Nahda University

Faculty of Engineering Communications and Computers Engineering Program

Subject: Electrical Measurements and Instrumentation
Subject code: CCE212

Sheet 1
System of Units of Measurement
1. Determine how long it takes light to travel to earth from a star 1 billion miles away if the
speed of light is 3x108 m/s
(a) in MKS system of units
(b) in cgs system of units
(c) in SI system of units

2. A 200 IB person has a height of 6 ft 8 in. Convert these measurements into

(a) SI System
(b) cgs system

3. Convert gm/cm3 to cgs and SI units

@ cgs system= gm/ cm3
Please circle the best choice in the following:

a) 1 pF is ………………..
∗ 10−3 𝐹 ∗ 10−6 𝜇𝐹 ∗ 10−9 A ∗ 10 V/S

b) 1 Siemens (mho) is …….

*1 Ohm*m * 1 F/s * 1/ohm * 1 A/s

c) 1 Watt is …………………MT 2015

*1 A/s * 1 Joule/s * 1 A/s * 1 Joule*s

4. State the dimensions of the following :

a) Energy……………..

b) Kinetic Energy……………
c) Potential Energy……………
1
 d) Acceleration………[L𝑇 −2 ] MT 2015
e) Force……………...[ML𝑇 −2 ]
f) Moment of inertia….[𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 0 ] Final 2015 Tagmoh
g) mechanical torque….[ 𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 −2 ]

5. Express the units in MKS systems of units :

a) Pressure…….
b) Volume flow rate…..
c) Power……..
d) Energy…….

6. Perform the following conversions:

a) 3.57 mm = _____
b) 0.047 mg = _____ g
c) 42 ml = _____ liters
d) 72° F = _____°C
e) 12 feet= _____ m

Sheet 2
Accuracy, Precision, & Significant Figures
7. student measures the length of a metal rod three times and records the following values:
2
 5.12 cm

5.08 cm

5.10 cm

The actual (true) length of the rod is 5.00 cm

Questions:

1. Calculate the accuracy of each measurement.

2. Identify the most accurate measurement.

2- A carpenter is tasked with cutting a wooden plank to a length of 2.00 m2.00 \, \text{m}2.00m. He measures the
plank three times and records the following values:

1. 2.05 m
2. 1.98 m
3. 2.01 m

Questions:

1. Calculate the accuracy of each measurement.

2. Identify the most accurate measurement.

3. A student uses a digital thermometer to measure the boiling point of water three times. The thermometer
displays the following readings:

100.1∘ C

100.2∘ C

100.0∘ C

Questions:

1. Calculate the precision of the measurements.

2. Determine whether the measurements are precise.

4. Digital voltmeter has a read out range from 0 to 9999 counts. Determine the resolution of
the instrument in volts when the full-scale reading is 9.999v?

3
 5. Perform the following operations and round the result to the correct number of
significant figures.

1. 123.456 cm+0.0025 cm
2. 4.56 m×2.5 m

Sheet 3
Accuracy &Error Types ( Absolute, limiting, Relative)
8. A student measures the length of a pencil three times and records the following
values:

12.2 cm

4
 12.1 cm

12.3 cm

The true (accepted) length of the pencil is 12.0 cm.

1. Calculate the absolute error for each measurement.

2. Calculate the mean absolute error.

9. A student measures the mass of an object three times, and the recorded values
are:

2.50 kg

2.53 kg

2.48 kg

The true mass of the object is known to be 2.51 kg

1. Calculate the absolute error for each measurement.

2. Find the mean absolute error.

3. A student measures the length of a metal rod to be 49.5 cm, but the actual (true)
length of the rod is 50.0 cm. Calculate the percent relative error of the
measurement.

4. A resistor is labeled as R=100 Ω with a tolerance of ±5%. Calculate the

limiting error of the resistor and the range of its possible values.

5. A thermometer is used to measure the temperature of boiling water, which is

known to be 100∘C . The thermometer reads 98.5∘C. Find the accuracy of the
thermometer.

5
 6. A PMMC instrument is used to measure a current of 5 mA. The full-scale
deflection current of the instrument is 10 mA. What is the percentage of full-
scale deflection?

7. A voltmeter and an ammeter are to be used to determine the power dissipated in a resistor.
Both instruments are guaranteed to be accurate within ± 1% at full scale deflection. If the
voltmeter reads 80V on its 150V range and the ammeter reads 70mA on its 100mA range.
Determine the limiting error for the power
calculations.

8. An 820 Ω resistance with an accuracy of ±10% carries a current of 10 mA. The current was
measured by an analog ammeter on a 25 mA range with an accuracy of ±2% of full scale.
Calculate the power dissipated in the resistor, absolute, and percentage errors of this power.

Sheet 4
Statistical analysis& Calibration
Statistical analysis
1. For the following data
X1 = 50.1, X2 = 49.7, X3 = 49.6 and X4 = 50.2
Compute:
a. The arithmetic mean.
b. The deviation of each value.
c. The average deviation.
d. Standard deviation and probable error.

6
 2. The output voltage from a precision 12 V power supply, monitored at intervals over
a period of time, produced the following readings: V1 = 12.001 V, V2 = 11.999 V, V3
= 11.998V, V4 = 12.003 V, V5 = 12.002 V, V6 = 11.997 V, V7 = 12.002 V, V8 =
12.003 V, V9 = 11.998 V, and V10 = 11.997 V. Calculate the average voltage level,
the mean deviation, the standard deviation, and the probable error in the measured
voltage at any time.

3. The following values were obtained from the measurements of the value of a
resistor: 147.2, 147.4, 148.1, 147.5, 147.9, 147.6, and 147.1 calculate
a. The arithmetic mean.
b. The average deviation.
c. The standard deviation.
d. The probable error of the average of the reading.

Calibration:
1. Digital voltmeter has a reading 37.42 V while measuring a voltage drop on a
certain resistance. But 40 V is the calculated voltage drop. Calculate the Bias
value. Does the voltmeter need a calibration?

2. A sound level analyzer which measures the average level of background noise
produces this list of levels for a period of time: 409, 406, 402, 407, 405, 404, 407,
404, 407, 407, 408 .Determine the Uncertainty if the true value of the noise level
is 410. Does this instrument need a calibration?

Sheet 5
Loading Effect

1. A voltmeter with an internal resistance of 2 kΩ is used to measure the voltage

across a 10 kΩ resistor in a circuit. The circuit has a total voltage Vsource 15 V.
Calculate:
a. The measured voltage on the voltmeter.
b. The percentage error due to the loading effect.

2. A voltmeter with an internal resistance of 10 kΩ is used to measure the voltage

across a 20 kΩ resistor in a circuit. The circuit has a total voltage (Vsource ) of 12 V.
Calculate:
7
 a. The measured voltage on the voltmeter.
b. The percentage error due to the loading effect.

3. A voltmeter with an internal resistance of 50 kΩ is used to measure the voltage

across a 100 kΩ resistor in a circuit. The circuit has a total voltage of 10 V. Calculate
the voltage reading on the voltmeter and the percentage loading error due to the
loading effect.

Sheet 6
PMMC

1. A PMMC instrument has the following specifications:

• Full-scale deflection current of the coil (Im ) = 1 mA,

• Internal resistance of the coil (Rm ) = 100 Ω.

The instrument is to be used as an ammeter to measure currents up to 10 A.

Calculate:

a) The value of the shunt resistance (Rsh ) required.

b) The total resistance of the ammeter.

2. Design a multirange ammeter using a PMMC instrument with the following

specifications:

Full-scale deflection current (Im) = 2 mA

Internal resistance of the coil (Rm ) = 50 Ω.

The ammeter should measure currents in three ranges: 0−10 mA , 0−50 mA, and
0−100 mA.
8
Calculate: The values of shunt resistances (Rsh ) for each range.

3. Design a multi-range DC voltmeter using the basic PMMC with has a full-scale
deflection (FSD) of 1 mA for a voltage of 1 V.
Range of voltmeter: We want to design a multi-range voltmeter with
ranges of 0-1V, 0-10V, and 0-100V.
Communication Engineering Instrumentations [CCE 212]

4. The coil of a moving coil voltmeter is 4 cm long and 3 cm wide and has
100 turns on it. The control spring exerts a torque of 2.4x10-4 N-m when
the deflection is 100 divisions on the full scale. If the flux density of the
magnetic filed in the air-gap is 0.1 Wb/m 2, estimate the resistance that
must be put in series with the coil to give one volt per division. The
resistance of the voltmeter coil may be neglected.

5. A moving coil has 100 turns, 5 cm 2 coil area, and air-gap magnetic flux
density of 0.1 Tesla (Wb/m 2). The control spring exerts a torque of
5x10-6 N-m at the full-scale deflection of 90. The potential
difference across the coil terminals at the full-scale deflection is 100
mV. Using the above movement, design a multi-range DC ammeter with
ranges 0-50 mA, 0-1 A and multi-range DC voltmeter with ranges 0-10
V and 0-200 V.

9
Communication Engineering Instrumentations [CCE 212]

6. Using a 1mA, 100W PMMC movement, design a multi- range voltmeter

with the following ranges: 0-10V, 0-50V, 0-250V and 0-500V. What is
the maximum voltage measurable by the given PMMC?

10
 Sheet 6
PMMC

1. A PMMC instrument has the following specifications:

• Full-scale deflection current of the coil (Im ) = 1 mA,

• Internal resistance of the coil (Rm ) = 100 Ω.

The instrument is to be used as an ammeter to measure currents up to 10 A.

Calculate:

c) The value of the shunt resistance (Rsh ) required.

d) The total resistance of the ammeter.

2. Design a multirange ammeter using a PMMC instrument with the following

specifications:

Full-scale deflection current (Im) = 2 mA

Internal resistance of the coil (Rm ) = 50 Ω.

The ammeter should measure currents in three ranges: 0−10 mA , 0−50 mA, and
0−100 mA.

Calculate: The values of shunt resistances (Rsh ) for each range.

3. Design a multi-range DC voltmeter using the basic PMMC with has a full-scale
deflection (FSD) of 1 mA for a voltage of 1 V.
Range of voltmeter: We want to design a multi-range voltmeter with
ranges of 0-1V, 0-10V, and 0-100V.

11
 4. The coil of a moving coil voltmeter is 4 cm long and 3 cm wide and has
100 turns on it. The control spring exerts a torque of 2.4x10-4 N-m when
the deflection is 100 divisions on the full scale. If the flux density of the
magnetic filed in the air-gap is 0.1 Wb/m 2, estimate the resistance that
must be put in series with the coil to give one volt per division. The
resistance of the voltmeter coil may be neglected.

5. A moving coil has 100 turns, 5 cm 2 coil area, and air-gap magnetic flux
density of 0.1 Tesla (Wb/m 2). The control spring exerts a torque of
5x10-6 N-m at the full-scale deflection of 90. The potential
difference across the coil terminals at the full-scale deflection is 100
mV. Using the above movement, design a multi-range DC ammeter with
ranges 0-50 mA, 0-1 A and multi-range DC voltmeter with ranges 0-10
V and 0-200 V.

12
Communication Engineering Instrumentations
[CCE 212]

6. Using a 1mA, 100W PMMC movement, design a multi- range

voltmeter with the following ranges: 0-10V, 0-50V, 0-250V and
0-500V. What is the maximum voltage measurable by the given
PMMC?

Sheet1 13/21
 Sheet 7
DAC-ADC
1st ADC
1) Given Vref = 10V, N=12, and Vin = 9V. Find: (a) the resolution Q (1
LSB), (b) the output_code, (c) the quantization noise vqn, (d) the SNR.
2) Given an input voltage Vin = 9V with Vref = 10V. Determine minimum
bits (N) would be required to have less than ± 0.5% quantization error?
3) Given Vref = 10V, and a 10-bit A/D output code is 0x12A.

a) What is the ADC input voltage?

b) If the input voltage is Vin = 2.915 V, what is the output code?

c) What is the input voltage range that yield an output code of

0x005?

4) Given the signal v(t) = 7 + 5cos(2π440t) + 3sin(2π880t) , what is

the proper sampling rate?

2nd DAC

Sheet1 14/21
3) A design requires step size or LSB = 0.002 V and the reference voltage V ref = 1.6V.

a) Determine the minimum resolution N.

b) Find the MSB value.

c) Find the maximum output Vout_max

d) Find the input code for the output voltage Vout = 0.799V

Sheet 8
“CRO”
1. Two sinusoidal waveforms are shown below. The following parameters
need to be determined:
a. Amplitude of each waveform.
b. Frequency of the waveforms.
c. Phase difference between the two waveforms.

Sheet1 15/21
 amplitude time frequency phase difference
Waveform y1 (t)
Waveform y2 (t)

Sheet1 16/21
Fill in:
SN Phase angle difference  Lissajous Pattern appeard at
CRO screen
1

Sheet1 17/21
 3

5. Determine the amplitude, frequency and phase difference between the two
waveforms illustrated in Fig. 7-1 final 2024

Figure 7-1

amplitude time frequency phase difference

Waveform A
Waveform B

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 6. Determine the pulse amplitude, frequency, rise time, fall time of the waveform in
Figure (10-2) using Time/Div, Volt/Div in Fig. (7-1).

Figure 7-2

• tr : Time for a waveform to rise from 10% to 90% of its steady states.‫الشرح‬
• tf : Time for a waveform to fall from 90% to 10% of its steady states.

7. For the following figure, determine the ratio between the two frequencies which
applied on the input of oscilloscope (work in X-Y mode)

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

Sheet1 19/21
 8. Two sinusoidal voltages are applied to an oscilloscope in dual-trace operation and
X-Y mode of operation as shown in the figures. The sensitivities are 0.1 V/cm and
0.5 V/cm for V1 and V2 respectively. The time base sensitivity is 1 ms/cm. The
trigger source is V1. In the X-Y mode, V1 is applied to X-input and V2 is applied
to the Y-input. Using both plots, calculate
• Peak-to-peak values for both signals

• The frequency and time period of both signals V1 and V2

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Sheet1 21/21