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Lecture 07 - Intermolecular Forces

The document discusses intermolecular forces, which are the forces that exist between molecules and influence their physical properties, such as boiling and melting points. It outlines the four main types of intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole, and London dispersion forces, along with their significance in determining the behavior of substances. Additionally, it covers phase changes and the impact of intermolecular forces on properties like surface tension and viscosity.

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8 views25 pages

Lecture 07 - Intermolecular Forces

The document discusses intermolecular forces, which are the forces that exist between molecules and influence their physical properties, such as boiling and melting points. It outlines the four main types of intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole, and London dispersion forces, along with their significance in determining the behavior of substances. Additionally, it covers phase changes and the impact of intermolecular forces on properties like surface tension and viscosity.

Uploaded by

trandaonhuquynhph
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is Chemistry?

Lecture 7
Intermolecular Forces

Semester 2: 2024-2025
Instructor: Nguyen Thi Hoang Hai

1
Molecular forces
❑Intramolecular forces (bonding forces)
– exist within each molecule
– influence the chemical properties of the substance
– are relatively strong (larger charges that are closer together)
❑Intermolecular forces (nonbonding forces)
– exist between the molecules
– influence the physical properties of the substance
– are relatively weak (smaller charges that are farther apart)

2
Intramolecular Forces - Review

Strength
Copyright @ 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3
Intermolecular forces

▪ exist between the molecules


▪ influence the physical properties of the substance
• boiling and melting points, vapor pressures, and
viscosities
▪ are relatively weak (smaller charges that are farther apart)

4
Review on physical states

5
Phase changes

Phase changes are also determined by the interplay


between kinetic energy and intermolecular forces.

Temperature ↑
→ average kinetic energy ↑
→ faster moving particles can overcome attractions
more easily
→ phase change (e.g., solid to liquid)

Condensation: gas → liquid


Vaporization: liquid → gas
Freezing: liquid → solid
Melting, or fusion: solid → liquid
Sublimation: solid → gas
Deposition: gas → solid
6
Heating-cooling curve
A cooling curve for the conversion of gaseous water to ice

Copyright @ 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

7
The Equilibrium Nature of Phase Changes (reading)

❑Liquid-Gas Equilibria
❑Solid-Liquid Equilibria
❑Solid-Gas Equilibria

❑Phase Diagrams: Effect of Pressure and Temperature


on Physical State

8
Intermolecular Forces

Four main types:


❑ Dipole-dipole
❑ Hydrogen bonding
❑ Ion-dipole
❑ London Dispersion force

Not every molecule has all of four types of forces.


Then, for a specific molecule, which types of forces does it
exhibit?

9
Dipole-dipole Forces

Electrostatic interaction of between


positive and negative ends of two
Gas
polar molecules (the positive pole of
one molecule attracts the negative
pole of another)

These forces give polar molecules a higher


Liquid
boiling point than nonpolar molecules of
similar molar mass

Strength of intermolecular forces increase


with increasing polarity; thus more energy Solid
is needed to separate them Copyright @ 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

10
Hydrogen Bonding forces

A special type of dipole-dipole forces

Occur between two polar covalent particles one of which is


❑ A Hydrogen atom for the (+) pole
❑ A small, highly electronegative (EN) atom with lone electron
pairs such as O (EN = 3.5), F (4.0), or N (3.0) for the (-) pole
▪ It makes these atoms so electronegative that their covalently bonded H
is highly positive.
▪ It allows the lone pair on the other N, O, or F to come close to the H .

Structure: (N/O/F) ⎯ H   (N/O/F) ⎯


Examples:

11
Problem

Which of the following substances exhibits H bonding? For


those that do, draw TWO molecules of the substance with the
H bond(s) between them.
a) C2H6 b) CH3OH c) CH3C(=O)NH2

12
Polarity and Boiling Point
• The polarity of the molecules determines the forces of attraction
between the molecules in the liquid state.

• Polar molecules are attracted by the opposite charge effect (the


positive end of one molecule is attracted to the negative end of
another molecule).

• Molecules have different degrees of polarity as determined by the


functional group present.

The greater the forces of attraction the higher the boiling point
or
the greater the polarity the higher the boiling point.

13
The Significance of Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen bonding has a profound impact in many systems

Copyright @ 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.


14
Ion-Dipole Interactions

• Ion-dipole interactions are an important force in


solutions of ions.
• The strength of these forces are what make it possible
for ionic substances to dissolve in polar solvents.

Copyright @ 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

15
Induced Dipole Forces
❑ Forces between essentially non-polar molecules

❑ The weakest of all intermolecular forces.


❑ "Temporary dipoles" are formed by the shifting of electron
clouds within molecules. These temporary dipoles attract or
repel the electron clouds of nearby non-polar molecules.
❑ The temporary dipoles may exist for only a fraction of a second
but a force of attraction also exist for that fraction of time.
❑ The strength of induced dipole forces depends on how easily
electron clouds can be distorted.
❑ Large atoms or molecules with many electrons far removed
16 from the nucleus are more easily distorted.
Dispersion Forces

What forces cause nonpolar substances like octane,


chlorine, and argon to condense and solidify?

The intermolecular force primarily responsible for the


condensed states of nonpolar substances is the
dispersion force (or London force).

Dispersion forces are caused by momentary oscillations


of electron charge in atoms and, therefore, are present
between all particles (atoms, ions, and molecules).

17
Dispersion Forces

Separated atoms are nonpolar

An instantaneous dipole in one


atom induces a dipole in its
neighbor. These partial charges
attract the atoms together

This process takes place


among atoms throughout the
sample.
Copyright @ 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

18
Dispersion Forces

The dominant intermolecular force


(except in cases involving small, polar molecules with large dipole
moments or those forming strong H bonds)

The relative strength of the dispersion force tends to


increase with the molar mass.
The relative strength of the dispersion force depends on the
polarizability of the particle. Polarizability depends on the number of
electrons, which correlates closely with molar mass because heavier
particles are either larger atoms or composed of more atoms and
thus have more electrons.

With the same molar mass, the strength of the dispersion


forces is influenced by molecular shape
Shapes that allow more points of contact have more area over which
electron clouds can be distorted, so stronger attractions result

19
Dispersion Forces
Same molar mass with
different molecular shape

Increasing strength of dispersion force


Increasing molar mass

Copyright @ 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

20
Strength of forces
Increasing strength

Copyright @ 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

21
Summary on molecular forces

Copyright @ 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

22
Liquids and Intermolecular forces

Much behavior and many properties of liquids can be attributed


to intermolecular forces.
• Surface tension (g) is the amount of work required to extend a
liquid surface and is usually expressed in J/m2.
• Adhesive forces are intermolecular forces between unlike
molecules.
• Cohesive forces are intermolecular forces between like
molecules.
• A meniscus is the interface between a liquid and the air above
it.
• Viscosity is a measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow.

23
Surface tension
Molecules in the interior of a liquid
experience intermolecular attractions in all
directions.

Molecules at the surface experience a net


attraction downward (red arrow) and move
toward the interior.

➔ Thus, a liquid tends to minimize the


number of molecules at the surface, which
results in surface tension.

Surface tension (g) is the amount of work required to extend a


liquid surface by a unit amount and is usually expressed in J/m2.
The stronger the forces are between the particles in a liquid, the
greater the surface tension
24
Viscosity

Viscosity is a measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow,


resulting from intermolecular attractions that impede this
movement

Viscosity decreases with heating

Molecular shape plays a key role in a liquid's viscosity Thus,


given the same types of forces, liquids containing longer
molecules have higher viscosities

25

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