CHAPTER 3

PRESENT STUDY
OVERVIEW
Portland cement concrete and self-compacting concrete were prepared in this project work.
The first batch of concrete mix was prepared using Portland pozzolana cement. The other five
concrete mixes were self-compacting concrete with fine aggregates substituted by marble
powder in varying percentages. The specimens prepared were tested to evaluate the fresh and
hardened properties of concrete. The materials which were used to prepare the concrete mixes
are mentioned in the succeeding section.

HISTORY OF SCC
The history of self- compacting concrete (SCC) dates back to late 1980s. For special
applications such as underwater concreting, vibration of placed concrete is simply
impossible. In such circumstances, concrete needs to be placed without any compaction.
Early self-compacting concrete relied on very high content of cement paste and once
superplasticizer was available, it was added in the concrete mixes. The mixes required
specialized and perfectly controlled placing methods in order to avoid segregations. The high
content of cement paste made concrete prone to shrinkage. The overall cost was very high
and application remained limited.
The introduction of SCC was associated with the drive towards the better quality concrete
pursued in Japan around 1983, where the lack of uniform and good compaction had been
identified as the primary factor responsible for poor performance of concrete structures. Since
there was no practical means by which full compaction of concrete in a construction site
could be guaranteed, the focus turned on to the elimination of the need to compact by
vibration. This reason led to the development of the first practicable form of SCC. The idea
of formulating SCC was first proposed by Prof. Okamura in 1986. Nevertheless, SCC was
first developed in Japan in 1988 by Prof. Ozawa at the University of Tokyo to ensure
homogeneity and compaction of cast-in-situ concrete within thin structural elements thereby
to improve the durability of concrete structures.
After 1988, European countries started working on SCC. During 1990~2000, very active
research was going on in Europe and they published many specifications and guidelines for
SCC. Moreover in November 2002, the first North American Conference on design and use
of SCC was organized. There have been a large number of researches carried out throughout
the world to optimize the fluidity of SCC, enhance its strength and durability in a cost-
effective manner.

THEORETICAL OVERVIEW
Self-compacting concrete has many benefits in terms of production and placement as
compared to traditional concrete. Self-compacting concrete eliminates the use of internal and
external vibration for compaction, better flowability, workability and pumpability. It increases
bonding with congested reinforcement. Moreover, the placement of SCC is faster and
requires less labour. The appearance, mechanical performance and durability of SCC is
considerably better than traditional concrete. The methods of production, placement, quality
control and finishing are essential for SCC.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Compressive strength of concrete is the ability of a material or structure to carry loads. The
compressive strength of concrete is a crucial parameter that indicates its ability to withstand
axial loads or forces pushing the material together. It is one of the most important properties
of concrete and is typically measured by testing concrete cubes or cylinders using a
standardized compression testing machine. The results are usually reported in megapascals
(MPa) or pounds per square inch (psi).

IMPORTANCE OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

The compressive strength of concrete is crucial as it determines the ability of concrete to
withstand loads and stresses. It indicates the maximum load or stress a concrete sample can
bear without failure. Engineers use this strength parameter to ensure the structural integrity
and safety of buildings, bridges, dams, and other infrastructures. Higher compressive strength
signifies better durability, resistance to deformation, and overall structural stability, making it
a vital factor in construction design and quality assurance.

FACTORS AFFECTING COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

The compressive strength of concrete is influenced by various factors,
including:
1. Water-Cement Ratio: The water-cement ratio is a critical factor in
determining the strength of concrete. Lower water-cement ratios
generally result in higher compressive strength.
2. Cement Type: The type of cement used in the concrete mix can impact
its compressive strength. Different types of cement have varying
chemical compositions and properties.
3. Aggregate Properties: The type, size, and grading of aggregates used in
the concrete mix also play a role in determining its compressive strength.
4. Curing Conditions: The curing conditions, such as temperature and
moisture levels, during the early stages of concrete formation can
significantly affect its strength development.
5. Mix Design: The overall mix design, including the proportions of
cement, water, aggregates, and any admixtures, has a direct impact on the
compressive strength.
6. Age of Concrete: Concrete strength generally increases with time. The
curing period is crucial, and testing concrete at different ages (e.g., 7
days, 28 days) provides insights into its strength development over time.
 7. Quality of Workmanship: Proper placement, consolidation, and curing
practices during construction contribute to the overall strength of the
concrete.
The compressive strength of concrete is typically tested at different curing ages
(commonly 7 and 28 days) to assess its early and long-term strength
characteristics. The results are used to ensure that the concrete mix meets the
required strength specifications for a particular application, such as in structural
elements like beams, columns, and slabs.
SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE(SCC)
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a specialized type of concrete that possesses the ability to
flow and consolidate under its own weight, without the need for mechanical vibration. This
type of concrete is also known as self-consolidating concrete due to its ability to fill intricate
and congested formwork without segregation or bleeding. SCC is often used in applications
where traditional vibrated concrete may be difficult to place.

GRADE
PROPERTIES
Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) possesses several distinctive properties that make it
suitable for specific construction applications. These properties include:
1. Workability:
 SCC has high workability, allowing it to flow and fill formwork under its own
weight without the need for external vibration.
 It can easily pass through and around congested reinforcement, filling even
intricate and complex formwork.
2. Flowability:
 SCC exhibits excellent flow characteristics, enabling it to spread and fill the
mold or formwork without segregation.
 This property is crucial for achieving uniform distribution of aggregates and
ensuring proper compaction.
3. Coarse Aggregate Segregation Resistance:
 SCC is designed to resist segregation, preventing the separation of coarse
aggregates from the cement paste during transportation, placement, and
consolidation.
4. High Fines Content:
 SCC often contains a higher proportion of fine particles and a lower
proportion of coarse aggregates compared to conventional concrete mixes.
 5. Viscosity and Stability:
 The use of superplasticizers and viscosity-modifying admixtures helps control
the viscosity of SCC, ensuring stability and preventing excessive bleeding or
segregation.
6. Avoidance of Blockage in Reinforcement:
 SCC can easily flow through and around reinforcement, minimizing the risk of
blockage and ensuring proper encapsulation of reinforcement.
7. Fillability:
 SCC has the ability to fill intricate and congested formwork without the need
for external compaction, making it suitable for structures with complex shapes
and tight spaces.
8. High Strength and Durability:
 SCC can achieve high compressive strength and durability comparable to
conventional vibrated concrete when designed and cured properly.
9. Reduced Labor and Equipment Requirements:
 The self-compacting nature of SCC reduces the need for mechanical vibration
during placement, resulting in labor and equipment savings.
10. Architectural Finishes:
 SCC is often used in architectural applications where a smooth and
aesthetically pleasing finish is desired.
11. Consistency:
 SCC offers consistent and predictable performance, making it easier to achieve
uniform results in construction projects.

WORKABILITY
The workability of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a key characteristic that sets it apart
from conventional concrete. Workability refers to the ease with which concrete can be mixed,
placed, and finished without segregation or the need for excessive compaction effort. In the
case of SCC, achieving and maintaining high workability is essential for its successful
application. The following factors contribute to the workability of SCC:
 Flowability.
 Passing Ability.
 Segregation Resistance.
 Viscosity Control.
 High Workability Retention.
 Consistency.
 The workability of SCC is influenced by factors such as mix design, water-cement
ratio, superplasticizer dosage, and the use of viscosity-modifying admixtures. It's
essential to carefully design and control the mix to achieve the desired workability
while ensuring that the concrete meets strength and durability requirements. Regular
testing and quality control measures during production and placement are critical to
ensuring the success of SCC applications.

DURABILITY
The durability of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a critical aspect that influences its long-
term performance in various environmental conditions. While SCC shares some durability
characteristics with conventional concrete, its unique mix design and properties also
contribute to specific aspects of durability. Here are key considerations regarding the
durability of SCC:
 Permeability.
 Chemical Resistance.
 Freeze-Thaw Resistance.
 Sulfate Resistance.
 Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) Resistance.
 Abrasion Resistance.
 Corrosion Protection for Reinforcement.
 Shrinkage Control.
 Long-Term Stability.
It's important to note that achieving optimal durability requires careful consideration of mix
design, environmental exposure conditions, and quality control during production and
placement. Regular testing, monitoring, and adherence to industry standards are essential for
ensuring the durability of SCC in real-world applications.

MATERIALS
1.CEMENT:
Cement is a crucial binding material used in construction for the production of concrete and
mortar. It's a fine powder that, when mixed with water, undergoes a chemical reaction
known as hydration, forming a hard and durable solid. There are various types of cement,
each designed to suit specific construction needs. The most common types include:
1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC):
 OPC is the most widely used type of cement and is suitable for general
construction purposes. It comes in different grades, such as OPC 33, OPC 43,
and OPC 53, indicating the compressive strength in megapascals (MPa). OPC
53 is used in applications where high strength is required, such as in the
construction of high-rise buildings and precast concrete elements.
 2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC):
 PPC contains pozzolanic materials such as fly ash, volcanic ash, or silica
fumes, which enhance the workability and durability of concrete. It's suitable
for structures exposed to aggressive environments and is known for its
improved resistance to sulfate attacks.

PORTLAND POZZOLONA CEMENT(PPC):

PPC stands for Portland Pozzolana Cement. It is a type of cement that includes pozzolanic
materials in its composition. Pozzolanic materials are siliceous or siliceous and aluminous
substances that, in themselves, possess little or no cementitious value but will, in finely
divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide (lime)
at ordinary temperatures to form compounds possessing cementitious properties.

COMPOSITION:
The composition of Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) includes a combination of Ordinary
Portland Cement (OPC) and pozzolanic materials. Pozzolanic materials are siliceous or
siliceous and aluminous substances that, when finely divided and in the presence of moisture,
react chemically with calcium hydroxide (lime) to form compounds possessing cementitious
properties. The most common pozzolanic material used in PPC is fly ash, although other
materials like volcanic ash or silica fumes can also be used.
The composition of PPC typically includes the following components:
1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC):
 OPC is a fundamental component of PPC. It is a hydraulic cement that serves
as the base material, providing the initial strength and binding properties to the
concrete mix.
2. Pozzolanic Materials:
 The primary pozzolanic material used in PPC is fly ash. Fly ash is a byproduct
of coal combustion in thermal power plants. It is rich in siliceous and
aluminous materials and contributes to the enhanced properties of PPC, such
as improved workability, durability, and long-term strength.
3. Silica and Alumina:
 Pozzolanic materials, including fly ash, contain silica and alumina, which
react with calcium hydroxide to form additional cementitious compounds.
These compounds contribute to the strength and durability of the concrete.
4. Calcium Hydroxide (Lime):
 Calcium hydroxide is produced during the hydration of OPC. In the presence
of pozzolanic materials, it reacts with silica and alumina to form additional
cementitious compounds, reducing the amount of free lime and enhancing the
properties of the concrete.
5. Other Minor Constituents:
  PPC may also contain other minor constituents such as gypsum (calcium
sulfate) to control the setting time, and other additives or admixtures to
improve specific properties of the concrete mix.

AGGREGATES:
Aggregates are granular materials used in construction as a component of concrete, mortar,
asphalt, and other building materials. They make up a significant portion of the volume and
mass of these construction materials and play a crucial role in determining the properties of
the final product. Aggregates can be natural, such as sand and gravel, or artificial, like
crushed stone and recycled concrete.

MARBLE POWDER:
Marble powder is a fine, often white or off-white powder that is produced during the
processing of marble, a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals,
typically calcite or dolomite. Marble powder is generated as a byproduct in the cutting,
grinding, and polishing of marble during the manufacturing of marble products, such as tiles,
countertops, and sculptures. This powder has various potential uses in different industries:
 Construction Industry.
 Building Materials.
 Paints and Coatings.
 Agriculture.
 Paper Industry.
 Waste Water Treatment.
 Art and Craft.
 Adhesives and Sealants.

CHARACTERISTICS
The characteristics of marble powder depend on factors such as the source of the marble, the
processing methods, and the particle size distribution. Here are some general characteristics
associated with marble powder:
1. Particle Size:
 The particle size of marble powder can vary based on the processing methods.
It is often a fine powder, and the particle size distribution can influence its
performance in different applications.
2. Color:
 Marble powder is typically white or light-colored, reflecting the natural color
of the marble from which it is derived. However, variations in color may occur
depending on the mineral composition of the original marble.
3. Chemical Composition:
  Marble powder primarily consists of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and may
contain other minerals present in the original marble. The chemical
composition can influence the reactivity of marble powder in various
applications.
4. Surface Area:
 The specific surface area of marble powder, related to its particle size and
distribution, can affect its performance in applications such as concrete. A
higher surface area may contribute to improved pozzolanic activity.
5. Bulk Density:
 The bulk density of marble powder influences its handling and transportation.
Bulk density can vary depending on factors such as compaction during
processing and the presence of moisture.
6. Water Absorption:
 Marble powder may exhibit water absorption characteristics, which can
influence its behavior in different applications, particularly in concrete where
water demand and workability are important factors.
7. Reactivity:
 The reactivity of marble powder, especially in concrete applications, is related
to its pozzolanic properties. Pozzolanic reactivity contributes to the
development of strength and durability in concrete.
8. Alkalinity:
 Marble powder is alkaline due to its calcium carbonate content. This alkalinity
can affect the pH of solutions in applications such as soil amendment or
wastewater treatment.

ADMIXTURE:
Admixtures are special ingredients or compounds added to concrete or mortar during the
mixing process to enhance or modify its properties. These materials are typically used in
relatively small quantities compared to the other components of the concrete mix (cement,
water, aggregates) but can have a significant impact on the fresh and hardened properties of
the concrete. Admixtures are classified into several types based on their functions and
applications.