21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S1/SLO−1 1.

Review of vectors in 2,3 dimensions

Three Dimensional coordinate systems

To locate a point in a plane, two numbers are necessary.

We know that any point in the plane can be represented
as an ordered pair (a, b) of real numbers, where a is the
x−coordinate and b is the y−coordinate. For this reason, a
plane is called two-dimensional. To locate a point in space,
three numbers are required. We represent any point in space
by an ordered triple (a, b, c) of real numbers.
Figure 1: Coordinate axes

In order to represent points in space, we first choose a fixed

point O(the origin) and three directed lines through O that
are perpendicular to each other, called coordinate axes (as
in the Figure 1) and labeled the x−axis,y−axis and z−axis
dimensional. The direction of the z−axis is determined by
the right-hand rule as in the Figure 2. If you curl the fingers
of your right hand around the z−axis in the direction of a
90◦ counterclockwise rotation from the positive x−axis to Figure 2: Right-hand rule
the positive y-axis, then your thumb points in the positive
direction of the z−axis.

The three coordinate axes determine the three coordinate

planes as in the below Figure 3. The xy-plane is the plane
that contains the x- and y-axes; the yz-plane contains the y-
and z-axes; the xz-plane contains the x- and z-axes. These
three coordinate planes divide space into eight parts, called
octants. The first octant, in the fore-ground, it determined Figure 3: Coordinate planes
by the positive axes.
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S1/SLO−1 1.2

Review of vectors in 2,3 dimensions

Vectors

A vector is a quantity having both magnitude and direction such as force, velocity, acceleration,
displacement etc.

Addition of two vectors

Let ⃗a and ⃗b be two given vectors. OA ⃗ = ⃗b then vector OB

⃗ = ⃗a and AB ⃗ is called the sum of ⃗a + ⃗b.

Magnitude or Length of the vector

The magnitude or length of the vector ⃗v = a1⃗i + a2⃗j + a3⃗k is the length of any of its representations
and is denoted by the symbol |v|

p
|v| = (a1 )2 + (a2 )2 + (a3 )2

Unit vector

A unit vector is a vector whose length is 1. For ⃗i, ⃗j and ⃗k are all unit vectors.

⃗a
Note:In general, if ⃗a ̸= 0, then the unit vector that has the same direction as ⃗a is u =
|a|

Dot product

The dot product of two non zero vectors ⃗a and ⃗b is the number

⃗a · ⃗b = |a||b| cos θ

where θ is the angle between ⃗a and ⃗b, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π.(So θ is the smaller angle between the vectors when
they are drawn with the same initial point.) If either ⃗a or ⃗b is 0, we define ⃗a · ⃗b = 0

Note:

1. If ⃗a = a1⃗i + a2⃗j + a3⃗k and ⃗b = b1⃗i + b2⃗j + b3⃗k then ⃗a · ⃗b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3

⃗a · ⃗b
2. Angle between the vectors is cos θ =
|a||b|

Cross product

If ⃗a and ⃗b are non zero three dimensional vectors, the cross product of ⃗a and ⃗b is the vector
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S1/SLO−1 1.3

Review of vectors in 2,3 dimensions

⃗a × ⃗b = (|a||b| sin θ) ⃗n

where θ is the angle between ⃗a and ⃗b, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, and ⃗n is the unit vector perpendicular to both ⃗a and
⃗b.

Note:

If ⃗a = a1⃗i + a2⃗j + a3⃗k and ⃗b = b1⃗i + b2⃗j + b3⃗k then

⃗i ⃗j ⃗k
⃗a × ⃗b = a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b 3

Scalar triple product

If ⃗a = a1⃗i + a2⃗j + a3⃗k, ⃗b = b1⃗i + b2⃗j + b3⃗k and ⃗c = c1⃗i + c2⃗j + c3⃗k then

a1 a2 a3
⃗a.(⃗b × ⃗c) = b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3

Note:

1. If ⃗a.(⃗b × ⃗c) = 0, then ⃗a, ⃗b & ⃗c are coplanar.

21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S1/SLO−2 1.4

Gradient, divergence

Gradient of a scalar point function

If ϕ(x, y, z) is a scalar point function continuously differentiable in a given region R of space, then
∂ϕ ⃗ ∂ϕ ⃗ ∂ϕ
the gradient of ϕ is defined by ∇ϕ = ⃗i +j +k .
∂x ∂y ∂z
It is abbreviated as gradϕ. Thus, gradϕ = ∇ϕ

Note:

∇ϕ is the normal to the surface ϕ at point P.

∇ϕ
∴ a unit normal to the surface ϕ at P is ⃗n =
|∇ϕ|

∇ϕ
and there is a another unit normal in the opposite direction= −
|∇ϕ|

Directional Derivative

The directional derivative of a scalar point function ϕ in a given direction ⃗a is the rate of change of ϕ
in that direction. It is given by the component of ∇ϕ in the direction of ⃗a

⃗a
∴ the directional derivative= ∇ϕ ·
|⃗a|

Note:

1.The maximum directional derivative at a point P is in the direction of ∇ϕ and the maximum
direction derivative is |∇ϕ|

2. The minimum directional derivative is − |∇ϕ|

Equation of tangent plane

Let A be a given point on the surface ϕ(x, y, z) = c. Let r⃗0 = x0⃗i + y0⃗j + z0⃗k be the position vector
of A.

Let P be any point on the tangent plane to the surface at the point A and let ⃗r = x⃗i + y⃗j + z⃗k be the
position vector of P.

Then ∇ϕ at A is normal to the surface and ⃗r − r⃗0 lies on the tangent plane at A.
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S1/SLO−2 1.5

Gradient, divergence

∴ the equation of the tangent plane at the point A is (r − ⃗r0 ).∇ϕ = 0

x − x0 y − y0 z − z0
The Cartesian equation of the normal at the point A is = =
∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
∂x ∂y ∂x

where the partial derivatives are evaluated at (x0 , y0 , z0 ).

Angle between Two surfaces at a common point

We know that the angle between two planes is the angle between their normals.

We define angle between two surfaces at a point of intersection P is the angle between their tangent
planes at P and hence, the angle between their normals at P.

The angle between two surfaces f (x, y, z) = C1 and g(x, y, z) = C2 at a common point P is the
angle between their normals at the point P.

The normal at P to the surface f (x, y, z) = C1 is ∇f

The normal at P to the surface g(x, y, z) = C2 is ∇g

∇f · ∇g
If θ is the angle between the normals at the point P, then cos θ =
|∇f | |∇g|

Note:

1. If two surfaces are orthogonal at the point P the ∇f.∇g = 0

2. If θ = 0, the normals at the common point coincide. ∴ the two tangent plane coincide and the
surfaces touch the common point.

Properties of Gradients

If f and g are scalar point functions which are differentiable, then

1.∇C = 0

2.∇(Cf ) = C∇f

3.∇(f ± g) = ∇f ± ∇g

4.∇(f g) = f ∇g + g∇f
 
f g∇f − f ∇g
5.∇ = if g ̸= 0
g g2
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S1/SLO−2 1.6

Gradient, divergence Solving Tip!

Working Procedure to find gradϕ

Step1: Write the given ϕ

Step2: Find ∂ϕ/∂x, ∂ϕ/∂y, ∂ϕ/∂z
Step3: Substitute the step2 values in the ∇ϕ formula.
Step4: Find ∇ϕ at the given point.

1. Find grad ϕ for the following functions.

(i) ϕ(x, y, z) = 3x2 y − y 3 z 2 at the point (1, −2, 1)

(ii)ϕ(x, y, z) = log(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) at the point (1, 2, 1)

Solution:

(i)Given ϕ(x, y, z) = 3x2 y − y 3 z 2 Step1

Step2
∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
= 6xy = 3x2 − 3y 2 z 2 = −2y 3 z
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ϕ⃗ ∂ϕ⃗ ∂ϕ ⃗
∴ gradϕ = ∇ϕ = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z

= 6xy⃗i + (3x2 − 3y 2 z 2 )⃗j − 2y 3 z⃗k Step3

At (1, −2, 1)

∇ϕ = 6(1)(−2)⃗i + (3(1)2 − 3(−2)2 (1)2 )⃗j − 2(−2)3 (1)⃗k Step4

= −12⃗i − 9j + 16⃗k

ii)Given ϕ(x, y, z) = log(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

∂ϕ 1
= 2 .2x
∂x x + y2 + z2
∂ϕ 1
= 2 .2y
∂y x + y2 + z2
∂ϕ 1
= 2 .2z
∂z x + y2 + z2
∂ϕ⃗ ∂ϕ⃗ ∂ϕ ⃗
∴ gradϕ = ∇ϕ = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 h
⃗i + y⃗j + z⃗k
i
= 2 x
x + y2 + z2
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S1/SLO−2 1.7

Gradient, divergence Solving Tip!

2. Find a unit normal vector to the surface

x3 + y 3 + 3xyz = 3 at the point (1, 2, −1).

Solution:

∴ ϕ = x3 + y 3 + 3xyz − 3 Step1:Find ∇ϕ

We know that ∇ϕ is normal to the surface.

∇ϕ Step2:At the point, find ∇ϕ

So, unit normal to the surface is ⃗n =
|∇ϕ|

∇ϕ
∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ Step3:unit normal is ⃗n =
= 3x2 + 3yz; = 3y 2 + 3xz; = 3xy |∇ϕ|
∂x ∂y ∂z

∇ϕ = (3x2 + 3yz)⃗i + (3y 2 + 3xz)⃗j + (3xy)⃗k

At the point (1, 2, −1),

∇ϕ = −3⃗i + 9⃗j + 6⃗k

∴ unit normal to the given surface at the point (1, 2, −1) is

−3⃗i + 9⃗j + 6⃗k −3⃗i + 9⃗j + 6⃗k

⃗n = √ = √
9 + 81 + 36 126

LEARNING TIME EXCERCISE

1. Find the unit normal vector to the surface x2 + xy + z 2 = 4

at the point (1, −1, 2).

Solution: Given ϕ =

∂ϕ
=
∂x
∂ϕ
=
∂y
∂ϕ
=
∂z
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S1/SLO−2 1.8

Gradient, divergence Solving Tip!

⃗i + ⃗j + 4⃗k
Ans. √
18

2. Find the angle between the surfaces x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9

and x2 + y 2 − z = 3 at the point (2, −1, 2).

Solution:

Step1: Let us take f =first surface

and g = second surface

Step2: Find ∇f

Step3: Find ∇g

Step4: At the point,

find ∇f & ∇g

Step5: Use below formula to find

angle

∇f · ∇g
cos θ =
|∇f | |∇g|

 
−1
8
Ans.θ = cos √
3 21
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S1/SLO−2 1.9

Gradient, divergence Solving Tip!

3.Find a and b if the surfaces ax2 − byz = (a + 2)x and

4x2 y + z 3 = 4 cut orthogonally at the point (1, −1, 2).

Solution:

let f = ax2 − byz − (a + 2)x and g = 4x2 y + z 3 − 4 be the

given surfaces.

Given the surfaces are cuts orthogonally at the point (1, −1, 2).

∴ ∇f · ∇g = 0 − − − −(1)

∂f ⃗ ∂f ⃗ ∂f
Now ∇f = ⃗i +j +k
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂f ∂f ∂f
= 2ax − (a + 2) = −bz = −by
∂x ∂y ∂z

∇f = (2ax − (a + 2))⃗i − bz⃗j − by⃗k

At (1, −1, 2),

∇f = (a − 2)⃗i − 2b⃗j + b⃗k

∂g ⃗ ∂g ⃗ ∂g
and ∇g = ⃗i +j +k
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂g ∂g ∂g
= = =
∂x ∂y ∂z

∇g =

At (1, −1, 2), ∇g =

21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S1/SLO−2 1.10

Gradient, divergence Solving Tip!

∴ ∇f · ∇g =

From (1),∇f · ∇g = 0 ⇒

⇒ 2a − b = 4 − − − −(2)

Since (1, −1, 2) is a point on the surface f = 0, we get

a + 2b − (a + 2) = 0 ⇒ a + 2b − a − 2 = 0 ⇒ b = 1

5 Substitute in (2)
(2) ⇒ 2a = 4 + b ⇒ 2a = 4 + 1 ⇒ a =
2

5
∴ a = ;b = 1
2
4.Find the angle between the normals to the surface xy = z 2
at the points (1, 4, 2) and (−3, −3, 3).

Solution:

Let ϕ = xy − z 2 Step1:Write ϕ =given surface

∂ϕ ⃗ ∂ϕ ⃗ ∂ϕ Step2:Find ∇ϕ
∇ϕ = ⃗i +j +k
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
= = =
∂x ∂y ∂z

∇ϕ =

Step3: At the given point, find the

At (1, 4, 2),
value of ∇ϕ

⃗n1 = ∇ϕ =

At (−3, −3, 3),

⃗n2 = ∇ϕ =

⃗n1 · ⃗n2
∴ cos θ = =
|⃗n1 | |⃗n2 |
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S1/SLO−2 1.11

Gradient, divergence Solving Tip!

Divergence of a vector function

The divergence of a vector point function F⃗ is denoted by divF⃗

and is defined as below.

Let F⃗ = F1⃗i + F2⃗j + F3⃗k

Then divF⃗ = ∇.F⃗

  
∂ ∂ ⃗ ∂ 
⃗
= i ⃗
+j +k · F1⃗i + F2⃗j + F3⃗k
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3

= + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S2/SLO−1 1.12

Solenoidal Solving Tip!

Solenoidal

A vector F⃗ is said to be solenoidal if divF⃗ = 0 i.e., ∇.F⃗ = 0

1. Find the divergence of the vector

v = (xyz)⃗i + (3x2 y)⃗j + (xz 2 − y 2 z)⃗
⃗ k at (2, −1, 1)

Solution

Given ⃗v = (xyz)⃗i + (3x2 y)⃗j + (xz 2 − y 2 z)⃗k Step1: Write the given vector

Step2:Take a dot product of ∇ and

div⃗v = ∇ · ⃗v
⃗v

∂ ∂ ∂
= (xyz) + (3x2 y) + (xz 2 − y 2 z)
∂x ∂y ∂z

= yz + 3x2 + 2xz − y 2

At (2, −1, 1),

div⃗v = (−1)(1) + 3(2)2 + 2(2)(1) − (−1)2

= −1 + 12 + 4 − 1 = 14

2. Find the value of a, if the vector

F⃗ = (2x2 y + yz)⃗i + (xy 2 − xz 2 )⃗j + (axyz − 2x2 y 2 )⃗k is
solenoidal. Solution:

Given F⃗ = (2x2 y + yz)⃗i + (xy 2 − xz 2 )⃗j + (axyz − 2x2 y 2 )⃗k is

Step1: Write the given vector
solenoidal

Step2:Use the condition for the

∇ · F⃗ = 0
vector being solenoidal, to find a

∂ ∂ ∂
⇒ (2x2 y + yz) + (xy 2 − xz 2 ) + (axyz − 2x2 y 2 ) = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
⇒ 4xy + 2xy + axy = 0

⇒ 6xy + axy = 0

⇒ (6 + a)xy = 0 ∵ x ̸= 0, y ̸= 0

⇒ 6 + a = 0 ⇒ a = −6
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S2/SLO−2 1.13

Solenoidal Solving Tip!

LEARNING TIME EXCERCISE

1. Find div⃗r if ⃗r = x⃗i + y⃗j + z⃗k

Solution

Ans.3

2. Find a such that

(3x − 2y + z)⃗i + (4x + ay − z)⃗j + (x − y + 2z)⃗k is solenoidal.

Solution

Ans. a = −5
 21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S2/SLO−2 1.14

Curl

Curl of a vector point function

If F⃗ (x, y, z) = F1⃗i + F2⃗j + F3⃗k be a vector point function continuously differentiable in a region R,
then the curl of F⃗ is defined by

CurlF⃗ = ∇ × F⃗

⃗i ⃗j ⃗k
= ∂/∂x ∂/∂y ∂/∂z
F1 F2 F3

Instead of curlF⃗ one also uses the notation rotF⃗

v = (xyz)⃗i + (3x2 y)⃗j + (xz 2 − y 2 z)⃗

1. Find the curl of ⃗ k

Solution:

Curl⃗v = ∇ × ⃗v

⃗i ⃗j ⃗k
= ∂/∂x ∂/∂y ∂/∂z
(xyz) (3x2 y) (xz 2 − y 2 z)

∂/∂y ∂/∂z ∂/∂x ∂/∂z ∂/∂x ∂/∂y

= ⃗i − ⃗j + ⃗k
(3x2 y) (xz 2 − y 2 z) (xyz) (xz 2 − y 2 z) (xyz) (3x2 y)
   
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= (xz − y z) − (3x y) ⃗i −
2 2 2
(xz − y z) − (xyz) ⃗j
2 2
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z
 
∂ ∂
+ 2
(3x y) − (xyz) ⃗k
∂x ∂y

= −2yz⃗i − (z 2 − xy)⃗j + (6xy − xz)⃗k

21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S2/SLO−2 1.15

Irrotational fields

Irrotational Field

A vector field F⃗ is said to be irrotational if curlF⃗ = 0

Note:

1. Rotating Body and Curl

The Curl of the velocity field of a rotating rigid body has the direction of the axis of the rotation, and
its magnitude equals twice the angular speed of the rotation.

2. Grad,Div, Curl

Gradient fields are irrotational. i.e., if a continuously differentiable vector function is the gradient of
a scalar function ϕ, then its curl is the zero vector,

curl(gradϕ) = 0

Furthermore, the divergence of the curl of a twice continuously differentiable vector function F⃗ is
zero.

div(curlF⃗ ) = 0
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S2/SLO−2 1.16

Curl – Solenoidal Solving Tip!

LEARNING TIME EXCERCISE

1. Determine the constants a such that the curl of vector

(axy − z 2 )⃗
i + (x2 + 2yz)⃗
j + (y 2 − axz)⃗
k is zero.

Solution:
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S2/SLO−2 1.17

Curl – Solenoidal Solving Tip!

LEARNING TIME EXCERCISE

2. If F⃗ = (ax2 + 2y 2 + 1)⃗i + (4xy + by 2 z − 3)⃗j + (c − y 3 )⃗k is

irrotational, then find a, b and c.

Solution:
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S2/SLO−2 1.18

Irrotational fields Solving Tip!

r = x⃗i + y⃗j + z⃗
3. If ⃗ r |, prove than rn⃗r is
k and r = |⃗
solenoidal if n = −3 and irrotational for all values of n.

Solution:Given ⃗r = x⃗i + y⃗j + z⃗k

p
∴ r = |⃗r| = x2 + y 2 + z 2

⇒ r2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 − − − −(1)

rn⃗r = rn (x⃗i + y⃗j + z⃗k)

= rn x⃗i + rn y⃗j + rn z⃗k

∴ div(rn⃗r) = ∇.(rn x⃗i + rn y⃗j + rn z⃗k)

∂ n ∂ n ∂
= (r x) + (r y) + (rn z) − − − (2)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ n ∂ Use the rule (uv)′ = u(v ′ ) + v(u′ )
But (r x) = rn .1 + x. (rn )
∂x ∂x
∂r ∵ r is a function of x, y, z
= rn + x.nrn−1
∂x
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S1/SLO−2 1.19

Irrotational fields Solving Tip!

Similarly,

∂ n ∂r
(r y) = rn + nrn−1
∂y ∂y
∂ n ∂r
(r z) = rn + nrn−1
∂z ∂z
And we have (1) ⇒ r2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2

Diff. (1) partially w.r.to x

∂r ∂r x
∴ 2r = 2x ⇒ =
∂x ∂x r
Diff. (1) partially w.r.to y

∂r ∂r y
∴ 2r = 2y ⇒ =
∂y ∂y r
Diff. (1) partially w.r.to z

Substitute these values in the above

∂ ∂r z
∴ 2r = 2z ⇒ =
∂z ∂z r derivatives

∂ n x x
∴ (r x) = rn + x.nrn−1 = rn + x2 nrn−2 = x.r−1 = r−1 .x
∂x r r
∂ n y
(r y) = rn + nrn−1 = rn + y 2 .nrn−2
∂y r
∂ n z
(r z) = rn + nrn−1 = rn + z 2 .nrn−2
∂z r
Substitute in (2)

∂ n ∂ n ∂
∴ div(rn⃗r) = (r x) + (r y) + (rn z)
∂x ∂y ∂z

= rn + x2 nrn−2 + rn + y 2 nrn−2 + rn + z 2 nrn−2

= 3rn + nrn−2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

= 3rn + nrn−2 (r2 ) am .an = am+n

= 3rn + nrn = (n + 3)rn

If n = −3, then div(rn⃗r) = 0

∴ div(rn⃗r) is solenoidal when n = −3

21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S2/SLO−2 1.20

Irrotational fields Solving Tip!

⃗i ⃗j ⃗k
Now ∇ × rn⃗r = ∂/∂x ∂/∂y ∂/∂z
rn x rn y rn z

∂ n ∂r
(r z) = 0 + znrn−1
∂y ∂z
z
= 0 + ynrn−1
r
= yznrn−2

Similarly find rest of them

Substitute and take determinant

∴ ∇ × rn⃗r = ⃗0 for all values of n.

21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S3/SLO−1 1.21

Vector Identities(Without proof)

Vector Identities

1. If f and g are scalar point functions which are differentiable, then

i.∇C = 0

ii.∇(Cf ) = C∇f

iii.∇(f ± g) = ∇f ± ∇g

iv.∇(f g) = f ∇g + g∇f
 
f g∇f − f ∇g
v.∇ = if g ̸= 0
g g2

2. If F⃗ and G
⃗ are vector point functions, then ∇ · (F⃗ + G)
⃗ = ∇ · F⃗ + ∇ · G
⃗

⃗ is a vector point function, then ∇ · (f G)

3. If f is a scalar point function and G ⃗ = ∇f · G
⃗ + f (∇ · G)

⃗ is a vector point function, then

4. If f is a scalar point function and G

⃗ = ∇f × G
∇ × (f G) ⃗ + f (∇ × G)

5. If F⃗ and G
⃗ are vector point functions, then

∇(F⃗ .G)
⃗ = (F⃗ .∇)G
⃗ + (G
⃗ · ∇)F⃗ + F⃗ × (∇ × G)
⃗ +G
⃗ × (∇ × F⃗ )

6. If F⃗ and G
⃗ are vector point functions then

div(F⃗ × G)
⃗ = G.curl
⃗ F⃗ − F⃗ · curlG
⃗

7. If F⃗ and G
⃗ are vector point functions then

∇ × (F⃗ × G)
⃗ = F⃗ (∇.G)
⃗ − G(∇.
⃗ F⃗ ) + (G
⃗ · ∇)F⃗ − (F⃗ · ∇)G
⃗

∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2f
8. If f is scalar point function, then div grad f = + +
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2

9. If f is a vector point function, then div curlF⃗ = 0.

10. If f is a vector point function, then curl(curlF⃗ ) = ∇ × (∇ × F⃗ ) = ∇ · (∇ · F⃗ ) − ∇2 F⃗ .

21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S3/SLO−1 1.22

Using Vector Identities to prove some results Solving Tip!

Using the vector identities, we have to see some results.

 
1 n
1. Prove that ∇ =− ⃗
r
rn r n+2

Proof:We have ⃗r = x⃗i + y⃗j + z⃗k and r = |⃗r| =

p
x2 + y 2 + z 2

∂r x ∂r y ∂r z
∴ = ; = ; =
∂x r ∂y r ∂z r
       
1 ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ⃗k ∂ 1
∴ ∇ n = ⃗i + ⃗j +
r ∂x rn ∂y rn ∂z rn

∂ −n ∂ −n ∂
= ⃗i (r ) + ⃗j (r ) + ⃗k (r−n )
∂x ∂y ∂z
      Substitute the values of
−n−1 ∂r ∂r ∂r
= ⃗i −nr + ⃗j −nr −n−1
+ ⃗k −nr −n−1 ∂r ∂r ∂r
∂x ∂y ∂z , ,
∂x ∂y ∂z
 x ⃗  y ⃗  z
= ⃗i −nr−(n+1) + j −nr−(n+1) + k −nr−(n+1)
r r r
 nx   ny   nz 
= ⃗i − −(n+2) + ⃗j − −(n+2) + ⃗k − −(n+2)
r r r
n  
= − −(n+2) x⃗i + y⃗j + z⃗k
r
n
=− ⃗r
r−(n+2)
2.Prove that ∇2 (rn ) = n(n + 1)rn−2 .

Proof:We have ⃗r = x⃗i + y⃗j + z⃗k and r = |⃗r| =

p
x2 + y 2 + z 2

∂r x ∂r y ∂r z
∴ = ; = ; =
∂x r ∂y r ∂z r
∂ ∂ ∂
Now ∇(rn ) = ⃗i (rn ) + ⃗j (rn ) + ⃗k (rn )
∂x ∂y ∂z
     
⃗ n−1 ∂r ⃗ n−1 ∂r ⃗ n−1 ∂r
= i nr + j nr + k nr
∂x ∂y ∂z
 x  ⃗  n−1 y  ⃗  n−1 z 
= ⃗i nrn−1 + j nr + k nr
r r r

= ⃗i (nrn−2 x) + ⃗j (nrn−2 y) + ⃗k (nrn−2 z)

h i
= nrn−2 x⃗i + y⃗j + z⃗k

= nrn−2⃗r − − − −(1)
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S3/SLO−1 1.23

Using Vector Identities to prove some results Solving Tip!

Now ∇2 (rn ) = ∇ · (∇(rn ))

= ∇ · (nrn−2⃗r)

= n [∇ · (rn−2⃗r)] We know that

= n [∇rn−2 · ⃗r + rn−2 (∇ · ⃗r)] ⃗ = ∇f · G

∇ · (f G) ⃗ + f (∇ · G)

= n [(n − 2)rn−4⃗r · ⃗r + rn−2 (3)] ∇(rn ) = nrn−2⃗r

= n [(n − 2)rn−4 r2 + rn−2 (3)] ⇒ ∇(rn−2 ) = (n − 2)rn−2−2⃗r
= n [(n − 2)rn−4+2 + 3rn−2 ] = (n − 2)rn−4⃗r
= n [(n − 2)rn−2 + 3rn−2 ] and we know
= nrn−2 [n − 2 + 3] ⃗r ·⃗r = (x⃗i + y⃗j + z⃗k).(x⃗i + y⃗j + z⃗k)
= nrn−2 [n + 1] = x2 + y 2 + z 2
= n(n + 1)rn−2 = r2
div ⃗r = ∇.⃗r
∂ ∂ ∂
= (x) + (y) + (z) = 3
∂x ∂y ∂z

LEARNING TIME EXCERCISE

2f ′ (r)
1. Prove that ∇2 f (r) = f ′′ (r) +
r
Proof:

∇.⃗r = 3
 
f g∇f − f ∇g
∇ =
g g2

⃗r
∇(f (r)) = f ′ (r)
r
⃗r
∇(f ′ (r)) = f ′′ (r)
r
⃗r
∇(rn ) = nrn−2⃗r ⇒ ∇r =
r
⃗r.⃗r = r2
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S3/SLO−2 1.24

Direction derivative Solving Tip!

Working procedure to find directional derivative

Step1: Identify the surface and write it as ϕ

Step2: At the given point, find ∇ϕ
Step3: For the given direction ⃗a, find |⃗a|.
Step4: Substitute the step2 and step3 values
in the directional derivative formula
∇ϕ · ⃗a
i.e., Direction derivative=
|⃗a|

1. Find the directional derivative of

ϕ(x, y, z) = x2 yz + 4xz 2 at the point (1, −2, −1) in the
direction of the vector 2⃗i − ⃗j − 2⃗
k

Solution:Given ϕ(x, y, z) = x2 yz + 4xz 2 Step1

∂ϕ
= 2xyz + 4z 2
∂x
∂ϕ
= x2 z
∂y
∂ϕ
= x2 y + 8xz
∂z

∇ϕ = (2xyz + 4z 2 )⃗i + (x2 z)⃗j + (x2 y + 8xz)⃗k

At the point (1, −2, −1),

∇ϕ = (2(1)(−2)(−1) + 4(−1)2 )⃗i + ((1)2 (−1))⃗j Step2

+((1)2 (−2) + 8(1)(−1))⃗k

= 8⃗i − ⃗j − 10⃗k

Given ⃗a = 2⃗i − ⃗j − 2⃗k Step3

p √
∴ |⃗a| = (2)2 + (−1)2 + (−2)2 = 9 = 3

∇ϕ · ⃗a Step4
∴ Directional derivative=
|⃗a|
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S3/SLO−2 1.25

Direction derivative Solving Tip!

(8⃗i − ⃗j − 10⃗k) · (2⃗i − ⃗j − 2⃗k)

=
3
(8)(2) + (−1)(−1) + (−10)(−2) 37
= =
3 3
2. In what direction from the point (1, 1, −2) is the
directional derivative of ϕ = x2 − 2y 2 + 4z 2 maximum? Also
find the maximum directional derivative.

Solution

Given ϕ = x2 − 2y 2 + 4z 2 Step1:Find ∇ϕ

We know that the directional derivative is maximum in the

Step2:Find |∇ϕ|
direction of ∇ϕ. The maximum directional derivative is |∇ϕ|

∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
= 2x; = −4y; = 8z
∂x ∂y ∂z

∇ϕ = 2x⃗i − 4y⃗j + 8z⃗k

At (1, 1, −2), ∇ϕ = 2⃗i − 4⃗j − 16⃗k

∴ the directional derivative is maximum in the direction of

∇ϕ = 2⃗i − 4⃗j − 16k and the maximum directional derivative is
√ √ √
|∇ϕ| = 4 + 16 + 256 = 276 = 2 69

3. Find the directional derivative of the function

ϕ = x2 − y 2 + 2z 2 at the point P (1,2,3) in the direction of the
line PQ where Q is the point(5,0,4).

Solution Given ϕ = x2 − y 2 + 2z 2

∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
= 2x; = −2y; = 4z
∂x ∂y ∂z

∇ϕ = 2x⃗i − 2y⃗j + 4z⃗k

At the point P (1, 2, 3),

∇ϕ = (2(1))⃗i − (2(2))⃗j + (4(3))⃗k

= 2⃗i − 4⃗j + 12⃗k

21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S3/SLO−2 1.26

Direction derivative Solving Tip!

Now P⃗Q = OQ ⃗ = (5 − 1)⃗i + (0 − 2)⃗j + (4 − 3)⃗k

⃗ − OP

= 4⃗i − 2⃗j + ⃗k

∴ Directional derivative along P⃗Q

(2⃗i − 4⃗j + 12⃗k) · (4⃗i − 2⃗j + ⃗k)

= p
(4)2 + (−2)2 + (1)2

8 + 8 + 12 12
=p =√
(4)2 + (−2)2 + (1)2 21
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S3/SLO−2 1.27

Conservative Vector Field

A vector field F⃗ is said to be conservative if there exists a scalar

function ϕ such that F⃗ = ∇ϕ

Note:

1. In a conservative field F⃗ = ∇ϕ

∴ ∇ × F⃗ = ∇ × ∇ϕ = ⃗0 ⇒ F⃗ is irrotational.

2. This scalar function ϕ is called the scalar potential of F⃗ .

Irrotational vectors only will have the scalar potential ϕ.
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S2/SLO−2 1.28

Irrotational fields Solving Tip!

1. If a vector field is given by F⃗ = (x2 − y 2 + x)⃗i − (2xy + y)⃗j.

If the field irrotational? If so, find the scalar potential.

Solution

Given F⃗ = (x2 − y 2 + x)⃗i − (2xy + y)⃗j.

CurlF⃗ = ∇ × F⃗

⃗i ⃗j ⃗k
= ∂/∂x ∂/∂y ∂/∂z
(x2 − y 2 + x) −(2xy + y) 0

∂/∂y ∂/∂z
= ⃗i
−(2xy + y) 0

∂/∂x ∂/∂z
−⃗j
(x2 − y 2 + x) 0

∂/∂x ∂/∂y
+⃗k
(x2 − y 2 + x) −(2xy + y)
 
∂ ∂
= (0) − (−(2xy + y)) ⃗i
∂y ∂z
 
∂ ∂ 2
− (0) − (x − y + x) ⃗j
2
∂x ∂z
 
∂ ∂ 2
+ (−(2xy + y)) − (x − y + x) ⃗k
2
∂x ∂y

= (0 − 0)⃗i − (0 − 0)⃗j + (−2y + 2y)⃗k = ⃗0

∴ F⃗ is irrotational.

Hence there exists a scalar function ϕ such that F⃗ = ∇ϕ,

∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ ⃗ Comparing the like coefficients

⇒ (x2 − y 2 + x)⃗i − (2xy + y)⃗j = ⃗i + ⃗j + k
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ϕ
∴ = (x2 − y 2 + x) − −(1)
∂x
∂ϕ ∂ϕ
= −(2xy + y) − −(2) and = 0 − −(3)
∂y ∂z
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S1/SLO−2 1.29

Irrotational fields Solving Tip!

x3 x2
Integrating (1) w.r.to x, ϕ = − y2x + + f1 (y, z) − − − (4)
3 2
y2 y2
Integrating (2) w.r.to y, ϕ = −2x − + f1 2(x, z) − − − (5)
2 2
Integrating (3) w.r.to z, ϕ = f3 (x, y) − − − (6)

From (4),(5)&(6),

For writing the ϕ, write the term

x3 x2 y 2 once those who are repeated from
ϕ= − y2x + − +c
3 2 2
(4),(5)&(6)

x3 x2 y 2
Hence the scalar potential is ϕ = + − − xy 2 + c
3 2 2

LEARNING TIME EXCERCISE

1. Prove that
⃗ = (y 2 cos x + z 3 )⃗i + (2y sin x − 4)⃗j − (3xz 2 )⃗
F k is
irrotational and find its scalar potential.

Solution:
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S2/SLO−2 1.30

Irrotational fields Solving Tip!

Ans.ϕ = y 2 sin x + xz 3 − 4y + c
Tutorial-4
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S4/SLO−1 1.28

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 4 Solving Tip!

1. Find grad ϕ at the point (1, −2, −1),

ifϕ = 3xz 2 y − y 3 z 2

Solution:

Ans.−6⃗i − 9⃗j − 4⃗k

2. Find the angle between the surfaces x2 + yz = 2 and

x + 2y − z = 2 at the point (1, 1, 1)

Solution:

Ans.π/3
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S4/SLO−1 1.29

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 4 Solving Tip!

3. Find a unit normal to the surface x2 y + 2xz 2 = 8 at the

point (1, 0, 2).

Solution:

8⃗i + ⃗j + 8⃗k
Ans.⃗n = √
129

4. Find the maximum value of the directional derivative of

ϕ = x3 yz at the point (1, 4, 1)

Solution:

√
Ans. 161
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S4/SLO−1 1.30

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 4 Solving Tip!

5. If ⃗
r is the position vector of (x,y,z) with respect to origin,
r and curl⃗
then find div⃗ r.

Solution:

Ans.div⃗r = 3&curl⃗r = 0

6. What is the greatest rate of increase of ϕ = xyz 2 at the

point (1, 0, 3)?

Solution:

Ans.9
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S4/SLO−2 1.31

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 4 Solving Tip!

7. Find the constants a, b and c so that

⃗ = (x + 2y + az)⃗i + (bx − 3y − z)⃗j + (4x + cy + 2z)⃗
F k
may be irrotational. Also find the scalar potential?

Solution:

Step1:Find curlF⃗ = ⃗0

Step2:Obtain the constants by

comparing the components and
then solving it

Step3:Given vector is
conservative, there exists a scalar
ϕ such that F⃗ = ∇ϕ

Step4:Segregate the derivatives

from the above equation and
integrating each w.r.t
corresponding variable.

Step5:Gather the terms from the

three integrated equations,
which is the required ϕ
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S4/SLO−2 1.32

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 4 Solving Tip!

8. Determine f (r) so that the vector f (r)⃗

r is both solenoidal
and irrotational.

Solution:

If ⃗r is not specified, it will always

represent the position vector of any
point (x, y, z)

Step1:Find ∇ · (f (r)⃗r) = 0

Step2: Integrate it w.r.to r, we get

c
f (r) = 3
r
Step3:Prove ∇ × (f (r)⃗r) = 0

c/r3
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S4/SLO−2 1.33

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 4 Solving Tip!

9. Find the directional derivative of ϕ = xy 2 + yz 3 at the

point (2, −1, 1) in the direction of the normal to the surface
x log z − y 2 + 4 = 0 at the point (−1, 2, 1).

Solution:

Step1:Find ∇ϕ

Step2:At the point (2, −1, 1), find

∇ϕ

Step3:Take f =given surface

Step4:At the point (−1, 2, 1), find

∇f i.e., ⃗a = ∇f

Step5:Substitute in the
directional derivative formula

√
15/ 17
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S4/SLO−2 1.34

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 4 Solving Tip!

10. Find the directional derivative of ϕ = xy + yz + zx at

the point (3, 1, 2) in the direction of the vector
2⃗i + 3⃗j + 6⃗
k.

Solution:

45/7
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S5/SLO−1 1.35

Line integral

An integral evaluated over a curve C is called a line integral. We call C as the path of integration. We
assume every path of integration of a line integral to be piecewise smooth consisting of finitely many
smooth curves.

Line integral

A line integral of a vector point function F⃗ (⃗r) over a curve C, where ⃗r is the position vector of any
point on C, is defined by F⃗ .d⃗r
R
c

Note:

1.Work: If F⃗ represents the variable force acting on a particle along arc AB, then the total
RB
work done= F⃗ .d⃗r
A

RB
2. In the conservative field the total workdone by F⃗ from A to B is F⃗ .d⃗r =
R
c
dϕ
A

3. In a conservative field the work done depends on the value of ϕ at the end points A and B of the
path, but not on the path.

F⃗ .d⃗r is independent of the path C.

R
i.e., c

F⃗ .d⃗r is independent of the path C, it is enough to show that ∇ × F⃗ = 0

R
and to prove c
H R
4. If the path of integration C is closed curve, we write instead of
C C

5. If F⃗ = F1⃗i + F2⃗j + F3⃗k and ⃗r = x⃗i + y⃗j + z⃗k,

then d⃗r = dx⃗i + dy⃗j + dz⃗k and F⃗ .d⃗r =

R R
F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz
C C
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S5/SLO−1 1.36

Line integral Solving Tip!

⃗ = 3xy⃗i − y 2⃗j, evaluate ⃗ .d⃗

R
1.If F F r where C is the arc of
C
the parabola y = 2x2 from (0, 0) to (1, 2).

Solution:Given F⃗ = 3xy⃗i − y 2⃗j

d⃗r = dx⃗i + dy⃗j

F⃗ .d⃗r = 3xydx − y 2 dy Step1:Find F⃗ .d⃗r

F⃗ .d⃗r = (3xydx − y 2 dy)

R R
∴
C C

Step2:Identify the path of

On C: integration and make the
integration w.r.to one variable.

y = 2x2
dy = 4xdx
x varies from 0 to 1

F⃗ .d⃗r = (3xydx − y 2 dy)

R R
∴ Step3:Perform the integral
C C

R1 Substitute y = x2
= (3x.2x2 dx − (2x2 )2 .4xdx)
0
dy = 2xdx

R1
= (6x3 dx − 16x5 dx)
0

1
x4 x6 xn+1

R
= 6 − 16 xn dx =
4 6 0 n+1
  
6 16
= − − (0 − 0)
4 6
3 8 9 − 16
= − =
2 3 6
−7
=
6
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S5/SLO−1 1.37

Line integral Solving Tip!

2. If F⃗ = (3x2 + 6y)⃗i − 14yz⃗j + 20xz 2⃗k, evaluate the line

integral F⃗ .d⃗r from (0,0,0) to (1,1,1) along the curve C given
R
c
by x = t, y = t2 , z = t3

Solution:Given F⃗ = (3x2 + 6y)⃗i − 14yz⃗j + 20xz 2⃗k,

d⃗r = dx⃗i + dy⃗j + dz⃗k

F⃗ .d⃗r = (3x2 + 6y)dx − 14yzdy + 20xz 2 dz Step1:Find F⃗ .d⃗r

F⃗ .d⃗r = ((3x2 + 6y)dx − 14yzdy + 20xz 2 dz)

R R
∴
C C

Step2:Identify the path of

On C: integration and make the
integration w.r.to one variable.

x = t, y = t2 , z = t3

∴ dx = dt, dy = 2tdt, dz = 3t2 dt

∵ x = t, when x = 0, t = 0 and when x = 1, t = 1

F⃗ .d⃗r = ((3x2 + 6y)dx − 14yzdy + 20xz 2 dz)

R R
∴ Step3:Perform the line integral
C C

R1
= ((3(t)2 + 6(t2 ))dt − 14(t2 )(t3 )2tdt + 20(t)(t3 )2 .3t2 dt)
0

R1
= (9t2 − 28t6 + 60t9 )dt
0

 3 1
t t7 t1 0
= 9 − 28 + 60
3 7 10 0
  
1 1 1
= 9 − 28 + 60 − (0 − 0 + 0)
3 7 10
=3−4+6=5
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S5/SLO−2 1.38

Line integral Solving Tip!

LEARNING TIME EXCERCISE

1.If F⃗ = (4xy − 3x2 z 2 )⃗i + 2x2⃗j − 2x3 z⃗k, then check whether
the integral F⃗ .d⃗r is independent of the path C.
R
C

Solution:Given F⃗ = (4xy − 3x2 z 2 )⃗i + 2x2⃗j − 2x3 z⃗k,

Now ∇ × F⃗ = Check ∇ × F⃗ = 0

∴ F⃗ is conservative

F⃗ .d⃗r is independent of the path C.

R
Hence
C

z2
2. The scalar potential ϕ = zex − x2 y + y + + c for the
2
conservative field F⃗ = (ex z − 2xy)⃗i − (x2 − 1)⃗j + (ex + z)⃗k.
Evaluate F⃗ .d⃗r where the end points of C are (0,1,-1) and
R
C
(2,3,0).

Solution:Since given F⃗ is conservative,

(2,3,0)
F⃗ .d⃗r = [ϕ](0,1,−1)
R
∴
C

(2,3,0)
z2

x 2
= ze − x y + y + +c
2 (0,1,−1)
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S6/SLO−1 1.39

Surface integral Solving Tip!

Surface integral

Let S be a surface of finite area which is smooth or piece-wise

smooth. Let F⃗ (x, y, z) be a vector point function defined at each
point of S. Let P be any point on the surface and let ⃗n be the
outward normal at P. Then the surface integral of F⃗ over S is
s
defined as F⃗ .⃗ndS
S

To evaluate surface integrals, it is convenient to express them as

double integrals taken over the projected region R of the surface
S on one of the coordinate planes. They are

For taking the projection on xy−plane

s s dxdy Let R be the othogonal projection

F⃗ .⃗ndS = F⃗ .⃗n
S R ⃗n.⃗k
of S on the xy−plane. Then
the element surface dS is projected
to an element area dxdy in the
xy−plane. ∴ dxdy = dS cos θ
where θ is the angle between the
planes of dS and xy−plane. Let ⃗n
be the unit normal to dS and ⃗k be
the unit normal to the xy-plane. We
know that angle between the planes
is equal to the angle between the
normals, θ is the angle between the
⃗n.⃗k
normals ⃗n and ⃗k. ∴ cos θ =
|n||⃗k|

For taking the projection on yz−plane

s s dydz
F⃗ .⃗ndS = F⃗ .⃗n
S R ⃗n.⃗i
For taking the projection on zx−plane

s s dxdy
F⃗ .⃗ndS = F⃗ .⃗n
S R ⃗n.⃗j
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S6/SLO−1 1.40

Surface integral Solving Tip!

s
1. Evaluate F⃗ .⃗ndS if F⃗ = yz⃗i + zx⃗j + xy⃗k and S is that
S
part of the surface of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 which lies
in the first octant.

Solution:Given F⃗ = yz⃗i + zx⃗j + xy⃗k

The surface ϕ = x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1

∴ ∇ϕ = 2x⃗i + 2y⃗j + 2z⃗k

The unit vector ⃗n normal to the surface is

∇ϕ
⃗n =
|∇ϕ|

2x⃗i + 2y⃗j + 2z
=p
4x2 + 4y 2 + 4z 2

2x⃗i + 2y⃗j + 2z
=p ∵ x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
2 2
4(x + y + z ) 2

2x⃗i + 2y⃗j + 2z
= p = x⃗i + y⃗j + z⃗k
4(1)

F⃗ .⃗n = (yz⃗i + zx⃗j + xy⃗k) · (x⃗i + y⃗j + z⃗k)

= xyz + xyz + xyz = 3xyz

s s dxdy
Now F⃗ .⃗ndS = F⃗ .⃗n
S R |⃗n.⃗k|

where R is the projection of S on the xy-plane. Clearly the

region R is bounded by the x-axis, y-axis and the circle
x2 + y 2 = 1, z = 0

|⃗n.⃗k| = (x⃗i + y⃗j + z⃗k) · ⃗k = z

s s dxdy
∴ F⃗ .⃗ndS = F⃗ .⃗n
S R |⃗n.⃗k|
s dxdy
= 3xyz
R z
√
s R1 R 2
1−x
=3 xydxdy = 3 xydydx
R 0 0
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S6/SLO−1 1.41

Surface integral Solving Tip!

√
2
 1−x2
R1

y
=3 x dx
0 2 0

3 R1
= [(x(1 − x2 )) − (x(0))] dx
20

3 R1
= [x − x3 ] dx
20
1
3 x 2 x4

= −
2 2 4 0
  
3 1 1
= − − (0 − 0)
2 2 4
 
3 1 3
= = sq.units
2 4 8
s
2. Evaluate F⃗ .⃗ndS, where F⃗ = z⃗i + x⃗j − y 2 z⃗k and S is the
S
surface of the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1 included in the first octant
between z=0 and z=2.

Solution:

Given F⃗ = z⃗i + x⃗j − y 2 z⃗k

The surface ϕ = x2 + y 2 − 1

∴ ∇ϕ = 2x⃗i + 2y⃗j

The unit vector ⃗n normal to the surface is

∇ϕ
⃗n =
|∇ϕ|

2x⃗i + 2y⃗j
=p
4x2 + 4y 2

2x⃗i + 2y⃗j
=p ∵ x2 + y 2 = 1
4(x2 + y 2 )

2x⃗i + 2y⃗j
= p = x⃗i + y⃗j
4(1)

F⃗ .⃗n = (z⃗i + x⃗j − y 2 z⃗k) · (x⃗i + y⃗j) = xz + xy = x(z + y)

21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S6/SLO−1 1.42

Surface integral Solving Tip!

s s dydz
Now F⃗ .⃗ndS = F⃗ .⃗n
S R |⃗n.⃗i|

where R is the projection of S on the yz-plane. In the region R, y

varies from 0 to 1, z varies from 0 to 2

|⃗n.⃗i| = (x⃗i + y⃗j) · ⃗i = x

s s dydz
∴ F⃗ .⃗ndS = F⃗ .⃗n
S R |⃗n.⃗i|
s dydz
= x(z + y)
R x
s
= (z + y)dydz
R

R2 R1
= (z + y)dydz
0 0

1
R2 y2

= zy + dz
0 2 0

R2
  
1
= z+ − (0 + 0) dz
0 2

R2
 
1
= z+ dz
0 2
2
z2 1

= + z
2 2 0
 2  
2 1
= + 2 − (0 + 0)
2 2

= [2 + 1] = 3
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S6/SLO−1 1.43

Surface integrals Solving Tip!

s
3. Evaluate F⃗ .⃗ndS, where F⃗ = 18z⃗i − 12⃗j + 3y⃗k and S is
S
part of the plane 2x + 3y + 6z = 12 which is in the first octant.

Solution:Given F⃗ = 18z⃗i − 12⃗j + 3y⃗k

The surface ϕ = 2x + 3y + 6z − 12

∴ ∇ϕ = 2⃗i + 3⃗j + 6⃗k

The unit vector ⃗n normal to the surface is

∇ϕ
⃗n =
|∇ϕ|

2⃗i + 3⃗j + 6⃗k

=√
22 + 32 + 62

2⃗i + 3⃗j + 6⃗k

= √ ∵ x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
49

2⃗i + 3⃗j + 6⃗k

=
7

2⃗i + 3⃗j + 6⃗k

F⃗ .⃗n = (18z⃗i − 12⃗j + 3y⃗k) ·
7
36z − 36 + 18y
=
7
 
12 − 2x − 3y
36 − 36 + 18y
6
=
7
6 (12 − 2x − 3y) − 36 + 18y
=
7
72 − 12x − 18y − 36 + 18y 36 − 12x
= =
7 7
s s dxdy
Now F⃗ .⃗ndS = F⃗ .⃗n
S R |⃗n.⃗k|

From 2x + 3y + 6z = 12, the line

AB is 2x + 3y = 12 and see the
where R is the projection of S on the xy-plane. Clearly the
12 − 2x diagram in the next page with the
region R, y varies from 0 to and x varies from 0 to 6.
3 help of it write the limits for y and
x.
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S6/SLO−1 1.44

Surface integrals Solving Tip!

!
2⃗i + 3⃗j + 6⃗k
|⃗n.⃗k| = · ⃗k = 6/7
7

s s dxdy
∴ F⃗ .⃗ndS = F⃗ .⃗n
S R |⃗n.⃗k|

12 − 2x
R6 R3 36 − 12x dxdy
=
0 0 7 6/7

12 − 2x
R6 R3 36 − 12x
= dxdy
0 0 6

12 − 2x
R6 R3
= (6 − 2x)dxdy
0 0

12 − 2x
R6
= [6y − 2xy]0 3 dx
0

R6
     
12 − 2x 12 − 2x
= 6 − 2x − (0 − 0) dx
0 3 3

R6
  
12 − 2x
= 2 (12 − 2x) − 2x dx
0 3

R6 24x 4x2
 
= 24 − 4x − + dx
0 3 3

R6 4x2
   
12 + 24x
= 24 − + dx
0 3 3
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S6/SLO−1 1.45

Surface integrals Solving Tip!

R6 36x 4x2
 
= 24 − + dx
0 3 3

R6 4x2
 
= 24 − 12x + dx
0 3
6
x2 4x3

= 24x − 12 +
2 9 0

(6)2 4(6)3
  
= 24(6) − 12 + − (0 − 0 + 0)
2 9

(6)2 4(6)3
  
= 24(6) − 12 + − (0 − 0 + 0)
2 9
= 144 − 216 + 96 = 24
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S6/SLO−2 1.46

Volume Integral Solving Tip!

Volume integral

Any integral which is evaluated over a volume bounded by a

surface is called a volume integral.

If V is the volume bounded by a surface S, then

t t
ϕ(x, y, z)dV and F⃗ dV are called volume integrals.
V V

If we divide V into rectangular blocks by drawing planes parallel

to the coordinate planes, then dV = dxdydz
t t
∴ ϕ(x, y, z)dV = ϕ(x, y, z)dxdydz
V V

If F⃗ = F1⃗i + F2⃗j + F3⃗k, then

t t t t
F⃗ dV = ⃗i F1 dV + ⃗j F2 dV + ⃗k F3 dV
V V V V
t
1. Evaluate ϕdV, where ϕ = 45x2 y and V is the closed
V
origin bounded by the planes 4x + 2y + z = 8,
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.

Solution:

t R 8−4x−2y
R2 4−2x R For the upper limits:
∴ ϕdV = 45x2 ydzdydx
V 0 0 0

From
R2 4−2x
[z]8−4x−2y
R 2
= 45 xy 0 dydx 4x+2y +z = 8 ⇒ z = 8−4x−2y
0 0

and from
R2 4−2x
R 2
= 45 x y [8 − 4x − 2y] dydx 4x + 2y = 8 ⇒ 2y = 8 − 4x
0 0

⇒ y = 4 − 2xand from
R2 4−2x
R 2 2 2
= 45 [(8 − 4x)x y − 2x y ] dydx 4x = 8 ⇒ x = 2
0 0

2 3
4−2x
R2

2y 2y
= 45 (8 − 4x)x − 2x dx
0 2 3 0

2 3
4−2x
R2

2y 2y
= 45 2(4 − 2x)x − 2x dx
0 2 3 0

R2 − 2x)2 3
 
2 (4 2 (4 − 2x)
= 45 2(4 − 2x)x − 2x dx
0 2 3
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S6/SLO−2 1.47

Volume Integral Solving Tip!

R2 3 3
  
(4 − 2x) (4 − 2x)
= 45 2x2 − dx
0 2 3

R2 3
 
2 (4 − 2x)
= 45 x dx
0 3

R2 2 3
 
2 64 − 96x + 48x − 8x
= 45 x dx
0 3

R2
= 15 [64x2 − 96x3 + 48x4 − 8x5 ] dx
0

2
x3 x4 x5 x6

= 15 64 − 96 + 48 − 8
3 4 5 6 0

23 24 25 26
 
= 15 64 − 96 + 48 − 8
3 4 5 6
 
512 1536 256
= 15 − 384 + −
3 5 3
 
256 1536
= 15 − 384 +
3 5
 
1280 − 5760 + 4608
= 15 = 128
15
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S7/SLO−1 1.48

Green’s theorem (without proof),verification

Green’s theorem gives a relation between a surface integral over a region R in the xy plane and the
line integral over a closed curve C enclosing the region R. It helps to evaluate line integral easily.
Green’s theorem

If P(x,y) and Q(x,y) are continuous functions with continuous partial derivatives in a region R in the
xy plane and on its boundary C which is a simple closed curve then

I x  ∂Q ∂P 
P dx + Qdy = − dxdy
∂x ∂y
C R

where C is described in the anticlockwise sense.

Corollary:Area of the region R bounded by C is

x 1
I
dxdy = (xdy − ydx)
2
R C
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S7/SLO−1 1.49

Green’s theorem (without proof),verification Solving Tip!

1.Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for

H
(xy + y 2 )dx + x2 dy where C is the closed curve of the region
c
bounded by y = x and y = x2

Solution

Green’s theorem is
Z x  ∂Q ∂P 
P dx + Qdy = − dxdy
∂x ∂y
C R

Here P = xy + y 2 and Q = x2
∂P ∂Q
∴ = x + 2y and = 2x
∂y ∂x
∂Q ∂P
∴ − = x − 2y
∂x ∂y

s R1 Rx
 
∂Q ∂P
∴ R
− dxdy = (x − 2y)dydx
∂x ∂y 0 x2

x
R1 2y 2

= xy − (x − 2y)dx
0 2 x2
1
R1 x5 x4

4 3 −1
= (x − x ) dx = − = − − − (1)
0 5 4 0 20

Now
R R
P dx + Qdy = C
(xy + y 2 )dx + x2 dy
C
R R
= C1
(xy + y 2 )dx + x2 dy + C2
(xy + y 2 )dx + x2 dy

= I1 + I2

On C1 : y = x2 ∴ dy = 2xdx and x varies from 0 to 1.

21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S7/SLO−1 1.50

Green’s theorem (without proof),verification Solving Tip!

R1
I1 = (x.x2 + x4 )dx + x2 .2xdx
0

R1
= (3x3 + x4 )dx
0

1
x4 x5

= 3 +
4 5 0
 
3 1 19
= + =
4 5 20

On C2 : y = x ∴ dy = dx and x varies from 1 to 0.

R0
I1 = (x.x + x2 )dx + x2 dx
1

0
R0 x3

2
= 3x dx = 3 = −1
1 3 1

R 19 −1
∴ P dx + Qdy = −1= − − − (2)
C 20 20

From (1) and (2), Green’s theorem is verifed

R
2. Evaluate [(sin x − y) dx − cos xdy] , where C is the
C π  π 
triangle with vertices (0, 0), , 0 and ,1 .
2 2
Solution:

Green’s theorem is
Z x  ∂Q ∂P 
P dx + Qdy = − dxdy
∂x ∂y
C R

R
Given integral is [(sin x − y) dx − cos xdy] ,
C

Here P = sin x − y and Q =

− cos x
∂P ∂Q
∴ = −1 and = sin x
∂y ∂x

∂Q ∂P
∴ − = sin x + 1
∂x ∂y
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S7/SLO−1 1.51

Green’s theorem (without proof),verification Solving Tip!

y−0 x−0
Equation of OB is = π
0−1 0−
2
2
⇒y= x
π π
Equation of AB is x =
2

s R1 π/2
 
∂Q ∂P R
∴ R
− dxdy = (sin x + 1)dxdy
∂x ∂y 0 πy/2

R1 π/2
= [− cos x + x]πy/2 dy
0

R1 h π π  πy πy i
= − cos + − − cos + dy
0 2 2 2 2

R1 h π πy πy i
= + cos − dy
0 2 2 2
 πy 1
π 2 sin
= y+ 2 − πy 
2 πy2 2 2
0

π 2 π π
= + sin −
2 π 2 4
2 π
= +
π 4
By Green’s theorem,

R 2 π
[(sin x − y) dx − cos xdy] = +
C π 4
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S7/SLO−2 1.52

Green’s theorem (without proof),verification Solving Tip!

LEARNING TIME EXCERCISE

1. Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for

R
[(3x2 − 8y 2 ) dx − (4y − 6xy)dy] , where C is the boundary
C
of the region bounded by x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 1.

Solution:

Green’s theorem is
Z x  ∂Q ∂P 
P dx + Qdy = − dxdy
∂x ∂y
C R
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S7/SLO−2 1.53

Green’s theorem (without proof),verification Solving Tip!

Ans.5/3
Tutorial-5
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S8/SLO−1 1.53

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 5 Solving Tip!

1. If F⃗ = x2⃗i + y 2⃗j evaluate F⃗ .d⃗r along the line y = x from

R
C

(0,0) to (1,1).

Solution:

Ans.2/3
R
2. Evaluate C
(xdy − ydx) around the circle x2 + y 2 = 1.

Solution:

The parametric equation of the given circle is For the circle x2 + y 2 = r2

x = cos t; y = sin t The parametric equation is

dx = − sin t; dy = cos t x = r cos t; y = r sin t

Around the circle, t varies from 0 to 2π

R R2π
∴ C
(xdy − ydx) = cos t. cos tdt − sin t(− sin t)dt
0

Ans.2π
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S8/SLO−1 1.54

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 5 Solving Tip!

F⃗ .d⃗r is independent of path C

R
3. Show that the integral C

where F⃗ = (ex z − 2xy)⃗i − (x2 − 1)⃗j + (ex + z)⃗k..

Solution:

Step1:Find curl F⃗

Step2:Check whether it is zero

Step3:Hence the integral is

independent of path C.

4. Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field

F⃗ = 3x2⃗i + (2xz − y)⃗j − z⃗k from t=0 to t=1 along the curve
x = 2t2 , y = t, z = 4t3 .

Solution:

Step1:Write the given curve’s

parametric equations

Step2:Find dx;dy;dz

Step3:Find F⃗ .d⃗r and replace the

variables in terms of t

Step4:Write the work done

RB
formula F⃗ .d⃗r and solve it!
A
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S8/SLO−1 1.55

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 5 Solving Tip!

5. Show that F⃗ = (2xy + z 3 )⃗i + x2⃗j + 3xz 2⃗k is a conservative

field. Find the scalar potential and work done in moving an
object in this field from (1, −2, 1) to (3, 1, 4).

Solution:
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S8/SLO−2 1.56

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 5 Solving Tip!

R
6. Evaluate the line integral (y 2 dx − x2 dy) around the
C
triangle whose vertices are (1, 0), (0, 1), (−1, 0) in the positive
sense.

Solution:
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S8/SLO−2 1.57

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 5 Solving Tip!

s
7. Evaluate A.⃗ ⃗ = z⃗i + x⃗j − 3y 2 z⃗k and S is the
⃗ ndS, where A
S
surface of the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 16, included in the first
octant between z = 0 and z = 5.

Solution:
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S8/SLO−2 1.58

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 5 Solving Tip!

R
8. Evaluate ((sin x − y)dx − cos xdy), where C is the triangle
C π  π 
with vertices (0, 0), , 0 and , 1 using Green’s theorem
2 2
Solution:
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S8/SLO−2 1.59

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 5 Solving Tip!

9. Find the area bounded between the curves y 2 = 4x and

x2 = 4y using Green’s theorem.

Solution:

We know, by Green’s theorem the area bounded by a simple

1R
closed curve C is (xdy − ydx)
2C
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S8/SLO−2 1.60

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 5 Solving Tip!

10. Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for

R
(3x2 − 8y 2 )dx + (4y − 6xy)dy, where C is the boundary of
C
the region bounded by x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 1.

Solution:
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S8/SLO−2 1.61

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 5 Solving Tip!

21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S9/SLO−1 1.62

Gauss divergence theorem (without proof), verification

The divergence theorem enables us to convert a surface integral of a vector function on a closed
surface into volume integral.

Gauss divergence theorem

Let V be the volume bounded by a closed surface S. If a vector function F⃗ is continuous and has
continuous partial derivatives inside and on S, then the surface integral of F⃗ over S is equal to the
volume integral of divergent of F⃗ taken throughout V.

x y
F⃗ .⃗ndS = ∇.F⃗ dV
S V

Working Procedure for verification:

Step1:Write the symbolic representation of Gauss div. theorem

Step2:Find ∇.F⃗
t
Step3:Find ∇.F⃗ dV and label it as equation (1)
V

Step4:Draw a diagram
s
Step5:Conclude the number of surfaces and write the sum of surfaces as F⃗ .⃗ndS
S

Step6:Frame a table and Fill up the data by referring the diagram.

Step7:According to the row of the table, evaluate the double integrals and adding it we get the value
s
of F⃗ .⃗ndS, label it as (2). From (1) and (2), we verified the theorem.
S
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S9/SLO−1 1.63

Gauss divergence theorem, verification Solving Tip

1.Verify divergence theorem for

⃗ = (x2 − yz)⃗i + (y 2 − zx)⃗j + (z 2 − xy)⃗
F k taken over
the rectangular parallelopiped
0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b, 0 ≤ z ≤ c,
s t
Gauss divergence theorem is F⃗ .⃗ndS = ∇.F⃗ dV
S V

Given F⃗ = (x2 − yz)⃗i + (y 2 − zx)⃗j + (z 2 − xy)⃗k

∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂
∇.F⃗ = (x − yz) + (y − zx) + (z 2 − xy)
∂x ∂y ∂z

= 2(x + y + z)

t Rc Rb Ra
∴ ∇.F⃗ dV = 2(x + y + z)dxdydz
V 0 0 0

a
Rc Rb x2

=2 + (y + z)x dydz
0 0 2 0

Rc Rb a2
  
=2 + a(y + z) − (0 + 0) dydz
0 0 2

Rc Rb a2
 
=2 + a(y + z) dydz
0 0 2
b
Rc a2
  2
y
=2 y+a + zy dz
0 2 2 0
 2  2
Rc
 
a b
=2 b+a + bz − (0 + 0) dz
0 2 2

Rc a2 b
  2 
b
=2 +a + bz dz
0 2 2

Rc a2 b ab2
 
=2 + + abz dz
0 2 2
 2 c
a b ab2 z2

=2 + z + ab
2 2 2 0
 2
a b ab2 c2
 
=2 + c + ab
2 2 2
 2
a bc ab2 c abc2

=2 + +
2 2 2
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S9/SLO−1 1.64

Gauss divergence theorem (without proof), verification Solving Tip!

2 2
= [a bc + ab2 c + abc2 ]
2
= abc(a + b + c) − − − (1)
s
We shall now compute F⃗ .⃗ndS
S

Here the surface S consists of the 6 faces of the parallelopiped.

s s s s
∴ F⃗ .⃗ndS = F⃗ .⃗ndS + F⃗ .⃗ndS + F⃗ .⃗ndS
S S1 S2 S3

s s s
+ F⃗ .⃗ndS + F⃗ .⃗ndS + F⃗ .⃗ndS
S4 S5 S6

First column is surface, second

Outward
Face Equation F⃗ .⃗n dS
column is the point where the
normal ⃗n
corresponding surface met with
2
S1 = ABEF x=a ⃗i a − yz dydz
axis, third column is unit normal
S2 = OCDG x=0 −⃗i yz dydz outward vector to the
corresponding surface,fourth
S3 = BCDE y=b ⃗j b2 − zx dzdx
column is that we use the second
S4 = OAF G y=0 −⃗j zx dzdx column value in F⃗ .⃗n and last

S5 = DEF G z=c c2 − xy dxdy column is surface projected on the

⃗k
plane for e.g., yz-plane, we write
S6 = OABC z=0 −⃗k xy dxdy
dS = dxdy

s Rc Rb
F⃗ .⃗ndS = (a2 − yz)dydz
S1 0 0

Rc Rb
 
2
= (a − yz)dy dz
0 0
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S9/SLO−1 1.65

Gauss divergence theorem (without proof), verification Solving Tip!

b
Rc y2

2
= a y − z dz
0 2 0

Rc 2
  
b z
= a2 b − − (0 − 0) dz
0 2
c
Rc 2 b2 z b2 z 2
  
2
= a b− dz = a bz −
0 2 2 2 0

b 2 c2 b2 c 2
  
2
= a bc − − (0 − 0) = a2 bc −
2 2 4

s Rc Rb
F⃗ .⃗ndS = (yz)dydz
S2 0 0

" b #
Rc y2
= z dz
0 2 0

Rc b2
  
= z − (0) dz
0 2
 2 2 c
Rc b2
 
b z
= z dz =
0 2 2 2 0
 2 2 
b2 c 2

b c
= − (0) =
2 2 4
s Rc Ra
F⃗ .⃗ndS = (b2 − zx)dzdx
S3 0 0

a
Rc z2

2
= b z − x dx
0 2 0

Rc a2
  
2
= b a − x − (0 − 0) dx
0 2
c
Rc 2 a2 a2 x 2
  
2
= b a − x dx = b ax −
0 2 2 2 0

a2 c 2 c 2 a2
  
2
= b ac − − (0 − 0) = b2 ca −
2 2 4
s Rc Ra
F⃗ .⃗ndS = (zx)dzdx
S4 0 0

Rc z 2 a
 
= x dx
0 2 0
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S9/SLO−1 1.66

Gauss divergence theorem (without proof), verification Solving Tip!

Rc a2
 
= x − (0) dx
0 2

Rc a2
 
= x dx
0 2
 2 2 c  2 2  
a x a c
= = − (0)
2 2 0 2 2

c 2 a2
=
4
s Rb Ra
F⃗ .⃗ndS = (c2 − xy)dxdy
S5 0 0

a
Rb x2

2
= c x− y dy
0 2 0

Rb a2
  
2
= c a − y − (0 − 0) dy
0 2
b
Rb a2 a2 y 2
  
2 2
= c a − y dy = c ay −
0 2 2 2 0

a2 b 2 a2 b2
  
2
= c ab − − (0 − 0) = abc2 −
2 2 4

s Ra Rb
F⃗ .⃗ndS = (xy)dydx
S6 0 0

b
Ra y2

= x dx
0 2 0
 2 
Ra

b
= x − (0) dx
0 2

Ra b2
 
= x dx
0 2
a b
x 2 b2 a2 b 2 a2 b 2
  
= dx = − (0) =
2 2 0 2 2 0 4

s 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
∴ ⃗ .⃗ndS = a2 bc − b c + b c + b2 ca − c a + c a
F
S
4 4 4 4
a2 b 2 a2 b 2
+abc2 − + = abc(a+b+c)−−(2)
4 4
From (1)&(2), Hence verified.
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S9/SLO−1 1.67

Gauss divergence theorem (without proof), verification Solving Tip!

LEARNING TIME EXCERCISE

2.Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F⃗ = x2⃗i + z⃗j + yz⃗k

over the cube bounded by x = ±1, y = ±1, z = ±1

Solution:
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S9/SLO−1 1.68

Gauss divergence theorem (without proof), verification Solving Tip!

Ans.0
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S9/SLO−2 1.69

Gauss divergence theorem (without proof), verification Solving Tip!

2.Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F⃗ = 4xz⃗i − y 2⃗j + yz⃗k

over the cube bounded by
x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1,

Solution:
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S9/SLO−2 1.70

Gauss divergence theorem (without proof), verification Solving Tip!

Ans.3/2
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S10/SLO−1 1.71

Problem Solving Tip!

s
1.Using Gauss divergence theorem, Find F⃗ .⃗ndS for
S
⃗ = x2⃗i + z⃗j + yz⃗
F k over the cube bounded by
x = ±1, y = ±1, z = ±1.

Solution: Gauss divergence theorem is

We can apply the
x y
F⃗ .⃗ndS = ∇.F⃗ dV Gauss divergence
S V theorem to transform
a triple integral into
an equivalent double
integral.

Given F⃗ = x2⃗i + z⃗j + yz⃗k

∂ 2 ∂ ∂ Find ∇.F⃗
∇.F⃗ = (x ) + (z) + (yz)
∂x ∂y ∂z

= 2x + 0 + y = 2x + y

t R1 R1 R1 Solve triple integral

∴ ∇.F⃗ dV = (2x + y)dxdydz
V −1 −1 −1

R1 R1
= (x2 + xy) [x]10 dydz
−1 −1

R1 R1
= [2y] dydz = 0
−1 −1

∵ y is odd function

By Gauss divergence theorem,

s t
F⃗ .⃗ndS = ∇.F⃗ dV = 0
S V
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S10/SLO−2 1.72

Stoke’s theorems (without proof) – Verification Solving Tip!

Stoke’s theorem:

If S is an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve C and

if F⃗ is continuous having continuous partial derivatives in S and
s
on C, then F⃗ .d⃗r = curlF⃗ .⃗ndS, where C is traversed in the
H
C S
positive direction.

1. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F⃗ = y 2 z⃗i + z 2 x⃗j + x2 y⃗k where S

is the open surface of the cube formed by the planes
x = −a, x = a, y = −a, y = a, z = −a, z = a in which z = −a
is cut open.

Solution:Stoke’s theorem is
s
F⃗ .d⃗r = curlF⃗ .⃗ndS
H
s s

s
To evaluate curlF⃗ .⃗ndS
s

Given F⃗ = y 2 z⃗i + z 2 x⃗j + x2 y⃗k

curlF⃗ = ∇ × F⃗

⃗i ⃗j ⃗k
∂ ∂ ∂
=
∂x ∂y ∂z
y 2 z z 2 x x2 y

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= ⃗i ∂y ∂z ⃗
− j ∂x ∂z + ⃗k ∂x ∂y
z 2 x x2 y y 2 z x2 y y2z z2x
 
∂ ∂ 2
= ⃗i 2
(x y) − (z x)
∂y ∂z
 
∂ ∂
−⃗j 2
(x y) − 2
(y z)
∂x ∂z
 
⃗ ∂ 2 ∂ 2
+k (z x) − (y z)
∂x ∂y

= (x2 − 2xz)⃗i − (2xy − y 2 )⃗j + (z 2 − 2yz)⃗k

= (x2 − 2xz)⃗i + (y 2 − 2xy)⃗j + (z 2 − 2yz)⃗k

21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S10/SLO−2 1.73

Stoke’s theorems (without proof) – Verification Solving Tip!

s
We shall compute CurlF⃗ · ⃗ndS
S

Given S is the open surface consisting of the 5 faces of the cube

except, face ABCD.
s s s
∴ CurlF⃗ · ⃗ndS = CurlF⃗ · ⃗ndS + CurlF⃗ · ⃗ndS +
S S S
s s 1 s 2
CurlF⃗ · ⃗ndS + CurlF⃗ · ⃗ndS + CurlF⃗ · ⃗ndS
S3 S4 S5

Outward
Face Equation CurlF⃗ .⃗n dS
normal ⃗n

S1 = BCF G x=a ⃗i a2 − 2az dydz

S2 = ADEH x = −a −⃗i −(a2 + 2az) dydz

S3 = CDEF y=a ⃗j a2 − 2ax dzdx

S4 = ABGH y = −a −⃗j −(a2 + 2ax) dzdx

S5 = EF GH z=a ⃗k a2 − 2ay dxdy

21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S10/SLO−2 1.74

Stoke’s theorems (without proof) – Verification Solving Tip!

s Ra Ra See table
CurlF⃗ .⃗ndS = (a2 − 2az)dydz
S1 −a −a

Ra
= (a2 − 2az) [y]a−a dz
−a

Ra
= (a2 − 2az) [(a) − (−a)] dz
−a

Ra
= 2a (a2 − 2az)dz
−a

a
z2

2
= 2a a z − 2a = 2a [(a3 − a3 ) − (−a3 − a3 )]
2 −a

= 2a.2a3 = 4a4

s Ra Ra
CurlF⃗ .⃗ndS = (−(a2 + 2az))dydz
S2 −a −a

= −4a4

s Ra Ra
CurlF⃗ .⃗ndS = (a2 − 2ax)dzdx
S3 −a −a

= 4a4

s Ra Ra
CurlF⃗ .⃗ndS = (−(a2 + 2ax))dzdx
S4 −a −a
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S10/SLO−2 1.75

Stoke’s theorems (without proof) – Verification Solving Tip!

= −4a4

s Ra Ra
CurlF⃗ .⃗ndS = (a2 − 2ay)dxdy
S5 −a −a

= 4a4
s
∴ S
F⃗ .⃗ndS = 4a4 − 4a4 + 4a4 − 4a4 + 4a4 = 4a4 − − − −(1)

We shall now compute the line integral over the simple closed
curve C consisting of the edges AB,BC,CD,DA.

Here z = −a, dz = 0

∴ F⃗ · d⃗r = y 2 zdx + z 2 xdy + x2 ydz = −ay 2 dx + a2 xdy

On AB:y = −a ∴ dy = 0 From diagram

and F⃗ .d⃗r = −a3 dx Substitute it in the F⃗ .d⃗r

From the diagram, see the

and x varies from −a to a
x-ordinate of A and B.

Ra
F⃗ · d⃗r = −a3 dx = −a3 [x]a−a = −a3 .2a = −2a4
R
∴
AB −a

On BC:x = a ∴ dx = 0

and F⃗ .d⃗r = a3 dy
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S10/SLO−2 1.76

Stoke’s theorems (without proof) – Verification Solving Tip!

and y varies from −a to a

Ra
F⃗ · d⃗r = a3 dy = a3 [y]a−a = a3 .2a = 2a4
R
∴
BC −a

On CD:y = a ∴ dy = 0

and F⃗ .d⃗r = −a3 dx

and x varies from a to −a

−a
F⃗ · d⃗r = a3 dy = −a3 [y]−a
R R 3 4
∴ a = −a .(−2a) = 2a
CD a

On DA:x = −a ∴ dx = 0 and F⃗ .d⃗r = −a3 dy

and y varies from a to −a

−a
F⃗ · d⃗r = −a3 dy = −a3 [y]−a
R R 3 4
∴ a = −a .(−2a) = 2a
DA a

F⃗ · d⃗r = −2a4 + 2a4 + 2a4 + 2a4 = 4a4 − − − (2)

H
Hence
C

s
F⃗ .d⃗r = curlF⃗ .⃗ndS
H
From (1) and (2),
C s

Hence the Stoke’s theorem is verified.

21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S11/SLO−1 1.77

Stoke’s theorems (without proof) – Applications to cubes Solving Tip!

LEARNING TIME EXCERCISE

2. Verify Stoke’s theorem for

F⃗ = (y − z + 2)⃗i + (yz + 4)⃗j − xz⃗k where S is the open surface
of the cube formed by the planes
x = 0, x = 2, y = 0, y = 2, z = 0, z = 2 above the xy−plane.

Solution:
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S11/SLO−2 1.78

Stoke’s theorems (without proof) – Applications to cubes Solving Tip!

Ans.−4
Tutorial-6
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S12/SLO−1 1.78

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 6 Solving Tip!

⃗ = x2⃗i + z⃗j + yz⃗

1. Verify divergence theorem for F k over
the cube formed by the planes x = ±1, y = ±1, z = ±1.

Solution:
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S12/SLO−1 1.79

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 6 Solving Tip!

Ans.0
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S12/SLO−1 1.80

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 6 Solving Tip!

s
2. Using Stoke’s theorem to evaluate ⃗ .⃗
curlF ndS if
S
⃗ = (x2 − y 2 )⃗i + 2xy⃗j in the rectangular region in the
F
xy-plane bounded by the lines x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b

Solution:

Ans.2ab2
21MAB102T − ADVANCED CALCULUS AND COMPLEX ANALYSIS/UNIT II/S12/SLO−1 1.81

Problem solving using tutorial sheet 6 Solving Tip!

R
3. Using Stoke’s theorem to evaluate (xydx + xy 2 dy)
C
where C is the square in the xy-plane with the vertices
(1, 0), (−1, 0), (0, 1), (0, −1).

Solution: Perform double integral

Ans.1/3