Panache ich Measne AB oe — 3 (as°+75+2) [7 é 2 Example 9.13. Find the transfer impedance R, function Z,,(s) = V2(s)/I,(s) of the network (‘)7,(s) shown in figure 9.13. Solution : Applying current division rule, 9° Ae ye oe Current in impedance (R +3) is given by Fig. 9.13. ice vet R,+sL (R, + sL)-sC I's) = 1,(s): + . = 1, (s)- —— 1 (s) = T(s RyveL+ y+ 1 (8) @C.(R, +R, +a) +1 Tie) Ro Te). a reba ie a Then, V,(s) = I'(s)-R, = 11(s) 20 (Rs Galea Therefore, Ze) = Vis) _ Ry (s*LC + sR,C) au Ty(6) 8° LC + sC(R, + Ry) +1Hurwitz Polynomial a result of above conditions (1) and (2), Hurwitz polynomial P. P{s) have the — P(s)can be PG) = 4,6" + 44.4 rd asses tO ft Bgthen, All the coefficients a, must_be positive. A corollary is that b Se LarEr ine and The Towed! order term, none of the cocthciest” ‘he ess the polynomial is oven or odd. In other words, a, ,,a, », . ~ may “ust hot be zero if the polynomial if neither even nor odd. pa (ii) Both the odd and even parts of a Hurwitz polynomial P() have the jo a nlje If we denote the even part of Pta)-as-M(e) and the odd par, ut “NG, 80 thai x P(s) = M(s) + N(@) then M(s) and ‘ve roots on the jo-axis only. Gili) As a result of property (ii) either even or odd, all its roots are on the jo-axis (including ori (@) The continued fraction expansion of the ratio (y(@) of the odd to even parts (N@IMG oF the even to odd parts (M(s)/N(s)) of a Hurwitz polynomial yields all positive quotient terms. As, Ns) Mis) on NG) v(s) = where the quotients q,, q, .... ‘M(s) + N(s) is Hurwitz.10.1. Check whether the given polynomial P(s) = s4+65+ 56? + 38+ 4 is Hurwitz or not. ftdon (1) ¢ Since all coefficients of P(s) are positive, so P(e) is real for s real. fition (2) : The even and odd parts of P(s) are M@) = s¢ + 5s? +4 Ns) = 8 +38 B Mi | Continued fraction expansion of y(s) = 3y(,) is given by : 88 +3s)st+ 5s? + 4(8. 4 es ae Deeaerrse (Se +25 8) 2s? + 4\28 a8 ee oat icant fete diekt noe i ell a 8 + 8s weisel atone,Properties of Positive Real Function (p.r.f.) 2 (@ If N19) is p.r., thei '/y,) is also p.r. This property implies that if a driving, Point impedance Z(s) is p.r., then its reciprocal ('/,.), the driving point admittance Y(s), is also p.r. é 2 (@ The sum of p.r. functions is p.r. from an immittance stand point, we see ‘that if two impedances are connected in séries or two admittances are connected in parallel, the resultant impedance or admittance is p.r. (Note that the difference of two_p.r. functions is not necessarily p.r.). (@ The poles and zeros of a p.r.f cannot have positive real parts, i.e., they Cannot be in the right half of the s-plane. In addition to this, only simple poles with real positive residues can exist on the jo-axis. (i) The poles and zeros of a p.r,f. are real or occur in conjugate pairs. () The highest powers of the numerator N(s) and denominator D(s) polyno- mial may differ atmost by unity. This condition prohibits multiple poles or zeros at 6 = ~. - , differ by atmost (vi) The lowest power of D(s) and N(s) polynomials may unity. This condition prevents the possibility of multiple poles or zeros eee ae Z ae ats=0. ~ FALE ‘egae a 2) (s+4) Example 10.8. Show that the function F(s) = equa isp. fugé.\ . 8 +6s+8 Solution : F(s) = ra dsts Condition (1): We’see that all roots of D(s) lie on the negative real axis or half of s-plane. Therefore, D(s) is Hurwitz polynomial Condition (2): doesnot exist, Condition (3); M, = 6? +8, N,='68, M, = s? +3, Nz = 48, M,M,'~ N,N, 2 0 : 3 (6? ¥ BY(e? + 3) = 8).(4 6) > 0 2 #13 6 + 24> ha Alo = ot + 13.0? +2420 for alle, Therefore, F(s) is p.r.f. ay \ |Example 10.10. Test whether the following function is a p.r.f. or not, 2 +3045 e+ 6548 P(e) = Solution : Condition (1) : M(s) = s? + 8, Nis) = 66 _ Therefore, Die) is Hurwitz polynomi ion (2) : There are no poles of given function F() lie on jo-axis, g, = 62+ 5, My = 6? + 8,.N,= A(o?) = M,M, - N,N, 20. (G+ 5) (6? + 8) — (6% + 38) (68) 20 st +13 6? + 40-6 4-18 5?>0 =5et-5s?+4020 # +36, Ny = 66Example 10.12. An impedance function is given by (8+1) (s+4) 8(5+2)(s+5) the B-C representation of (a) Foster- 1 and II forms, (b) Cauer-1and H(s) = Find forms.(s+) (644) e+2)(@+5) e842 045 "5 B= (6+2).2(8)), Therefore, ‘And, synthesized network is shown in figure 10.6(a). A wee wisa ei ae AF F x Ze)» oF 18AF Fig, 10.6(0). Yo = #8420645) 108 8) = “Cost (+4) ~ a s5004 X(s) _ 52479410. oF aBeed (tA Se+ deb + 79+ 10(L Se B8Fig. 10.6(b). rer : (s+) (8+ 4) 28) = (642) (845) = t+ Ts? +108 ie YO = 45044 ‘The continued fraction expansion is Seber) ep ie does ey 2s +68 “pete Gofet+5erals +88 Bat 4) 262 + 6s 2s? + 45 2s) 2s + 4(1Z, aoe ais ¥yaege) er t+ Al 30 105+ 20,2 ll ct 47 249), 43,2) 11, 11_ 121 1 S25 \4T Se 2850 11121 9 $+ 5358 -20 2) 47,2, 43| 285. 47 _ 2209 .,y, ma5°) it 2011 44 o%s sg iL x 20 9, 90 4 8) 555% |gane~ ate 7. 208 235 natipwasts +s a thesized network is shown in figure 10.6(d). 47/4F ibiogertt aA .B40E 9Example 10.35, Realize the following RC driving point impedance function, (® First Foster form (ii) First Cauer form : 2 2s+5 ~” (8+1)(6+8) es 3/2 i 1/2 s+1 8+38 Therefore, first Foster form is shown in figure 10.26(a). Fig. 10.26(a).(i) First Cauer form: s+ 4s+3) s?+6s+8| 15Z, s+ 4e+3 1 2s +5) 8? +4s+3) 8 Y, ‘= (ee rade 8+3)2s+5 oz, 2 3 - rates ay 304313 3 sey, 8, 2 1 3) 1| 304s 1 x Therefore, first Cauer form is shown in figure 10.26(b). 19 go 30