“AN INTERNSHIP REPORT ON”

“DATA SCIENCE WITH PYTHON”

This document is submitted to fulfill the partial requirements for the sixth semester

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATION PROGRAM

at

SUBMITTED BY
KAVYA N
(U18KN22S0009)

Under the guidance of

Mr. DILIP KUMAR V
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

MVM COLLEGE OF ARTS SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT

Affiliated to BCU, Recognized by Govt. of Karnataka, Approved by AICTE
 MVM COLLEGE OF ARTS SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT

CERTIFICATE BY COLLEGE

This document serves to certify that the internship report entitled “DATA SCIENCE WITH
PYTHON” has been conducted at “DIGIKSHETRA” by KAVYA N, Registration No.
U18KN22S0009. This report constitutes an original work completed by the aforementioned
student, who has successfully a 4-week internship program.

The internship report has been submitted to BENGALURU CITY UNIVERSITY for the
academic year 2024-25, fulfilling a key requirement for the successful completion of the VI
semester BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATION (BCA) program. This report is
also intended to support the award of the BCA degree from Bengaluru City University.

Place: Bengaluru Dr. Rekha Priya M N

Date: 21/03/2025 Principal
 CERTIFICATE BY HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

This document serves to certify that KAVYA N is a final year student currently enrolled in the
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS program (Batch 2022-20250 at MVM
COLLEGE OF ARTS SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT, Bengaluru.

She has submitted an internship report developed under the guidance of our esteemed faculty,
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of “Bachelor of Computer
Application” from Bengaluru City University. It is essential to emphasize that this report has
not been used as a basis for the award of any other degree or diploma from any university or
institution.

Asst Prof. Pushpalatha P

Head of Department of

Bachelor of Computer Applications

 STUDENT DECLARATION

I here declare that this internship report on “DATA SCIENCE WITH PYTHON” is an
original work of my experience during my internship at DIGIKSHETRA. This internship
study was conducted by me as part of the requirements for the successful completion of the VI
semester Bachelor of Computer Application program at Bengaluru City University. This has
not been submitted to any university for the purpose of obtaining a degree or diploma.

Place: Bengaluru Student Name: Kavya N

Date: 21/03/2025 Register No: U18KN22S0009

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to all those who have
significantly contributed to the completion of this Internship report.

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to Mr M V Muniraju, Chairperson of MVM Educational

Institutions, for his unwavering support throughout the internship.

I am deeply grateful to Dr. Rekha Priya M N, Principal at MVM College of Arts

Science and Management, for her continuous support and for dedicating her valuable time to
guide me the successful completion of this report, as well as for providing invaluable insight
that facilitated a successful internship experience.

I would also like to thank Ms. Pushpalatha P, Head of Department of Bachelors of Computer
Applications at MVM College of Arts Science and Management, for her guidance,
encouragement, and support.

I sincerely thank my internship guide Mr. Dilip Kumar V, Assistant professor, Department of
Computer Applications at MVM College of Arts Science and Management, for his invaluable
guidance, continuous support, and insightful suggestions, which played a vital role in the
successful completion of my internship.

Lastly, I express my gratitude to DIGIKSHETRA for their support during my internship at

their esteemed organization.

Place: Bengaluru Student Name: Kavya N

Date:21/03/2025 Register No: U18KN22S0009

 LOG SHEET

Name of the student: KAVYA N

Name of the Organization: DIGIKSHETRA
Duration in signature
DATE TOPIC DETAILS hours
Introduction Introduction to 10am / 1am
21/02/2025 Machine
Learning, Why
python with
Machine
Learning
24/02/2025 Introduction Python 10am / 1am
to Python Operators,
conditional
Statement,
Conditional
Loops
Introduction Strings, Lists, 10am / 1am
26/02/2025 to Python Dictionary, Sets,
Built-In-Modules

NumPy Introduction to 10am / 1am

28/02/2025 Introduction NumPy, 1D -
Array, 2D- Array,
Copy Array,
View Array
NumPy Diagonal Matrix 10am / 1am
31/02/2025 Arrays Array, Sorted
Array, Copy
Array, View
Array
NumPy Arithmetic 10am / 1am
02/03/2025 Operations Operations, Fill
Method, Flatten
method,
Conversion and
Storage
 Pandas Introduction to 10am /1 am
04/03/2025 pandas,
Miniplate Data
07/03/2025 Frames, Load
Data Frames,
Pandas Operation using 10am / 1 am
09/03/2025 Exercise Pandas

Matplotlib Introduction to 10am / 1 am

11/03/2025 Matplotlib, Line
graph, Scatter
graph, Subplot
Graph
Matplotlib Bar Plot, 10am / 1 am
14/03/2025 Histogram Plot,
Box Plot, Pie
Chart
Seaborn Introduction to 10am / 1 am
16/03/2025 Seaborn, Joint
Plot, Pair Plot

Seaborn Distribution Plot, 10am / 1 am

18/03/2025 Count Plot, Bar
Plot, Box Plot,
Violin Pllot
21/03/2025 Project Parkinson’s 10am / 1 am
Work disease
Prediction
 LIST OF CONTENTS
Serial No Page No
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to study

1.2 Objective of the study

1.3 Scope of the internship

1.4 Outcome of the internship

2 Organization Profile
2.1 Brief profile of company
2.2 Why to choose digikshetra
2.3 Company Department

2.4 Work description/

Company Products
3 Topics Learnt
3.1 Data science and python

3.2 Libraries

3.3 Software Tool

3.4 Data Preparation

4 Mini project

4.1 Introduction of Parkingsson’s

disease
4.2 Types of PD

4.3 System requirement

4.4 Regression

5 Conclusion
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO STUDY
Internship program is essential for all BCA students, because it helps him or her to acquire real
life situation. I have selected DIGIKSHETRA which is one of the leading Programming code
Training Academy in Bengaluru. Internship report is one of the parts of completing BCA degree
of the department of Science Administration. Bangalore City University. This report is on The
process and Implementation of Software skills: A study on DIGIKSHETRA. It was change for
me to learn about the Management and Skills procedure of the company.

This report document my internship experience in Data Science with Python at

DIGIKSHETRA. During which I engaged in various project and tasks professional setting.

CONTEXT:

Data science with Python are pivotal fields in today’s technology – driven world, where
organization rely on data-driven insights to make informed decisions and optimize
processes. The internship provided an opportunity to delve into these disciplines, gaining
hands-on experience I manipulating data, building predictive models, and extracting
meaningful insights.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The primary objective of this internship was to enhance my skills in data analysis, machine
learning algorithms, and their application in real-world scenarios. Specifically, the objectives
included:

• Developing proficiency in python programming for data manipulation and modelling.

• Gaining practical experience in data preprocessing feature engineering and model
evaluation.
• Collaboration with team members to solve specific business using data- driven
approaches.
• To understand how to apply machine learning algorithms and techniques using Python
libraries such as Scikit-learn and TensorFlow.

1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope of this internship report encompasses a comprehensive experiences and

achievements in Data Science with Python during my tenure at Cranes Varsity. The scope
included collecting and analysis relevant datasets, applying appropriate python
programmes.

And interpreting result to driven datasets actionable insights. The finding contribute to the
broader understanding of how these technique can be effectively applied in real-world
business contexts, paving the way for future research and applications in the field.

1.4 OUTCOME OF INTERNSHIP

Throughout the duration of my internship at DIGIKSHETRA in the field of Data Science with
Python several significant outcomes were achieved, contributing to both my personal growth
and the organization’s objectives: Skills Enhancement, Project Accomplishments, and
Collaboration and Communication, Impact and Contributions, Professional Development,
Learning and Reflection. The internship experience at DIGIKSHETRA has been instrumental
in shaping my career trajectory in Data Science with Python. It has provided me with invaluable
practical skills, insights into industry practices, and a solid foundation for future professional
growth. The outcomes achieved underscore the importance of continuous learning and
application of data-driven approaches in solving complex business problems.
 CHAPTER 2

ORGANIZATION PROFILE
 COMPANY
1.1 Company Profile

Digikshetra Solutions is a dynamic and innovative company dedicated to providing

cutting-edge solutions in the field of education technology. Established with a vision
to revolutionize learning experiences, Digikshetra Solutions offers a comprehensive
range of products and services tailored to meet the evolving needs of educational
institutions, students, and educators.
At Digikshetra Solutions, we leverage the latest advancements in technology to
develop intuitive and interactive educational platforms, tools, and resources. Our
team of experts is committed to designing and delivering solutions that enhance
teaching effectiveness, engage learners, and foster academic success.
From e-learning platforms and virtual classrooms to customized educational
software and mobile applications, digikshetra Solutions offers a diverse portfolio of
products aimed at transforming traditional learning paradigms. We prioritize user-
centric design, ensuring that our solutions are user-friendly, accessible, and
adaptable to diverse learning environments.

In addition to our innovative products, Digikshetra Solutions provides consultancy

services, training programs, and ongoing support to help educational institutions
maximize the impact of technology on teaching and learning outcomes. Our
collaborative approach enables us to work closely with clients to understand their
unique challenges and goals, delivering tailored solutions that drive positive change
and innovation.
Digikshetra Solutions stands at the forefront of educational technology, driven by a
passion for innovation and a commitment to excellence. With a deep understanding
 of the challenges facing modern educational institutions, we offer a comprehensive
suite of solutions designed to elevate teaching and learning experiences to new
heights.
Our team of experts combines extensive experience in both education and technology
to develop cutting-edge platforms and tools that empower educators and engage
learners. By harnessing the latest advancements in artificial intelligence, data
analytics, and user-centric design, we create intuitive and immersive learning
environments that foster creativity, critical thinking, and collaboration.

Beyond our innovative products, Digikshetra Solutions provides strategic consultancy

services and professional development programs to support educational institutions in
leveraging technology effectively. From needs assessment and solution design to
implementation and ongoing support, we partner with our clients every step of the way
to ensure the success of their digital initiatives.

With a strong focus on user experience, accessibility, and scalability, our solutions are
tailored to meet the unique needs of diverse educational settings, from K-12 schools to
higher education institutions and corporate training programs. By delivering
customizable, adaptable, and future-ready solutions, we empower educators to deliver
high-quality instruction and empower learners to achieve their full potential in an
increasingly digital world.

Driven by a shared vision of transforming education through technology, Digikshetra

Solutions is dedicated to pushing the boundaries of innovation and driving positive
change in the education landscape. As we continue to evolve and expand our offerings, we
remain steadfast in our commitment to delivering impactful solutions that inspire lifelong
learning and shape the future of education.

With a commitment to excellence, integrity, and continuous improvement, Digikshetra

Solutions is dedicated to empowering educators, inspiring learners, and shaping the
future of education through technology. We are proud to partner with educational
institutions worldwide, helping them unlock the full potential of digital learning in the
21st century.
1.2 Company Overview

Digikshetra Solutions is a dynamic and forward-thinking company that specializes in

providing innovative educational technology solutions to institutions worldwide.
Established with a vision to revolutionize the way education is delivered and experienced,
Digikshetra Solutions has quickly emerged as a leader in the field, offering a wide range
of cutting-edge products and services tailored to meet the diverse needs of educators and
learners alike.

As Digikshetra Solutions, we believe that technology has the power to transform

education by making learning more accessible, engaging, and effective. With this belief at
the core of our mission, we strive to develop solutions that empower educators to deliver
high-quality instruction and enable learners to reach their full potential.

Our comprehensive suite of products and services encompasses everything from learning
management systems and virtual classrooms to interactive content authoring tools and
professional development programs. Whether it's providing educators with the tools they
need to create immersive learning experiences or offering learners access to dynamic and
interactive learning environments, Digikshetra Solutions is committed to driving positive
change in education through technology.

One of the key strengths of Digikshetra Solutions lies in our team of experts, who bring a
wealth of experience and expertise from diverse fields such as education, technology,
instructional design, and user experience. By combining our knowledge and skills, we are
able to develop innovative solutions that address the evolving needs of the education
sector and deliver measurable results.

In addition to our product offerings, Digikshetra Solutions also provides consultancy

services to educational institutions seeking to leverage technology effectively. From needs
assessment and solution design to implementation and ongoing support, our team works
closely with clients to develop customized strategies and solutions that align with their
unique goals and objectives. As a company, we are deeply committed to excellence,
integrity, and customer satisfaction. We take pride in our ability to deliver high-quality
products and services that meet the highest standards of quality and reliability.
1.3 Company Departments

Digikshetra Solutions operates across several departments, each contributing to the

overall mission of delivering innovative educational solutions and services. These
departments include:

Human Resources (HR) Department:

Recruitment and Talent Acquisition: This involves identifying staffing needs, sourcing
candidates through job postings and recruitment agencies, conducting interviews, and
selecting the best-fit candidates.

Employee Onboarding and Orientation: HR ensures that new hires receive necessary
training, complete required paperwork, understand company policies, and integrate
smoothly into their roles and the organization.

Performance Management: HR oversees performance evaluations, goal setting, feedback

mechanisms, and recognition programs to foster employee growth, development, and
engagement.

Employee Relations: This department handles employee grievances, conflicts,

disciplinary actions, and ensures compliance with employment laws and regulations.

Training and Development: HR designs and implements training programs, workshops,

and seminars to enhance employee skills, competencies, and professional development
opportunities.
 Figure 1.3.1 Function of Human Resources (HR)

Information Technology (IT) and Technical Support Department:

Infrastructure Management: This includes managing servers, networks, hardware, and

software systems to ensure seamless operation, security, and scalability.

Systems Administration: IT administrators monitor system performance, troubleshoot

technical issues, install updates, and ensure data backups and recovery protocols are in
place.

Cybersecurity: This team protects the organization from cyber threats by implementing
firewalls, antivirus software, intrusion detection systems (IDS), and conducting regular
security audits and assessments.

Software Development: IT professionals develop and maintain custom software

applications, websites, and digital platforms to support internal operations and
customer-facing solutions.

Technical Support: The IT helpdesk provides technical assistance, resolves user issues,
and offers guidance on software usage, hardware configuration, and network
connectivity.
Figure 1.3. Information Technology (IT) Department Structure

Research and Development (R&D) Department:

Market Research and Analysis: R&D conducts market research to identify industry trends,
customer preferences, and competitive landscapes to inform product development
strategies.

Product Innovation: This team conceptualizes and prototypes new products, features, and
services, leveraging emerging technologies and customer feedback to drive innovation

Prototype Development: R&D builds and tests prototypes to validate concepts, assess
feasibility, and gather user feedback before full-scale development and
commercialization.

Intellectual Property Management: This involves securing patents, trademarks, and

copyrights to protect the organization's innovations, inventions, and creative works from
infringement.
 Figure 1.3.3 Research & Development Process

Sales and Marketing Department: Market Segmentation and Targeting: Sales and
marketing professionals identify and segment target markets based on demographics,
behaviours, and preferences to tailor marketing messages and campaigns.

Lead Generation and Nurturing: This team generates leads through advertising, content
marketing, and networking efforts, then nurtures those leads through email campaigns,
follow-up calls, and personalized communication.

Brand Management: Sales and marketing professionals develop brand identity,

messaging, and positioning strategies to differentiate Digikshetra Solutions from
competitors and build brand loyalty.

Digital Marketing: This involves leveraging digital channels such as websites, social media
platforms, search engine optimization (SEO), and pay-per-click (PPC) advertising to reach
and engage target audiences.

Sales Enablement: Sales enablement teams provide sales reps with the tools, resources,
and training needed to effectively communicate product features, benefits, and value
propositions to prospects and customers.
Figure 1.3.4 (a) Virtual Marketing Department Figure 1.3.4(b) Marketing Department

Customer Success Department:

Customer Onboarding: This involves guiding new customers through the implementation

process, providing training, support, and resources to ensure successful adoption and

utilization of Digikshetra Solutions.

Figure 1.3.5 Customer Success

Customer Relationship Management: Customer success managers build and nurture
relationships with clients, acting as their advocate within the organization and ensuring
their needs and expectations are met.

Account Management: This team is responsible for managing customer accounts,

identifying upsell and cross-sell opportunities, and fostering long-term relationships to
drive retention and expansion.

Customer Support: The customer support team provides responsive assistance,

troubleshooting, and issue resolution to address customer inquiries, technical challenges,
and service disruptions effectively.

Finance and Accounting Department:

Financial Planning and Analysis: This department is responsible for budgeting,

forecasting, financial modeling, and providing insights to support strategic decision-
making.

Accounts Payable and Receivable: Finance professionals manage payments to vendors,

invoicing customers, and tracking receivables to ensure timely cash flow management.

Financial Reporting and Compliance: This team prepares financial statements, regulatory
filings, and ensures compliance with accounting standards, tax laws, and industry
regulations.

Treasury Management: Finance professionals oversee cash management, investment

strategies, and risk mitigation to optimize liquidity and financial stability.
 Figure 1.3.6 Finance & Accounting

Legal and Compliance Department:

Contract Management: Legal professionals draft, review, and negotiate contracts with
clients, partners, and vendors to protect Digikshetra Solutions' interests and mitigate
legal risks.
Regulatory Compliance: This team ensures compliance with laws, regulations, and
industry standards related to data privacy, security, intellectual property, and consumer
protection.
Intellectual Property (IP) Management: Legal experts manage Digikshetra Solutions'
intellectual property portfolio, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade
secrets.
Risk Management: The legal and compliance department identifies, assesses, and
manages legal and regulatory risks to minimize exposure and protect the organization
from liabilities
Figure 1.3.7 Legal & Compliance Procedure

Operations and Logistics Department:

Supply Chain Management: Operations professionals oversee procurement, inventory

management, and logistics to ensure timely delivery of goods and services while
optimizing costs and efficiency.

Facilities Management: This team maintains and manages office facilities, equipment, and
infrastructure to create a safe, productive, and comfortable work environment.

Quality Assurance and Control: Operations experts develop and implement quality
standards, processes, and metrics to ensure products and services meet or exceed
customer expectations.

Figure 1.3.8(a) Logistics Figure 1.3.8(b) Operations Management

Project Management: Operations professionals coordinate cross-functional projects,
allocate resources, and track progress to ensure timely completion and successful
outcomes

Customer Experience Department:

User Experience (UX) Design: This team focuses on designing intuitive, user-friendly
interfaces and interactions for digital products and platforms to enhance customer
satisfaction and engagement.

Customer Insights and Analytics: CX professionals analyze customer feedback, behavior

data, and performance metrics to gain actionable insights and drive continuous
improvement initiatives.
Customer Advocacy: This department represents the voice of the customer within the
organization, advocating for their needs, preferences, and concerns to inform product
development and decision-making.

Business Development and Partnerships Department:

Strategic Partnerships: Business development professionals identify and cultivate

strategic alliances, joint ventures, and partnerships with other companies to expand
market reach, access new resources, and drive growth.

Market Expansion: This team explores new markets, geographies, and customer
segments to identify growth opportunities and develop market entry strategies to
capitalize on emerging trends.
Channel Development: Business development experts establish and manage distribution
channels, reseller networks, and affiliate programs to extends Digikshetra Solutions'
reach and increase sales volume.

Competitive Intelligence: This department monitors competitors' activities, market

trends, and industry developments to identify threats and opportunities, inform strategic
decision-making, and maintain a competitive edge.

Quality Assurance and Testing Department:

Quality Assurance (QA) Testing is a critical function that ensures products and services
meet specified quality standards before they are released to customers. This involves
systematically testing various aspects of software, hardware, or other deliverables to
identify defects or areas for improvement.

QA testers develop comprehensive test plans, scenarios, and scripts based on project
requirements and specifications. These documents outline the testing approach, test
cases, and expected outcomes for each test scenario.

Different types of testing are performed throughout the development lifecycle, including
functional testing, which verifies that the system meets specified functional
requirements, and regression testing, which ensures that new changes do not adversely
impact existing functionality.

User acceptance testing (UAT) is conducted to validate the product against user
expectations and requirements. This involves engaging end-users to evaluate the
product's usability, accessibility, and overall user experience

QA testers use a variety of testing techniques and tools to identify defects and bugs in the
system. This may include manual testing, automated testing, performance testing,
security testing, and usability testing, among others.
Throughout the testing process, QA testers document their findings, including any defects
or issues discovered during testing. They work closely with development teams to
prioritize and address these issues, ensuring that high-priority defects are resolved
promptly.

Continuous improvement is a key aspect of QA testing, with testers regularly reviewing

and refining testing processes and methodologies to enhance efficiency and effectiveness.
This may involve implementing new tools, adopting best practices, and incorporating
feedback from stakeholders to drive quality improvements.

Grievance and Conflict Resolution Department:

The Grievance and Conflict Resolution department is responsible for managing disputes,
grievances, and conflicts within the organization. This department serves as a neutral
mediator, helping parties resolve issues in a fair and equitable manner.

One of the primary functions is to provide employees and stakeholders with a platform
to express their concerns and grievances. This could involve setting up confidential
reporting mechanisms, such as hotlines or online portals, where individuals can raise
issues anonymously.

The department investigates complaints and conflicts thoroughly, gathering relevant

information and evidence to understand the root causes of the problem. Depending on
the nature of the issue, this may involve conducting interviews, reviewing documentation,
or engaging in alternative dispute resolution methods like mediation or arbitration.

Once the investigation is complete, the department works towards finding a resolution
that addresses the concerns of all parties involved. This could involve implementing
corrective actions, revising policies or procedures, or providing training and support to
prevent similar issues from arising in the future.
Figure 1.3.10 Customer Complaint Resolution

Additionally, the Grievance and Conflict Resolution department may play a role in
promoting a positive organizational culture by fostering open communication, trust, and
collaboration among employees. This includes promoting conflict resolution skills and
providing resources for managing interpersonal conflicts effectively.

These departments play integral roles in ensuring the success and growth of EduPhoenix
Solutions by effectively managing resources, delivering high-quality products and
services, and delivers comprehensive educational solutions that empower learners,
educators, and institutions to succeed in a rapidly evolving digital landscape.

1.4 Company Products/Applications

Digikshetra Solutions prides itself on offering a diverse array of cutting-edge educational

technology products and applications designed to cater to the evolving needs of educators
and learners alike. Our commitment to innovation and excellence drives us to develop
solutions that enhance teaching effectiveness, promote student engagement, and
ultimately elevate the learning experience. Here's a detailed overview of our key products
and applications:

• Learning Management System (LMS):

Our Learning Management System (LMS) serves as the cornerstone of our
educational technology suite. This robust platform provides educators with the tools
they need to create, deliver, and manage online courses and educational content
seamlessly. With intuitive course creation features, comprehensive content
management capabilities, and robust assessment tools, our LMS empowers
educators to design dynamic and interactive learning experiences. Moreover, real-
time analytics and reporting functionalities enable educators to monitor student
progress and performance effectively.

• Virtual Classroom:
In today's digital age, our Virtual Classroom platform offers educators a versatile and
immersive online learning environment. Equipped with video conferencing, screen
sharing, interactive whiteboards, and chat functionality, this platform facilitates real-
time collaboration and interaction between educators and students. Whether
conducting live classes, webinars, or virtual workshops, educators can engage
learners effectively and foster meaningful learning experiences. Seamless
integration with our LMS ensures streamlined course delivery and administration.

• Interactive Content Authoring Tools:

Our suite of interactive content authoring tools empowers educators to create
engaging and multimedia-rich learning materials with ease. Featuring user-friendly
interfaces, customizable templates, and multimedia integration capabilities, these
authoring tools enable educators to develop interactive presentations, quizzes,
simulations, and games effortlessly. With built-in assessment and tracking features,
educators can assess student comprehension and progress in real time, ensuring
that learning objectives are met effectively.

• Professional Development Programs:

 Recognizing the importance of continuous professional development, we offer a
wide range of training courses and programs designed to enhance educators' skills
and knowledge in educational technology and pedagogy. From digital literacy and
blended learning to instructional design and technology integration, our
professional development programs cover a diverse array of topics. Whether
educators are looking to expand their expertise in specific areas or earn
certifications in educational technology, our programs provide valuable
opportunities for growth and advancement.
• Consultancy Services:
Our consultancy services cater to educational institutions seeking expert guidance
and support in leveraging technology for teaching and learning. Our team of
seasoned consultants collaborates closely with clients to assess their unique needs,
develop tailored technology solutions, and provide ongoing training and support.
From strategic planning and needs analysis to implementation and evaluation, our
consultancy services empower institutions to maximize the impact of educational
technology and achieve their educational goals effectively.

• IoT Projects:
Internet of Things (IoT) projects involve the integration of physical devices, sensors,
and software applications to enable connectivity and data exchange. These projects
often focus on leveraging IoT technologies to create smart systems, automate
processes, and gather insights from real-world data. Digikshetra Solutions offers a
range of IoT projects aimed at providing hands-on learning experiences to students
and professionals.

These projects typically cover areas such as:

Sensor Integration: Students learn to integrate various sensors such as

temperature sensors, humidity sensors, motion sensors, and environmental sensors
into IoT devices and systems.

Data Acquisition and Processing: Projects involve collecting data from sensors and
processing it using microcontrollers or single-board computers like Arduino,
Raspberry Pi, or ESP8266/ESP32.
 Connectivity and Communication: Students explore different communication
protocols such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and LoRa to enable connectivity between
IoT devices and networks.

IoT Applications: Projects may focus on developing IoT applications for smart
homes, smart cities, industrial automation, healthcare monitoring, environmental
monitoring, agriculture, and more.

Cloud Integration: Integration with cloud platforms such as AWS IoT, Google Cloud
IoT, or Microsoft Azure IoT enables students to store, analyze, and visualize IoT data,
as well as implement cloud-based services like remote monitoring and control.

Security and Privacy: Emphasis is placed on implementing security measures such

as encryption, authentication, and access control to protect IoT systems from cyber
threats and ensure data privacy.

• AI-ML Projects:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) projects involve the
development and application of algorithms and models to analyze data, make
predictions, and automate tasks without explicit programming instructions. These
projects harness the power of AI and ML techniques to solve complex problems,
optimize processes, and extract insights from data. Digikhetra Solutions offers a
variety of AI-ML projects aimed at fostering understanding and proficiency in these
transformative technologies.
Key components of AI-ML projects include:

Data Collection and Preparation: Projects begin with data collection from various
sources such as sensors, databases, or web APIs. Data preprocessing techniques are
then applied to clean, transform, and prepare the data for analysis.

Algorithm Selection and Model Development: Students explore different AI and

ML algorithms such as regression, classification, clustering, neural networks, and
deep learning to build predictive models and solve specific problems.

Model Training and Evaluation: The models are trained using 32 labelled data, and
their performance is evaluated using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and
F1-score. Hyperparameter tuning and cross-validation techniques are applied to
optimize model performance.

Deployment and Integration: Once trained and evaluated, the models are
deployed into production environments and integrated with existing systems or
applications to deliver real-world value. This may involve deploying models on edge
devices, cloud platforms, or IoT devices.
Overall, IoT and AI-ML projects offered by Digikshetra Solutions provide participants with
practical experience, critical thinking skills, and technical expertise in emerging
technologies, preparing them for careers in the rapidly evolving fields of IoT and AI-ML.
 CHAPTER 3
DATA SCIENCE
2.1 Introduction
In the digital era, data has become the cornerstone of decision-making processes across
industries. From predicting customer preferences to optimizing business operations,
organizations rely on data-driven insights to gain a competitive edge in the market. Data
Science, as a multidisciplinary field, lies at the intersection of statistics, computer science,
and domain expertise, offering a systematic approach to extract actionable insights from
vast and complex datasets.

Data Science encompasses a wide range of techniques and methodologies aimed at

uncovering patterns, trends, and relationships within data to drive informed decision-
making. By leveraging advanced analytics, machine learning algorithms, and
computational tools, Data Scientists transform raw data into valuable insights, enabling
organizations to solve complex problems, identify opportunities, and mitigate risks
effectively.
As businesses continue to generate exponential amounts of data, the demand for skilled
Data Scientists has skyrocketed. These professionals possess a unique blend of technical
skills, including proficiency in programming languages like Python and R, expertise in
statistical analysis and machine learning algorithms, and the ability to interpret and
communicate findings to diverse stakeholders.

Through this internship at Digikshetra Solutions, we delve into the dynamic field of Data
Science, exploring its methodologies, tools, applications, and future trends. By gaining
hands-on experience in data manipulation, visualization, predictive modelling, and data-
driven decision-making, interns will acquire the essential skills and knowledge required
to excel in the rapidly evolving landscape of Data Science.

Throughout this internship program, interns will have the opportunity to work on real-
world projects, collaborate with industry experts, and contribute to the development of
innovative solutions that harness the power of data to drive business success. By
immersing themselves in the practical application of Data Science techniques and
methodologies, interns will emerge as adept practitioners capable of making meaningful
contributions to organizations' data-driven initiatives.

In summary, this internship at Digikshetra Solutions serves as a gateway for aspiring Data
Scientists to embark on a rewarding journey in the field of Data Science, equipping them
with the skills, knowledge, and experience needed to thrive in an increasingly data-centric
world. Through hands-on learning, mentorship, and exposure to cutting-edge
technologies, interns will be empowered to harness the transformative potential of data
and drive impactful outcomes for businesses and society at large.
2.2 Overview

In today's digital landscape, the proliferation of data has transformed the way
organizations operate, offering unprecedented opportunities for insights-driven
decision-making. Data Science, as a multidisciplinary field, encompasses a wide range of
techniques, methodologies, and tools aimed at extracting actionable insights from large
and complex datasets. At Digikshetra Solutions, the exploration of Data Science begins
with a comprehensive overview that delves into the fundamental concepts,
methodologies, and applications within this dynamic domain.

• Foundations of Data Science:

At the heart of Data Science lies a solid foundation in statistics, mathematics, and
computer science. Interns at Digikshetra Solutions embark on a journey to understand
the theoretical underpinnings of Data Science, exploring concepts such as probability
theory, linear algebra, and calculus. By mastering these foundational principles, interns
gain the analytical prowess needed to manipulate, analyze, and interpret data effectively.

• Data Acquisition and Preprocessing:

Data Science begins with the collection and preprocessing of raw data from various
sources. Digikshetra Solutions provides interns with hands-on experience in data
acquisition techniques, including web scraping, APIs, and databases. Interns learn to
clean, preprocess, and transform data to ensure its quality, consistency, and suitability for
analysis.

• Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA):

Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) forms a crucial step in the Data Science workflow,
enabling interns to gain insights into the underlying patterns, trends, and relationships
within the data. Through visualizations, summary statistics, and hypothesis testing,
interns uncover key insights that inform subsequent analysis and decision-making
processes.

• Machine Learning and Predictive Modelling:

Machine Learning lies at the forefront of Data Science, empowering organizations to build
predictive models that uncover hidden patterns and relationships within data.
Digikshetra Solutions immerses interns in the world of machine learning, covering
algorithms such as linear regression, decision trees, and neural networks. Interns learn
to train, evaluate, and deploy machine learning models to solve real-world problems
across various domains.

• Big Data and Distributed Computing:

As datasets continue to grow in size and complexity, the ability to process and analyze big
data becomes increasingly critical. Digikshetra Solutions equips interns with the tools and
techniques needed to work with big data frameworks such as Apache Hadoop and Apache
Spark. Interns learn to leverage distributed computing paradigms to handle massive
datasets efficiently and extract actionable insights at scale.

• Deep Learning and Artificial Intelligence:

Advancements in Deep Learning and Artificial Intelligence have revolutionized the field
of Data Science, enabling the development of complex models capable of learning from
vast amounts of data. Digikshetra Solutions exposes interns to deep learning frameworks
such as TensorFlow and PyTorch, allowing them to explore advanced neural network
architectures and applications in image recognition, natural language processing, and
more.

• Applications of Data Science:

Data Science finds applications across a wide range of industries and domains, from
finance and healthcare to marketing and cybersecurity. Digikshetra Solutions provides
interns with exposure to real-world projects and use cases, allowing them to apply their
skills and expertise to solve complex problems and drive business outcomes.
In summary, the overview of Data Science at Digikshetra Solutions provides interns with
a comprehensive understanding of the principles, methodologies, and applications within
this dynamic field. By mastering the foundational concepts, exploring cutting-edge
technologies, and applying their skills to real-world projects, interns emerge prepared to
tackle the challenges and opportunities in the ever-evolving landscape of Data Science.
2.3 Data Acquisition

Data acquisition is the process of collecting raw data from various sources to be used for
analysis and modelling in data science projects. At Digikshetra Solutions, interns are
trained in comprehensive data acquisition techniques to gather relevant and high-quality
data for their projects.

Key Components of Data Acquisition:

• Identifying Data Sources: Interns begin by identifying the sources from which data
will be collected. These sources may include databases, APIs, web scraping, sensor
networks, social media platforms, IoT devices, and third-party data providers.
Understanding the nature of each data source is essential for effective acquisition.

• Accessing Structured Databases: For structured data stored in databases, interns

use SQL queries to extract relevant datasets. They interact with database management
systems (DBMS) such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, or SQLite to retrieve specific tables or
records that are needed for analysis.

• Web Scraping: When data is not readily available in structured formats, interns
employ web scraping techniques to extract information from websites. They use tools
like Beautiful Soup in Python to parse HTML and extract data elements such as text,
tables, or images from web pages.

• API Integration: Many platforms offer APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)

that allow developers to programmatically access their data. Interns leverage APIs to
retrieve data from services like Twitter, Facebook, Google Maps, and financial markets.
They use authentication tokens and API endpoints to access specific data endpoints.

• Sensor Data Collection: In projects involving IoT (Internet of Things) or sensor

networks, interns collect data from physical sensors embedded in devices or
equipment. This may include temperature sensors, pressure sensors, motion
detectors, or GPS trackers. They use protocols like MQTT or HTTP to communicate
with sensor nodes and collect streaming data.
• Social Media Data Mining: For projects involving social media analysis or sentiment
analysis, interns gather data from platforms like Twitter, Facebook, Reddit, or
LinkedIn. They utilize APIs provided by these platforms to access user-generated
content, hashtags, likes, shares, and comments for analysis.

• Data Cleaning and Preprocessing: Once data is acquired, interns perform data
cleaning and preprocessing to ensure its quality and usability for analysis. This
involves tasks such as removing duplicates, handling missing values, standardizing
formats, and transforming data into a suitable structure for analysis.
• Data Privacy and Compliance: Interns adhere to data privacy regulations and ethical
guidelines when acquiring data, especially when dealing with sensitive or personally
identifiable information (PII). They ensure compliance with regulations like GDPR,
HIPAA, or CCPA and implement measures to protect data privacy and security.

By mastering these data acquisition techniques, interns at Digikshetra Solutions can

effectively collect diverse datasets from various sources, enabling them to perform
insightful analyses and develop impactful data-driven solutions for business challenges
2.4 Data Preparation and Preprocessing

Data preparation and preprocessing are crucial steps in the data science workflow that
involve cleaning, transforming, and organizing raw data into a format suitable for analysis
and modelling. At Digikshetra Solutions, interns are trained in comprehensive data
preparation and preprocessing techniques to ensure the quality and integrity of the data
used in their projects.

Key Components of Data Preparation and Preprocessing:

• Data Cleaning: Interns start by identifying and addressing issues such as missing
values, duplicates, inconsistencies, and errors in the dataset. They employ techniques
like imputation, deletion, or interpolation to handle missing data and remove
redundant or irrelevant observations.

• Data Transformation: After cleaning the data, interns perform transformations to

standardize or normalize the features. This may involve scaling numerical variables
to a common range, encoding categorical variables into numerical representations, or
applying logarithmic or power transformations to skewed data distributions.

• Feature Engineering: Feature engineering involves creating new features or deriving

meaningful insights from existing ones to improve model performance. Interns may
generate new features by combining existing variables, extracting relevant
information from text or timestamps, or encoding temporal or spatial relationships
within the data.

• Dimensionality Reduction: In cases where the dataset contains a large number of

features, interns employ dimensionality reduction techniques to reduce the
complexity of the data while preserving its essential information. This may involve
methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) or feature selection algorithms
to identify the most relevant features for modelling.

• Outlier Detection and Treatment: Interns identify outliers or anomalies in the

dataset that may adversely affect model performance. They use statistical methods or
 machine learning algorithms to detect outliers and decide whether to remove them,
transform them, or treat them separately in the analysis.

• Data Integration: When working with multiple datasets or sources, interns integrate
and merge the data to create a unified dataset for analysis. They ensure compatibility
between datasets by standardizing variables, resolving naming inconsistencies, and
aligning data structures.

• Temporal and Spatial Aggregation: For time-series or spatial data, interns

aggregate the data at different temporal or spatial granularities to extract meaningful
patterns or trends. This may involve aggregating data into hourly, daily, or monthly
intervals or summarizing spatial data into regions or clusters.

• Data Sampling: In cases where the dataset is too large or imbalanced, interns may
employ data sampling techniques to create representative subsets for analysis. This
may include random sampling, stratified sampling, or oversampling/undersampling
methods to balance class distributions.
By mastering these data preparation and preprocessing techniques, interns at
Digikshetra Solutions can ensure that the data used in their projects is clean, consistent,
and well-structured, enabling them to build accurate and reliable predictive models and
extract valuable insights for business decision-making.
2.5 Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)

Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is a crucial phase in the data science workflow, where
analysts explore and visualize datasets to gain insights and identify patterns. At
Digikshetra Solutions, interns are trained in various techniques and methodologies
involved in EDA to uncover hidden trends and relationships in data.

Key Components of EDA:

• Descriptive Statistics: Interns learn to compute and interpret descriptive statistics

such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and range to summarize the central
tendency and variability of data.

• Data Visualization: Visualization plays a vital role in EDA, enabling interns to create
informative plots and charts to visualize the distribution, trends, and relationships
within the data. Techniques such as histograms, box plots, scatter plots, and heatmaps
are utilized to explore different aspects of the dataset.

• Data Cleaning and Imputation: Before conducting EDA, interns perform data
cleaning to address missing values, outliers, and inconsistencies in the dataset.
Imputation techniques such as mean imputation, median imputation, and
interpolation are applied to handle missing data.

• Correlation Analysis: Interns analyze the correlation between variables to identify

potential relationships and dependencies. Correlation matrices and scatter plots are
used to visualize the strength and direction of relationships between numerical
variables.

• Feature Engineering: Feature engineering is an essential aspect of EDA, where

interns create new features or transform existing ones to improve the performance of
machine learning models. Techniques such as binning, one-hot encoding, and feature
scaling are applied to prepare the data for modelling.
• Dimensionality Reduction: In cases where the dataset contains a large number of
features, interns use dimensionality reduction techniques such as principal
component analysis (PCA) and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE)
to reduce the dimensionality of the data while preserving important information.

• Cluster Analysis: Interns explore cluster analysis techniques such as k-means

clustering and hierarchical clustering to identify natural groupings or clusters within
the data. Cluster visualization techniques such as dendrograms and silhouette plots
are used to evaluate the quality of clustering results.

• Outlier Detection: Outliers can significantly impact the results of data analysis.
Interns employ outlier detection techniques such as z-score, modified z-score, and
isolation forests to identify and remove outliers from the dataset.

• Data Transformation: Transforming the data into a more suitable form for analysis
is an important step in EDA. Techniques such as logarithmic transformation, square
root transformation, and normalization are applied to ensure that the data meets the
assumptions of statistical tests and models.
In summary, Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is a critical phase in the data science
process, allowing interns at Digikshetra Solutions to gain a deeper understanding of the
dataset and uncover valuable insights that drive informed decision-making and further
analysis. Through practical training in EDA techniques, interns develop the skills and
expertise needed to extract meaningful information from data and deliver actionable
insights to stakeholders.
2.6 Model Selection

Model selection is a critical step in the data science process that involves choosing the
most appropriate machine learning algorithm or statistical model for a given dataset and
problem domain. At Digikshetra Solutions, interns are trained in various model selection
techniques to ensure that the chosen model effectively captures the underlying patterns
and relationships in the data.

Key Considerations in Model Selection:

• Problem Understanding: Before selecting a model, interns thoroughly

understand the problem domain, objectives, and constraints. This involves
defining the prediction task, identifying the target variable, and determining the
type of problem (e.g., classification, regression, clustering).

• Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): Interns conduct EDA to gain insights into the
characteristics and distributions of the dataset. This helps in identifying potential
relationships between variables, detecting outliers, and understanding the
underlying data patterns, which guide the selection of appropriate models.

• Feature Selection and Engineering: Feature selection involves identifying the

most relevant features or variables that contribute to the predictive performance
of the model. Interns use techniques such as correlation analysis, feature
importance ranking, and dimensionality reduction to select or create informative
features for modelling.

• Algorithm Selection: Based on the problem type, dataset characteristics, and

performance requirements, interns evaluate different machine learning
algorithms and statistical models. Common algorithms include linear regression,
logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, support vector machines,
neural networks, and clustering algorithms such as k-means and hierarchical
clustering.
• Model Evaluation Metrics: Interns select appropriate evaluation metrics to
assess the performance of candidate models. For classification tasks, metrics such
as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and ROC curve are used, while regression
tasks may use metrics like mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE),
or R-squared.

• Cross-Validation: To assess the generalization performance of models and

mitigate overfitting, interns employ techniques like k-fold cross-validation. This
involves splitting the dataset into k subsets, training the model on k-1 subsets, and
evaluating it on the remaining subset iteratively, ensuring that each data point is
used for both training and validation.

• Hyperparameter Tuning: Interns optimize model performance by tuning

hyperparameters, which are settings that control the learning process of the
algorithm. Techniques such as grid search, random search, and Bayesian
optimization are used to find the optimal combination of hyperparameters that
maximize model performance.

• Validation and Testing: Once the final model is selected, interns validate its
performance on a held-out validation dataset or through cross-validation.
Additionally, the model's performance is evaluated on an unseen test dataset to
assess its ability to generalize to new data.
By carefully considering these factors and methodologies, interns at Digikshetra
Solutions are equipped to select and deploy robust and reliable models that effectively
address real-world challenges and deliver actionable insights for stakeholders.
CHAPTER 4

MINI PROJECT
 PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Abstract:
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects
motor functions due to the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. This project
explores the causes, symptoms, stages, and current treatment options for Parkinson’s Disease.
It also investigates emerging technologies such as wearable sensors, AI-based diagnostic tools,
and mobile health applications for symptom tracking and management. The study aims to
evaluate how technological integration can improve early diagnosis, treatment personalization,
and patient quality of life.
4.1 Introduction
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects
movement. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s.
Parkinson's is caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain,
particularly in a region called the substantia nigra.

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic and progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects
movement. It occurs when certain nerve cells (neurons) in a part of the brain called the
substantia nigra become damaged or die. These neurons normally produce dopamine, a
chemical messenger essential for smooth and coordinated muscle movement. As dopamine
levels decrease, people with Parkinson’s experience symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, slow
movements, and balance problems.

First described in 1817 by British doctor James Parkinson as the "Shaking Palsy," the disease
affects millions of people worldwide, particularly those over the age of 60. Although the exact
cause of Parkinson’s remains unknown, a combination of genetic and environmental factors is
believed to play a role. While there is no cure yet, treatments including medication, therapy,
and surgical options can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life
Objectives:
• To understand the pathophysiology and progression of Parkinson’s Disease.
• To review existing diagnostic and treatment methods.
• To explore technological innovations aiding PD management.
• To propose or evaluate a system for improved patient care and monitoring.
• Develop a system or model to detect Parkinson’s disease in its early stages.

• Improve the accuracy of Parkinson’s disease diagnosis using data science python.
• Develop strategies or interventions to manage Parkinson’s disease symptoms and
improve quality of life.
Methodology:
• Literature Review: Study of clinical journals and medical research papers.
• Case Study Analysis: Reviewing patient management through mobile health
applications or AI models.
• Prototype/Tool Development (Optional): Developing a simple symptom tracker or
diagnostic model using machine learning (if applicable).
• Interviews/Surveys: (Optional) Collecting patient or caregiver feedback.

Findings and Discussion:

• Current treatment relies heavily on medications such as Levodopa, dopamine
agonists, and MAO-B inhibitors.
• Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a common surgical option in advanced stages.
• AI and machine learning are being used to detect Parkinson’s from voice changes,
handwriting patterns, and gait analysis.
• Wearable devices help track tremors and mobility issues, offering real-time data to
healthcare providers.
Conclusion:
While no cure exists for Parkinson’s Disease, a combination of medical, surgical, and
technological interventions can greatly improve symptom management and patient quality of
life. Future research should focus on early diagnostic biomarkers and personalized treatment
through data-driven approaches.

Future Scope:
• Development of AI-based early detection tools.

• Integration of IoT and wearable tech for continuous monitoring.

• Use of big data analytics for predicting disease progression.

• Personalized medicine using genomics and neural mapping.

References:
• Jankovic, J. (2008). Parkinson’s Disease: Clinical Features and Diagnosis.

• National Parkinson Foundation. www.parkinson.org

• Arora, S. et al. (2015). Detecting and monitoring the symptoms of Parkinson's disease
using smartphones: A pilot study.