HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM

A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

Sachin Kumar
Sudhanshu Shekhar (1442122008)
(1442122014)
Sudhanshu shekhar
Sachin Kumar (1442122014)
(1442122008)
Ashish Kumar (1442122039)
Ashish
HimanshuKumar
Kumar(1442122039)
(1442122026)
Md. Atif
Himanshu (1442122007)
Kumar (1442122026)
Md. Atif (1442122007)

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SITAMARHI
MALAHI-843331, INDIA
MAY
JUNE2025
2025
SESSION-2022-2025
 iii

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SITAMARHI

MALAHI-843331, INDIA

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

The project work embodied in the present Thesis entitled “HOME AUTOMATION

SYSTEM” has been carried out in the Department of Electronics Engineering, Government
Polytechnic Sitamarhi, Malahi. The work reported herein is original and does not form part

of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on
an earlier occasion or to any other scholar.

I understand the Institute’s policy on plagiarism and declare that the thesis is my own work,
except where specifically acknowledged and has not been copied from other sources or been

previously submitted for award or assessment.

Counter signed by

SACHIN KUMAR
SUDHANSHU SHEKHAR
SUDHANSHU
SACHIN SHEKHAR
KUMAR DR. ABHISHEK KR. CHAUDHARY

ASHISH KUMAR
ASHISH KUMAR Project Coordinator

HIMANSHU KUMAR
HIMANSHU KUMAR Lecturer, Electronics Engg.

MD.ATIF
MD ATIF GP Sitamarhi, Malahi-843331.

Date:
Place:
 v

ABSTRACT
This project focuses on the development of a Bluetooth-based home automation
system utilizing the Arduino Uno microcontroller, a 4-channel relay module, and
the HC-05 Bluetooth module. The primary goal is to provide a low-cost, efficient,
and accessible solution for controlling household electrical appliances wirelessly
using a smartphone. With the increasing demand for smart homes, this system
offers a simple yet effective way to enhance comfort, energy efficiency, and
convenience, especially for the elderly and physically challenged.

The Arduino Uno acts as the central processing unit, receiving commands via the
HC-05 Bluetooth module, which is paired with an Android device. The user
interface is typically a mobile application or a serial Bluetooth terminal that allows
the user to send specific commands. These commands are interpreted by the
Arduino, which then activates or deactivates the corresponding relay channels.
The 4-channel relay module is connected to various home appliances, such as
lights, fans, or other electrical devices, allowing independent control of each.

This system operates without the need for an internet connection, making it ideal
for areas with limited or no internet access. The Bluetooth communication ensures
a stable and fast response within a reasonable range, typically up to 10 meters.
The use of Arduino and easily available components also ensures that the system
is customizable, scalable, and easy to maintain or upgrade.

Overall, this home automation system demonstrates the potential of integrating

embedded systems and wireless communication to improve the quality of life
through smart technology. It serves as a foundation for further enhancements,
such as voice control, sensor integration, or internet-based access through Wi-Fi
or IoT platforms in the future.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am pleased that my Diploma journey has reached a satisfactory end. This project work would
not have been viable without the encouragement and assistance of many people. At this stage, I
would like to express my gratitude to all those who directly or indirectly contributed to this
research and made it successful.

First and foremost, I am pleased to convey my profound gratitude to my academic project

supervisor “DR. ABHISHEKKR.
DR. ABHISHEK KR.CHAUDHARY”
CHAUDHRY” for providing excellent guidance and
enlightening my knowledge. His punctuality, work ethic, friendly accessibility, and dedication
inspired me throughout my research study. I would particularly like to thank him for his kind
patience in carefully inspecting and evaluating all my manuscripts. Without hesitation, I would
like to mention that completing this thesis work was impossible without his enthusiastic support
and encouragement. It has been my privilege to work under his supervision.

I would also like to take this opportunity to thank the Department of Electronics Engineering
and all the faculty members of GP Sitamarhi for supplying quality education, an excellent
research facility, and a pleasant environment to achieve my research goals. I am also thankful to
the department’s technical staff for their kind support.

My sincere gratitude goes to my friends for their unwavering support and motivation. I would
like to extend special thanks to my beloved friends “Sudhanshu shekhar,Ashish kumar,
Himanshu kumar
kumar,&
& Md. Atif” with whom I shared numerous precious memories that will stay
endlessly with me. They have always been around to support me physically or mentally during
my academic journey, which provided a joyful stay at GP Sitamarhi. They are directly or
indirectly involved in the completion of this thesis.

Finally, my deepest gratitude goes to my parents and brother for their unconditional support and
motivation throughout my research.

NAME-Sachin
Name SACHIN KUMAR
kumar
REG.no.
Reg. NO- 1442122008
1442122008
ROLLno.
Roll NO- 611442122008
611442122008
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION 2

1.2 STUDY OF EXISTING SYSTEM 3
1.2.1 PRESENTLY AVAILABLE SYSTEM 3
1.2.2 NEED FOR THE NEW SYSTEM 3
1.3 NEEDS OF PROJECT 3
1.4 PROJECT MODEL 4
2 P ROJECT DISCRIPTION 5
2.1 WORKING 6
2.2 COST ESTIMATION 7
3 P ROJECT SPECIFICATION 8
3.1 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS 9
3.1.1 PROBLEM RECOGNITION 10
3.1.2 EVALUATION AND SYNTHESIS 10
3.2 REQUIREMENT 10
3.2.1 FUNCTIONAL MODELS 11
3.3 COMPONENT USED 11
3.3.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT 11
3.3.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT 11
3.3.3 APPLICATION 12
3.3.4 ADVANTAGES 12
3.3.5 DISADVANTAGES 12

3.4 INTRODUCTION TO HARDWARE COMPONENTS 12

 12
3.4.1 ARDUINO UNO

3.4.1 ARDUINO UNO 12

3.4.2 4-CHANNEL RELAY MODULE 13

3.4.3 BLUETOOTH MODULE HC-05 15

3.4.4 JUMPER WIRE 16

3.4.5 LED BULB 18

4 H ARDWARE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 21

4.1 PROJECT DESIGN 21

4.1.1 PIN DESCRIPTION 21
4.2 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF HARDWARE 22

4.3 CONNECTION OF COMPONENTS 23

5 CO NCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS 24
5.1 CONCLUSION 24
5.2 FUTURE WORK 24
REFERENCES 25
 vi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1 Project diagram 2

2.1 Working of project 7

3.1 Arduino uno & pin description 13

3.2 4-channel relay 15

3.3 Bluetooth module HC-05 16

3.4 Jumper wire 18

3.5 Led bulb 19

4.1 Pin description of project 21

4.2 Project prototype 23

 Project title: Home Automation System

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This project is used to control the home appliances using the smartphone, and can be ON/ OFF.

Home automation, also referred to as smart home technology, involves the automatic and
electronic control of household features, activities, and appliances. As technological
advancements continue to evolve, home automation has become increasingly popular due to
its ability to improve comfort, convenience, energy efficiency, and security. One of the most
accessible and cost-effective ways to build a basic home automation system is by using open-
source microcontrollers like the Arduino Uno in combination with Bluetooth communication
and relay modules.

In this project, an Arduino Uno serves as the central controller for the system. It receives input
commands from the user via a smartphone application and processes those commands to
control various electrical appliances. To enable wireless communication between the Arduino
and the smartphone, the HC-05 Bluetooth module is employed. This module allows the
Arduino to pair with Android devices, receiving commands over Bluetooth with minimal setup
complexity.

The system uses a 4-channel relay module to control up to four high-voltage electrical devices
such as lights, fans, or other household appliances. Each relay acts as a switch, controlled by
the Arduino’s digital output pins. When the Arduino receives a signal from the smartphone via
the HC-05, it activates or deactivates the corresponding relay, effectively turning the connected
appliance on or off.

This setup offers a simple, affordable, and effective introduction to home automation. It is
particularly suitable for DIY enthusiasts, students, and hobbyists interested in learning the
fundamentals of embedded systems, wireless communication, and practical electronics.
Moreover, it lays the groundwork for more advanced smart home applications involving
sensors, voice control, or internet connectivity through platforms like IoT.

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1.1PROBLEM DEFINITION
Objective of this software is Manage the information of appliances . Data reports, means
when it will on/off. In modern households, managing electrical appliances manually is
often inefficient and inconvenient, especially for elderly or physically challenged
individuals. Traditional switches require physical presence, increasing energy wastage and
reducing user comfort. With the growing demand for smart solutions, there is a need for
an affordable, easy-to-implement system that allows wireless control of home appliances.
This project aims to design and develop a Bluetooth-based Home Automation System
using an Arduino Uno, HC-05 Bluetooth Module, and a 4-Channel Relay Module. The
system will allow users to wirelessly control up to four electrical devices (e.g., lights, fans,
etc.) through an Android smartphone application. The objective is to enhance convenience,
improve energy efficiency, and provide an entry-level solution for smart home
implementation. Project diagram shown in( Fig:-1.1 )

Fig:-1.1 project diagram

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1.2 STUDY OF EXISTING SYSTEM

1.2.1 Presently Available System

In existing project, system following contents is not available:-
There is no availability of uploading any files.
There is no availability of remainders.
Sending particular command through bluetooth module.
1.2.2 Need for the New System
The project using Bluetooth Module for data communication between Arduino and
smartphone/ user.
Controlling of the appliance. Power or energy can be stored. It is low costly that is the
way for using it.

1.3 NEEDS OF PROJECT

1. Increased Convenience:
Traditional home appliances require manual switching, which can be inconvenient,
especially for elderly or disabled users. A Bluetooth-based system allows control from
a smartphone, adding comfort and accessibility.
2. Energy Efficiency:
Many users forget to turn off appliances, leading to unnecessary power consumption.
The new system provides an easy way to remotely switch off devices, reducing energy
waste.
3. Cost-Effective Smart Solution:
Commercial home automation systems can be expensive. This project offers a low-
cost alternative using readily available components like Arduino and HC-05, making
it suitable for budget-conscious users.
4. User Mobility and Remote Access:
The Bluetooth control allows users to operate appliances without being near the
switches, supporting better mobility within the home.
5. Foundation for Future Expansion:
The system provides a basic framework that can be expanded with more sensors,
internet connectivity (e.g., Wi-Fi or IOT), and automation features for a more
advanced smart home system.

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1.4. PROJECT MODEL

In order to solve actual problem in an industry, home or anywhere a designer or a team of

engineers must incorporate a development strategy that encompasses the process. This
project is useful in now-a-day.

It is an evolutionary software process model that couples the iterative nature of prototyping
with the controlled and systematic aspects of the linear sequential model.
We are using this model because it provides low energy consumption according to user
needs.
This project aims to automate home appliances by enabling wireless control through a
smartphone, using Bluetooth communication. The system is built around an Arduino Uno
microcontroller, an HC-05 Bluetooth module, and a 4-channel relay module. The
Arduino acts as the central controller, receiving commands from a smartphone via
Bluetooth. These commands control the state of the relays, which in turn control various
electrical appliances such as lights, fans, or other devices.
The HC-05 Bluetooth module receives signals from a smartphone app, and the Arduino
processes these commands, activating or deactivating the relays based on the input. Each
relay can control a separate appliance, providing the flexibility to manage multiple devices
simultaneously. The system is powered through a 5V adapter, and the relays handle the
switching of 220V AC appliances safely.
The project is controlled via a Bluetooth terminal app on an Android smartphone, where
commands such as 'A', 'B', 'C', etc., can turn devices on and off. This system offers a simple
and cost-effective way to introduce home automation, which can later be expanded with
additional features such as IoT integration, voice control, or sensor-based automation.

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CHAPTER 2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Under this we study how to manage our project i.e. Home automation refers to the
automatic control of household appliances using various technologies, making everyday
tasks more convenient, efficient, and secure. This project focuses on developing a low-
cost, user-friendly Bluetooth-based Home Automation System using an Arduino Uno, HC-
05 Bluetooth Module, and a 4-Channel Relay Module.

The system enables users to wirelessly control electrical appliances such as lights, fans,
or other devices through an Android smartphone. The mobile device communicates with
the Arduino via the HC-05 Bluetooth module, which receives specific commands and
triggers the corresponding relay to switch the connected appliances on or off.

The main goal of this project is to provide a simple and affordable solution for home
automation, especially for elderly or physically challenged individuals who may find it
difficult to operate traditional switches. This project also serves as an educational platform
for learning about embedded systems, microcontroller programming, and basic electronics
integration.

This home automation project is designed to control household electrical appliances

wirelessly using an Arduino Uno, a 4-channel relay module, and an HC-05 Bluetooth
module. The core objective of the system is to allow users to operate up to four
appliances—such as lights, fans, or sockets—through a smartphone using Bluetooth
communication.

The Arduino Uno acts as the brain of the system, receiving commands from the user via
the HC-05 Bluetooth module, which is paired with an Android mobile device. The user
sends control signals through a Bluetooth terminal app or a custom-built interface. These
signals are interpreted by the Arduino, which then activates or deactivates specific relays
on the 4-channel relay module.

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Each relay in the module works like an electronic switch that can handle high-voltage
devices, allowing the Arduino to control household appliances safely and efficiently. The
system is powered by a 5V DC supply, making it energy-efficient and safe for indoor use.
This project offers a practical and cost-effective solution for smart home control and serves
as an excellent learning platform for beginners interested in embedded systems,
electronics, and wireless communication. It enhances convenience, safety, and energy
efficiency in everyday living.

2.1 WORKING
A process for building the project (as shown in figure 2.1) provides a framework from
which a comprehensive plan for its development can be established. The framework for
this includes: The availability of software/ code is used to programming for giving
instruction the Arduino to perform task.

A home automation system using Arduino Uno, a 4-channel relay module, and a Bluetooth
module HC-05 is a simple yet effective way to control household appliances remotely. This
setup allows users to switch on or off various electrical devices such as lights, fans, and
other appliances using their smartphones via Bluetooth communication.

At the heart of the system is the Arduino Uno, a microcontroller board that acts as the
central control unit. It processes the signals received from the Bluetooth module and sends
appropriate commands to the relay module. The HC-05 Bluetooth module enables wireless
communication between the Arduino and the user’s smartphone. It operates on serial
communication (UART) and is configured to act as a slave device, waiting for input
commands from a Bluetooth terminal app or a custom Android application.

The 4-channel relay module is connected to the Arduino Uno and acts as an electronic
switch that controls high-voltage appliances with the low-voltage digital signals from the
Arduino. Each relay on the board corresponds to a different device in the home. When a
user sends a command through the mobile app (e.g., “A” to turn on the light), the HC-05
receives the command and transmits it to the Arduino. The Arduino then processes the
input and energizes the appropriate relay, closing the circuit and powering the device.

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Power is usually supplied through an adapter or USB to the Arduino, and the relays draw
their power from the Arduino’s 5V output or an external power source. This system is cost-
effective, easy to build, and customizable. It demonstrates how basic components can be
integrated to create a smart home solution that enhances convenience, security, and energy
efficiency. Figure shown below ( Fig:-2.1) working of project.

Fig:-2.1 working of project

2.2 COST ESTIMATION

We will estimate the cost of our project. Here we have considered the basic and embedded
method to estimate the cost. The time constraints are important in our project and accuracy
is major concern.

So, we calculate it as further:

Arduino uno = Rs.399
Bluetooth module(hc-05)=Rs. 390
4 channel relay module = Rs.229
Jumper wire = Rs.129
Bulb holder = Rs.80
Led bulb= Rs.200

Finally the estimated cost of the project is approximately RS. 1427 /

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CHAPTER 3
PROJECT SPECIFICATION

Home Automation System Using Arduino Uno, HC-05 Bluetooth Module, and 4-
Channel Relay.
A large number of people are troubled by appliances, evenly when the door is lock and the
key lost and the appliances continuously consume energy without any uses.

However, all analysis methods are related by a set of operational principles:

The information of a domain of a problem must be represented and understood.
The function that the project has to perform must be defined.
The behaviour of the project must be represented.
The models that depict information function and behaviour must be portioned in a manner.
The analysis process should move from essential information toward implementation
details.
This project is a simple and cost-effective home automation system that allows users to
control household electrical appliances using a smartphone via Bluetooth. The system is
built using an Arduino Uno microcontroller, an HC-05 Bluetooth module, and a 4-
channel relay module. It is designed to wirelessly operate up to four devices, such as
lights, fans, or power sockets, making home management easier and more efficient.
The Arduino Uno acts as the central processing unit, executing commands received from
the smartphone. The HC-05 Bluetooth module enables wireless communication between
the Arduino and the user’s mobile phone. A mobile app or Bluetooth terminal is used to
send specific commands (usually characters or numbers), which the Arduino processes to
trigger the corresponding relay.
Each channel on the relay module controls one electrical appliance by acting as an
electronic switch. When the Arduino receives a command, it activates the respective relay,
turning the connected device ON or OFF. The relays are optically isolated to protect the
Arduino from high voltage.
This project is ideal for students and hobbyists to learn about embedded systems,
Bluetooth communication, and smart home technology, and it can be expanded into
more advanced IoT applications in the future.

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3.1 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

1. Introduction
A home automation system aims to control household appliances and systems (lighting,
heating, security, etc.) remotely or automatically using technology like IOT, mobile apps,
or voice assistants.

2. Functional Requirements
These define what the system should do:
Lighting Control: Turn lights on/off, adjust brightness, and schedule lighting.
Climate Control: Manage thermostats, fans, air conditioners, and heaters.
Security System: Door lock/unlock, surveillance camera monitoring, motion sensors, and
alarm systems.
Appliance Control: Operate kitchen and home appliances like ovens, TVs, and washing
machines.
Voice and App Integration: Operate system through mobile apps, voice assistants (e.g.,
Alexa, Google Assistant).
Energy Monitoring: Track and report energy consumption.
User Profiles: Allow multiple user access with personalized settings.
Remote Access: Control the system from remote locations via the internet.
Notifications: Send alerts for intrusions, smoke, CO levels, or equipment failures.

3. Non-Functional Requirements
These define how the system performs:
Reliability: The system must be highly reliable with minimal downtime.
Scalability: Support the addition of more devices over time.
Security: Ensure encrypted data transmission and user authentication.
Usability: Provide a user-friendly interface for all age groups.
Performance: System should respond to commands within seconds.
Maintainability: Easy to update or fix software bugs.

4. Hardware Requirements
Microcontrollers (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi)
Actuators (relays, motors)
Wireless modules (Wi-Fi, Zigbee, Bluetooth)

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5. Software Requirements
Arduino IDLE
Operating system (if needed for central controller)
Embedded programming (C/C++, Python)
Mobile App (Android/IOS)

3.1.1 Problem Recognition

The main aim is to provide better visibility and easy accessibility of the data. The problem
which the existing system has faced will be removed such as manually link filling of forms
and explaining policy plans. By this project they can also have the ongoing data at all the
heads of the department in the company. We will also show the daily status or even required
status of particular dates can also be seen. It will be in scrolling effect to make it more
attractive.

3.1.2 Evaluation and Synthesis

The evaluation of a home automation system involves assessing its effectiveness in
enhancing convenience, security, energy efficiency, and user experience. Key criteria
include reliability, scalability, ease of use, and integration with existing devices. A
successful system should seamlessly manage various home appliances and provide remote
access via mobile apps or voice assistants, while ensuring robust security through
encryption and authentication. The synthesis of this project focuses on integrating these
functionalities into a cohesive, cost-effective solution that addresses real-world issues like
energy wastage, security threats, and time-consuming manual tasks. By leveraging IoT,
cloud computing, and user-centric design.

The system can offer a customizable, scalable solution to modernize homes. Continuous
feedback and system updates would ensure it evolves with user needs and emerging
technologies.

3.2 REQUIREMENT
Requirement for a home automation system involves defining and structuring functional
and non-functional requirements to ensure the system meets user needs. Functional
requirements include controlling lighting, climate, security systems, and appliances, all
with remote access via mobile apps or voice commands. The system should allow real-
time monitoring, scheduling, and energy consumption tracking. Non-functional

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requirements focus on security (data encryption and user authentication), reliability, and
scalability, ensuring smooth integration with various devices. Use case diagrams would
model scenarios such as a user unlocking doors remotely or adjusting thermostat settings.
Activity diagrams would outline the step-by-step process for actions like turning on lights
based on motion detection. Data flow diagrams could illustrate the flow of information
between sensors, central controllers, and user devices. This modeling ensures clear
understanding and efficient design, minimizing errors during development and
implementation.

3.2.1 Functional Models

It defines how the system behaves to fulfill user needs. It includes modules like lighting
control, climate regulation, security management, and appliance automation. Each module
operates through sensors, controllers, and actuators, communicating with a central system
via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth etc. The system accepts inputs from users (via app or voice
commands) and sensors, processes them, and triggers appropriate actions—like turning on
lights or sending security alerts. Use case diagrams and data flow diagrams help visualize
these interactions, ensuring clarity in system operations and supporting efficient, user-
friendly automation and control.

3.3 COMPONENT USED

The term specification means different things to different people. A specification can be
written document, a graphical model, a formal mathematical model, a collection of using
scenario, a prototype, or any combination of these states. The system specification is the
final work product produced by the system and requirements engineer.

3.3.1 Hardware Requirement

Bluetooth module hc-05
Arduino uno
4 channel relay
Smartphone with apps

3.3.2 Software Requirement

1.Arduino IDLE

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3.3.3 Application
1. At home
2. At bank
3.At hospital

3.3.4 Advantages
1.Easy to operates.
2.Multiple User can access or use the project.
3.Consumes less energy.
4.Anyone can operates

3.3.5 Disadvantage
1.People will face problem at the beginning for operating.
2.Complexity
3.Some knowledge about project to operate

3.4 INTRODUCTION TO HARDWARE COMPONENT

3.4.1 ARDUINO UNO
The Arduino Uno is one of the most popular and widely used open-source microcontroller
boards, designed for beginners, students, hobbyists, and professionals alike. It is based on
the ATmega328P microcontroller and is a core part of the Arduino platform, which aims to
make electronics and programming more accessible and easier to learn.

The Arduino Uno features 14 digital input/output pins, of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs, and 6 analog inputs. It operates at 5V, with a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB
connection for programming and power, a power jack, and an ICSP header for direct
programming. It can be powered via USB or with an external power supply ranging from
7 to 12 volts.

One of the key advantages of the Arduino Uno is its simplicity and versatility. It can be
programmed using the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which uses a
simplified version of C/C++ programming language. The IDE supports code uploading,
debugging, and includes many example programs to help users get started quickly.

The board is highly compatible with a wide variety of sensors, modules, and shields,
allowing users to create diverse projects, including robotics, home automation,

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environmental monitoring, and IoT applications. Its open-source nature encourages

community development, which has led to a vast amount of online tutorials, libraries, and
forums.
Overall, the Arduino Uno is a reliable and user-friendly platform that serves as an excellent
starting point for exploring the world of electronics and embedded systems.
Figure :- 3.1 shows the pin description of Arduino uno.

Fig:- 3.1 pin description of Arduino uno

2. 4- CHANNEL RELAY MODULE

A 4-channel relay module is an electronic switching device used to control high-voltage
appliances and devices using low-voltage signals from microcontrollers like Arduino,
Raspberry Pi, or other digital controllers. It contains four individual relays, allowing it to
control up to four separate electrical loads independently.
Each relay on the module acts as an electromagnetic switch, which can be turned ON or
OFF by sending a digital signal (typically 5V) from a microcontroller. This allows the
module to control AC or DC appliances such as lights, fans, motors, and other electrical
equipment without direct human interaction.
The module typically includes opto-isolators (optocouplers) to protect the microcontroller
from electrical surges or faults in the high-voltage side. It also features transistors, diodes,
and flyback protection circuits, ensuring stable and safe switching operations.
A standard 4-channel relay module operates on 5V DC, making it compatible with most
microcontroller logic levels. Each channel has a normally open (NO) and normally closed

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(NC) contact, giving flexibility in circuit design depending on the application's

requirements.
This module is widely used in home automation systems, industrial control systems, DIY
projects, and anywhere multiple high-power devices need to be controlled through a
microcontroller. Its simplicity, affordability, and effectiveness make it an essential
component for anyone working on automation or embedded systems projects.

The relay module operates at 5V DC and is commonly used to control AC appliances

(like lights, fans, or pumps) or DC loads. The core of each relay is an electromagnetic
coil that, when energized by a control signal from the microcontroller, creates a magnetic
field. This magnetic field pulls a switch inside the relay, changing its state from Normally
Open (NO) to Closed, or vice versa. This switching action completes or breaks the circuit
on the high-voltage side, allowing the connected appliance to turn on or off.
To ensure safety and proper operation, the module also includes opto-isolators (opto-
couplers) for each channel. These components electrically isolate the control (low-
voltage) side from the load (high-voltage) side, protecting the microcontroller from voltage
spikes or faults. Transistors are used to amplify the microcontroller’s signal to drive the
relays, and flyback diodes are included to suppress voltage spikes caused by the inductive
load of the coil.
Each relay typically has three output terminals: Common (COM), Normally Open (NO),
and Normally Closed (NC). Depending on the wiring configuration, devices can be turned
ON when the relay is activated or deactivated.
In summary, the 4-channel relay module is a versatile, reliable, and safe solution for
controlling multiple high-voltage devices using low-voltage logic signals from
microcontrollers in various automation applications. Fig- 3.2 shows diagram of 4-channel
relay.

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Fig:-3.2. 4-channel relay

3.BLUETOOTH MODULE HC-05

The HC-05 Bluetooth module is a popular and cost-effective wireless communication
device used in embedded and IoT (Internet of Things) projects. It allows two devices to
communicate wirelessly over Bluetooth using serial communication (UART). The HC-05
is widely used in projects involving Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and other microcontrollers due
to its ease of use and reliable performance.
The module operates on 3.3V to 5V power supply and supports Bluetooth 2.0+EDR
(Enhanced Data Rate) standard, with a range of up to 10 meters in open space. It can
function in two modes: Master and Slave. In Slave mode, it waits for a connection from a
Bluetooth-enabled device like a smartphone. In Master mode, it can initiate a connection
with another Bluetooth device. Most commonly, the HC-05 is used in Slave mode for
wireless control applications.
The HC-05 communicates with microcontrollers via UART (Universal Asynchronous
Receiver Transmitter) using TX (Transmit) and RX (Receive) pins. When paired with a
mobile device using a Bluetooth terminal app, commands sent from the smartphone are
received by the HC-05 and forwarded to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then

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processes these commands to perform specific tasks like switching relays, displaying data,
or controlling motors.
The module also includes an on-board LED indicator that shows the connection status—
blinking when not connected and steady when a connection is established. It can be
configured using AT commands in Command Mode, allowing users to change the name,
password, or baud rate of the module.
In summary, the HC-05 Bluetooth module is a versatile and reliable component that
enables wireless serial communication between devices. It is widely used in home
automation, robotics, wireless control systems, and other Bluetooth-enabled applications
due to its simplicity, affordability, and compatibility with most microcontrollers. Fig:- 3.3
shows Bluetooth module HC-05 terminals.

Fig:3.3 bluetooth module hc- 05

4. JUMPER WIRE
A jumper wire is a basic yet essential component used in electronics and prototyping to
create temporary electrical connections between various components, modules, or devices
without soldering. Jumper wires are especially common in breadboard-based circuits,
microcontroller projects (such as with Arduino or Raspberry Pi), and educational
electronics kits. They are a critical tool for beginners, students, hobbyists, and even
professionals who require fast and flexible circuit assembly.

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Jumper wires come in three main types based on their terminal connectors:
• Male-to-Male (pins on both ends)
• Male-to-Female (pin on one end, socket on the other)
• Female-to-Female (sockets on both ends)
Each type serves a different purpose depending on the components being connected. They
are usually made with a copper conductor for good electrical conductivity and an
insulating plastic coating to protect against short circuits and ensure safety.
Working:
The main function of jumper wires is to transmit electrical signals or power from one
point to another in a circuit. They act as temporary conductors, allowing users to test and
modify circuits quickly and efficiently. For example, jumper wires can connect a
microcontroller’s digital output pin to an LED or relay module, enabling control of
external components.
When used with a breadboard, jumper wires help in creating non-permanent connections
that can easily be changed or rearranged during the development phase. This is particularly
useful for troubleshooting and circuit experimentation, where permanent soldered
connections are not ideal.
In more complex systems, jumper wires are used to link sensors, displays, motors, and
other peripherals with controller boards. For instance, in a home automation project,
jumper wires connect the Arduino Uno to components such as the HC-05 Bluetooth
module and relay boards, allowing the system to function properly.
In conclusion, jumper wires are indispensable in the field of electronics. They provide a
fast, reusable, and solder-free method for building, testing, and modifying circuits, greatly
enhancing the prototyping and learning experience. Image of jumper wire shown in Fig:-
3.4.

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Fig:- 3.4 jumper wire

5.LED BULB
An LED bulb (Light Emitting Diode bulb) is a modern, energy-efficient lighting device that
uses light-emitting diodes as the source of illumination. Unlike traditional incandescent and
fluorescent bulbs, LED bulbs generate light through a process called electroluminescence,
where electrical current passes through a semiconductor material, causing it to emit light.

LED technology has revolutionized the lighting industry due to its numerous advantages. One
of the most significant benefits is energy efficiency—LED bulbs consume up to 80–90% less
energy than traditional incandescent bulbs while providing the same amount of light. They also
have a much longer lifespan, often lasting 15,000 to 50,000 hours, compared to just 1,000 hours
for incandescent bulbs.

LED bulbs come in various shapes, sizes, and color temperatures (ranging from warm white to
cool daylight) to suit different applications, from household and commercial lighting to street
lamps and automotive lights. They are also eco-friendly, containing no toxic elements like
mercury and emitting very low levels of heat, making them safer to use.

Furthermore, LED bulbs can be integrated with modern smart technologies, allowing dimming,
color control, and remote operation via smartphone apps or home automation systems.

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In summary, LED bulbs are a highly efficient, long-lasting, and environmentally friendly
lighting solution that continues to gain popularity in homes, businesses, and industries around
the world. Led bulb is shown in fig:-3.5.

Fig:-3.5 led bulb

SOFTWARE
To develop and upload the code for this home automation project using Arduino Uno, HC-05
Bluetooth module, and a 4-channel relay, the main software required is the Arduino Integrated
Development Environment (Arduino IDE). This is a free, open-source platform used for
writing, compiling, and uploading code to Arduino boards.

1. Arduino IDE
Purpose: This is the primary software used to write and upload the program (sketch) to the
Arduino Uno board.

Features:
Simple and user-friendly interface

Built-in libraries and examples

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Serial monitor for debugging and monitoring communication

Supports C/C++ based programming language

• Compatibility: Available for Windows, macOS, and Linux

• Download link: https://www.arduino.cc/en/software

2. Bluetooth Terminal App (for Android smartphones)

Purpose: Used to send commands from the smartphone to the Arduino via the HC-05 Bluetooth
module.
Examples:
Bluetooth Terminal HC-05
Serial Bluetooth Terminal
Custom apps built using MIT App Inventor or similar platforms
Functionality: These apps allow the user to connect to the HC-05 module and send characters
like ‘1’, ‘2’, ‘3’, etc., which the Arduino interprets to control appliances.
3. Optional Software
MIT App Inventor (if you want to build a custom Android app for better UI/UX)
Fritzing (for creating circuit diagrams and visualizing hardware layout)
In summary, the essential software for this project is the Arduino IDE for programming and
uploading code to the microcontroller, along with a Bluetooth terminal app for user interaction
via a smartphone. These tools together enable development, testing, and operation of the home
automation system

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CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
4.1 PROJECT DESIGN
The home automation project is designed to enhance convenience, security, and energy
efficiency in residential settings. It integrates smart devices such as lights, thermostats, and
security systems, all controlled remotely via smartphone or voice assistants.

The system uses sensors, microcontrollers (like arduino or Raspberry Pi), and wireless
communication (WiFi /Bluetooth) to automate tasks and provide real-time monitoring.
This design offers user-friendly control, customization, and scalability for modern smart
homes.

4 .1.1 Pin Description

In a typical home automation project using an arduino Uno, various pins are utilized for
connecting sensors and devices. Digital pins (2–13) control outputs like relays for lights or
fans and read inputs from motion or door sensors. PWM pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11) can dim
LEDs or control motor speed. Analog pins (A0–A5) read values from temperature or light
sensors. Pin 0 and 1 (RX/TX) are used for serial communication but should be avoided
during programming. The 5V and GND pins power external modules, while the VIN pin
supplies voltage from an external adapter. the figure shown below(fig-4.1) pin description.

Fig:-4.1 pin description

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4.2 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF HARDWARE

The architecture of the home automation project consists of three main layers: the sensing
layer, control layer, and user interface. The sensing layer includes devices like motion
detectors, temperature sensors, and light sensors to collect real-time data. The control layer
is based on a microcontroller (e.g., Arduino Uno) that processes sensor inputs and controls
actuators such as relays for lights, fans, or door locks. Communication modules like Wi-Fi
(ESP8266) or Bluetooth ( HC-05) connect the system to a smartphone or cloud. The user
interface, typically a mobile app or web dashboard, allows remote monitoring and control,
enabling automation based on user defined conditions. The figure shown below( fig-10).
home automation project is structured to enable wireless control of electrical appliances
using an Arduino Uno, an HC-05 Bluetooth module, and a 4-channel relay module. The
design is modular, scalable, and easy to understand, making it ideal for beginners and DIY
enthusiasts.
At the core of the system is the Arduino Uno, which acts as the central processing unit.
It receives input signals wirelessly from a smartphone via the HC-05 Bluetooth module,
which serves as the communication interface. The Bluetooth module is connected to the
Arduino's TX and RX pins, allowing the Arduino to receive commands in the form of
serial data from a mobile app or Bluetooth terminal.
The 4-channel relay module is connected to four digital output pins on the Arduino (for
example, pins 7, 8, 9, and 10). Each relay acts as a switch, allowing or cutting off current
to connected electrical appliances such as lights or fans. The relay module is powered by
the Arduino’s 5V output and uses opto-isolators to protect the Arduino from high-voltage
circuits.
The power supply is provided either via a USB cable or a DC adapter (7–12V) connected
to the Arduino. The appliances are connected to the relay module through normally open
(NO) or normally closed (NC) terminals, depending on the control logic desired.
In terms of software, the Arduino is programmed using the Arduino IDE, where it listens
for serial commands via Bluetooth and triggers the corresponding relay. The smartphone
app acts as the user interface, sending commands (like ‘1’, ‘2’, ‘3’, etc.) that map to
different appliances.
In summary, the architectural design integrates hardware and software components to
create a simple, reliable, and flexible smart home control system that can be further
expanded for more advanced automation features.

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4.3 CONNECTION OF COMPONENTS

Bluetooth Communication:
• The HC-05 module is connected to the Arduino (TX to RX and RX to TX) for serial
communication.
• A smartphone connects to the HC-05 via Bluetooth and sends specific
characters/commands.
Arduino Processing:
• Arduino reads the received characters from the Bluetooth module.
• Based on the command (e.g., '1' to turn ON light 1, '0' to turn it OFF), Arduino activates
the respective relay.
Relay Control:
• The relay module acts as a switch to control 220V AC appliances safely.
• Each channel of the relay is connected to a different appliance.
Figure 4.2 shows the project prototype and its connection between the components

Fig:-4.2 project prototype

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CHAPTER 56
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
WORK
CONCLUSION:
5.1 CONCLUSION:
The Bluetooth-based home automation system using Arduino Uno, HC-05 Bluetooth
module, and a 4-channel relay is a practical and cost-effective solution for controlling
household appliances wirelessly. This project successfully demonstrates how basic
electronic components can be integrated to create a smart home environment. By using a
smartphone to send commands via Bluetooth, users can conveniently control multiple
electrical devices without the need to interact with traditional wall switches.
One of the key advantages of this system is its simplicity and ease of implementation. The
use of Arduino Uno ensures that even beginners can understand and build the project with
minimal effort. The HC-05 Bluetooth module offers a reliable and wireless means of
communication between the smartphone and the microcontroller, eliminating the need for
wired control systems.
The relay module plays a crucial role in safely switching high-voltage appliances using
low-voltage control signals from the Arduino. With this setup, the system can be used to
control lights, fans, and other small household devices. It can also be enclosed in a compact
and safe casing to enhance its usability and safety in a home environment.
Overall, the project highlights the potential of embedded systems and wireless
communication in modern home automation. It not only makes life more convenient but
also sets the foundation for further enhancements such as voice control, sensor-based
automation, or integration with the Internet of Things (IoT). This system is an ideal starting
point for students and hobbyists who wish to explore the growing field of smart home
technology.

FUTURE WORK
5.2 FUTURE : :
WORK

It will be comes with different functional technologies, that fulfills our needs. It will be
driven by AI and machine learning, allowing systems to anticipate and adapt to user needs,
optimize energy consumption, and enhance security.

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REFERENCES
[1] https://www.se.com/in/en/work/campaign/local/what-is-home-automation.jsp
[2] https://www.repsol.com/en/energy-and-the-future/technology-and-
innovation/what-is-homeautomation/index.cshtml.
[3] https://youtu.be/_eFW_4HKhys?si=LyYR8RNRnl3zI-Et
[4] https://youtu.be/pdZYs4jqB84?si=yHFLUcSHbsNqVrnp
[5] https://www.repsol.com/en/energy-and-the-future/technology-and-
innovation/what-is-home-automation/index.cshtml
[6] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation
[7] "Arduino Home Automation Projects" – Marco Schwartz (2014)
[8] "Internet of Things: A Hands-On-Approach" – Arshdeep Bahga & Vijay
Madisetti (2014)
[9] A comprehensive IoT book with practical examples that apply well to home
automation.

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