A

GE Report
On

BUSINESS ANALYTICS WITH EXCEL : ELEMENTARY TO ADVANCED

THE COURSE PLATFORM IS COURSERA

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement Seminar for the Third Semester
BBA
By
LALIT MOHAN TATRI
22031538
Under the Guidance of

MS . SHIKHA TEWARI
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT GRAPHIC ERA HILL

UNIVERSITY HALDWANI CAMPUS
TULARAMPUR, NEAR MAHALAXMI TEMPLE, OPP. MIDDAS SQUAR, HALDWANI,
UTTARAKHAND 263139
2023 - 2024

HALDWANI CAMPUS
 THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT MR. LALIT MOHAN TATRARI
HAS SATISFACTORILY PRESENTED GE BASED SEMINAR.
THE COURSE OF THE GE REGISTRATION BUSINESS
ANALYTICS WITH EXCEL : ELEMENTARY TO
ADVANCED . IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE
SEMINAR PRESENTATION REQUIREMENT IN THIRD
SEMESTER OF BBA DEGREE COURSE PRESCRIBED BY
GRAPHIC ERA HILL UNIVERSITY, HALDWANI CAMPUS
DURING THE YEAR 2023-
2024.

Campus GE -Coordinator Class Seminar Coordinator

Name : MS . SHIKHA TEWARI Name: MS.SHIKHA TEWARI

Signature Signature
HALDWANI CAMPUS
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my class
Coordinator Ms. shikha tewari who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic Business analytics with excel which
also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so
many new things
I am really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped
me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time.
I am making this project not only for marks but to also increase my
knowledge.
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME
 THIS IS AN 6 WEEKS COURSE

WEEK 1 : Introduction to excel : Basics and best practices

WEEK 2 : Analysis in excel

WEEEK 3 : Decision analysis through regression and NPV

WEEK 4 : Linear programming

WEEK 5 : Transportation and assigment problem

WEEK 6 : Integer programming and non linear programming

 Introduction to excel : Basics and best practices

What is Excel?
Excel is a spreadsheet program from Microsoft and a component of its
Office product group for business applications. Microsoft Excel enables
users to format, organize and calculate data in a spreadsheet.

By organizing data using software like Excel, data analysts and other
users can make information easier to view as data is added or changed.
Excel contains a large number of boxes called cells that are ordered in
rows and columns. Data is placed in these cells.

Excel is a part of the Microsoft Office and Office 365 suites and is
compatible with other applications in the Office suite. The spreadsheet
software is available for Windows, MACOS, Android and iOS platforms.

Common Excel use

Excel is most commonly used in business settings. For example, it is
used in business analysis, human resource management, operations
management and performance reporting. Excel uses a large collection of
cells formatted to organize and manipulate data and solve mathematical
functions. Users can arrange data in the spreadsheet using graphing
tools, pivot tables and formulas. The spreadsheet application also has a
macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications.
 Three most important and basic Excel elements

1) Cell: A cell is the smallest but most helpful element of Excel. You can
type, copy, and paste your data (numbers or text) into the cell. You can
alter the size, font colour, background colour, borders, and other features
of a cell. A cell's address, which includes its column number and row
number, serves as a unique identifier for each cell (If a cell is on the 17th
row and column F, then its address will be F17).

2) Worksheet: A worksheet contains a set of cells. It also includes an

invisible draw layer that
holds charts, images and diagrams. You can access extra worksheets at
the bottom of the window.
3) Workbook: A workbook is a separate file in MS Excel. Each workbook
contains one or more worksheets within. Therefore, a workbook is often
called a worksheet or a collection of worksheets. Worksheets can be
added or removed, hidden without being deleted from the workbook, and
the arrangement of your worksheets can be modified.
 There are two terms often used in Excel when performing calculations: Excel
Formulas and
Functions.

Formula
The formula in Excel represents expressions that are used to perform
calculations of values in single or multiple cells together. For example – When
we put C3+C4+C5+C6, we will be able to find the sum value of values from C3
to C6.

Function
Functions refer to pre-defined formulas present in Excel. Functions will help you
avoid entering each formula by yourself. These functions also have names that
are commonly used in our daily lives. For example: =SUM(C3:C6). This function
will help you add all the values from C3 to C6.
Analysis in excel

With these tools, you can let Excel take care of the complicated calculations so that you can easily explore
different scenarios in a systematic way.
Using data tables, you can see what happens to formulas as their inputs change. On the other hand, with
Goal Seek, you can begin with a desired output in mind and find the necessary input to make it happen.
Key Idea #1: Use Goal Seek instead of trial and error.
Goal Seek
With Goal Seek, you can tell Excel the output you want from a formula. Then, Excel will go through the trial
and error process for you, saving you the work and usually giving a more precise answer than you could
guess yourself.
The application of Goal Seek that you saw in the example was finding the break-even point, when a
company’s profit is zero.
To use Goal Seek,
 Go to the Data Tab. Click on What-If Analysis, then Goal Seek (in the Data Tools or Forecast group).
 A pop-up window will appear. Fill out the fields as follows:
 Set cell: Enter the reference to the cell that contains the formula for the output.
 To value: Enter the result that you want.
 By changing cell: Enter the reference to the cell that contains the input you want to adjust.
 Click OK. Goal Seek will run and update your spreadsheet to the desired result.

the Quality Sweater Company example, you were asked to find the response rate for which the
company breaks even. To do this, you told Goal Seek to set the cell containing profit to the value 0 by
changing the cell containing the response rate.
Key Idea #2: Use data tables to
experiment.
One-Way Data Tables
In the last module, you saw how using cell references helps create a flexible spreadsheet that lets you
experiment with different values. When modeling for a business, you usually want to experiment with a
whole range of different situations. You could plug different numbers into your model and keep track of
the results manually, but this can be time-consuming and potentially adds human error. Generating a data
table in Excel is a quick way to see a range of different situations. Data tables can also automatically
recalculate when you make changes in your spreadsheet model.
A one-way data table (also called a one-variable data table) lets you see how one or more outputs change
as a single input changes.
 Decision analysis through regression and NPV
The NPV Function is an Excel Financial function that will calculate the Net Present Value
(NPV) for a series of cash flows and a given discount rate. It is important to understand
the Time Value of Money, which is a foundational building block of various Financial
Valuation methods.

Calculates the net present value of an investment by using a discount

rate and a series of future payments (negative values) and income
(positive values).

NPV(rate,value1,[value2],...)

The NPV function syntax has the following arguments:

The rate of discount over the length of one period

Value 1 and Value 2 : Value1 is required, subsequent values are

optional. 1 to 254 arguments representing the payments and
income.

Value1, value2, must be equally spaced in time and occur at the

end of each period.

NPV uses the order of value1, value2, to interpret the order of cash
flows. Be sure to enter your payment and income values in the correct
sequence.

Arguments that are empty cells, logical values, or text

representations of numbers, error values, or text that cannot be
translated into numbers are ignored.
 If an argument is an array or reference, only numbers in that array or
reference are counted. Empty cells, logical values, text, or error values
in the array or reference are ignored.

The NPV investment begins one period before the date of the value1
cash flow and ends with the last cash flow in the list. The NPV
calculation is based on future cash flows. If your first cash flow occurs
at the beginning of the first period, the first value must be added to the
NPV result, not included in the values arguments. For more
information, see the examples below.

If n is the number of cash flows in the list of values, the formula for
NPV is:

NPV is similar to the PV function (present value). The primary

difference between PV and NPV is that PV allows cash flows to begin
either at the end or at the beginning of the period. Unlike the variable
NPV cash flow values, PV cash flows must be constant throughout the
investment. For information about annuities and financial functions,
see PV.

NPV is also related to the IRR function (internal rate of return). IRR is
the rate for which NPV equals zero: NPV(IRR(...), ...) = 0.
 Linear programming
Linear Programming is the most important and fascinating aspect of applied

mathematics, which helps in resource optimization (either minimizing the losses or

maximizing the profit with given resources). If we have constraints and the

objective function well defined, we can use the system to predict an optimal

solution for a given problem. In Excel, we have Excel Solver, which helps us solving

the Linear Programming Problems LPP. We will see in this article how to use Excel

Solver to optimize the resources associated with business problems with the help

of Linear Programming.

Methods to Solve Linear Programming through Excel Solver

Method #1 – Enabling Solver under Microsoft Excel

In Microsoft Excel, we can find Solver under the Data tab, which can be found on

the Excel Ribbon placed at the uppermost part, as shown below:

If You can’t see this utility tool there, you must enable it through Excel Options.

Follow the steps below to enable Solver under Excel.

Step

1: Navigat e to the

File menu and click

on Options, the last thing on that list.

Step 2: A new window will pop up named Excel Options. Click on Add-ins from the
list of options present on the left-hand side of the window.

Step 3: Under the Manage section at the bottom of the window, select Excel Add-

ins from the dropdown list and click on the Go button beside.

Step 4: As soon as you click the Go… button, you will see the list of all Add-ins

available under Excel in a new window. Tick to select the Solver Add-in so that you

can use it under the Data tab for solving the equations. Click the OK button after

tick selecting the Solver Add-in.

Method #2 – Solving Linear Programming Problem using Excel Solver

Step 1: We can see all the equation constraints we can form using the information
in the example above.
Step 2: Use these equations to add the constraints cell-wise under Excel across
A2:C8 of the given sheet.
Step 3: We need to use the formula Quantity * Per Unit Cost and sum it up for both
products to get the actual material requirements. This is formulated under column
D for all cells containing constraints B3, B4, C3).
Step 4: Click on the Data tab and then on Solver, which is present under Analyze
section in the tab.
Step 5: Once
you click on Solver,
a new tab named
“Solver

Parameter” will open up, under which you need to set the parameters for this set
of equations to be solved.
Step 6: The first thing we need to identify is Set Objective: Since our objective is to
figure out the total cost involved to minimize it, set this to D4.

Transportation and assigment problem

Transportation Problems and Assignment Problems are types of Linear
Programming Problems. Transportation Problem deals with the optimal distribution
of goods or resources from multiple sources to multiple destinations. While
Assignment Problem deals with allocating tasks, jobs, or resources one-to-one.

The transportation problem is a type of Linear Programming Problem in which

commodities are carried from a set of sources to a set of destinations while taking
into account the supply and demand of the sources and destinations, respectively,
in order to reduce the total cost of transportation.
Assignment Problem is a special type of linear programming problem where the
objective is to minimise the cost or time of completing a number of jobs by a
number of persons.

Integer programming and non linear programming

Integer programming problem is a linear programming problem where one or more
of the decision variables must have an integer value in the solution. That is, at
least one of the variables has to be a whole number and cannot include any
fraction or decimal.
In a pure integer programming problem, all of the decision variables must be
integers. In a mixed integer programming problem, some of the decision variables
must be integers and others do not have this constraint.
Sometimes, integer constraints are stated explicitly in a scenario. In other
situations, they are implied. For example, if a decision variable is number of cars to
be purchased or number of people to hire, it is not reasonable for the answer to
include a fraction of a car or a fraction of a person.
Using Excel and Solver
For an integer programming problem, the process of setting up a spreadsheet
model and running Solver is the same as the process for a general linear
programming problem. There is just one additional step: adding the integer
 constraints
to Solver.
To do this, use the
following steps:
1. Add a
constraint in Solver.
2. In the Cell Reference field, select all decision variable cells that must be
integers.
3. In the drop-down menu, select the int option.
4. The Constraint field will automatically fill with “integer.”
5. Continue running Solver as usual.

Common Issues to Avoid

Rounding Answers
If you get an answer with a decimal after running Solver, you might be tempted to
round it to fit the integer constraints in the problem. However, rounding usually
does not give the optimal solution.

Instead of rounding, add the integer constraints and run Solver again.
Ignoring Integer Constraints
If you run Solver and still get a non-integer answer even after adding integer
constraints, you might have to change an option.
Click the Options button near Select a Solving Method in the Solver dialogue. Then,
ensure that the Ignore Integer Constraints box is unchecked.
If this box is checked, then Solver will not work with the integer constraints that
you added.

Nonlinear programming
In a nonlinear programming problem, the objective and/or some of the constraints
are expressed as nonlinear expressions. For example, the variables might be
squared or multiplied by each other.
You can use Solver to find optimal solutions to nonlinear programming problems.
The process is similar to linear programming, with a few important differences.
Creating the

Spreadsheet Model
Just like with linear programming, your spreadsheet model should include
 the decision variables,
 the objective,
 the constraints, often in a table.

In addition, create space for the terms of the nonlinear expression in the model. It
is good practice to place each term in a separate cell, and use labels and
FORMULATEXT to indicate their meaning. This makes your spreadsheet easier to
read and check for mistakes.
Using Solver
Set Solver up as you would for a linear programming problem, adding the
objective, variables, and constraints.
The one difference is that for Select a Solving Method, you should choose GRG
Nonlinear.