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CH 24 Earth and The Solar System

The document discusses the Earth, Sun, Moon, and the Solar System, detailing their movements, orbits, and the phenomena of day, night, and seasons. It covers the formation of planets, the gravitational pull of the Sun, and the characteristics of various celestial bodies including asteroids, comets, and the Moon's phases. Additionally, it touches on concepts such as orbital speed, black holes, and the oldest known planet in the Milky Way.

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7B Leonard Auraven
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15 views51 pages

CH 24 Earth and The Solar System

The document discusses the Earth, Sun, Moon, and the Solar System, detailing their movements, orbits, and the phenomena of day, night, and seasons. It covers the formation of planets, the gravitational pull of the Sun, and the characteristics of various celestial bodies including asteroids, comets, and the Moon's phases. Additionally, it touches on concepts such as orbital speed, black holes, and the oldest known planet in the Milky Way.

Uploaded by

7B Leonard Auraven
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 24

The Earth and the


Solar System
Presented by:
MR. RYAN C. CABRERA
Bachelor of Science in Physics
Post Baccalaureate in Teacher Education
Master in Educational Management
24.1
Earth, Sun
and Moon
Earth, Sun and Moon
Earth, Sun and Moon
Earth and the Solar System belongs to MILKY WAY GALAXY
DAY and NIGHT

• The most obvious sign of


movement in the Solar System
is the daily change from light
(day) to dark (night).
• Sun is rising (sunrise) in the east
and setting (sunset) in the west.
• As light travels in straight lines,
only HALF THE EARTH
receives sunlight at any one
time.
DAY and NIGHT
YEARS
• The Earth orbits
around the Sun.
• It takes over 365 days
to complete one orbit.
• The different seasons
occur because of the
tilt of the Earth’s axis.
• Figure shows how the
seasons change as
the Earth orbits the
Sun.
Different Seasons
Different Seasons
POSITIONS of the SUN
• Figure shows the
different positions of
the Sun in the hours
before and after the
midnight in Alaska in
midsummer.
POSITIONS of the SUN during the DAY
MONTHS

• The most obvious object


in the sky after the Sun
is the Moon.

• With the use of


astronomical telescopes
and space travel, we
know that Moon is a
rocky sphere and can
be seen at night.
MONTHS
• The Moon orbits Earth every
27.5 days.
• The different appearances of
the Moon is because it is
illuminated by the Sun.
• This causes the changes
knows as the phases of the
moon – because the Moon
orbits the Earth, the part of it
that faces the Sun will be
lighted up by the Sun.
Demonstration: PHASES OF THE MOON
View from Earth: PHASES OF THE MOON
Activity: Model of the Earth and Sun
• Lamp represents the Sun.
• Ball with a rod through it represents
the Earth.
• The darkened part of the Earth is
experiencing night.
• The brightened part of the Earth is
experiencing day.
• Since Earth is moving around the
Sun, the southern and northern
hemisphere is having different
seasons.
24.2
The Solar System
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
• There are 8 planets namely
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune.
• There are more 200 minor
planets like Pluto and Eris.
• Millions of asteroids (found in
asteroid belt between the
orbits or Mars and Jupiter)
and meteoroids.
Comets, Asteroids and Meteroids
• Comets known as giant
snowballs, orbits the Sun in
very irregular orbits.
• a – asteroids and meteoroids
that sometimes enters the
Earth’s atmosphere.
• b – dinosaurs became extinct
due to large asteroid hitting
the Earth creating a huge
crater.
Comets, Asteroids and Meteroids

• c – comet Hale – Bopp was


visible to the naked eye in
the summer of 1995.

• Comet Hale – Bopp takes


2533 years to orbit the Sun
– which means it is not
expected to be visible
again.
DEFINITIONS
ASTEROIDS
COMETS
METEORS
The Sun’s Gravitational Pull
• The Sun's gravity pulls the
planets in orbit around it, and
some planets pull moons in
orbit around them.
• Even spacecraft are in motion
through the solar system,
either in orbit around the Earth
or Moon, or traveling to further
worlds, because of
gravitational forces.
The Sun’s Gravitational Pull
• The position of the
Moon affects the low
tide and high tide on
Earth’s bodies of
water.
• Sun is exerting
gravitational pull
towards Earth.
• Moon gravitational
effect towards Earth.
High Tide vs. Low Tide

The moon's
gravitational pull on
the Earth and the
Earth's rotational
force are the two main
factors that cause high
and low tides.
The Sun’s Gravitational Pull
• The position of the
Moon affects the low
tide and high tide on
Earth’s bodies of
water.
• Sun is exerting
gravitational pull
towards Earth.
• Moon gravitational
effect towards Earth.
Formation of the Planets
• Evidences collected by
astronomers suggests that
the planets were formed at
the SAME TIME as the Sun.
• The Solar System began as a
nebula – huge swirling ball of
dust and gas.
• The planets formed from the
materials of the nebula which
were not pulled into the Sun.
Formation of the Planets
• Figure below shows the
uneven, swirling mass of rock
and gas around it is flattened by
its rapid rotation into an
ACCRETION DISC where the
plants eventually form.
ACCRETION DISC
MORE ABOUT THE PLANETS
ORBITS and ENERGY

• The orbits of the planets are


not completely circular.
• The shape of orbits are
slightly squashed circle called
an ellipse.
• The orbits are described as
elliptical.
• The amount the orbit is
squashed (squeezed) is
called its eccentricity.
COMET’s orbit versus PLANET’s orbit
SPEED OF THE PLANET
• The speed of the planet in
orbit round a star is called
orbital speed (v).
• As the planet’s orbits are
almost circular (assume), the
distance they travel can be
calculated if we know the
orbital radius (r) – average
distance of the planet from
the Sun.
ORBITAL SPEED OF THE PLANET
Orbital Speed

𝐆∙𝐌
𝐕=
𝒓
where:
V = orbital speed in m.s - 1
G = gravitational constant
= 6.67 x 10 – 11 N.m 2.kg-2
M = mass of the object orbiting in kg
r = distance or orbital radius
in meters
Worked Example
The Moon orbits the Earth at an average distance of 384 000 km
from the center of the Earth. Calculate its orbital speed.
(The mass of the Earth is 6 x 10 24 kg.)

G∙M
V=
r

6.67 x 10−11 N ∙ m2 ∙ kg −2 6 x 1024 kg


V=
1000 m
384 000 km ∙
1 km
𝐦
𝐕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟖
𝐬
RCC note:
orbital radius (r) =
radius of Earth +
altitude of satellite above
Earth’s surface

In symbols,

r = R Earth + h satellite
Try this !!!
Calculate the orbital speed of an artificial satellite travelling
200 km above the Earth’s surface.
(The radius of Earth is 6.4 x 10 6 m and its mass is 6 x 10 24 kg.)
RCC note:
orbital radius (r) = radius of Earth + altitude of satellite above surface
G∙M
V=
r
Try this !!!
Calculate the orbital speed of an artificial satellite travelling
200 km above the Earth’s surface.
(The radius of Earth is 6.4 x 10 6 m and its mass is 6 x 10 24 kg.)
RCC note:
orbital radius (r) = radius of Earth + altitude of satellite above surface
G∙M
V=
r

𝐦 𝐤𝐦
𝐕 = 𝟕𝟕𝟖𝟔. 𝟗𝟒 or 𝟕. 𝟖
𝐬 𝐬
RCC
TRIVIA
Solar Eclipse vs. Lunar Eclipse
Solar Eclipse vs. Lunar Eclipse vs. Apocalypse
APOCALYPSE
The complete final
destruction of the world, as
described in the biblical book
of Revelation.
Would result in the extinction
of humanity, a collapse of
civilization, or the destruction
of the planet.
BIG BANG

The big bang is how


astronomers explain the
way the universe began.
It is the idea that the
universe began as just a
single point, then
expanded and stretched
to grow as large as it is
right now…..and it is still
stretching!
BIG BANG
BLACK HOLE
A black hole is a place in space where
gravity pulls so much that even light can
not get out. The gravity is so strong
because matter has been squeezed into
a tiny space. This can happen when a
star is dying.
Because no light can get out, people
can't see black holes. They are invisible.
Space telescopes with special tools can
help find black holes. The special tools
can see how stars that are very close to
black holes act differently than other
stars.
BLACK HOLE
Could a Black Hole Destroy Earth?

Black holes do not go around in space eating stars, moons and planets.
Earth will not fall into a black hole because no black hole is close enough to the
solar system for Earth to do that.
Even if a black hole the same mass as the sun were to take the place of the sun,
Earth still would not fall in.
The black hole would have the same gravity as the sun.
Earth and the other planets would orbit the black hole as they orbit the sun now.
The sun will never turn into a black hole.
The sun is not a big enough star to make a black hole.
OLDEST PLANET
At 12.7 billion years old,
planet Psr B1620-26 B is
almost three times the age of
Earth, which formed some 4.5
billion years ago. This
exoplanet, the oldest ever
detected in our Milky Way
galaxy, has been nicknamed
“Methuselah” or the “Genesis
planet” on account of its
extreme old age.

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