Scribd
Upload
14 views15 pages

Network An. Chapter-4

Chapter Four of the document discusses the elements of realizability theory in network synthesis, focusing on key properties such as causality and stability. It introduces Hurwitz polynomials and positive real functions, outlining the conditions necessary for a network function to be realizable as a physical passive network. The chapter includes examples to illustrate the application of these concepts in determining the stability and realizability of network functions.

Uploaded by

Daniel Adeba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views15 pages

Network An. Chapter-4

Chapter Four of the document discusses the elements of realizability theory in network synthesis, focusing on key properties such as causality and stability. It introduces Hurwitz polynomials and positive real functions, outlining the conditions necessary for a network function to be realizable as a physical passive network. The chapter includes examples to illustrate the application of these concepts in determining the stability and realizability of network functions.

Uploaded by

Daniel Adeba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Kombolcha Institute of Technology

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Chapter Four:-Elements of Realizability Theory

Jemal H. ( Msc )
jjemalassen@gmail.com

December, 2024

Network Analysis and Synthesis 1 Lecture # 4 1


Contents

• Introduction
• Causality and Stability
• Hurwitz Polynomials
• Positive Real Functions

Network Analysis and Synthesis 2 Lecture # 4


Introduction

• The basic consideration for any network synthesis problem is to determine whether
a network function H(s), given by the ratio of response transform R(s) to the
excitation transform, E(s) can be realized as a physical passive network. This study is
known as ‘elements of realizability theory’.
• Two important properties for realizability are Causality, and Stability
A. Causality: a network is said to be causal if the output of the network depends only
on the input at the present time and/or in the past, but not the future value of
the input.
• So, a causal network is non-anticipative( output cannot come before the input).
B. Stability: A stable network is one where the response does not diverge as long as
the excitation does not diverge.
• A bounded input produces a bounded output. For this reason, this type of network
is known as bounded input bounded output (BIBO) stable network
Network Analysis and Synthesis 3 Lecture # 4
Cont…

• If H(s) is given as
a n s n  a n  1 s n  1  ...  a 1 s  a 0
H (s) 
b m s m  b m  1 s m  1  ...  b 1 s  b 0
• Due to the requirement of simple poles on the jw axis, the order of the
numerator shouldn’t exceed the order of the denominator by more than 1.
• That is n  m  1
• If n  m  1 then there would be multiple poles on the s = infinity.
• For a network to be stable the following three conditions must be satisfied
1. H(s) can’t have poles on the right side of the ‘s’ plane.
2. H(s) can’t have multiple poles on the jw axis.
3. The degree of the numerator of H(s) can’t exceed that of the
denominator by more than 1.

Network Analysis and Synthesis 4 Lecture # 4


Hurwitz Polynomials

• In order for a system to be stable, its poles must lie in the left side of the ‘s’
plane;
• Moreover the poles on the jw axis must be simple.
• The denominator polynomial of a system function H(s) that satisfies these
criteria belongs to a class of polynomials called Hurwitz polynomials.
• A polynomial P(s) is said to be Hurwitz if it satisfies
• P(s) must be real if s is real.
• The real part of its roots must be negative or zero.
• As a result of these conditions, if P(s) is a Hurwitz polynomial given by
P ( s )  a n s n  a n  1 s n  1  ...  a 1 s  a 0

• Then all coefficients must be real and if si=α+jβ is root of P(s), then α
must be negative.

Network Analysis and Synthesis 5 Lecture # 4


Hurwitz Conditions For Stability

• The driving point impedance or admittance is expressed as the ratio of two


polynomials, P(s) and Q(s). These polynomials are tested for Hurwitz
stability conditions.
• If they satisfy the conditions, then we say that they are Hurwitz.
• Consider a polynomial:
• Then, for the polynomial to be Hurwitz, it has to satisfy the following
Hurwitz’s conditions for stability:

Network Analysis and Synthesis 6 Lecture # 4


Example 1

• Check whether the given polynomial is Hurwitz or not

Network Analysis and Synthesis 7 Lecture # 4


Cont…

• Since all the quotient terms are not positive, the given polynomial is not
Hurwitz.

Network Analysis and Synthesis 8 Lecture # 4


Example 2

Network Analysis and Synthesis 9 Lecture # 4


Cont….

• We will use the continued fraction expansion as follows:

Network Analysis and Synthesis 10 Lecture # 4


Positive Real Functions

• These functions are important because they represent physically realizable


passive driving point immitances.
• A function is positive real if
– F(s) is real for real s, that is F(σ) is real.
– The real part of F(s) is greater or equal to zero when the real part of s is
greater than or equal to zero. That is Re [ F(s) ] ≥0 for Re(s)≥0
• In other words, the right half of the ‘s’ plane maps with the right half of F(s)
plane.
• Generally, the necessary and sufficient condition for F(s) to be a positive real
function are
– F(s) must have no poles on the right side of s plane.
– F(s) may have only simple poles on the jw axis with real and positive residues.

Network Analysis and Synthesis 11 Lecture # 4


Cont…

• Now, to compute Re F(jw) from F(s), the numerator and denominator


polynomials are separated into even and odd parts.

• But the product of two even functions or odd functions is itself an even function,
while the product of an even and odd function is odd.

• Now, substituting s = jw in the even polynomial gives the real part of F(s) and substituting
s = jw into the odd polynomial gives imaginary part of F(s)

• We have to test Re F(j ) ≥ 0 for all

Network Analysis and Synthesis 12 Lecture # 4


Cont…

• The denominator of Re F( ) is always a positive quantity because

• Hence, the condition that Ev F ) should be positive requires

• should be positive and real for all w ≥ 0.

Network Analysis and Synthesis 13 Lecture # 4


Example 3

Test whether is positive real function

The function F (s) has poles at s = -7 and s = -2


and zeros at s = -5 an s = -1 as shown in Fig.
Thus, all the poles and zeros are in the left half
of the s plane.
(b) Since there is no pole on the jw axis

• Since all the three conditions are satisfied, the function is positive real.
Network Analysis and Synthesis 14 Lecture # 4
Network Analysis and Synthesis 15 Lecture # 4

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy