Principles of forensic science

 Identification: Figuring out what evidence is and what it can tell us (like identifying
blood, fingerprints, or DNA).

 Comparison: Comparing evidence from a crime scene to known items (like matching a
fingerprint to a suspect's).

 Individualization: Proving that evidence comes from a specific person or place (for
example, showing a bullet came from a particular gun).

 Recognition: Finding important evidence at a crime scene, like hair, fibers, or weapons.

 Documentation: Writing down everything about the evidence, including where it was
found and who handled it.

 Preservation: Keeping the evidence safe and unchanged so it can be used in court.

 Chain of Custody: Tracking who touched the evidence to make sure it hasn’t been
tampered with.

 Scientific Method: Using experiments and testing to figure out what the evidence tells us.

 Objectivity and Impartiality: Staying neutral and not letting personal feelings influence
the findings.

 Reproducibility and Reliability: Making sure that tests can be repeated and will give the
same results every time.

 Ethical Responsibility: Being honest and fair in all forensic work, always putting justice
first.

Forensic science branches

 Forensic Biology: Studies biological evidence like blood, hair, and DNA to identify
people and link them to crimes.

 Forensic Toxicology: Tests for drugs, alcohol, and poisons in a person's body to figure
out if they caused harm or death.

 Forensic Pathology: Doctors who do autopsies to determine how someone died, whether
it was natural, accidental, or from foul play.

 Forensic Anthropology: Experts who study bones to identify people and determine
details like age, sex, and how long someone has been dead.

 Forensic Odontology: Dentists who use dental records to identify people or examine bite
marks left on a victim.
 Forensic Entomology: Studies insects found on dead bodies to help figure out the time of
death.

 Forensic Serology: Looks at body fluids like blood or saliva to find clues, such as DNA,
that link a suspect to a crime.

 Forensic Psychology: Psychologists who assess a suspect's mental state and help
understand why people commit crimes.

 Forensic Chemistry: Analyzes substances like drugs, explosives, and chemicals to find
out what they are and how they relate to a crime.

 Forensic Physics: Uses the science of physics to study things like accidents, bullet paths,
and how physical forces play a role in crimes.

 Forensic Accounting: Investigates financial crimes like fraud or theft by examining

financial records and transactions.

 Digital Forensics: Examines electronic devices (like phones or computers) to find digital
evidence such as messages, photos, or files.

DNA Testing

 Tool: PCR machine

 Technique: Takes DNA from things like blood or hair and makes more copies to
compare with a suspect or database.

2. Fingerprinting

 Tool: Fingerprint scanner, powder, and brushes

 Technique: Finds and lifts fingerprints from crime scenes to match with suspects.

3. Bullet and Gun Analysis (Ballistics)

 Tool: Special microscope

 Technique: Compares bullets or bullet marks to match them to a specific gun.

4. Blood Spatter Analysis

 Tool: Luminol (glowing chemical)

 Technique: Looks at blood stains to figure out what happened in the crime (like if the
person was standing or sitting).

5. Autopsy (Cause of Death)

 Tool: Surgical tools (scalpel, scissors)

 Technique: Doctors examine the body to figure out how and when someone died.

6. Hair and Fiber Examination

  Tool: Microscope
 Technique: Examines hair and fibers to see if they match a suspect or crime scene.

7. Toxicology (Poison and Drugs)

 Tool: Gas Chromatography

 Technique: Tests body fluids for drugs, alcohol, or poisons to see if they contributed
to death or injury.

8. Dental Record Identification

 Tool: Dental tools and x-rays

 Technique: Uses dental records to identify bodies or match bite marks to a suspect.

9. Digital Forensics

 Tool: Special software (e.g., FTK Imager, EnCase)

 Technique: Recovers deleted data from phones, computers, or servers to find
evidence.

10. Forensic Photography

 Tool: Digital cameras, drones

 Technique: Takes detailed photos of crime scenes and evidence for later use in court.

11. Document Checking

 Tool: Special light, microscopes

 Technique: Checks documents to see if they’ve been forged or altered.

12. Voice Analysis

 Tool: Voice recognition software

 Technique: Analyzes voice recordings to identify who said something.

13. Bug Study (Forensic Entomology)

 Tool: Insect guides

 Technique: Studies bugs on a body to help figure out how long someone has been
dead.

14. Chemical Testing

 Tool: Spectrometer or Mass Spectrometer

 Technique: Analyzes substances like drugs or poisons found at crime scenes.
DNA profiling

DNA profiling (also known as DNA fingerprinting) is a technique used to identify individuals based
on their unique DNA characteristics. DNA is present in every cell of the body, and the specific
sequence of genes in an individual’s DNA is unique (except for identical twins).

Finger print

Fingerprints are unique patterns found on the tips of human fingers. They are formed before birth
and stay the same throughout a person's life, making them a valuable tool for identification.

Toolmarks

Toolmarks are markings or impressions left on a surface when a tool comes into contact with it. In
forensic science, toolmark analysis is used to link tools to crimes, such as identifying the weapon
used in a crime.

Ndps

NDPS stands for the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, which is a law in India that
regulates the control and use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. The act was enacted in
1985 to address the issues related to drug abuse, trafficking, and the illegal trade of narcotics.

Alcohol

Alcohol is a psychoactive substance that is widely consumed and is legal in many parts of the world.
It is the primary ingredient in beverages like beer, wine, and spirits (such as vodka, whiskey, and
rum). In its pure form, alcohol is known as ethanol or ethyl alcohol.

Death invsestigation

Death investigation is the process of determining the cause, manner, and circumstances of a
person's death. It is conducted by professionals such as medical examiners, coroners, and forensic
pathologists. Death investigations are crucial to understand whether the death was natural,
accidental, suicidal, or homicidal.

Expert opinion

Under section 39 of BSA

An expert opinion refers to a statement or evaluation given by someone with specialized

knowledge, training, or experience in a specific field. In the context of forensic science, the expert
opinion can be a crucial part of criminal investigations and legal proceedings, helping to clarify
complex matters for the court or investigators.