VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“JNANA SANGAMA” BELAGAVI-590018, KARNATAKA

Technical Seminar Report

on
“Title (UPPERCASE)”

Submitted in the fulfillment of the requirement of the award of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted By
Name
[USN]

Under The Guidance of

Name of the guide
Designation

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

Brindavan College of
Engineering
Dwarakanagar, Bagalur Main Road, Yelahanka, Bengaluru – 560063
 Affiliated to VTU Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, India
Accredited ‘B++’ level by NAAC
2024-25

Brindavan College of
Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the technical seminar entitled “ Title of the technical
seminar” is a bonafide work carried out by student name 1 (1BOECXXX) in
partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and
Communication Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi during the year 2023-24. It is certified that all corrections and
suggestions indicated for the internal assessment have been incorporated in the
report. The internship report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect to the work prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering
degree.
………………………. ……………………….

Name & Signature of the Guide Name & Signature of HoD

Mr.Boban Mathews Dr.K Chenna Reddy

Department of ECE Department of ECE

External Viva

Name of Examiners Signature with Date

1 ________________ ________________

2 ________________ ________________
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I would like to thank God Almighty for giving me the
opportunity to undertake this Technical Seminar. Without his blessings, it
would not have been possible to take up this Technical Seminar
I express my sincere thanks to Padma Shri Dr. B.R. Shetty, Chairman, Brindavan Group of
Institutions, Bengaluru, for providing excellent facilities in the institution.
I convey my sincere thanks to Dr.Shruti Sharma, CEO, Brindavan Group of Institutions for her
support and motivation.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr.Venugopal A R, Director, Brindavan Group of
Institutions for his support and motivation.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr.Sridharan S, Dean, Brindavan Group of Institutions
for his support and motivation.
I express my sincere thanks to Dr.Bhagappa, Principal, Brindavan College of Engineering,
Bengaluru, for providing the necessary facilities and motivation to carry out Technical Seminar
successfully.
I express my heartfelt gratitude and humble thanks to Dr. K Chenna Reddy,

Head of Department, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Brindavan College of

Engineering, for the constant encouragement and help to carry my Technical Seminar
successfully.

I am profoundly grateful to my internal guide Name, Designation, Electronics and

Communication Engineering, Bengaluru for guiding and having facilitated us to complete
Technical Seminar work successfully.
I am profoundly grateful to my external guide Name, Designation, Company name, and Place
for guiding and having facilitated us to completing Technical Seminar successfully.

I would like to mention my special thanks to all the faculty members of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Brindavan College of Engineering, Bengaluru for their
invaluable support and guidance. I finally thank my family and friends who have been
encouraging us constantly and inspiring us throughout the completion of my Technical
Seminar work.
 Student Name [USN]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs): An Overview
1.3 Constraints in WSN
1.4 WSN: The Potentiality
1.5 QoS in WSN
1.6 Mobile-WSN
1.6.1 Communication in Mobile-WSNs
1.6.2 Issues in Mobile-WSNs
1.6.3 Co-operative communication
1.7 Research Gap and Motivation
1.8 Research Objectives
1.9 Problem Formulation
1.10 Research Contributions
1.11 Thesis Outline
Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Background
2.2 Energy-Centric Routing Protocols
2.3 Dynamic Clustering-based Protocols
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 CH Selection Conditions....................................................................................56

Table 3.2 Simulation Parameters.......................................................................................61

Table 4.1 Simulation Parameters

Table 5.1 Simulation Parameters

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Typical Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) architecture..................................5

Figure 1.2 Contact region variations with time in mobile wireless sensor network..........13

Figure 1.3 Basic structure of WSN....................................................................................15

Figure 1.4 Basic Structure of WSNs use Mobile Element................................................16

 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ARTT Average Round Trip Time

BFN Best Forwarding Node

CH Cluster Head

CN Connected Nodes

CDAM Congestion Detection Avoidance Model

CMIMO Cooperative Multiple Input Multiple Output

CSI Channel State Information

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
Because electricity has become a commodity rather than an intangible energy,
demand has risen dramatically, and it is now used in every corner of the globe. The
development of EV charging network infrastructure is a critical component of their
development . As long as the contemporary smart grid, by deploying distributed
energy generating and storage systems, supports sustainable mobility. Wireless
power transmission, as defined in is the transfer of energy over a long distance
without the use of separate artificial conductors. [4] It is currently also employed in
biomedical applications, where it is advantageous to reduce the size of a device so
that wireless sensors can be incorporated [5]. The simultaneous wireless
information and power transfer has gotten a lot of consideration in the research
community. Using radio frequency signals efficiently for both wireless information
transmission and wireless power transfer at the same time [6]. In the coming years,
the wireless power transfer business will continue to grow [7]. The transmission of
electric power from a power source to an electrical load without the use of
interconnecting cables is known as wireless energy transfer or wireless power
transmission [8]. In situations where linking cables are difficult, harmful, or
impossible, wireless transmission is advantageous. In the case of wireless power
transfer in electric vehicles, efficiency is the most important factor [9]. Direct
induction and then resonant magnetic induction are used in the general form of
wireless power transmission [10]. Other technologies under investigation are radio
waves, such as microwaves, or laser beam technology, depending on the distance
over which the energy must be carried [11]. Despite the fact that those issues
continue, additional demands arising from greater use of wearable devices like
mobile phones and operations in unclean or damp conditions [12] necessitate new
approaches to powering equipment [13]. The wireless power transmission has been
an unused technology since Tesla's time. Tesla had long attempted to establish a
global wireless power distribution system [14]. He was unable to accomplish the
assignment due to a lack of finance and technology at the time. From then on, this
technology has not progressed to the point where it is fully usable for practical
purposes [15]. There has always been research in this topic, and there have been
recent developments. Despite advancements, commercial wireless power
transmission has yet to be embraced.

II. OVERVIEW ON THE FIRST EXPERIMENT ON WIRELESS POWER.

Nikola Tesla, a Serbian-American inventor established a foundation in the field of
wireless transmission of electrical power, led the first experiment in late nineteenth
century.
It was the first system that could wirelessly transmit power. From 1891 through
1898, he experimented with wireless transmission in his "experimental station" in
Colorado. He experimented with the transmission of electrical energy using a tesla
coil radio frequency resonant transformer, which created a high voltage of high
frequency alternating currents, allowing him to transfer power over short distances
without the use of wires. He used a resonant circuit which is earthed on one end to
successfully light a small incandescent lamp.
Outside the premises of laboratory, a coil with the bottom end grounded and the
higher end unbound. The current which induced in the three turns of wire wound
around the lower end of the coil ignites the lamp. Tesla planned the Wardenclyffe
tower for transAtlantic radio telecommunications as well as to demonstrate
wireless electrical power transmission.

Fig 1 Nikola tesla wireless power transfer plan.

Fig 2: Wardenclyffe tower at Shoreham, New York

Brown devised the rectenna in the early 1960s, which converts microwaves
directly to DC electricity. In 1964, he demonstrated its capability by powering a
helicopter entirely with microwaves. Short-range, medium-range, and long-range
wireless power transmission technologies are divided into three categories based
on transmission distance: short-range, medium-range, and longrange transmission.
It is shown in table 1.

TABLE I
Tabular Representation Of Research Developments In Field Of Wireless Power
Transmission
Year Achievement
1899 Transmitted power wirelessly over a distance of 26
miles at which he had lit up a bank of 200 light
bulbs and ran one electric motor. With tesla coil and
 claimed that only 5% of the transmitted energy was
lost in the process.
1901 Wardenclyffe tower also called as tesla tower is the
first and early experimental wireless transmission
station designed by Nikola Tesla on long island in
1901-1902, located in the village of Shoreham,
New York.
1960 Design of rectenna for microwave mode of wireless
power transfer was made.

III. METHODS OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

Fig. 3 Block diagram of wireless power transmission methods

A. Short Range Power Transmission

Power can be wirelessly delivered from the transmitter to the receiver over small
distances of a few centimeters to a few meters using this technology. It's also
referred to as “Near-field” method. Inductive coupling, resonant inductive
coupling, and air ionization are all used in this process.
1) Inductive coupling: The energy is exchanged between two coils using magnetic
fields in this way. However, the spacing between two coils should not be too
near with this procedure. Without utilizing wires, the principle of mutual
induction between two coils can be used to transfer electrical energy. The
transformer, which doesn’t consist any physical touch between the primary and
secondary windings, is the best example of how mutual induction works. Due
 to electromagnetic interaction between the two coils, energy is transferred.
Without any physical contact between the coils, the principle of mutual
induction can be employed to transfer electrical power. The primary goal of an
inductively coupled wireless power transfer (ICWPT) system is to supply
electricity to a moving object via a gapped magnetic structure.

Fig. 4 wireless power transfer through inductive coupling

2) Electrostatic Induction: Capacitive coupling is another name for it. For wireless
energy transfer involving high frequency ac potential differences sent between
two plates or nodes, it can be an electric field gradient or differential
capacitance between two raised electrodes above the conducting ground plane.
The wireless power transfer in this technology is accomplished using the theory
of " Electrostatic induction," in which charges are transferred due to differences
in the charge densities of two things.

Fig. 5 Separation of charges between two bodies due to electrostatic induction

3) Air Ionization: The most difficult method of energy transfer is ionization of air.
When the electric field around 2.11MV/m becomes very strong, conditions are
 met for the air to start breaking down. The ensuing electric field ionizes the
surrounding air by splitting it into positive ions and electrons. Ionization does
not imply that there are more negative (electrons) or positive (positive atomic
nuclei / positive ions) charges than there were previously. It indicates that the
electrons and ions are separated from one another more than they were in the
molecular or atomic structure before. The electrons are excited to the higher
energy atomic shell, the valence shell, by the high breakdown strength of air.
Electrons excited to the valence or penultimate shells are now far freer to move
than they were before the separation. As a result, this ionized air is far more
conductive than the non-ionized air before it. In fact, any material's ability or
flexibility to transfer electrons is what makes it a good conductor of electricity.
There is no e-waste with this technology, it is harmless if the field strength is
within limitations, and it requires minimal maintenance. This system, however,
has its own drawbacks. The biggest disadvantage is the distance constraint, as
ionization cannot light up a receiver over great distances. The initial investment
is substantial, and the system's viability is uncertain.

Fig. 6 Power transmission through ionization of air

B. Medium Range Wireless Power Transmission

The transmission of electrical energy is done in this category across a medium
distance. It was then divided into two categories: resonant inductive coupling and
electro-dynamic technique.
1) Resonant inductive coupling: This technology uses non-radiative
electromagnetic energy resonant tunnelling to transfer power wirelessly.
Because electromagnetic waves would tunnel, they will not be absorbed or
squandered in the air, and there will be no disturbance in electronics or injuries,
as with microwave or radio transmission. The range is expected to be roughly 5
meters, according to the researchers. According to them, evanescent waves in a
very high angular waveguide transport no energy; but, if a correct resonant
waveguide is delivered near the transmitter, a tunnel is established towards a
power drawing waveguide, which can be converted to DC using rectifier
circuits. Using this procedure, a prototype model with 5-meter ranges is created,
Electro-magnetic radiations which involve shorter wavelength often in the
microwave range, radio waves can be made more directed, allowing greater
distance power beaming. For the conversion of this microwave energy into
electricity, a rectenna can be utilized. Rectenna conversion efficiencies of over
95% have been achieved. Microwave power beaming has been proposed for the
transmission of energy from orbiting solar power satellites to Earth, as well as
power beaming to spacecraft exiting orbit. The fundamental benefit of this
technique of power transfer is that it can transfer power across a distance of up
to 10 times that of inductive coupling. When compared to inductive coupling, it
is unaffected by the precision between the coils. Because the power loss is
negligible, there is less heat generated, which extends the coils' and device's
life. The disadvantages include shorter charging cycles compared to non-
resonant inductive coupling and the inability to permeate solid objects when put
between them.

Fig. 7 wireless power transfer through resonant inductive coupling.

Fig. 8 schematic block diagram of resonant inductive coupling

2) Electrodynamic Induction: This method of wireless mode power transmission
includes two or more bodies in which one is stationary and the other is in
motion with respect to one another. There is always a relative motion between
transmitter and receiver which induces electromotive force according to the
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. The main problem related with
non-resonant inductive coupling for wireless energy transfer particularly the
requirement of efficiency on transmission distance. When resonant coupling is
used the transmitter and the receiver inductors are changed to a common
frequency. The current is modified from a sinusoidal to a non-sinusoidal
waveform. The power transfer in the form of pulses takes place over multiple
cycles. In this way, the significant power may be transmitted over a distance of
up to a few times the size of the transmitter.

Fig. 9 Demonstration of electro-dynamic induction through fixed contact (coils)

and the moving contact (electromagnet)

C. Remote Range Wireless Power Transmission

Wireless power transfer is used in this technology. The distance between the
transmitter and receiver can be extended up to several meters depending on the
mechanism employed. Microwave energy transfer and laser beam transfer are two
types of microwave energy transfer. These strategies will be explored further
down.
Microwave energy Transfer analysis: This technology allows for a large range to
be achieved. For efficient wireless power transmission, it uses microwave rays.
The travelling wave tube (TWT), klystron, and magnetron are the most popular
microwave transmitters. The TWT is too costly and power-restraining, rendering it
unsuitable for transmitting power. The klystron has long been the preferred for the
conversion of DC to microwave energy, but it is also quite pricey. Magnetrons are
being considered by many researchers as a viable alternative because they are both
efficient and inexpensive. The frequency output of a magnetron is not as exact as
that of a klystron or TWT, but power transmission is more forgiving of frequency
irregularities. Microwaves are the frequency range of choice for transmission in the
most recent research and projects. Using current microwave power transmission
technologies, an efficiency of 76 percent is feasible. Focused microwaves are
crucial for efficient transmission so that the entire energy transferred from the
source is incident on the wave gathering device. Because of the high expenditure
on transmitters and receivers, higher frequencies are likewise impracticable.

Fig. 10 Schematic block diagram of microwave energy transfer method.

Fig. 11 transmission of power from transmitter to receiver through microwaves

1) Laser beam transfer analysis: The laser is used as an efficient technique of

wireless transmission in this technology. It is one of the most difficult and
difficult to install and administer. A laser is a device that uses optical
amplification to create light and relies on the stimulated emission of radiation to
do so. Light is coherently emitted by a laser. This spatial coherence allows a
laser to be focused on a very small area. In order to excite to the transition
energy level and de-excite to lower(stable) energy levels, laser radiation is
dependent on the amount of energy received by an atom/molecule. It also
determines what kind of electromagnetic rays are produced as a result of the
transition. Electrical power is transported by converting electricity into a laser
 beam that is incident on a solar photovoltaic cell, which absorbs the laser
beam's radiation energy and converts it to dc electricity. The power is beamed
to the solar photovoltaic cell in the form of radiation in this approach, which is
known as " power beaming." The laser beam transfer method offers several
advantages, including the ability to transmit longer distances with a small beam
cross-section, low power losses owing to the laser beam, compact size, and no
electromagnetic interference. The main disadvantage is that solar cell efficiency
is low, ranging between 40% and 50%. The conversion of laser light to
electricity is inefficient, resulting in increased power losses as heat. It is used in
military and aerospace applications and requires a direct line of sight. Good
galvanic isolation, high power transmission rate of up to several kilowatts
suitable for a wide range of applications, from low-power smartphones to high-
power electric vehicles. The desire to remotely power unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs), satellites, and other transportable electrical facilities has fueled
research. The fundamental issue limiting the high intensity laser power beam
(HILPB) technology is its low overall efficiency. From a power conversion
standpoint, the efficiency of the lasers and PV array are the key limiting
considerations for the HILPB system.

Fig. 12 Demonstration of Laser beam transfer method

Fig. 13 wireless power transmission from the transmitter to the solar

photovoltaic cell of the solar satellite through laser beam
IV. INVENTION AND EXPERIMENTS ANALYSIS
A. Wireless Power Transmission using Rectenna
The wireless power can be sent to sensors that are powered by electricity. A
rectenna receives and rectifies a radio wave to direct current using an antenna and a
rectifying circuit with diodes. The theoretical efficiency of radio frequency (RF)
and DC conversion is 100%. The ZigBee sensor is a battery-free wireless sensor. A
coordinator, router, and end device are all configured on the ZigBee network. The
application distance is less than 5 meters. The efficiency of RF-DC conversion is
roughly 60%. The company envisions uses for the wireless sensor in high-
temperature conditions (850-1200 C), sensing on rotating or moving objects, and
sensing in harsh environments, such as outdoors or in the sea.

Fig. 14 Block diagram of rectenna circuit.

B. Wireless Ubiquitous Power Source

The omnipresence of power source has an added advantage of electrical power
transmission to any region bounded within the space. During year 2009 in Japan,
an experiment was performed on “Emergency UPS ‘’, There are many research
projects involving emergency base stations for mobile phones through balloon or
by airship. However, even if a base station for mobile phones is established for
emergencies, but without electricity mobile phone cannot be used. So, an
emergency UPS system is introduced for rapid and periodic recovery of electricity
by wireless power. In the experiment, a mobile phone was charged using only
wireless power from an airship. But later, metalized rooms are used instead for
effective power transmission. The Metalized room with sustaining electromagnetic
waves that reverberates all around the room provides wireless power to any device
which is placed inside room. It is a 3-D technology of transferring power
wirelessly. Whenever a person enters the room, the electronic gadgets which he is
carrying will get charged until and unless he goes out of predefined space. In the
figure shown below , when a mobile phone which is an electronic gadget is kept
inside a metalized arrangement. It will be charged only when it is placed within the
predefined space. Proposed idea: interrelating Ubiquitous power supply with
Internet of Thing ( IoT ) can result in smooth and controlled operation of electronic
gadgets wirelessly ) .
 Fig. 15 Charging of mobile phone inside a closed metallic setup using ubiquitous
power supply

V. RECENT RESEARCH
A. WiTricity
The intelligent charging pad from WiTricity recognizes foreign or living items,
such as a Coke can or the family cat, and shuts down immediately to safeguard you
and your vehicle. The new method relies on the use of connected reverberating
objects [10]. Two resonant items with the same resonant frequency tend to switch
their energy effectively, whilst off-resonant objects interact weakly.

Fig. 16 schematic diagram of wireless mode of power transition using inductive

coupling

It's a proprietary EV charging system that can charge an electric vehicle's battery
remotely and more effectively. The total solution is magnetic resonance
technology. The precisely designed low-loss resonators provide great efficiency as
well as reliable operation in a variety of circumstances. When metal, hands, or feet
enter the charging area, the easy driver experience is enhanced by advanced
foreign object and live object detection, which safely protects and disables
charging. Within the same system design, the adaptable system can convert
vehicles from low ground clearance sports cars to high ground clearance UV or
trucks.

Fig. 17 Charging of EV’s using wireless charging pads

Fig. 18 Design of the wireless charging pads for EV’s

B. Dynamic Charging
Because it allows power exchange between the vehicle and the grid while the
vehicle is driving, dynamic wireless charging of electric cars (EVs) is becoming a
popular approach. In one essential manner, dynamic charging differs from another
type of wireless charging, static charge: dynamic charging means that the vehicle is
moving. The vehicle parks on top of a charging pad, either in a public venue or at
home, with static charging, which is already happening with modified vehicles.
The charging lane is put out in a path that is connected as long as the electric
vehicle's battery is charging. The car can be disconnected from the charging lane
once it has been fully charged. Current electric vehicles with onboard batteries
have a maximum range of 300 kilometres, however dynamic wireless charging
eliminates range anxiety and allows the battery size to be reduced for the same
range. Frequent charging on the road will also allow car manufacturers to reduce
the size of batteries, lowering the car's cost while simultaneously extending the
battery's lifespan. When batteries are not fully depleted, their condition improves.
People do not resonance with the coils, therefore walking on the surface of the
charging lane is safe. When a car passes, magnetic debris may be a problem. Short
portions of road must be constructed (or renovated) in order to bury the wires
beneath the asphalt (or a different material). Some research groups all over the
world are looking for better road surface materials that can transmit wireless
power. To support dynamic charging, all electric vehicles can be adapted with coils
under the car.

Fig. 19 Dynamic charging of EV’s in charging lane

VI. MERITS AND DEMERITS

A. Merits
The method would lower the cost of electrical energy for consumers while also
removing wires, cables, and transmission towers from the landscape. When
compared to a standard power system, the system's power loss is small. It has a
higher level of stability and is not affected by electromagnetic propagation
interference. Low-cost operation and maintenance. There will only be a few
private, dispersed receiving stations required. Inexpensive transmission of
electrical energy over any terrestrial distance without the use of wires, so the
transmission and distribution losses will be nullified effectively, as well as no cable
cost, saving energy in the form of coal used to manufacture these cables and
protecting the environment from harmful gas emissions emitted during insulation
failures and wire faults. The transmission efficiency can be as high as 96 or 97
percent [], and there are almost no losses.

B. Demerits
The frequency of the circulating reactive power was calculated and determined to
be quite minimal, which is very biologically friendly. Transmission over extremely
vast distances is still a work in progress.
 VII. APPLICATIONS
1) Wireless charging of wearable electronic such as watches, air pods, and mobile
phones.
2) Wireless sensors which receive electric current from the rectenna (rectifier +
antenna) attached to it.
3) Low power applications (µW – several watts) like RFID, satellite
communication.
4) Telemetry which is an automatic recording and transmission of data from
remote or inaccessible sources to an IT system in a different location for
monitoring and analysis.
5) Healthcare and Automotive industries.
6) Stationary charging (Plug-in) EV’s and Dynamic charging EV’s.
7) Power generation using satellites fitted with large solar panels and transmitting
that power in the form of microwaves also called a “solar satellite “.is the most
demanding application which is under development.

VIII. ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Many countries will profit economically from this wireless power transfer service,
according to economic theory. especially in the case of India, this system will be
more beneficial. Transmission and distribution losses are at 33% , resulting in
significant revenue losses for distribution utilities. This is a revolution in the
energy sector, providing increased dependability and efficiency. Fossil fuels are
being preserved in large quantities, which helps to minimize greenhouse gas
emissions, which in turn helps to lessen global warming. It is also the pattern of
rising electricity rates and blackouts, both of which contribute to the country's
development in the manufacturing and service sectors. A single resonant energy
receiver is required, which may be incorporated into appliances in the future,
eliminating the need for a power cord. The use of old-fashioned, fossil-fueled, loss-
prone electrified wire-grid delivery systems will be optional.

IX. CONCLUSION
Compared to traditional power transmission, wireless power transmission is a more
efficient and dependable means of power transmission. It is a potential future
technology that will fundamentally transform the global energy system.
Regardless, the entire history of wireless power transmission technology, which
dates back to the time of Tesla, is examined, as well as wireless power
transmission concepts. The available ways in this system are briefly outlined.

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