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MTH401 - Assignmnet No. 1 - Solution - Supervisor Nimra Jameel

The document contains solutions to five mathematical problems, including radioactive decay, differential equations, and exact equations. Each question is thoroughly solved using appropriate methods, such as substitution and integration techniques. The final answers for each problem are clearly stated, demonstrating the application of mathematical concepts.

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Tariq Abdullah
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8 views7 pages

MTH401 - Assignmnet No. 1 - Solution - Supervisor Nimra Jameel

The document contains solutions to five mathematical problems, including radioactive decay, differential equations, and exact equations. Each question is thoroughly solved using appropriate methods, such as substitution and integration techniques. The final answers for each problem are clearly stated, demonstrating the application of mathematical concepts.

Uploaded by

Tariq Abdullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MTH401 Assignment no.

1 Solution
Supervisor: Nimar Jameel
Question 1
A radioactive substance decays at a rate proportional to the amount present. If 100
grams is reduced to 80 grams in 5 hours, how much remains after 10 hours?
Solution
Radioactive Decay Method Used
A(t )  A0 .e  kt
Putting
A(5)  A0 .e  5 k
80 100.e  5 k
80 100  5 k
 .e
100 100
0.8 e  k 5
ln(0.8) ln(e  5 k )
ln(0.8)  5k
ln(0.8)
 k
5
( 0.2231)
k 
5
k 0.04462
For A(10)
A(10) 100.e  (10)(0.04462)
A(10) 100.e  0.4462
A(10) (100)(0.6400)
A(10) 64.00
A(10) = 64 grams…………………..Answer

Question 2
Solve:
dy 2
 y  y3
dx x
Solution
dy 2
 y  y3
dx x
1 dy 2 1 1
3
.  y. 3  y 3 . 3
y dx x y y
1 dy 2 1
.  . 1
y 3 dx x y 2
1 dy 2  2
.  y 1
y 3 dx x
Substitution
v  y1 n
v  y1 3
v y 2
Differentaite b.s w.r.t “x”
dv d  2
 (y )
dx dx
By using Chain rule
dv d  2 dy
 ( y ).
dx dy dx
dv dy
 2 y  3 .
dx dx
dv 1 dy
 .
dx 2 y 3 dx
Now, again substitution in the Equation
1 dv 2
 3
.  y  y3
2 y dx x
1 1 dv 2 1 1
3
. 3
.  y. 3  y 3 . 3
y 2 y dx x y y
1 dv 2  2
 .  . y 1
2 dx x
Put v = y-2
1 dv 2
 .  v 1
2 dx x
1 dv 2
 ( 2).  ( 2)v 1( 2)
2 dx x
dv 4
 v  2
dx x .………………….eq(1)
Find Integrating Factor (IF)

IF e 
p ( x )dx
4
( x )dx
IF e
1

 4 ( ) dx
IF e x

IF e  4ln( x )
4
IF e(ln x )
IF  x  4
Multiplying the x-4 on b.s of eq(1)
dv 4  4
( x 4 )  ( x )v  2( x  4 )
dx x
dv d 4
x 4
dx
 4 x  1 ( x  4 )v  2 x  4 x v 
.……………….is the diff of dx
d 4
dx
 x v   2 x  4
.……………………………………..…………..eq(2)
Apply Integration on eq(2)
d
dx  x v dx  2 x
4 4
dx

2
x  4v  x  3  C
3
1 2
4
v  x 3  C
x 3
1 2
x 4 . 4 v  x  3 .x 4  Cx 4
x 3
2
v  x  Cx 4
3
Now, we find “y”
v y 2
1
v
y2
Taking reciprocal
1
y2 
v
1 1
y2  
v 2
x  Cx 4
3
1
y2 
2
x  Cx 4
3

Taking square-root
1
y 2 
2
x  Cx 4
3
1
y 
2
x  Cx 4
3 .………………..……….Answer

Question 3
Solve the differential equation y'' - 3y' + 2y = 0
Solution
y'' - 3y' + 2y = 0
Substitution
y '' r 2 e rx

e '' 3 e ' 2 e  0
rx rx rx

r 2 e rx  3re rx  2e rx 0
e rx r 2  3r  2  0

r 2  3r  2 0
r 2  2r  r  2 0
r (r  2)  1(r  2) 0
(r  1)(r  2) 0
r  1 0, r  2 0
r 1, r 2

General Solution
y ( x) C1e r1x  C2 e r2 x

y ( x) C1e x  C2 e 2 x
.……………………………….Answer

Question 4
Determine whether the equation is exact and solve it if it is:’

2 xy  y dx  x
2 2
 2 xy  dy 0

Solution

2 xy  y dx  x
2 2
 2 xy  dy 0

Exact Defferentail Method Used


M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy 0
Where,
M ( x, y ) 2 xy  y 2
N ( x, y )  x 2  2 xy
For Exactness
M N

y x
Putting
M 
 2 xy  y 2  N  2
  x  2 xy 
y y x x
M N
2 x  2 y 2 x  2 y
y x ……………...So, eq is exact
So, now apply integration method

M ( x, y)dx  N ( y)dy c
(2 xy  y )dx  0 c
2

2 y ( x)dx  y (1)dx c
2

x2
2y  xy 2 c
2
x y  xy 2 c .………………………..Answer
2

Question 5
Given that one solution to the differential equation y'' + y = 0 is y₁ = sin(x), find a
second linearly independent solution using the reduction of order method.
Solution
y  y 0 ………………………………………….……original eq

Reduction Of Order Method Used


y1 = sin(x)
Let,
y2 ( x) u ( x). y1 ( x)
Put y1 valu
y2 ( x) u ( x).sin( x)
.………………………………………………...….eq of y2(x)
First Derivative by using product rule
d
y2 ( x)   u ( x).sin( x)
dx
y2 ( x) u ( x).sin( x)  u ( x).cos( x)
Second Derivative by using product rule
d
y2( x)   u( x).sin( x)  u ( x).cos( x)
dx
d d
y2( x)   u ( x).sin( x)    u ( x).cos( x) 
dx dx
y2( x) u ( x).sin( x)  2u ( x).cos( x)  u ( x).sin( x)
.…………………...eq of y2''
Substitute y2(x) and y2''(x)
y2  y2  u ( x).sin( x)  2u ( x).cos( x)  u ( x).sin( x)    u ( x).sin( x)  0
y2  y2 u ( x).sin( x)  2u ( x).cos( x)  u ( x).sin( x)  u ( x).sin( x) 0

y2  y2 u ( x).sin( x)  2u ( x).cos( x) 0


.………………………….Simplified eq
Divide sin(x) b.s
cos( x)
u ( x)  2u ( x). 0
sin( x)
u ( x)  2u ( x).cot( x) 0
Let,
w u ( x), w u ( x)
Putting
w  2 cot( x) w 0 .……………………………………….…..eq(1)

Find Integral Factor

IF e 
P ( x ) dx

IF e 
2 cot( x ) dx

IF e 
2 cot( x ) dx

cos( x )
2 sin( x ) dx
IF e
IF e 2 ln|sin( x )|
IF e ln|sin( x )| 
2

IF sin 2 ( x)
Multiply sin2(x) on b.s of eq (1)
sin 2 ( x ).w  2 cot( x ). sin 2 ( x ) w 0. sin 2 ( x)
cos( x )
sin 2 ( x ) w  2 . sin 2 ( x ) w 0
sin( x )

sin 2 ( x) w  2sin( x).cos( x) w 0 .………………is the diff of d [ sin2 (x ). w ]=0


dx
d
 sin 2 ( x).w 0
dx .……………………………………………….eq(2)
Apply integtration on b.s of eq(2)
d
dx  sin
2
( x).w dx 0  dx

sin 2 ( x).w C1


.……………………………………………..………..eq(3)

We know that w u ( x) , to find u'(x) put w value in eq(3)


sin 2 ( x).u ( x) C1
Divide sin2(x) b.s
sin 2 ( x).u ( x) C
2
 21
sin ( x) sin ( x)
1
u ( x) C1.
sin 2 ( x)

u ( x) C1.csc 2 ( x)
.…………………………………………….……..eq(4)
Again Apply Integration on b.s of eq(4)
u ( x ) dx C1 . csc 2 ( x ) dx

u ( x ) C1 csc 2 ( x ) dx
u ( x ) C1 .  cot( x )   C 2

u ( x)  C1.cot( x)  C2
.……………………………………..……….eq(5)
To Find “y2”, put value of u(x) in eq of y2(x)
y2   C1.cot( x)  C2  sin( x)
y2  C1.cot( x).sin( x)  C2 .sin( x) .………………………………………eq(6)

But in question required y2 second linearly independent solution so for that let,
C1  1, C2 0
Putting C1 and C2 values in eq(6)
y2  (  1).cot( x ).sin( x)  (0).sin( x)
y2  (  1).cot( x ).sin( x)  (0).sin( x)
y2 cot( x ).sin( x )  0
cos( x )
y2  .sin( x )
sin( x )
y2 cos( x )

y2 cos( x)
.………………………………………………Answer

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