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APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Scheme for Valuation/Answer Key
Scheme of evaluation (marks in brackets) and answers of problems/key
Sixth Semester B.Tech Degree Examination June 2022 (2019 scheme)

Course Code: ITT302

Course Name: INTERNETWORKING WITH TCP/IP
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A
Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks. Marks

1 Definition – 1 mark (3)

Internetworking is the process or technique of connecting different networks by using
intermediary devices such as routers or gateway devices
Importance - 1 mark
It is used to connect computer devices with different operating systems and protocols of
a network to another different network
Diagram – 1 mark

2 Definition + Explanation – 3 marks (3)

A protocol is a set of rules and conventions that describe how information is to be
exchanged between two entities. Its an agreement about communication.
Protocol Specifies
 Format of messages
 Meaning of messages
 Rules for exchange
 Procedures for handling problems
3 Use of Time to live (TTL), decrementing TTL at every router, and discarding the (3)
datagram when TTL becomes zero.
4 ICMP Functions – Any three points - 3 marks (3)

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ICMP reports error messages to the original source

ICMP diagnose some network problems by using query/response system
ICMP is used by a device, like a router, to communicate with the source of a data packet
about transmission issues.
5 Poison reverse and how it works (3)
6 Definition – 1.5 marks (3)
IP multicast, the network layer mechanisms in the Internet to support applications where
data is sent from a sender to multiple receivers.
Features (any 3 points) – 1.5 marks
• The source address of a multicast transmission is in the range of 224.0.0.0 to
224.0.0.255.
• A single packet can be sent to a group of hosts.
• Multicast transmission can be used by routers to exchange routing information.
7 Diagram – 1.5 marks (3)

Short note on fields – 1.5 marks

8 Definition – 1.5 marks (3)
Explanation – 1.5 marks

9 Persistent HTTP – 1.5 marks (3)

Non-persistent HTTP – 1.5 marks

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10 Header Format Diagram – 3 marks (3)

PART B
Answer one full question from each module, each carries 14 marks.
Module I
11 a) ISO/OSI reference model Diagram + Explanation – 4 marks (14)

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TCP/IP Model Explanation – 4 marks

Comparison – 6 marks

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OR
12 a) Definition – 2 marks (14)
ARP- Address Resolution Protocol - ARP accepts a logical address from the IP protocol,
maps the address to the corresponding physical address and pass it to the data link layer.
It finds the h/w address (MAC address) of a host from its known IP address
ARP Operation + explanation – 6 marks

ARP Packet + explanation on fields – 6 marks

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Module II
13 a) IPv4 header format + fields – 4.5 marks (14)

IPv6 header format + fields – 4.5 marks

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Comparison – 5 marks
 The header length field is eliminated in IPv6 because the length of the header is
fixed in this version.
 The service type field is eliminated in IPv6. The traffic class and flow label fields
together take over the function of the service type field.
 The total length field is eliminated in IPv6 and replaced by the payload length
field.
 The identification, flag, and offset fields are eliminated from the base header in
IPv6. They are included in the fragmentation extension header.
 The TTL field is called hop limit in IPv6.
 The protocol field is replaced by the next header field.
 The header checksum is eliminated because the checksum is provided by upper
layer protocols; it is therefore not needed at this level.
 The option fields in IPv4 are implemented as extension headers in IPv6.
OR
14 a Ping message – ICMP Echo request & echo reply - 2 marks (7)
Explanation about the operation – 5 marks
b) Fragmentation – 2 marks (7)
Fragmentation is done by the network layer when the maximum size of datagram is
greater than maximum size of data that can be held in a frame i.e., its Maximum
Transmission Unit (MTU). If the datagram does not fit into a frame, divide the datagram
into smaller pieces called fragments. Choose the fragment size such that each fragment
can be sent in a network frame. The process of dividing a datagram is knowns as
fragmentation.
Reassembly – 2 marks
The fragments or pieces of a datagram have to be combined at the receiving node called
as reassembly. Reassembly takes place only at the destination and not at routers since
packets take an independent path.
Destination should identify that datagram is fragmented from MF, Fragment offset field.
Destination should also identify all fragments belonging to same datagram from
Identification field.

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Identify the 1st fragment(offset = 0).

Identify subsequent fragments using header length, fragment offset.
Repeat until MF = 0.
Example + Explanation – 3 marks

Module III
15 a) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) – 3marks (7)
 OSPF uses a link state routing algorithm.
 It computes the shortest-path tree for each router using a method based
on Dijkstra's algorithm.
 OSPF divides an AS into routing areas to simplify administration and
optimize traffic
Features – 4 marks
b IPv4 multicast address space – 3.5 marks (7)
IPv6 multicast address space – 3.5 marks
OR
16 Definition BGP – 3 marks (14)

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) refers to a gateway protocol that enables the internet to
exchange routing information between autonomous systems (AS).Inter domain routing
protocol using path vector routing

Characteristics and explanation – 5 marks (any 5 characteristics)

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• Inter-Autonomous System Communication

• Coordination Among Multiple BGP Speakers
• Propagation Of Reachability Information
• Next-Hop Paradigm
• Policy Support
• Reliable Transport
• Path Information
• Incremental Updates
• Support For IPv4 and IPv6
• Route Aggregation
• Authentication
Message Types with explanation - 6 marks

Message Types

Module IV
17 a) Label swapping – 3.5 marks, (7)
Label switching router – 3.5 marks
b) NAT + Structure of NAT table – 2.5 marks, (7)
3 methods of initializing table (1.5 marks) , explanation (3 marks)
OR
18 Diagram – Connection establishment (2 marks), Connection release (2 marks), marking (14)
all transitions – (1 mark),
Explanation of states – 9 marks
Module V

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19 DNS Definition – 2 marks (14)

DNS - The Internet's Directory Service
Humans access information online through domain names. Web browsers interact
through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. DNS translates domain names to IP
addresses so browsers can load Internet resources. Each device connected to the Internet
has a unique IP address which other machines use to find the device. DNS servers
eliminate the need for humans to memorize IP addresses such as 192.168.1.1 (in IPv4),
or more complex newer alphanumeric IP addresses such as
2400:cb00:2048:1::c629:d7a2 (in IPv6).
DNS Services – 4 marks
• Host aliasing
• Mail server aliasing
• Load Distribution
Working – 4 marks

Root DNS Servers

Top-Level Domain(TLD) Servers
Authoritative DNS servers

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DNS Records and Messages – 4 marks

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OR
20 a) SMTP – 7 marks (7)

SMTP, stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, is at the heart of Internet electronic
mail. SMTP is a set of communication guidelines that allow software to transmit an
electronic mail over the internet is called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. SMTP transfers
messages from senders' mail servers to the recipients' mail servers. It is a program used
for sending messages to other computer users based on e-mail addresses. It provides a
mail exchange between users on the same or different computers, and it also supports:

o It can send a single message to one or more recipients.

o Sending message can include text, voice, video or graphics.
o It can also send the messages on networks outside the internet.

b) SDN – 1 mark, Figure – 2 marks, Explanation – 4 marks 7

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