Course code: BCT048

1 Introduction to Oracle Database

 Agenda

• List the features of Oracle Database 12c

• Discuss the basic design, theoretical, and physical
aspects of a relational database
• Categorize the different types of SQL statements
• Describe the data set used by the course
• Log on to the database using SQL Developer
environment

Oracle Database
 Agenda

• List the features of Oracle Database 12c

• Discuss the basic design, theoretical, and physical
aspects of a relational database
• Categorize the different types of SQL statements
• Describe the data set used by the course
• Log on to the database using SQL Developer
environment

Oracle Database
Why Oracle ?

Oracle Database
List the features of Oracle Database 12c

Oracle Database 12c offers extensive features:

• Infrastructure Grids: The Infrastructure Grid technology of Oracle

enables pooling of low-cost servers and storage to form systems
that deliver the highest quality of service in terms of manageability,
high availability, and performance
• Information Management: Oracle Database 12c extends the
existing information management capabilities in content
management
• Application Development: Oracle Database 12c has capabilities
to use and manage all the major application development
environments such as PL/SQL, Java/JDBC, PHP, SQL Developer,
and Application Express

Oracle Database
List the features of Oracle Database 12c

• Oracle Cloud: It provides an integrated collection of application

and platform cloud services that are based upon best in class
products and open Java and SQL standards

• Oracle Database 12c is designed to deliver high-quality service:

• Manageability: SQL Performance Analyzer, Automatic SQL

Tuning facility, Real-Time Database Operations Monitoring

• Enterprise Manager Database Express 12c is a web-based tool

for managing Oracle databases; consolidated view of the current
real-time and historical view of the database performance

Oracle Database
List the features of Oracle Database 12c
• High availability: By using the high availability features, you can
reduce the risk of down time and data loss

• Performance: Oracle Database 12c enables organizations to

manage large, scalable, transactional, and data warehousing
systems that deliver fast data access using low-cost modular
storage

• Security: Oracle Database 12c helps organizations protect their

information with unique secure configurations, data encryption and
masking, and sophisticated auditing capabilities

• Information integration: Oracle Database 12c has many features

to better integrate data throughout the enterprise

Oracle Database
 Agenda

• List the features of Oracle Database 12c

• Discuss the basic design, theoretical, and physical
aspects of a relational database
• Categorize the different types of SQL statements
• Describe the data set used by the course
• Log on to the database using SQL Developer
environment

Oracle Database
The Oracle server capabilities
• Relational model and object relational model - supports both
the relational and the object relational database models

• User-defined data types and objects - support an object

relational database model that provides object-oriented
programming, complex data types

• Fully compatible with relational database

• Supports multimedia and large objects

• High-quality database server features

Oracle Database
Data Storage on Different Media

• Organizations can store data (pieces of information) in various

media and in different formats, such as a hard copy document in a
filing cabinet, or data stored in electronic spreadsheets, or in
databases

• A database is an organized collection of information

• To manage databases, you need a database management system

(DBMS). A DBMS is a program that stores, retrieves, and modifies
data in databases on request. There are many types of databases:
hierarchical, network, relational, object, key-values, (most recently)
NoSQL etc.

Oracle Database
Relational Database

• E. F. Codd proposed the relational model for database systems in

1970 (“A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks”)

• It is the basis for the relational database management system

(RDBMS)

• The relational model consists of the following:

• Collection of objects or relations
• Set of operators to act on the relations
• Data integrity for accuracy and consistency

Oracle Database
Relational Database

• A relational database is a collection of relations or two-dimensional

tables controlled by the Oracle server

Oracle Database
From “real world” to “tables on disk”

Oracle Database
Database Models
• Models help to communicate the concepts that are in people’s
minds. They can be used to:
• Communicate
• Categorize
• Describe
• Specify
• Investigate
• Evolve
• Analyze
• Imitate

• The objective is to produce a model that fits a multitude of these

uses, can be understood by an end user, and contains sufficient
detail for a developer to build a database system

Oracle Database
The Entity - Relationship Model
• An entity relationship (ER) model is an illustration of the various
entities in a business and the relationships among them. An ER
model is derived from business specifications or narratives

• The ER model are built during the analysis phase of the system
development life cycle

• ER models separate the information required by a business from

the activities performed within the business

• Although businesses can change their activities, the type of

information tends to remain constant. Therefore, the data
structures also tend to be constant

Oracle Database
The Entity - Relationship Model
Benefits of ER Modeling
• Documents information for the organization in a clear, precise
format
• Provides a clear picture of the scope of the information
requirement
• Provides an easily understood pictorial map for database design
• Offers an effective framework for integrating multiple applications

Key Components
• Entity: which information must be known
• Attribute: describes or qualifies an entity; each of the attributes is
either required or optional
• Relationship: association between entities showing optionality
and degree

Oracle Database
The Integrity Constraints
• Each row of data in a table can be uniquely identified by a primary
key
• You can logically relate data from multiple tables using foreign
keys

Oracle Database
The Integrity Constraints
Guidelines for Primary Keys and Foreign Keys

• You cannot use duplicate values in a primary key

• Primary keys generally cannot be changed

• Foreign keys are based on data values and are purely logical (not
physical) pointers

• A foreign key value must match an existing primary key value or

unique key value otherwise, it must be null

• A foreign key must reference either a primary key or a unique key

column

Oracle Database
Relational Database Terminology

• A relational database can contain one or many tables. A table is

the basic storage structure of an RDBMS

• A single row (or tuple) representing all the data required for a
particular registration. Each row in a table should be identified by a
primary key

• A column or attribute contain the values of a characteristic

• A field can be found at the intersection of a row and a column.

There can be only one value in it

• A field may have no value in it. This is called a null value

Oracle Database
 Agenda

• List the features of Oracle Database 12c

• Discuss the basic design, theoretical, and physical
aspects of a relational database
• Categorize the different types of SQL statements
• Describe the data set used by the course
• Log on to the database using SQL Developer
environment

Oracle Database
Using SQL to Query Your Database
Structured query language (SQL) is:

• The ANSI standard language for operating relational databases

• Efficient, easy to learn, and use
• Functionally complete (with SQL, you can define, retrieve, and
manipulate data in the tables.)

SQL provides statements for a variety of tasks, including:

• Querying data
• Inserting, updating, and deleting rows in a table
• Creating, replacing, altering, and dropping objects
• Controlling access to the database and its objects
• Guaranteeing database consistency and integrity

Oracle Database
SQL Statements
Structured query language (SQL) is:

• Data manipulation language (DML): SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE,

DELETE, MERGE

• Data definition language (DDL): CREATE, ALTER, DROP,

RENAME, TRUNCATE, COMMENT

• Transaction control: COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT

• Data control language (DCL): GRANT, REVOKE

Oracle Database
SQL Statements
• Data manipulation language (DML): Retrieves data from the
database, enters new rows, changes existing rows, and removes
unwanted rows from tables in the database

• Data definition language (DDL): Sets up, changes, and removes

data structures from tables

• Transaction control: Manages the changes made by DML

statements. Changes to the data can be grouped together into
logical transactions

• Data control language (DCL): Provides or removes access rights to

both the Oracle Database and the structures within it

Oracle Database
 Agenda

• List the features of Oracle Database 12c

• Discuss the basic design, theoretical, and physical
aspects of a relational database
• Categorize the different types of SQL statements
• Describe the data set used by the course
• Log on to the database using SQL Developer
environment

Oracle Database
Human Resources (HR) Schema

Oracle Database
Human Resources (HR) Schema
The HR schema is a part of the Oracle Sample Schemas that can be
installed in an Oracle Database. This course use data from it.

Table Descriptions

• REGIONS contains rows that represent a region

• COUNTRIES contains rows for countries, each of which is

associated with a region

• LOCATIONS contains the specific address of a specific office in a

particular country

• DEPARTMENTS shows details about the departments in which the

employees work
.
Oracle Database
Human Resources (HR) Schema

• EMPLOYEES contains details about each employee working for a

department. Some employees may not be assigned to any
department
• JOBS contains the job types that can be held by each employee

• JOB_HISTORY contains the job history of the employees. If an

employee changes departments within a job or changes jobs within
a department, a new row is inserted into this table with the earlier
job information of the employee

Oracle Database
 Agenda

• List the features of Oracle Database 12c

• Discuss the basic design, theoretical, and physical
aspects of a relational database
• Categorize the different types of SQL statements
• Describe the data set used by the course
• Log on to the database using SQL Developer
environment

Oracle Database
SQL Developer environment

• This course is developed using Oracle SQL Developer as the tool

for running the SQL statements discussed in the examples in the
lessons and the practices. SQL Developer it is included in the
Oracle Database 12c Standard Edition and it is the default tool for
this class

• Oracle SQL Developer is a graphical tool that enhances

productivity and simplifies database development tasks

• You can connect to any target Oracle database schema by using

standard Oracle database authentication

Oracle Database
Specifications of SQL Developer

• Is shipped along with Oracle Database 12c Release 1

• Is developed in Java

• Supports Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X platforms

• Enables default connectivity using the JDBC Thin driver

• Connects to Oracle Database version 9.2.0.1 and later

Oracle Database
SQL Developer Interface

Oracle Database
Creating a Database Connection

Oracle Database
Creating a Database Connection

• You must have at least one database connection to use SQL

Developer

• You can create and test connections for

• Multiple databases
• Multiple schemas

• SQL Developer automatically imports any connections defined in

the tnsnames.ora file on your system
• You can export connections to an Extensible Markup Language
(XML) file.
• Each additional database connection created is listed in the
Connections Navigator hierarchy

Oracle Database
Summary

In this lesson, you should have learned that:

• Oracle Database 12c extends:

• The benefits of infrastructure grids
• The existing information management capabilities
• The capabilities to use the major application development
environments such as PL/SQL, Oracle Java/JDBC, and so on

• The database is based on ORDBMS

• Relational databases are composed of relations, managed by

relational operations, and governed by data integrity constraints

• With the Oracle server, you can store and manage information by
using SQL

Oracle Database
Practice 1

This practice covers the following topics:

• Starting Oracle SQL Developer

• Creating a new database connection
• Browsing the HR tables

Oracle Database