Scribd
Upload
4 views7 pages

Section D

The document discusses key concepts in computer architecture, focusing on parallel and multiprocessing environments, pipelining techniques, and vector and array processing. It outlines the differences between parallel processing and multiprocessing, explains the stages and advantages of pipelining, and describes how vector and array processing enhance data handling efficiency. The document also provides examples of applications for each technique, emphasizing their importance in improving CPU performance and processing speed.

Uploaded by

krishnadhir4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views7 pages

Section D

The document discusses key concepts in computer architecture, focusing on parallel and multiprocessing environments, pipelining techniques, and vector and array processing. It outlines the differences between parallel processing and multiprocessing, explains the stages and advantages of pipelining, and describes how vector and array processing enhance data handling efficiency. The document also provides examples of applications for each technique, emphasizing their importance in improving CPU performance and processing speed.

Uploaded by

krishnadhir4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Section D

Computer Architecture

1. Parallel & Multiprocessing Environment:

Feature Parallel Processing Multiprocessing


Definition Ability of a system to Use of two or more CPUs
execute multiple within a single computer
instructions or tasks system to execute multiple
simultaneously. processes simultaneously.
Focus Focuses on dividing a big Focuses on hardware setup
task into smaller parts. with multiple CPUs working
together.
System Type Requires a single or Always requires multiple CPUs
multi-CPU systems. system.
Memory May use shared or May use shared or separate
separate memory. memory.
Processor May include single or Always involves multiple
Usage multiple processors processors or cores.

Operating Needs OS to manage Also, Needs OS to manage


System Role tasks. tasks.
Programming Often needs special Less effort if OS handles task
Complexity programming sharing.

Speed and Increases speed by doing Increases speed by using more


Efficiency tasks together. CPUs.

Use Case Image processing, AI, Servers, real-time systems,


Example simulations. Operating systems
2. Pipelining:
Pipelining is a technique used in computer architecture where multiple
instructions are executed in different stages of the processor at the same time.
It helps in making the CPU faster and more efficient.
Stages of Pipelining:

• Instruction Fetch (IF):

• Instruction Decode (ID):

• Execute (EX):

• Memory Access (MEM):

• Write Back (WB):

Advantages of Pipelining:
• Increases CPU performance.
• More instructions are completed in a given time.
• Makes efficient use of CPU resources.
Types of Pipelining: The types of Pipelining are:
1. Instruction Pipelining
2. Arithmetic Pipelining

1. Instruction Pipelining: Instruction pipelining is the process of dividing the


execution of a single instruction into multiple stages to increase the number of
instructions executed per unit time.

• It focuses on the flow of instructions.


• It works with all types of instructions.
• It is comparatively less complex than Arithmetic Pipelining.
• It increases the number of instructions executed per unit time.

2. Arithmetic Pipelining: Instruction pipelining is the process of dividing the


single complex arithmetic operation into multiple stages to speed up the
complex calculations like multiplication and division.

• It focuses on arithmetic operations.


• It works mainly with arithmetic operations.
• It is more complex than Instruction Pipelining.
• It speeds up the complex calculations like multiplication and division.

In this way, Pipelining is an important technique that increases the overall CPU
performance and makes the efficient use of CPU resources.
3. Difference Between Instruction Pipelining and Arithmetic Pipelining:

Instruction Pipelining Arithmetic Pipelining

Definition: Divides the execution of Divides a single complex


multiple instructions into arithmetic operation into
different stages. multiple stages.

Purpose: To increase the number of To speed up complex


instructions executed per unit calculations like
time. multiplication and division.

Focus Area: Focuses on the flow of Focuses on arithmetic


instructions. operations.

Instruction Works with all types of Works mainly with arithmetic


Type: instructions. operations.

Complexity: Comparatively less complex. More complex.

Used In: General-purpose processors Floating-point units (FPUs),


(e.g., RISC). scientific applications.
4. Vector and Array Processing:

In Computer Architecture, we often deal with large amounts of data, like


numbers stored in lists or tables. To process this data quickly, we use vector
processing and array processing methods. These techniques help the computer
perform the same operation on many data items at the same time.

What is Vector Processing?

Vector processing is a technique where the computer works with a whole


group of data (called a vector) at once, instead of working on one number at a
time.

Example:
Imagine we have two lists of numbers:
• A = [2, 4, 6]
• B = [1, 3, 5]

If you want to add them, a normal (scalar) processor would do:


• 2+1 = 3
• 4+3 = 7
• 6+5 = 11 (One by One).

But a vector processor adds all at once:

• [2+1, 4+3, 6+5] = [3, 7, 11]

This makes it much faster.

Used in:
• Scientific calculations
• Graphics (like 3D games)
• Supercomputers
What is Array Processing?

Array processing is when a computer works on multi-dimensional data (like


tables or matrices), using multiple processors to do many operations at the
same time.
An array is like a grid or table of data (rows and columns).

Example:
If you have a table of numbers and want to double every value, array
processors can do all that at once, using many small processors working
together.

Used in:
• Image processing
• Artificial Intelligence
• Big data tasks

Diagram of Vector Processing:


Diagram of Array Processing:

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy