) The probability of having success in a very small time interval (t, t + dt) is K. dt
(where k > 0 and is constant)
(ii) In other words, probability of success in a very small time interval is directly
proportional to time internal dt.
(iii) The probability of having more than one success in this time interval is very
low.
(iv) Statistical independence is assumed i.e. the probability of having success in

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this time interval is independent of time ‘t’ as well as of the earlier success.

6. Poisson Distribution is also known as “Distribution of Improbable Events” or

“Distribution of Rare Events”.

7. Characteristic or Properties of Poisson Distribution.

(i) Poisson Distribution is uniparametric i.e. it has only one parameter ‘m’ or ‘ ’
(ii) Mean of distribution = m
(iii) Variance = m
(iv) In poisson distribution mean = variance and hence they are always positive
(v) SD =
(vi) Since ‘m’ is always positive Poisson Distribution is always positively skewed.
(vii) The distribution can be either unimodal or bimodal depending on values of m.

Case I : When ‘m’ is not an integer then the distribution is uni-modal and the
value of the mode will be highest integral value contained in ‘m’.
E.g. m = 5.6 then modal value is 5 (greatest integer contained in 5.6)

Case II: When ‘m’ is an integer; the distribution is bimodal and the modal values
are m, m – 1
E.g . if ‘m’ = 4 (an integer, hence the distribution is bimodal and the modes
are 4 and 4 – 1 i.e. 4 and 3)

(viii) Additive Property of Poisson Distribution: If ‘x’ and ‘y’ are two independent
Poisson Variates with parameters(m1) and (m2) respectively then (x + y) will
also follow a Poisson Distribution with parameter (m1 + m2). Symbolically the
fact is expressed as follows: X ~ P (m1), Y ~ P (m2)
X + Y ~ P(m1 + m2) provided x and y are independent

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CLASSWORK SECTION

1. If a random variable X follows Poisson Distribution, such that P(X = 1) = P(X= 2), then
its mean and variance are:
a) 4, 4 b) 3, 3 c) 2, 2 d) 5, 5

2. In a Poisson Distribution P(X = 0) = P(X = 1) = k, the value of “k” is:

a) 1 b) c) d)

3. For a Poisson Variate X, if P (X= 0) = 0.2, then the variance of the distribution is:
a) b) c) d) None of the above

4. If x is Poisson variety with a parameter 4 find the Mode of the Distribution?

a) 4,2 b) 4,3 c) 4,4 d) None

5. For Poisson variate X, P(x=2) =3 p(x=4). Then the standard deviation of x is

a) 2 b) 4 c) d) 3

X is Poisson variate satisfying the following condition,

9 p(x=4) + 90 p(x=6) = p(x=2)
6. What is the value of P(x≤1)?
a) 0.5655 b) 0.6559 c) 0.7358 d) 0.8201

7. P (X = 1)
a) 0.1464 b) 0.0732 c) 0.3725 d) 0.3679

8. P (X is at least = 3)
a) 0.7621 b) 0.2671 c) 0.6721 d) 0.08025

9. P(X is almost 2)
a) 0.3297 b) 0.2549 d) 0.2379 d) 0.91975

10. P (3 < x < 5)

a) 0.3904 b) 0.01533 c) 0.1904 d) 0.0904

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11. P (3≤ x < 5).

a) 0.5987 b) 0.4598 c) 0.07665 d) 0.5465

12. The variance of a Poisson Variate is 3. Find the probability that x = 2.

(Given e-3 = 0.0498)
a) 0.2241 b) 0.1422 c) 0.2142 d) 0.2214

Between 4 and 5 PM, the average number of phone calls per minute coming into the
switchboard of the company is 3. Find the probability that in one particular minute
there will be: (Given e-3 = 0.0498)

13. No phone call

a) 0.0498 b) 0.0598 c) 0.4598 d) 0.4587

14. Exactly 2 phone calls

a) 0.1422 b) 0.2214 b) 0.2251 d) 0.2241

It is found that the number of accidents occurring in a factory follows Poisson

distribution with a mean of 2 accidents per week. (Given e-2 = 0.1353)

15. Find the probability that no accident occurs in a week

a) 0.531 b) 0.315 c) 0.1353 d) None of the above

16. Find the probability that the number of accident in a week exceeds 2.
a) 0.3235 b) 0.523 c) 0.352 d) None of the above

17. A radioactive source emits on the average 2.5 particles per second. Calculate that
2 or more particles will be emitted in an interval of 4 seconds.
a) b) c) d) None of the above

18. If the standard deviation of a Poisson variate X is 2, what is P (1.5 < X <2.9)?
a) 0.231 b) 0.158 c) 0.15 d) 0.1464

19. If the mean of a Poisson variable X is 1, what is P (X = takes the value at least 1)?
a) 0.456 b) 0.821 c) 0.632 d) 0.254

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20. If X ~ P (m) and its coefficient of variation is 50, what is the probability that x would
assume only non-zero values?
a) 0.018 b) 0.982 c) 0.989 d) 0.976

21. If 1.5 per cent of items produced by a manufacturing unit are known to be defective,
what is the probability that a sample of 200 items would contain no defective item?
a) 0.05 b) 0.15 c) 0.20 d) 0.22

22. If for a Poisson variable of f(2)=3 f(4), what is the variance of X?

a) 2 b) 4 c) d) 3

23. A renowned hospital usually admits 200 patients every day. One per cent patients,
on an average, require special room facilities. On one particulars morning, it was
found that only one special room is available. What is the probability that more
than 3 patients would require special room faculties?
a) 0.1428 b) 0.1732 c) 0.2235 d) 0.3450

24. In Poisson Distribution. Probability of success is very close to

a) 1 b) -1 c) 0 d) none

Binomial Approximation to Poisson Distribution

Experience has shown that, as the average, 2% of the airline’s flights suffer a minor
equipment failure in an aircraft. Estimate the probability that the number of minor
equipment failures in the next 50 flights will be(e-1=.3679)

25. 0 (Zero)
a) 0.3679 b) 0.2498 c) 0.3598 d) None of the above

26. At least 2 (Two)

a) 0.2224 b) 0.4424 c) 0.2242 d) 0.2642

27. In a company manufacturing toys, it is found that 1 in 500 is defective. Find the
probability that there will be at the most two defectives in a sample of 2000 units.
[Given e-4 = 0.0183]
a) 0.2597 b) 0.3549 c) 0.2549 d) 0.2379

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Miscellaneous Problems
28. A local electric appliance has found from experience the demand for Tube light is
distributed as Poisson distribution with a mean of 4-tube light per week. [Given
e-4 = 0.0183] if the shop keeps 6 tubes during a particular week, what is the probability
that the demand will exile the supply during that week
a) 0.1114 b) 0.2224 c) 0.1525 d) 0.1254

29. A car hire firm has 2 cars which is hired out every day. The number of demand per
day for a car follows Poisson distribution with mean 1.20. What is the proportion of
days on which some demand is refused?
(Given e1.20 = 3.32)
a) 0.25 b) 0.3012 c) 0.12 d) 0.03

30. P (x ≤ 2 / x ≥ 1) given E(x) = 2.2 & e–2.2 = .1108

a) 0.58 b) 0.68 c) 0.70 d) None of the above

Theoretical Aspects
31. Poisson distribution is a _____________ probability distribution.
a) Continuous b) Discrete
c) Both of a) and b) above d) Neither a) nor b) above

32. Which one is uni-parametric distribution?

a) Normal Distribution b) Poisson Distribution
c) Hypergeometric Distribution d) Binomial Distribution

33. Which one is not a condition of Poisson model?

a) The probability of having success in a small time interval is constant
b) The probability of having success in a small interval is independent of time and
also of earlier success
c) The probability of having success more than one in a small time interval is very
small.
d) None of the above

34. __________ Distribution is a limiting case of Binomial distribution.

a) Normal Distribution b) Poisson Distribution
c) Chi-Square Distribution d) (a) & (b) both

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35. Poisson distribution may be

a) Bimodal b) Uni modal
c) Multi Modal d) Either a) or b) above and not c)

36. ___________ Distribution is sometimes known as the “distribution of rare events”.

a) Binomial b) Normal c) Geometric d) Poisson

37. In ____________ distribution, mean = variance

a) Chi- Square b) Normal c) Poisson d) Hypergeometric

38. When the number of trials is large and probability is small then the distribution
used is in place of binomial distribution is:
a) Poisson Distribution b) F – Distribution
c) t – Distribution d) Normal Distribution

39. For a Poisson distribution

a) Standard Deviation and Variance are equal.
b) Mean and Variance are equal.
c) Mean and Standard Deviation are equal.
d) Both a) and b) above

40. Number of radio-active atoms decaying in a given interval of time is an example of

a) Normal Distribution b) Binomial Distribution
c) Poisson Distribution d) None of these

41. In Poisson Distribution, probability of success is very close

a) 1 b) 0.8 c) 0 d) None of the above

42. Poisson distribution is

a) Always negatively skewed b) Always positively skewed
c) Always symmetric d) Symmetric only when m = 2

43. The Poisson distribution tends to be symmetrical if the mean value is

a) Zero b) Very Low c) High d) None of the above

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44. In _______ distribution Mean = variance

a) Normal b) Binomial c) Poisson d) None of the above

45. In Poisson Distribution, probability of success is very close to:

a) -1 b) 0 c) 1 d) None

Theoretical Aspect Answer Key

31. B 32. B 33. A
34. D 35. D 36. D
37. C 38. A 39. B
40. C 41. C 42. B
43. C 44. C 45. B

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C. Normal or Gaussian Distribution

1. It is a continuos probability distribution where the variable ‘X’ can assume any value
between –

2. The Probability Density Function of a Normal Distribution is given by

where = mean
= Standard Division

Note 1 : and are the two parameters of Normal Distribution and hence it is
bi-parametric in nature.

Note 2 : 3.1416 and e 2.71828 which are constant.

3. Replacing by ‘z’ we obtain another distribution called Standard Normal

Distribution with mean 0 and S.D. 1 and is given by the density function

f(z) =

Note1 : implies Normal Distribution with (mean) and (variance)

Note2 : N(0,1) implies Standard Normal Distribution with Mean = 0 and S.D. = 1.

Note3 : ‘z’ is called Standard Normal Variate or Variable.

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4. Caculation of Mean & S.D. of Z

(i) Calculation of Mean of Z (ii) Calculation of Variance of z

5. The probability of success under Normal Distribution in calculated by evaluating the

area under a curve called Normal Frequency curve which in shown in the following
diagram
Normal Curve

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Standard Normal Curve

Mean = Median = Mode = 0

6. CONVERSION OF X VALUES FROM NORMAL FREQUENCY CURVE TO STANDARD

NORMAL CURVE VALUES (Z - VALUES)

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PROPERTIES OF NORMAL CURVE AND NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

1. It is a bell shaped curve symmetrical about the line x = and assymptotic to the horizontal
axis (x = axis)

2. The two tails extend upto infinity at both the ends.

3. As the distance from the mean increases, The curve comes closer to the horizontal axis (x
= axis)

4. The curve has a single peak at x = .

5. The two points of inflection of the normal curve are at x = and x = respectively
where the normal curve changes its curvature.

6. The same points of inflection under standard normal curve are at z = – 1 and z = 1.

7. It is a continous prob. distribution where - ∞ < χ < ∞

8. The distribution has two parameters and . Where = mean = standard deviation.
Hence normal is bi-parametric distribution.

9. The normal curve has a single peak. Hence it is unimodal and mean. Median and mode
coincide. at x = .

10. The maximum ordinate (i.e. y) lies at x = .

11. The distribution being symmetrical,

i) Mean = Median = Mode
ii) Skewness = 0

12. The two Quartiles are Q1 = – .675 (Lower Quartile)

And Q3 = + .675 (Upper Quartile)

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13. Quartile Deviation (Q. D.)

2
= 3
(Approximately)

4
14. Mean Deviation (M. D.) = 0.8 = (Approximately)
5

15. QD : MD : SD = 10 : 12 : 15

16. (i) The total area under the Normal or Standard Normal Curve = 1 ( Total Probability =
1), Symbolically,

(ii) f(x) 0 for all X

17. The curve being Symmetrical,

divides curve into two equal halves
such that (Area between – )
= (Area between to + ) = 0.5

18. Similarly, under standard normal curve,

(area between – to z = 0)
= (area between z = 0 to z = + ) = 0.5

19. Symbilically

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20. The curve being symmetrical area of portions cut off from right and left of X = (or z = 0)
are equal.

Symbolically, P (– a Z 0) = P(0 Z a).

Note : Here “Area” implies “Probability”

21. The probability that a normal variate Z will take a value less than or equal to a particular
value (say Z = K) will be denoted by (K) = P( Z K)

Note : The probability of success is calculated by evaluating the areas from the
standard normal curve, and the areas are obtained from normal table.

22. % Distribution of areas under Normal Curve / Standard Normal Curve

C-I
P(– 1 Z 0) = .3413,
P(0 Z 1) = .3413.
P(– 1 Z 1) = .6826.
68.26% of total area lies between Z = – 1 and Z = + 1 or X = and Z =

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C-II
P(– 2 Z 0) = .4772.
P(0 Z 2) = .4772.
P(– 2 Z 2) = .9544.
95.44% of total area lies between Z = – 2 and Z = + 2 or X = and X =

C-III
P(– 3 Z 0) = .4987.
P(0 Z 3) = .4987.
P(– 3 Z 3) = .9974.
99.74% of total area lies between Z = – 3 and Z = + 3 or X = and X =

23. Additive Property of Normal Distribution

If X & Y are independent normal variates with means & and standard deviation &
respectively, then Z = X + Y will also follow a Normal Distribution with mean =
and S.D.
symbolically,

24. In continuous probability Distribution, Probability is to be assigned to intervals and not to

individual values and accordingly the Probability that a Random Variable X will take any
specific value will be “0” i.e. P(X = C) = 0 when Distribution is continuous.

25. Concept of Cumulative Distribution Function (C. D. F.)

Cumulative Distribution Function (C. D. F.) is defined as the Probability that a Random
Variable X takes a value less than or equal to A specified value x and is denoted by F(X)
F(x) = P (X x)
F(X) represents Probability; 0 F(X) 1

26. F(X) = P(X C) will imply the area under the probability curve to the left of vertical line at
C.

27. Uniform Distribution (Continuous)

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A. A continuous Random Variable is said to follow uniform distribution if the probabilities

associated with intervals of same width are always equal at all parts and for any
range of values.

B. P. D. F. of uniform distribution is given by : f(x) =

C. It is also known as “Rectangular Distribution”

D. Probability that X lies between any two specified values C and D within the range (“b
and a”) is given by :

28. Areas under Standard Normal Curve

C-I

C-II

C-III

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C-IV

C-V

C-VI

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C-VII

C-VIII

NOTE:
1) If the -ve and +ve values happen to be identical .i.e P in such a case the total
area will be = 2P

2) When in the problem the magnitude of the given area is greater than “.5” it implies
that area from - to that particular value of ‘z’ is provided, for evaluating the area
from 0 to that particular value of ‘z’ subtract .5 from it.

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29. Methods of fitting Normal Distribution or a Normal Curve

There Are Two Methods Of Fitting Normal Distribution
1) Ordinate Method
2) Area Method

30. Condition under which “Binomial” and “Possion” approaches “Normal Distribution”

Case I
Normal Distribution as a limiting case of Binomial Distribution when
a) n, the number of trials is infinitely large I.e. n
b) Neither p(or q) is very small, i.e. p and q are fairly near equal
c) In other words, if neither p nor q is very small but n is sufficiently large Binomial
Distribution approaches Normal Distribution.
d) In such a case, the Standard Normal Variate is given by

Case II
Poission Distribution tends to Normal Distribution with standardised Variable

Where m = Mean = = Variance

= S.d = as n increases indefinitely (i.e. as n )

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CLASSWORK SECTION

1. For a normal distribution mean = 50, median = 52. Comment.

a) Statement is correct, as median of normal distribution is greater than its mean.
b) Statement is correct, as difference between median and mean of normal
distribution is always 2.
c) Statement is Incorrect
d) No comments.

2. If the mean deviation of a normal variable is 16, what is its quartile deviation?
a) 10 b) 15 c) 13.5 d) 12.05

3. If the inflexion points of normal distribution are 6 and 14, find its standard deviation
a) 4 b) 6 c) 10 d) 12

4. If the quartile deviation of a normal curve is 4.05, then its mean deviation is:
a) 5.26 b) 6.24 c) 4.24 d) 4.80

5. If the 1st quartile and mean deviation about median of a normal distribution are
13.25 and 8 respectively, then the mode of the distribution is:
a) 10 b) 12 c) 15 d) 20

6. If the two quartiles of normal distribution are 14.6 and 25.4 respectively, what is
the standard deviation of the distribution?
a) 6 b) 8 c) 9 d) 10

7. For normal distribution with mean =150 and S.D = 45; find Q1 and Q3
a) 119.35 and 190.65 b) 119.65 and 180.35
c) 180.35 and 119.65 d) 123.45 and 183.65

8. What is the mean of x having the following density function

a) 10 b) 4 c) 40 d) None of these

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9. If for normal distribution Q1 = 54.52 and Q3 = 78.86 then the median of the
distribution is
a) 12.17 b) 39.43 c) 66.69 d) None of these

10. What is the first quartile of x having the following probability density function?

a) 4 b) 5 c) 5.95 d) 6.75

11. If x and y are 2 independent normal variable with mean 10 and 12 and SD 3 and
4 respectively, then (x + y) is also a normal distribution with mean ____ and SD
_____.
a) 22, 7 b) 22, 25 c) 22, 5 d) 22, 49

12. If the mean deviation of a normal variable is 16, what is the standard deviation?
a) 9 b) 6 c) 20 d) 8

13. If the two quartiles of N (µ, ) are 14.6 and 25.4 respectively, what is the standard
deviation of the distribution?
a) 9 b) 6 c) 10 d) 8

Area under Normal / Standard Normal Curve

Find the area under the standard normal curve for the following values of standard
normal variate :

14. Between
a) 0.5000 b) 0.4192 c) 0.1942 d) 0.2192

15. Between
a) 0.2323 b) 0.2159 c) 0.2594 d) 0.2123

16.
a) 0.0245 b) 0.3256 c) 0.0392 d) 0.0540

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17.
a) 0.9750 b) 0.9580 c) 0.9980 d) 0.9780

18. If the standard deviation normal curve between z = 0 to z =1 is 0.3413, then the
value of (1) is:
a) 0.5000 b) 0.8413 c) - 0.5000 d) 1

19. If X ~ N (50, 16), then which of the following is not possible

a) P(x>60) = 0.3 b) P(x<50) = 0.50
c) P(x<60) = 0.40 d) P(x>50) = 0.50

20. If X ~ N (3, 36) and Y ~ N (5, 64) are two independent normal variate then if (x+y) ~
N (8, A) also follows normal distribution, then value of A will be
a) 100 b) 10 c) 64 d) 36

21. If follows the Normal Distribution with Mean 12 and Variance 16, find
a) 0.22750 b) 0.25789 c) 0.02275 d) 0.03357

22. If a random variable x follows normal distribution with mean as 120 and standard
deviation as 40, what is P (x≤ 150 / x > 120)?
a) 0.85 b) 0.90 c) 0.95 d) 0.5468

23. For certain normal variate x, the mean is 12 and S.D is 4 find P(X≥20):
[Area under the normal curve from z=0 to z=2 is 0.4772]
a) 0.5238 b) 0.0472 c) 0.7272 d) 0.0228

24. if X follows normal distribution with µ = 50 and = 10, what is the value of
P (x≤60 / x>50)?
a) 0.8413 b) 0.6828 c) 0.1587 d) 0.7256

25. In a sample of 800 students, the mean weight and standard deviation of weight are found
to be 50 kg and 20 kg respectively. On the assumption of normality, what is the number
of students weighting between 46kg and 62kg? Given area of the standard normal curve
between z = 0 to z = 0.2 = 0.0793 and area between z = 0 to z = 0.60 = 0.2257.
a) 250 b) 244 c) 240 d) 260

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26. The salary of workers of a factory is known as to follow normal distribution with
an average salary of ` 10,000 and standard deviation of salary as ` 2,000. If 50
workers receive salary more than ` 14,000, then the total no of workers in the
factory is
a) 2193 b) 2000 c) 2200 d) 2500

27. For a normal distribution with mean as 500 and SD as 120, what is the value of
k so that the interval [500, k] covers 40.32 per cent area of the normal curve?
Given (1.30) = 0.9032
a) 740 b) 750 c) 656 d) 800

28. If the weekly wages of 5000 workers in a factory follows normal distribution with
mean and SD as `700 and `50 respectively, what is the expected number of workers
with wages between ` 660 and ` 720?
a) 2050 b) 2200 c) 2218 d) 2300

29. 50 per cent of a certain product have weight 60kg or more whereas 10 per cent gave
weight 55 kg or less. On assumption of normality, what is the variance of weight?
Given (1.28) = 0.90.
a) 15.21 b) 9.00 c) 16.00 d) 22.68

30. The I.Q. of army volunteers in a given year are normally distributed with mean
=110 and standard deviation =10. The army wants to give advance training to 20%
of those recruits with the highest IQ. Find that lowest score acceptable for the
advanced training?
a) 118.4 b) 116.4 c) 108.4 d) 101.6

31. The sample of 100 dry battery cell tested to find the length of life produced the
following results:

What is percentage of battery cells are expected to have life less than 6 hours (Area
under normal curve from z = 0 to z=2 is 0.4772).
a) 2.28% b) 2.56% c) 4.56% d) 1.93%

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Theoretical Aspects
32. If X ~ N (µ, ) than the range of the variable X is ___________
(a) 0 < X < (b) - <X<
(c) - < X < 0 (d) None

33. In Normal distribution, the maximum value of the p.d.f. f(x) is at X = __________
(a) µ (b) (c) 0 (d) None

34. For a normal distribution, P(X ≥ µ ) = ___________

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.6826

35. Which of the following are continuous distribution?

i) Binomial Distribution
ii) Chi-square Distribution
iii) Normal Distribution
iv) Standard Normal Distribution
v) Student’s t – Distribution
vi) Snedecor’s F – Distribution
vii) Poisson Distribution
viii) Hypergeometric Distribution
ix) Multinomial Distribution
a) II, III, IV, V, VI above
b) All of I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX above
c) All but I, VII, VIII above
d) Only III, IV above

36. Probability density function of a continuous distribution satisfies which of the

following(s) condition(s):
i.

ii.

iii.
a) All of I, II & III above b) All but II above
c) All but I above d) None of I, II, III above

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37. Probability density function is associated with which of the following variable?
a) Discrete
b) Continuous
c) Both Discrete and Continuous
d) Neither Discrete nor Continuous

38 Probability density function is always

a) Greater than 0
b) Greater than or equal to 0
c) Less than 0
d) Less than equal to 0

39. The most important continuous probability distribution is known as :

a) Chi-square distribution
b) Normal distribution
c) Poisson distribution
d) Sampling distribution

40. ______ Distribution is a continuous probability distribution and is defined by the

density function: , where

a) Normal b) Gaussian
c) Rectangular d) Both of a) and b) above

41 The probability distribution of is called Standard Normal Distribution and is defined

by the probability density function:

a) b)

c) d)

42. The parameters of the normal distribution are:

a) b) c) d) None of the above

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43. What are the mean and standard deviation of standard normal distribution?
a) 0 and 1 b)
c) d) The distribution has no parameters

44. If a random variable is normally distributed with mean and standard deviation
is called:
a) Normal Variate b) Standard Normal Variate
c) Chi-square Variate d) Uniform Variate

45. The probability curve of normal distribution is known as:

a) Uniform Curve b) Standard Curve
c) Normal Curve d) Lorenz Curve

46. The curve of which of the following distribution is uni-modal and bell shaped with
the highest point over the mean
a) Poisson b) Binomial c) Normal d) All of the above

47. The total area under the normal curve is:

a) 1.00 b) 0.50 c) 0.85 d) 1.25

48. The curve of which of the following distribution(s) has single peak?
a) Poisson b) Binomial
c) Normal d) Both a) and b) above

49. The normal curve is:

a) Positively Skewed b) Symmetrical in nature
c) Negatively Skewed d) None of the above

50. The shape of the Normal Curve is:

a) Inverse J b) U c) J d) Bell

51. In Normal distribution as the distance from the _______ increases, the curve comes
closer and closer to the horizontal axis.
a) Standard Deviation b) Mean
c) Both a) and b) above d) Neither a) nor b) above

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52. The mean and mode of a Normal distribution

a) May be different. b) May be equal
c) Are always equal d) Either a) or b) above

53. For Standard Normal distribution, which of the following is correct?

a) Mean = 1; S.D. = 1 b) Mean = 1, S.D. = 0
c) Mean = 0, S.D. = 1 d) Mean = 0, S.D. = 0.

54. Because of the symmetry of Normal distribution the median and the mode have the
______ value as that of the mean.
a) Greater b) Smaller c) Same d) Nothing can be said

55. In Normal distribution the probability has the maximum value at the
a) Mode b) Median c) Mean d) All of the above

56. The mean deviation about median of a Standard Normal Variate is:
a) 0.675 b) 0.675 c) 0.80 d) 0.80

57. For a standard normal distribution, the points of inflexion are:

a)
b)
c)
d) The distribution has no points of inflexion

58. The interval ( ) covers

a) 96% area of a normal distribution.
b) 95% area of a normal distribution.
c) 99% area of a normal distribution.
d) All but 0.27% area of a normal distribution

59. Area between -1.96 to 1.96 in a normal distribution is

a) 95.45% b) 95% c) 96% d) 99%

60 If neither p nor q is very small but n is sufficiently large, then Binomial distribution
is very closely approximated by distribution.
a) Poisson b) Normal c) t d) None.

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61. Poisson distribution approaches a Normal distribution as n:

a) Increase infinitely b) Increase moderately
c) Decrease d) None of the above

62. The cumulative distribution function of random variable x is given by

a) F(x) = P (X x) b) F(X) = P (X = x)
c) F(x) = P (X x) d) None of these

63. The number of methods of fitting the Normal Curve is

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

64. The symbol (a) indicates the area of standard normal curve between
a) 0 to a b) a to c) - to a d) - to

65. If the area of standard normal curve between z = 0 to z = 1 is 0.3413, the value of
(1) is
a) 0.5000 b) 0.8413 c) -0.5000 d) 1

66. For which distribution, whatever may be the parameter of distribution, it has same
shape,
a) Normal b) Binomial c) Poisson d) None

67. Distribution is asymptotic to the horizontal axis

a) Binomial b) Normal c) Poisson d) t

68. f(x) = where a b, is the probability density function of

a) Uniform Distribution
b) Rectangular Distribution
c) Both of a) and b) above
d) Neither a) nor b) above

69. An approximate relation between Quartile deviation (QD) and Standard Deviation
(SD) of normal distribution is:
a) 5 QD = 4 SD b) 4 QD = 5 SD
c) 2 QD = 35 SD d) 3 QD = 2 SD

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70. In a Normal distribution

a) The first and second quartile equidistant from median
b) The second and third quartile are equidistant from the median
c) The first and third quartile equidistant from median
d) None of these

71. The probability that x assumes a specified value in continues probability distribution
is _________.
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) -1 (d) None

72. The probability density function of a continuous random variable is defined

Find value of c?
(a) -1 (b) -1
(c) ½ (d) 0

73. A Continuous random variable x has the probability density function.

Where a is constant find value of a?

(a) (b)

(c) (d) None

74. The probability density function of a continuous variable

Find the value of constant k?

(a) -1 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 0

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Theory Answer Key

32 b 33 a 34 c 35. a 36. c
37. b 38. b 39. b 40. d 41. c
42. b 43. d 44. b 45. c 46. c
47. a 48. c 49. d 50. d 51. b
52. c 53. c 54. c 55. d 56. d
57. a 58. d 59. b 60. b 61. a
62. a 63. b 64. c 65. b 66. a
67. b 68. c 69. d 70. c 71. b

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Additional Information Related to

Theoretical Distribution
(Not in the syllabus)

Central Moments

A central moment is the expected value of a specified integral power of the deviation
of the variable from the mean. Using central moments of a variable (or probability
distribution), different properties can be studied.

In general rth central moment can be obtained by the following formula. It is denoted
by µr.

Where r = 1, 2, 3, 4 ... ... ... ... ... .

is first central moment.

is second central moment. So µ2 = variance (always)

Similarly by putting r = 3 and r = 4, we get third central moment (µ3) and fourth
central moment (µ4) respectively.

The third and fourth central moments (i.e. µ3 and µ4) are used to find the measures
of skewness and kurtosis. So let’s define it.

Skewness:
In simple words skewness means “Lack of symmetry”. It is asymmetry in the data or
probability distribution. If skewness is present, the curve appears skewed either to
the left or to the right, unlike bell-shaped in the case of symmetrical distribution.

Kurtosis:
In simple words “Kurtosis is a measure of peakedness of the curve” Kurtosis is also
said to be a measure of “tailedness” of the data or probability distribution.

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Numerically, skewness and kurtosis can be measured using central moments as

follows:

Measure of skewness:

Measure of kurtosis:

Note:
1. Generally γ1 and γ2 are used for measuring skewness and kurtosis.
2. The Sign outside in the formula of γ1 is same as that of µ3.

 Formula for finding first four central moments for the Binomial distribution, Poisson
distribution and Normal distribution are as follows:

Central Moments

For Binomial Distribution For Poisson Distribution For Normal distribution

µ1 = 0 µ1 = 0 µ1 = 0

µ2 = npq µ2 = m µ2 = σ2

µ3 = npq (1– 2p) µ3 = m µ3 = 0

µ4 = npq [1+3pq (n – 2)] µ4 = 3m2 + m µ4 = 3σ2

Note:
1. First central moment for any probability distribution is always 0.
2. Second central moments (µ2) for any probability distribution is always the variance of
the distribution.
3. For normal distribution, its odd numbered central moments (i.e. µ1, µ3... ...) are always
0.
4. For normal distribution µ4 = 3
5. For Poisson distribution, its second and third central (i.e. µ2 and µ3) are always equal.

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 Measures of skewness and kurtosis for Binomial distribution, Poisson distribution and
Normal distribution are as follows:

Measure For Binomial For Poisson For Normal

Distribution Distribution distribution
Skewness

kurtosis

For any probability distribution

 If β2 < 3 (i.e. γ2 < 0 ) then

distribution is Platykurtic
 If β2 = 3 (i.e. γ2 = 0 ) then
distribution is Mesokurtic

 If β2 > 3 (i.e. γ2 > 0 ) then

distribution is Leptokurtic

Note: For Normal distribution, β2 = 3 and hence γ2 = 0. So it is Mesokurtic distribution.

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Examples :
1. For a binomial distribution with parameters 9 and . Find measure of skewness (γ1) and
measure of Kurtosis (γ2). Also decide the type of distribution from the value of γ2.
Sol. Here n = 9 and p =
.

Since, the value at γ2 is negative (i.e. γ2 < 0), therefore it is Platykurtic distribution.

2. For a Poisson Variate, its mean = 4. Find fourth central moment.

Sol. Here, mean = m = 4
µ4 = 3(m2) + m = 3(4)2 + 4 = 52

3. For normal distribution having mean = 2 and variance = 4, find the central moment µ 4
.
Also find µ3.
Sol. Here, Variance σ2 = 4
Now, for normal distribution,
µ4 = 3 σ2 = 3 (4) = 12
µ3 = 0 (Since odd numbered central moments of normal distribution are always 0.)

4. For binomial distribution with = 4 and variance = 3.Find third central moment.
Sol. Here, mean = np = 4 & variance = npq = 3

Now, for binomial distribution,

µ3 = npq (1 - 2p)

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5. For Poisson distribution, its µ4 = 2 then find the variance.

Sol. Here µ4 = 2
3m2 + m = 2
3m2 + m – 2 = 0
(3m - 2) (m + 1) = 0
m= or m = –1
But for Poisson distribution, m is always positive
m=
Variance = m =

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HOMEWORK SECTION
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

1. Seven coins are tossed simultaneously the probability of at least five heads is
(a) 12/128 (b) 17/128
(c) 21/128 (d) 29/128

2. The probability that a person hits a target is 1/3, the probability that he will hit the
target in 3 times out of 5 trials is
(a) 12/243 (b) 17/243
(c) 40/243 (d) 60/243

3. The probability of a smoker from a group of persons is 2/3. Five persons are selected
at random from the group, the probability that at least 4 of them are smokers is
(a) 112 / 243 (b) 117/243
(c) 221/243 (d) 32/243

4. Assuming that boys and girls are equally probable, the number of families out of
1600 families each having 5 children, with 3 boys are
(a) 800 (b) 500
(c) 200 (d) 100

5. Assuming that boys and girls are equally probable, the number of families out of
1600 families each having 5 children, with 5 girls are
(a) 50 (b) 100
(c) 800 (d) 25

6. Assuming that boys and girls are equally probable, the number of families out of
1600 families each having 5 children, with 2 or 3 boys are
(a) 800 (b) 600
(c) 1000 (d) 100

7. Assuming that boys and girls are equally probable, the number of families out of
1600 families each having 5 children, with all children of the same sex are
(a) 800 (b) 600
(c) 1000 (d) 100

449
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

8. Five dice are thrown simultaneously for 96 times. An even number is regarded as
success, the expected frequencies of all five successes are
(a) 8 (b) 16
(c) 3 (d) 32

9. A and B play a game in which the probability of winning of A is 2/3, the probability
that A will win at least 6 times out of 8 trials is
(a) 512/ 2187 (b) 64/2187
(c) 32/2187 (d) 1024/2187

10. The mean of Binomial distribution is 4 and its variance is 2.4, the value of p is
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.5
(c) 0.3 (d) 0.2

11. The mean of Binomial distribution is 4 and its variance is 2.4, the value of n is
(a) 4 (b) 5
(c) 8 (d) 10

12. It is given that on an average it rains for 10 days out of 30 days. The probability that
it will rain for at least 3 days in a week is
(a) 219/729 (b) 313/729
(c) 330/729 (d) 335/729

13. A and B play 12 games of chess of which 6 are won by A, 4 by B and 2 end in a tie.
They agree to play 3 more games, the probability that A wins all the three games is
(a) 7/8 (b) 5/8
(c) 6/8 (d) 1/8

14. A and B play 12 games of chess of which 6 are won by A, 4 by B and 2 end in a tie.
They agree to play 3 more games, the probability that two games end in a tie is
(a) 5/36 (b) 5/72
(c) 5/144 (d) 5/60

450
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

15. A and B play 12 games of chess of which 6 are won by A, 4 by B and 2 end in a tie.
They agree to play 3 more games, the probability that A and B win alternatively is
(a) 5/36 (b) 5/72
(c) 5/144 (d) 5/60

16. A and B play 12 games of chess of which 6 are won by A, 4 by B and 2 end in a tie.
They agree to play 3 more games, the probability that B wins at least one game is
(a) 19/27 (b) 9/27
(c) 9/18 (d) 5/27

17. What is the standard deviation of the number of recoveries among 48 patients
when the probability of recovering is 0.75?
(a) 36 (b) 81
(c) 9 (d) 3

18. X is a binomial variable with n = 20. What is the mean of X if it is known that x is
symmetric?
(a) 5 (b) 10
(c) 2 (d) 8

19. If X ~ B (n, p), what would be the greatest value of the variance of x when n = 16?
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 8 (d) √5

20. If x is a binomial variate with parameter 15 and 1/3, what is the value of mode of
thedistribution
(a) 5 and 6 (b) 5
(c) 5.50 (d) 6

21. If the overall percentage of success in an exam is 60, what is the probability that out
of agroup of 4 students, at least one has passed?
(a) 0.6525 (b) 0.9744
(c) 0.8704 (d) 0.0256

451
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

22. If it is known that the probability of a missile hitting a target is 1/8, what is the
probabilitythat out of 10 missiles fired, at least 2 will hit the target?
(a) 0.4258 (b) 0.3968
(c) 0.5238 (d) 0.3611

23. X is a binomial variable such that 2 P(X = 2) = P(X = 3) and mean of X is known to
be10/3. What would be the probability that X assumes at most the value 2?
(a) 16/81 (b) 17/81
(c) 47/243 (d) 46/243

24. In 10 independent rollings of a biased die, the probability that an even number will
appear5 times is twice the probability that an even number will appear 4 times.
What is theprobability that an even number will appear twice when the die is rolled
8 times?
(a) 0.0304 (b) 0.1243
(c) 0.2315 (d) 0.1926

ANSWERS

1. (d) 6. (c) 11. (d) 16. (a) 21. (b)

2. (c) 7. (d) 12. (b) 17. (d) 22. (d)
3. (a) 8. (c) 13. (d) 18. (b) 23. (b)
4. (b) 9. (d) 14. (b) 19. (b) 24. (a)
5. (a) 10. (a) 15. (a) 20. (b)

452
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

HOMEWORK SOLUTION
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

1. Success Getting Heads

n=7
x>5

P=

q=

P (x > 5) = P (x = 5) + P (x = 6) + P (x = 7)

Option D

2. Success hitting the target

n=5
x=3

P=

q=

Option C

453
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

3. Success Getting Smoker

n=5
x>4

P=

q=

P (x > 4) = P (x = 4) + P (x = 5) +

Option A

4. Success getting boy

N = 1600
n=5
x=3

P=

q=

Required families = 1600 x P(x = 3)

= 500 Option B

454
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

5. Success getting Girl

N = 1600
n=5
x=5

P=

q=

Required families = 1600 x P(x = 3)

= 50 Option A

6. Success getting Boys

Required families = 1600 [P(x = 2) + P(x = 3)]

= 1000 Option C

455
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

7. Success getting Boy

n=5
x=5
P=

q=

P (all boys) =

Success getting Girl

n=5
x=5

P=

q=

P (all girls) =

Required families = 1600

= 100 Option D

456
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

8. Success getting even no

N = 96
n=5
x=5

P=

q=

P (x = 5) =

Expected frequency =

= 3 Option C

9. Success A’s Winning

n=8
x>6

P=

q=

P (x > 6) = P (x = 6) + P (x = 7) + P (x = 8)

Option D

457
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

10. Mean = np
np = 4 ....(i)
Variance = npq
npq = 2.4 ....(ii)
from (i) and (ii)
4 (q) = 2.4

... ... ... ... (iii)

... ... ... ... (iv)

Option A

11. from Q.10

P=

q=

Were now
np = 4

n = 10 Option D

458
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

12. Success raining

n=7
x>3

P=

q=

P (x 3) = P (x = 3) + P (x = 4) + P (x = 5) + P (x = 6) + P (x = 7)
= 1 – [P (x = 0) + P (x = 1) + P (x = 2)]

Option B

13. Success A’ winning

n=3
x=3

P=

q=

P (x = 3) =

Option D

459
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

14. Success games end in the tie

n=3
x=2

P=

q=

P (x = 2) =

= Option B

15. Required probability

A’s win

B’s win

P (A B A) + p (B A B)

Option A

460
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

16. Success B wins

n=3
x 1

P=

q=

P (x 1) = 1 – P (x = 0)

Option A

17.

= 3 Option D

18. Symmetric data

n = 20
mean = np

= 10 Option B

19. Highest Value of Variance =

=4 Option B

461
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

20. n = 15

= 5.33 Not integer

Mode = 5 } Integral part of (n + 1)P

21. Success Passing the exam

n=4
x 1

P=

q=

P (x 1) = 1 – P (x = 0)

= 0.9744 Option B

462
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

22. Success hitting the target

= 0.3611 Option D

23.

463
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

Option B

24.

= 0.0304 Option A

464
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

HOMEWORK SECTION
POISSON DISTRIBUTION

1. A manufacturer produces switches and experiences that 2 per cent switches are
defective. The probability that in a box of 50 switches, there are at most two defective
is :
(a) 2 e–1 (b) e–1
(c) 2.5e–1 (d) 3e–1

2. A person has some cars, and the average demand of cars per day is 3, the probability
that on any day not more than 2 cars are in use is (e–3 = 0.0498)
(a) 0.5533 (b) 0.4233
(c) 0.7533 (d) 0.2533

3. The probability that a match stick is found without head is 1/100. Each match box
contains 50 sticks. Using Poisson distribution we can say that the percentage of
number of boxes having 0 sticks without head is (e–0.5 = 0.61)
(a) 40 (b) 51
(c) 61 (d) 25

4. The probability that a match stick is found without head is 1/100. Each match box
contains 50 sticks. Using Poisson distribution we can say that the percentage of
number of boxes having 1 stick without head is
(a) 40.5 (b) 50.5
(c) 75.5 (d) 30.5

5. The probability that a match stick is found without head is 1/100. Each match box
contains 50 sticks. Using Poisson distribution we can say that the percentage of
number of boxes having 2 sticks without heads is
(a) 8.5 (b) 7.63
(c) 8.75 (d) 10.25

6. In the production of electric fuses 2% are defective, the probability of getting at the
most 2 defective fuses in a box containing 200 fuses is (e–4 = 0.0183)
(a) 0.238 (b) 0.763
(c) 0.875 (d) 0.252

465
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

7. In the production of electric fuses 2% are defective, the probability of getting 3

defective fuses in a box containing 200 fuses is (e–4 = 0.0183)
(a) 0.2952 (b) 0.1952
(c) 0.3952 (d) 0.4952

8. In the manufacturing of cotter pins it is known that 5% of the pins are defective. The
pins are sold in boxes of 100 and it is guaranteed that not more than 4 pins will be
defective in a box. What is the probability that a box will meet this guarantee?
(e–5 = 0.0067)
(a) 0.4480 (b) 0.5480
(c) 0.6480 (d) 0.4380

9. If 3% of electric bulbs manufactured by a company are defective, find the probability

that in a sample of 100 bulbs, exactly 5 bulbs are defective. (e–3 = 0.0498)
(a) 0.2952 (b) 0.1008
(c) 0.2008 (d) 0.3008

10. In one hospital 3 percent of the patients demand special rooms. On a particular day
3 special rooms were vacant. If 50 patients were admitted in the hospital on that
day, the probability that the demands for special room were not met is
(e–1.5 = 0.2231)
(a) 0.0658 (b) 0.1952
(c) 0.1304 (d) 0.1316

11. In a book, on an average there are 3 misprints in 5 pages. The number of pages
having more than 2 misprints in that book of 100 pages are (Use Poisson distribution)
(e–0.6 = 0.5488)
(a) 3.31 (b) 4.31
(c) 2.31 (d) 5.31

12. A factory produces 0.5% defective articles. If a sample of 100 articles is taken from
the production, the probability of getting 2 or more defective articles is
(e–0.5 = 0.6065)
(a) 0.0902 (b) 0.1902
(c) 0.1302 (d) 0.1102

466
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

13. A random variable x follows Poisson distribution with mean 2 then P(X > 0) is equal
to(e–2 = 0.1353)
(a) 0.1353 (b) 0.2706
(c) 0.8647 (d) none of them

14. The mean of a Poisson variate is 0.81, then its S.D. is

(a) 0.81 (b) 0.9
(c) 0.8647 (d) none of them

15. x is a Poisson variate such that P(x = 3) = P(x = 4), mean =

(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) none of them

16. For a Poisson variate x its P(x = 1) = P(x = 2), variance is

(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 1 (d) none of them

17. x is a Poisson variate such that P(x = 3) = P(x = 4), its S.D. is
(a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) none of them

18. If for a Poisson variate x, P (x = 0) = P(x = 1) = k, then k =

(a) 0.3681 (b) 2.7183
(c) 0.5 (d) none of them

19. x is a Poisson variate and P(x = 1) = P(x = 2), find P(x = 0) is

(a) e–2 (b) e–0.5
(c) e–1 (d) none of them

20. x is a Poisson variate and P(x = 2) = 9.P(x = 4) + 90.P(x = 6) then its mean is
(a) 4 (b) 3
(c) 1 (d) none of them

467
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

21. The number of accidents in a year attributed to taxi drivers in a city follows poisson
distribution with mean 3. Out of 1000 taxi drivers, the number of drivers with no
accident in a year is (e–3 = 0.0498)
(a) 40 (b) 30
(c) 50 (d) none of them

22. The number of accidents in a year attributed to taxi drivers in a city follows poisson
distribution with mean 3. Out of 1000 taxi drivers, the number of drivers with at
least 3 accidents in a year is(e–3 = 0.0498)
(a) 477 (b) 377
(c) 177 (d) none of them

23. The average number of customers, who appear at a counter of a certain bank per
minute is 2, the probability that during a given minute three or more customers
appear is (e–2 = 0.1353)
(a) 0.32354 (b) 0.1353
(c) 1 (d) none of them

24. If the standard deviation of a Poisson variate X is 2, what is P (1.5 < X < 2.9)?
(a) 0.231 (b) 0.158.
(c) 0.15. (d) 0.144.

25. If the mean of a Poisson variable X is 1, what is P (X = takes the value at least 1)?
(a) 0.456. (b) 0.821.
(c) 0.632. (d) 0.254.

26. If X ~ P (m) and its coefficient of variation is 50, what is the probability that X would
assume only non-zero values?
(a) 0.018. (b) 0.982.
(c) 0.989. (d) 0.976.

27. If for a Poisson variable X, f(2) = 3 f(4), what is the variance of X?

(a) 2. (b) 4.
(c) √2 (d) 3.

468
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

28. A random variable x follows Poisson distribution and its coefficient of variation is
50. What is the value of P (x > 1 / x > 0)?
(a) 0.1876 (b) 0.2341
(c) 0.9254 (d) 0.8756

29. A car hire firm has 2 cars which is hired out every day. The number of demands per
day for a car follows Poisson distribution with mean 1.20. What is the proportion of
days on which some demand is refused? (Given e1.20 = 3.32).
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.3012
(c) 0.12 (d) 0.03

ANSWERS

1. (c) 11. (c) 21. (c)

2. (b) 12. (a) 22. (d)
3. (c) 13. (c) 23. (a)
4. (d) 14. (b) 24. (d)
5. (b) 15. (c) 25. (c)
6. (a) 16. (a) 26. (b)
7. (b) 17. (c) 27. (a)
8. (d) 18. (a) 28. (c)
9. (b) 19. (a) 29. (c)
10. (a) 20. (c)

469
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

HOMEWORK SOLUTION
POISSON DISTRIBUTION

1. P (defective) = 2% = 0.02
n = 50 P (Atmost 2 defective) =?
m = np
= 50 x 0.02

(c)

2. m=3
P (not more than two) = P (x 2) =?
P (y 2) = P (x = 0) + P (x = 1) + P (x = 2)

= e3 (8.5)
= 8.5 x 0.0498 = 0.4233 (b)

470
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

3. P=
n = 50
m = np

= 0.5
e-0.5 = 0.61
Number of boxes with zero stick without head

= e-0.5
= 0.61
= 61% (c)
4. P=
n = 50
m = np

= 0.5
Number of boxes having 1 stick without head

= 0.5 x e-0.5
= 0.5 x 0.61
= 0.305 (d)

471
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

5. P=

n = 50
m = np

= 0.5
2 sticks of without head

= 0.076
= 7.63% (a)

6. P (defective) = 2% = 0.02
n = 200
m = np
= 200 x 0.02

m=4
P (Atmost 2 defective)
P (x 2) = P (x = 0) + P (x = 1) + P (x = 2)

= 13 x 0.0183
= 0.2379 ≈ 0.238 (a)

472
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

7. P = 2% = 0.02
n = 200
m = np
= 200 x 0.02

m=4
P (x = 3 defective)

= 0.1952 (b)

8. P (defective) = 5% = 0.05
n = 100
m = np
= 100 x 0.05

m=5
P (x = not more than 4 defective) = P (x 4)
= P (x = 0) + P (x = 1) + P (x = 2) + P (x = 3) + P (x = 4)

= 0.0067 (1 + 5 + 12.5 + 20.83 + 26.041)
= 0.43798 ≈ 0.4380
(d)

473
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

9. P (defective) = 3% = 0.03
n = 100
m = np
= 100 x 0.03

m=3
e-3 = 0.0498

= 0.1008 (b)

10. P (Special room demand) = 3% = 0.03

n = 50
m = np
= 50 x 0.03
m = 1.5
P (demand for special room is not met) = P (x > 3)
(Means demand is more than 3)
= 1 – [P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x =3)]

= 1 – e-1.5 [(1) + (1.5) + (1.125) + (0.5625)]

= 1 – 0.2231 [4.1875]
= 1 – 0.93423
= 0.0658 (a)

474
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

11. P =

n = 100
m = np

= 0.6
P (x > 2) = [P(x = 0) + P(x = 1) + P (x = 2)]
More than 2 mix prints

= 1 – 0.54688 (1.78)
= 1 – 0.9768
= 0.0231
Number of paper = N x P
= 100 x 0.0231
= 2.31 (c)

12. P (defective) = 0.5%

n = 100
m = np

m = 0.5
P (2 or more defective)
P (x 2) = 1 – [P(x = 0) + P(x = 1)]

=1 – e-0.5 [1 + 0.5]
=1 – 0.6065 (1.5)
=1 – 0.90975
= 0.0902 (a)

475
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

13. m = 2
P(x > 0) = ?
(e2 = 0.1353)
P (x > 0) = 1 - P(x = 0)

= 1 – e-2
= 1 – 0.1353
= 0.8647 (c)

14. m = 0.81
then S.D = ?

= 0.9 (b)

15. P(x = 3) = P(x = 4)

m = mean =?

mean = m = 4 (c)

4=m

476
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

16. P(x = 1) = P(x = 2)

Variance =?

Variance = m
Variance = 2 (a)

m=2

17. P(x = 3) = P(x = 4)

S.D. =?

m=4

= 2 (c)

18. P(x = 0) = P(x = 1) = K

K=?

= 0.3681 (a)

477
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

19. P(x = 1) = P(x = 2)

P(x = 0) = ?

m = m2

= e-2 (a)

20. P (x = 2) = 9 P (x = 4) + 90 P (x = 6)
m=?

Take 1 cm

= 12m2 = 9m4 + 3m6

Use Pinto m = 1
12(1)2 = 9(1)2 + 3(1)6
12 = 9 + 3
12 = 12
m=1

478
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

21. m = 3
e-3 = 0.0498
n = 1000
P (x = drivers with no accident)

= 0.0498
Number of drivers = N x P
= 1000 x 0.0498
= 49.8
≈ 50 (c)

22. m = 3
n = 1000
P (x = At least 3 Accidents) = P (x 3)
= P (x 3) = 1 – [P (x = 0) + P (x = 1) + P (x = 2)]

= 1 – e-3 [8.5]
= 1 – 0.0498 x 8.5
= 0.5767
Number of drivers = 1000 x 0.05767
= 576.7
= 578 (d)

479
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

23. m = 2
e-2 = 0.1353
P (3 more customers)
= P (x 3) = 1 – [P (x = 0) + P (x = 1) + P (x = 2)]

= 1 – e-2 [1 + 2 + 2]
= 1 – 5e-2
= 1 – 5 x 0.1353
= 0.3235 (a)

24. S.D. = 2

4=m
P (1.5 < x < 2.9) = ?

= 0.1465 ≈ 0.15
(c)

480
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

25. m = 1
P (x = takes value at least 1)
P (x 1) = 1 – P (x = 0)

= 0.632 (c)

26.

481
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

27.

28.

482
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

29.
2 cars available
m=1.2 (given)
P(Demand is refused)
(The demand is refused when demand is more than 2)

483
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

484
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

HOMEWORK SECTION
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

1. An approximate relation between Q.D. and S. D. of normal distribution is :

(a) 3 Q.D. = 2 S. D. (b) 4 Q.D. = 5 S. D.
(c) 2 Q.D = 3 S. D. (d) 5 Q. D. = 4 S. D.

2. A approximate relation between M. D. about mean and S.D. of a normal distribution

is :
(a) 4 M.D. = 5 S. D. (b) 5 M.D. = 4 S. D.
(c) 3 M.D. = 3 S.D. (d) 3 M.D. = 2 S. D.

3. The area under the standard normal curve beyond the lines 1.96 is
(a) 95% (b) 90%
(c) 99.73% (d) 5%

4. If Z is a standard normal variate, the proportion of items lying between Z = – 0.5

and Z = – 3.0 is
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.1915
(c) 0.3172 (d) 0.3072

5. If X is a normal variate representing the income in ` per day with mean = 50 and S.D.
= 10 of the workers in a factory. The total number of workers is 1000. The number
of workers having income more than ` 62.00 per day is
(a) 246 (b) 150
(c) 738 (d) 115

6. Assume that distribution of diameters of shafts as normal with mean = 5 and S. D.

= 0.05. The tolerance limit of shafts is 4.90 to 5.10 cms. In a consignment of 200
shafts, the number of shafts out of tolerance limits is :
(a) 15 (b) 9
(c) 20 (d) 25
[Given; z = 0 to z = 2 is 0.4772]

485
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

7. The mean of a normal variate is 20 and its variance is 9. The area between the
values of the variate 15.5 and 21.5 is
(a) 0.6247 (b) 0.2857
(c) 0.0228 (d) 0.9332

8. The mean of a normal variate is 20 and its variance is 9. The area between the
values of the variate 14 and 18.5 is
(a) 0.6247 (b) 0.2857
(c) 0.0228 (d) 0.9332

9. The mean of a normal variate is 20 and its variance is 9. The area for the values of
variate more than 26 is
(a) 0.6247 (b) 0.2857
(c) 0.0228 (d) 0.9332

10 . In an intelligence test administered to 1000 children the average score is 42 and its
s.d. is 24. Assuming that the scores are normally distributed, the minimum score of
the most intelligent 100 students is
(a) 371 (b) 383
(c) 72.7 (d) none of them

11. The customer accounts at a certain departmental store have an average balance
of ` 120 and a standard deviation of ` 40. Assuming that account balances are
normally distributed, what percentage of the accounts are over `150?
(a) 25.5 (b) 22.66
(c) 72.7 (d) 46.49

12. The customer accounts at a certain departmental store have an average balance of
`120 and a standard deviation of `40. Assuming that account balances are normally
distributed,what percentage of the accounts are between `100 and `150?
(a) 25.5 (b) 22.66
(c) 72.7 (d) 46.49

486
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

13. The average life of a battery is 400 hours and its standard deviation is 50 hours.
Assuming normal distribution, the percentage of batteries having life more than
350 hours is
(a) 84.13 (b) 22.66
(c) 72.7 (d) 46.49

14. The average life of a battery is 400 hours and its standard deviation is 50 hours.
Assuming normal distribution, approximate after how many hours 25% of the
batteries will still be working?
(a) 284 (b) 422
(c) 372 (d) 434

15. The average life of a battery is 400 hours and its standard deviation is 50 hours.
Assuming normal distribution, the percentage of batteries with life time between
300 and 500 hours is
(a) 84.13 (b) 22.66
(c) 95.44 (d) 19.35

16. In a normal distribution 50% of the observations are less than 35 and 89% of the
observations are less than 63. The mean of the distribution is
(a) 63 (b) 35
(c) 89 (d) none of them

17. In a normal distribution 50% of the observations are less than 35 and 89% of the
observations are less than 63. The standard deviation of the distribution is
(a) 63 (b) 35
(c) 89 (d) none of them

18. The mean and S.D. of a normal variate are 30 and 5 respectively, the probability of
| x – 30 | < 5 is
(a) 0.6826 (b) 0.0013
(c) 0.7653 (d) none of them

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19. The distribution of marks of the students in a class is normal with mean 20 and
s.d. 5. The number of students getting more than 25 marks is 50. The number of
students of that class is
(a) 682 (b) 653
(c) 315 (d) none of them

20. What is the coefficient of variation of x, characterised by the following probability

density function: f(x) = for–∝<x<∝
(a) 50. (b) 60.
(c) 40. (d) 30.

21. What is the first quartile of X having the following probability density function?

(a) 4. (b) 5.
(c) 5.95. (d) 6.75.

22. In a sample of 800 students, the mean weight and standard deviation of weight
are found to be 50 kg and 20 kg respectively. On the assumption of normality, what
is the number of students weighing between 46 Kg and 62 Kg? Given area of the
standard normal curve between z = 0 to z = 0.20 = 0.0793 and area between z = 0
to z = 0.60 = 0.2257.
(a) 250 (b) 244
(c) 240 (d) 260

23. The salary of workers of a factory is known to follow normal distribution with an
average salary of ` 10,000 and standard deviation of salary as ` 2,000. If 50 workers
receive salary more than ` 14,000, then the total no. of workers in the factory is
(a) 2,193 (b) 2,000
(c) 2,200 (d) 2,500

24. For a normal distribution with mean as 500 and SD as 120, what is the value of k
so that the interval [500, k] covers 40.32 per cent area of the normal curve? Given
φ (1.30) = 0.9032.
(a) 740 (b) 750
(c) 760 (d) 800

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25. 50 per cent of a certain product have weight 60 kg or more whereas 10 per cent
haveweight 55 kg or less. On the assumption of normality, what is the variance of
weight?
Given φ (1.28) = 0.90.
(a) 15.21 (b) 9.00
(c) 16.00 (d) 22.68

ANSWERS

1. (a) 6. (b) 11. (b) 16. (b) 21. (c)

2. (b) 7. (a) 12. (d) 17. (d) 22. (b)
3. (d) 8. (b) 13. (a) 18. (a) 23. (a)
4. (d) 9. (c) 14. (d) 19. (c) 24. (c)
5. (d) 10. (c) 15. (c) 20. (c) 25. (a)

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HOMEWORK SOLUTION
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

1. QD =

3QD = 2SD (a)

2. MD =

5MD = 4SD (b)

3.

Beyond the lines 1.96 5% Area (d)

4.

Area between = z = -0.5 to z = -3 = 0.4987

– 0.1915
0.3072

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

5. µ = 50
σ = 10
N = 1000
P (x 62) = ?

z = 1.2

P (x 62) =? = 0.5 - 0.3849

= 0.1151
Number of workers = N x P
= 1000 x 0.1151 ≈ 115
(d)

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6. µ=5
σ = 0.05 Tolerance limit 4.90 cm to 5.10 cm.
N = 200 x1 x2

z1= -2

z2

z2= +2

% of shafts within the limits = 0.4772 + 0.4772

= 0.9544
Number of shafts within limits = N x P
= 200 x 0.9544
= 190.88
= 191
Number of shafts out of tolerance limits = 200 – 191
= 9
(b)

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7. µ = 20
σ2 = 9
σ = 3
Area between 15.5 and 21.5 = ?

z2= +0.5

Area between 15.5 and 21.5 = 0.4332 + 0.1915

= 0.6247 (a)

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8. µ = 20
σ2 = 9
σ = 3
Area between 14 and 18.5 =?

Area between 14 and 18.5 = 0.4987

– 0.1915
= 0.3072 (b)

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9. µ = 20
σ2 = 9
σ=3
Area about more than 26?

z1

z1

z1 = 2

Area above 26 = 0.5 – 0.4772
= 0.0228 (c)

10. N = 1000
µ = 42
σ = 24

z=0 z =?
µ = 42 Most intelligent 100 students
Area =
z for value (Area) 0.4 = 1.28

1.28 x 24 + 42 = x
x = 72.72 (c)

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11. µ = 120
σ = 40
P (x 150) = ?

z = 0.75

P (x 150) = 0.5 – 0.2734

= 0.2266
= 22.66% (b)

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

12. µ = 120
σ = 40
Percentage of accounts between 100 and 150 = ?
P (100 x150) = ?

z1

z1

z1 = - 0.5

z2

z2

z2 = 0.75

P (100 x 150) = 0.1915 + 0.2734

= 0.4649
= 46.49% (d)

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13. µ = 400
σ = 50
P (x 350) = ?

z=-1

P (x 350) = 0.5 + 0.3413

= 0.8413
= 84.13% (a)

14. µ = 400
σ =50

0.67 x 50 + 400 = x
X = 433.5 ≈ 434
After 434 hrs 25% of batteries will be still working.

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

15. µ = 400
σ = 50
P (300 x 500) = ?

z1

z1

z1 = - 2

z2

z2

z2 = 2

P (300 x 500) = 0.4772 + 0.4772

= 0.9544
= 95.44% (c)

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16.

Find the mean µ?

1.22 σ = 63 - µ
µ + 1.22 σ = 63 (1)

0 = 35 - µ
µ = 35 (b)

17. Put µ = 35 in Eqn 1

35 + 1.22 σ = 63
1.22 σ = 63 - 35
1.22 σ = 28
= 22.9
= 30 (d) None

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

18.

z2 = 1

(a)

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

19. µ = 20
σ=5
Marks more than 25 there are 50 students.
Let N be the no. of students of the class.

Probability of std getting more than 25 marks =

=z=1

P (x > 25) = 0.5 – 0.3414

= 0.1587

P (x > 25) =

0.1587 =

Number of students in class N = 315

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

20.

Standard function

On comparing σ = 4, µ = 10

= 40% (c)

21.

Q1 = µ - 0.6745 σ
= 10 – 0.6745 (6)
= 5.95 (c)

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

22. N = 800
µ = 50
σ = 20
P (46 x 62) = ?

= +0.6

P (46 x 62) = 0.0793 + 0.2557

= 0.305
Number of student = N x P
= 800 x 0.305
= 244

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

23. µ = 10000
σ =2000
50 Workers are more than 14000
Total no. of workers =?

σ = 3.906
Variance = σ2
= (3.906)2
= 15.256
= 15.21

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

z=2
for z = 2
area from z = 0 to z = 2 is 0.4772
P (x 14000) = 0.5 – 0.4772
= 0.0228

= 2192.98 ≈ 2193
(a)

24.
µ = 500
σ = 120 [500, k] area between the two limits is 40.32%
k=?
ᶲ (1.30) = 0.9032

1.30 x 1.20 + 500 = k

k = 656

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

25. P (x 60) = 0.5 5%

P (x 55) = 0.1 10%
Variance = ?

0 = 60 - µ
µ = 60

σ = 3.906
Variance = σ2
= (3.906)2
= 15.256
= 15.21 (a)

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

SELF ASSESSMENT TEST 12

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
20 Marks

1. When there are a fixed number of repeated trial of any experiments under identical
conditions for which only one of two mutually exclusive outcomes, success or failure
can result in each trial then
a) Normal distribution b) Binomial distribution
c) Poisson distribution d) None is used

2. The method usually applied for fitting a binomial distribution is known as

a) Method of least square
b) Method of moments
c) Method of probability distribution
d) Method of distributions

3. The variance of a binomial distribution with /parameters n and p is

a) b)
c) d)

4. In Binomial distribution
a) Mean is greater than variance b) Mean is less than variance
c) Mean is equal to variance d) None

5. If x is a binomial variable with parameters n and p, then x can assume

a) Any value between 0 and n.
b) Any value between 0 and n, both inclusive.
c) Any whole number between 0 and n, both inclusive.
d) Any number between 0 and infinity.

6. If in Binomial distribution np=9 and npq=2.25 then p and n are equal to is equal to
a) 0.25,36 b) 0.75, 12
c) 1,9 d) None

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

7. A random variable x follows Binomial distribution with E(X) = 2 and V(X)=1.2. Then
the value of n is
a) 8 b) 2 c) 5 d) None

8. if in a binomial distribution n = 4, P(X=0) = 16/81 then P(X=4) is

a) 1/16 b) 1/81 c) 1/27 d) 1/8

9. X is a binomial variable with n = 20. What is the mean of X if it is know that x is

symmetric?
a) 5 b) 10 c) 2 d) 8

10. What is the probability of making 3 correct guesses in 5 True-False answer type
questions?
a) 0.3125 b) 0.5676 c) 0.6875 d) 0.4325

11. In 10 independent rollings of a biased dice, the probability that an even number will
appear 5 times is twice the probability that an even number will appear 4 times.
What is the probability that an even number will appear twice when the die is rolled
8 times?
a) 0.0304 b) 0.1243 c) 0.2315 d) 0.1926

12. What is the probability of having at least one ‘six’ from 3 throws of a perfect die?
a) 5/6 b) (5/6)3
c) 1 - (1/6)3 d) 1 - (5/6)3

13. A coin is tossed 10 times. Assuming the coin to be unbiased, what is the probability
of getting at least 4 heads?

a) b)

c) d)

14. If 15 dates are selected at random, what is the probability of getting two Sundays’
a) 0.36 b) 0.44 c) 0.29 d) 0.57

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

15. An experiment succeeds thrice as often as it fails. If the experiment is repeated 5

times, what is the probability of having no success at all?
a) 1/1024 b) 1/256
c) 243/1024 d) None of these

16. X is a binomial variable such that 2 P(X=2) = P(X=3) and mean of X is known to be
10/3. What would be the probability that X assumes at most the value 2?
a) 16/81 b) 17/81 c) 47/2473 d) 46/243

17. Standard Deviation of binominal distribution is

a) npq b) (npq)2 c) d) n2p2q2

18. For a Binomial distribution mean is 4 and variance is 3 then, 3rd central moment is
a) 2.8875 b) 0.2887 c) 28.875 d) 288.75

19. In a binomial distribution n =4, p =1/3 then the value of variance is

a) 2/3 b) 8/9 c) 4/3 d) none

20. In a binomial distribution mean = 20, S.D . =4, then q is equal to

a) 1/2 b) 1/5 c) 3/4 d) 4/5

Answer Key

1. b 2. b
3. c 4. a
5. c 6. b
7. c 8. b
9. b 10. a
11. a 12. d
13. c 14. c
15. a 16. b
17. c 18. b
19. b 20. d

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

EXPLANATORY
ANSWERS
1. Binominal Distribution (b)

2. Method of moments (b)

3. Variance = npq (c)

= np (1 -p)

4. Mean > Variance (a)

5. Any whole number between 0 and n, both inclusive. (c)

6. np = 9 ... ... ... (i)

Npq = 2.25 ... ... (ii)
From (i) and (ii) we get
9 (q) = 2.25
q = 0.25
p = 0.75
We know,
np = 9
n(0.75) = 9
n = 12 (b)

7. E(x) = 2 v(x) = 1.2

np = 2 npq = 1.2
We get 2(q) = 1.2
n (0.4) = 2
n = 5 (c)

511
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

8. p(x = 0) = given n = 4

(b)

9. x is symmetric data

n = 20 given
mean = np

mean = 10 (b)

512
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

10. n = 5
x=3

(a)

11. p(x = 5) = 2p(x = 4) given n = 10

3p = 5 (1 - p)
3p = 5 – 5p
8p = 5

Success getting even no.
n=8
x=2

= 0.0304 (a)

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

12. Success getting six

n=3
x 1

P (x 1) = 1 – p(x = 0)

(d)

13. Success Getting Heads

n = 10
x 4

P (x 4) = 1 – [P (x = 0) + P (x = 1) + P (x = 2) + P (x = 3)

(c)

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

14. Success getting Sunday

n = 15
x=2

= 0.29 (c)

15. p = 3(q)
q = 3(1 - p)
p = 3 – 3p
4p = 3

(a)

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

16. mean =

n=5
p (x 2)
= p (x = 0) + p (x = 1) + p (x = 2)

(b)

17. SD = (c)

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

18. mean = 4 variance = 3

np = 4 npq = 3
(4) q = 3

3rd central moment = np (1 - p) (1 – 2p)

19. n = 4

Variance = npq

(b)

20. mean = 20
np = 20
SD = 4
Variance = 16
npq = 16
20(q) = 16

(d)

517
 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

SELF ASSESSMENT TEST 13

POISSON DISTRIBUTION
20 Marks

1. A binomial distribution with parameters n and p can be approximated by a Poisson

distribution with parameter m = np is
a) n
b) p 0
c) n and p 0
d) n and p 0 so that np remains finite

2. For Poisson fitting to an observed frequency distribution,

a) We equate the Poisson parameter to the mean of the frequency distribution
b) We equate the Poisson parameter to the median of the distribution
c) We equate the Poisson parameter to the mode of the distribution
d) None of these

3. In Poisson distribution -
a) Mean and SD are equal b) Mean, Variance are equal
c) SD and Variance are equal d) Both (a) and (b)

4. Poisson distribution may be

a) Always symmetric
b) Always positively skewed
c) Always negatively skewed
d) Symmetric only when m = 2

5. Find the mean and variance of x where x is a Poisson variate satisfying the condition
P (x = 2) = P (x = 3).
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5

6. X is a Poisson variate satisfying the following relation:

P (X = 2) = 9 P (x = 4) + 90P (X = 6).
What is the standard deviation of X?
a) 1 b) 2 c) 1.55 d) 1.87

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

7. A discrete random variable x follows Poisson distribution. Find the value of

P (X = atleast 1). You are given that E (x) = 2.20 and e-2.20 = 0.1108 .
a) 0.45 b) 0.78
c) 0.89 d) 0.65

8. A discrete random variable x follows Poisson distribution. Find the value of

P (X ≤ 2/x ≥ 1). You are given that E (x) = 2.20 and e-2.20
= 0.1108.
a) 0.58 b) 0.64
c) 0.89 d) 0.76

9. If 1.5% of items produced by a manufacturing unit are known to be defective, what

is the probability that a sample of 200 items would contain no defective item?
a) 0.05 b) 0.15
c) 0.20 d) 0.22

10. If 2 per cent of electric bulbs manufactured by a company are known to be defectives,
what is the probability that a sample of 150 electric bulbs taken from the production
process of the company would contain exactly one defective bulb?
a) 0.15 b) 0.86
c) 0.74 d) 0.23

11. The standard deviation of Poisson variate is 1.732. what is the probability that the
variable lies between -2.3 to 3.68?
a) 0.55 b) 0.65
c) 0.75 d) 0.85

12. The manufacturer of a certain electronic component is certain that two per cent of
his product is defective. He sells the components in boxes of 120 and guarantees
that not more than two per cent in any box will be defective. Find the probability
that a box, selected at random, would fail to meet the
guarantee? Given that e-2.40 = 0.0907.
a) 0.26 b) 0.52
c) 0.43 d) 0.86

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

13. Between 9 and 10 AM, the average number of phone calls per minute coming into
the switchboard of the company is 4. Find the probability that during one particular
minute there will be no phone calls.
a) 0.045445 b) 0.02454
c) 0.018316 d) 0.047251245

14. The number of accidents in a year attributed to taxi drivers in a locality follows
Poisson distribution with an average 2. Out of 500 taxi drivers of that area, what is
the number of drivers with atleast 3 accidents in a year?
a) 162 b) 180
c) 201 d) 190

15. A random variable X follows Poisson Distribution, such that P(X = k) = P(X = k + 1),
then its mean and variance is:
a) k – 1, k – 1 b) k + 2, k + 2
c) k + 3, k + 3 d) k + 1, k + 1

16. Which one is Uniparametric distribution?

a) Binomial b) Poisson
c) Normal d) Hyper Geometric

17. Number of misprints per page of a thick book follows:

a) Normal Distribution b) Poisson Distribution
c) Binomial Distribution d) Standard Normal Distribution

18. _____ Distribution is a limiting case of Binomial Distribution

a) Normal b) Poisson
c) Both d) None

19. In Poisson Distribution np is

a) finite b) infinite
c) 0 d) none

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20. In Poisson Distribution mean is equal to

a) ( ) b)
c) d)

Answer Key

1. d 2. a
3. b 4. b
5. b 6. a
7. c 8. a
9. a 10. a
11. b 12. c
13. c 14. a
15. d 16. b
17. b 18. b
19. a 20. a

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EXPLANATORY
ANSWERS

1. n and p 0 so that np remains finite (d)

2. We equate the Poisson parameter to the mean of the frequency distribution (a)
3. Mean, Variance are equal (b)
4. Always positively skewed (b)

5. p(x = 2) = p (x = 3) make correction means ans Variance

m=3
mean = np m = 3
SD =
Variance = np = m = 3 (b)

6. P (x = 2) = 9P (x = 4) + 90P (x = 6)

m4 + 3m2 – 4 = 0
m4 + 4m2 – m2 – 4 = 0
m2 (m2 + 4) – 1 (m2 – 4) = 0
m2 = 4 or m2 = –1
not possible m= 1
m = 1 or m = -1 not possible
m=1
mean = 1
S.D. = = 1 (a)

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7. E(x) = 2.20
mean = m = 2.20
e-2.20 = 0.1108
p (at least one)
p (x 1)
= 1 – p (x = 0)

= 1 – 0.1108
= 0.8892
= 0.89 (c)

8. P (x 2/x 1)

= 0.57568
= 0.58 (a)

9. m=nxp


m=3
p (x = 0)

= 0.0498
= 0.05 (a)

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

10. m=nxp

m=3
p (x = 1)

= 0.1494
= 0.15 (a)

11. SD = = 1.732
m = 3
P (-2.3 < x < 3.68)
P (x = 0) + P (x = 1) + P (x = 2) + P (x = 3)

= 0.0498 [1 + 3 + 4.5 + 4.5]
= 0.6474
= 0.65 (b)

12. If x > 2.4 then guarantee would fail


m = 2.4
P (x > 2.4)
= 1 – P (x = 0) + P (x = 1) + P (x = 2)]

= 1 – 0.0907 [1 + 2.4 + 2.88]
= 0.4304
= 0.43 (c)

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

13. m=4
p (x = 0)

= 0.018316 (c)

14. m=2
P (x 3)
= 1 – [P (x = 0) + P (x = 1) + P (x = 2)]

= 0.3233
Expected no. of taxi drivers
= 500 x 0.3233
= 161.66
≈ 162 (a)

15. P (x = k) = P (x = k + 1)

m = k + 1
mean = k + 1
Variance = k + 1 (d)

16. Poisson (b)

17. Poisson Distribution (b)

18. Poisson (b)

19. finite (a)

20. ( ) (a)

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

SELF ASSESSMENT TEST 14

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
20 Marks

1. Which of the following is false in case of Normal Distribution?

a) It is Multi model b) Mean = Median = Mode
c) It is Symmetric d) Total area is 1

2. In continuous probability distribution F(x) is called

a) Frequency distribution function b) Cumulative distribution function
c) Probability density function d) None

3. Probability density function is associated with which of the following variable.

a) Discrete b) Continuous
c) Both d) None

4. Whatever may be the parameter of ______ distributor, it has same shape.

a) Normal b) Binomial
c) Poisson d) None

5. The normal curve is

a) Positively skewed. b) Negatively skewed.
c) Symmetrical. d) All of these.

6. For a standard normal distribution, the points of inflexion are given by

a) µ - s and µ + s b) -s and s
c) -1 and 1 d) 0 and 1

7. for the two quartiles of N (µ, ) are 14.6 and 25.4 respectively, what is the standard
deviation of the distribution?
a) 9 b) 6
c) 10 d) 8

8. in a Normal Distribution the relation between QD and SD is –

a) 3 QD = 2 SD b) 3 SD = 2 QD
c) 4 QD = 3 SD d) None of these.

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

9. The interval (µ - 3s , µ + 3s) covers

a) 95% area of a normal distribution
b) 96% area of a normal distribution
c) 99% area of a normal distribution
d) All but 0.27% area of a normal distribution

10. The probability density function of a normal variable x is given by

a)

b)

c)

d) None of these

11. Find the points of inflexion of the normal curve

a) 7 and 13 b) 8 and 12
c) 6 and 14 d) 5 and 15

12. The distribution of wages of a group of workers Is known to be normal with mean
` 500 and SD ` 100. If the wages of 100 workers in the group are less than ` 430,
what is the total number of workers in the group?
a) 289 b) 413
c) 568 d) 318

13. A discrete random variable x follows uniform distribution and takes the values 6, 8,
10, 12, 18. The probability of P(x≤12) is
a) 1/5 b) 4/5
c) 3/5 d) None

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 CA FOUNDATION STATISTICS

14. A continuous random variable x follows uniform distribution with probability density
function f(x)=1/2, (4<x<6). Then P(4≤x≤5)
a) 0.1 b) 0.5
c) 0 d) None

15. If the mean deviation of a normal variable is 16, what is its quartile deviation?
a) 10.00 b) 13.50
c) 15.00 d) 12.05

16. If X and Y are 2 independent normal variables with mean as 10 and 12 and SD as 3
and 4, then (X+Y) is normally distributed with
a) Mean = 22 and SD =7 b) Mean = 22 and SD = 25
c) Mean = 22 and SD =5 d) Mean = 22 and SD =49

17. The salary of workers of a factory is known to follow normal distribution with an
average salary of `10,000 and standard deviation of salary as `2,000. If 50 workers
receive salary more than `14,000, then the total no. of workers in the factory is
a) 2,193 b) 2,000
c) 2,200 d) 2,500

18. 50% of a certain product have weight 60 kg or more whereas 10% have weight 55%
or less assumption of normality, what is the variance of weight? Given f (1.28) =
0.90.
a) 15.21 b) 9.00
c) 16.00 d) 22.68

19. Under normal curve: µ ± 3s covers_____ of the area of items

a) 100% b) 99%
c) 99.73% d) 99.37%

20. For a standard normal distribution, the points of inflexion are:

a) -1 to +1
b) - s to + s
c) µ - s
d) The distribution has no points of inflexion

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Normal Distribution Answer Key

1. a 11. b
2. c 12. a
3. c 13. c
4. c 14. a
5. d 15. a
6. c 16. b
7. d 17. b
8. b 18. b
9. a 19. a
10. c 20. a

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EXPLANATORY
ANSWERS

1. It is Multi model (a)

2. Cumulative distribution function (b)

3. Continuous (b)

4. Normal (a)

5. Symmetrical. (c)

6. -1 and 1 (c)

7. 8 (d)

8. (a) 3QD = 2SD

9. All but 0.27% area of a normal distribution (d)

10. (a)

11. (c) By Comparing with normal formula

s=4
µ = 10
Points of inflexion are µ - 6 and µ + 6
i.e. 6 and 14

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12.

s


z = - 0.7
z=0
Area between z = 0 and z = -0.7 = 0.2580
Area of wages below ` 430 = 0.5 – 0.2580
= 0.2420

Total no. of worker

= 413.22 ≈ 413

13. (b) p (x 12)

= p (x = 6) + p (x = 8) + p (x = 10) + p (x = 12)

14. (b) required probability =

= 0.5

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15. (b) QD : MD = 10 : 12

= 13.33
≈ 13.50

16. (c) mean = 10 + 12 = 22

17. (a)

σ = 2000


z=2
z=0
Area between z = 0 and z = 2 = 0.4772
Area of salary more than ` 14000 = 0.5 – 0. 4772
= 0.0228

Total no. of worker =

= 2193

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18. (a)

z = -1.28

Variance = 15.21

19. 99.73% (c)

20. -1 to +1 (a)

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