2017

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POWER SYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

EXPERIMENT NO-1
AIM Determination of ABCD parameters of transmission line model.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Transmission line model
2. Voltmeter - (0-300-600) V,MI
3. Ammeter - (0-5-10)A
4. Variac (INPUT -0-240V,OUTPUT -0-270V, 15A)

THEORY
ABCD parameters basically describe the relation between the sending end and
receiving end voltage and currents. Power grids deals in the transmission of
electrical power from one particular place (eg. generating station) to another like
substations or distribution units with maximum efficiency. Thus the entire
transmission system can besimplified to a two port network for the sake of easier
calculations.

As the name suggests, a2 port network can be named with an input port PÌ and
an output port RS. Each port has 2 terminals to connect itself to the external
circuit. Thus it is essentially a 2port or a 4 terminal circuit, as shown in fig

IR
P
Transmission R

Vs Line
-S

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWERTRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

Now the ABCD parameters or the transmission line parameters provide the link
beveen the supplh and receiving end voltages and currents, considering the
circutelements to be linear in nature. Thus the relution between the sending and
receiving end specifications are given using ABCD parameters by the equations
below.
V, =AV, +BI, (1)
I, =C + DI, (2)

Now in order to determine the ABCD parameters of transmission line let us impose
the required circuit conditions in different cases.

ABCD Parameters, when receiving End is Open Circuited:

Is
P R
Transmission
Vs Line
VR
Q S
The receiving end is open circuited meaning receiving end current IR = 0.

Applying this condition to equation above we get,

Vs =AVR +BO ’ Vs =AVg+0

A
Va Ia=0

Thus, it implies that on applying open circuit condition to ABCD parameters, we

get parameter Aas the ratio of sending end voltage to the open circuit receiving
end voltage. Since dimension wise A is a ratio of voltage to
voltage, A is a
dimension less parameter.

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISsION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

Apphing the same open circuitcondition i.e ln = 0to equation (2)

Is= CVab0’ Is =CV¡+ 0

Thus, it implies that on applying open circuit condition to ABCD parameters of

transmission line, we get parameter C as the ratio of sending end current to the
current to
open circuitreceiving end voltage. Since dimension wise C is a ratio of
voltage, its unit is mho. C is the open circuit conductance and is given by
C= l;/ Vmho.

ABCD Parameters, when receiving End is Short Circuited:

R
P Transmission
Vs V=0
Line

Receiving end is shortcircuited meaning receiving end voltage V¡ = 0

Applying this condition to equation (1)we get,
V5=A0 +BIg ’ Vs =0+ BIg

Thus its implies that on applying short circuitcondition to ABCD parameters, we

get parameter B as the ratio of sending end voltage to the short circuit receiving
end current. Since dimension wise B is a ratio of voltage to current, its unit is S2.
Thus B is the short circuit resistance and isgiven by
B= V_/lk 2.
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 2017
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

Apphing the same short cireuit condition i.e Vr -0to equation (2) we get
Is =C0 +DIp ’ Is = 0+b IR

Thus its implies that on applving short circuitcondition to ABCD parameters, we

getparameter D as the ratio of sending end current to the short circuit receiving
end current. Since dimension wise D is a ratio ofcurrent to current, it's a
dìmension less parameter.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
A
Bo
(0-5)A
Single
Phase (0-300)V
TL
v)(0-300)V
230V.
Model
50Hz

-Oc
0-270V, 15A
ACSUPPLY
Fig: 1 OPEN CIRCUIT

A BO

(0-5)A
Single
V
Phase
230V,
(0-300)V
TL
A
)0-$A)
50Hz Model

DO
0-270V, 15A
ACSUPPLY Fig: 2 SHORT CIRCUIT
 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 2017
POWER SYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

PROCEDURE
OPEN CIRCUIT:
1. Make connection as per circuit diagram.
2. Inerease the voltage by variance up to 220V take reading of ammeter,
sending end voltage&receiving end voltage.
3. Take care current not exceeding 4A.

SHORT CIRCUIT:
1. Make connection as per circuit diagram.
2. Increases the current in the circuit up to 2Amps by vary in voltage from
variac. Note reading of voltmeter &ammeter.
3. Repeat same by interchanging the secondary end &receiving end.

OBSERVATION TABLE

SENDING END RECEIVING END

V,(V) I,(A) VR(V) Ig(A)

OPEN

SHORT

CALCULATION

B= C D=:
RI=0

RESULT- ABCD Parametersof transmission line has been calculated.

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 2017
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

EXPERIMENT NO-4
AIM Improvement of voltage profile at a load bus using a shunt capacitor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Variac (INPUT -0-240V, OUTPUT -0-270V, 15A)
2. Volmeter, M.I (0-150/300)V
3. A.C. Ammeter (0-5-10) A
4. Rheostat (0-65) 2,5A
5. Capacitor load (1KVAR)
6. Switch (DPST)
7. Panel Transmission Line Model (300Km,2A)

THEORY
Shunt capacitor is used to improve the power factor of the system. An inductive
load absorbs reactive power due to inductive component. This causes the voltage
at load to dip inaddition to the resistive voltage drop static shunt capacitors are
installed near the load terminals, in factory substations in receiving substation etc.
toprovide leading VAR &thus to reduce the line current & total KVA loading of
the substation. By using shunt capacitor line drop is reduced &voltage regulation
is improved.
It may be noted that reactive power flowonly due to difference in voltage level. If
we make sending end voltage and receiving end voltage equal then there is no
reactive power absorbed by load and all the reactive power absorbed by
transmission line.

Shunt capucitor ure switched in when KVAdemand on the distribution systemn

rises
& voltage of the bus drops.
Q
generation < Qabsorption
Q
generation > Qabsorption
Q
generation = Qabsorption
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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 2017
POWER SYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

TheAdantage of Shunt capacitors are low costs. And Flexibility of installation &
operation.

And the Disadvantage of Shunt capacitor is Reactive powver is proportional to

square of Voltage. So reactive power is reduced at low voltage when it is likely to
beneeded the most.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRANSMISSION LINE

(0-5)A

(0-300)V
RL C

650, 5.5A (0-300)V 1KVAR

0-p30V,
5Hz

0-270V, 15A
ACSUPPLY
DPST
SWITCH

Fig:Circuit Diagram

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 2017
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEM LAB
DISTRIBUTION LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND

PROCEDURE
1. Connecct the circuit diagram as shown in Circuit diagram.
2. Switch onpower supply & with the help of
variac, set inputvoltage & note
down output voltage.
3. Close the switch, connecting shunt capacitance.
4. Note down change in output voltage.
5. Repeat same for other value of voltages.

6. Calculate the Voltage regulation of line With Capacitor and without capacitor

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.NO Vs WITHOUTCAPACITOR WITH CAPACITOR

Load Current I,. VR Load Current IL VR

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

RESULT
Voltage profile of transmission line with and without shunt capacitor has
been
plotted.

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 2017
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

EXPERIMENT NO-5
AIM To verify the Ferrantieffect in transmission line.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Transmission line model
2. Voltmeter - (0-300)V, MI
3. Variac(INPUT (0-240)V,OUTPUT - 0-270V, 15A)

THEORY
4 long transnuission line draws a considerable quantity of charging current due to
capacitance formation betwveen line and ground. If'such a transnission line is open
circuited or verv lightly loaded at the receiving end then receiving end voltage
becomes greater than sending end voltage. this phenomenon is known as Ferranti
effect. IWhen the inductive loads at receiving end are switched off. the reactive
power generated by the capacitors adds on to the transmission lines. As aresult
consumer end voltage increases and becomes more than the voltage at the supply
end.

The Ferranti Effect take place when the total current drawn by the distributed
capacitance of the transmission line is greater than the current drawn br the
loads at the receiving end of the line. Therefore, the Ferranti efject is a problen of
lightly loaded lines and especially in underground cables where the slhunt
capacitances have greater value han overheud line
The Ferronti Efject does not oceur in lines which are louded because line
capucitive efject is constant independent of load, while inductive effect wwill vary
with load. As we increase the inductive load, the VAR
generated by the line
capacitance is consumed by the load and not dds up to the line.

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEM LAB
DISTRIBUTION LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND

CIRCUIT

SINGLE TRANSMISSION (0-300)

PHASE v )0-300)v LINE
0-230V,.
SOHz

0-270V, 15 A
AC SUPPLY
Fig: Circuit Diagram

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the apparatus as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Switch on power supply and with the help of variac, set input voltage
3. Note downoutput voltage (VR) at different output nodes (steps)/distances
4. Draw the graph between VR and distance (steps).
5. Repeat same for other value of voltages.

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 2017

POWER SYSTEM LAB

EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.NO. STEP/DISTANCE SENDING END RECEIVING END

VOLTAGE(Vs) VOLTAGE(VR)
1

RESULT Ferrantieffect has been plotted and observed the graph between
receiving end voltage and distance.

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERIND DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEM LAB

EXPERIMENT NO-10
AIM- To determine breakdown voltageof solid insulation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Power supply
2. Autotranstormers
3. Highvoltage breakdown tester
4. Connecting cables
THEORY-Breakdown voltage is defined as the voltage at which a solid
insulation becomes electrically conductive.
creating
In solids, it usually creates a weakened path within the material by
high voltage
permanent molecular and physical changes by sudden current flow. A
(HV)breakdown tester is used. This test gives information required for given
applicationand for detecting changes or deviation from normal.
This method is useful for process control, acceptance or research testing.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERIND DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEM LAB

250V

DIM

No
Ra

TRIPPING ON -CARD

RELAY

CH 8 1 TEST

HT
ON

230V/5KV

PRODCEDURE
1. Switch on the HV power supply.
2. Activate H.T. by pressing the toggle switch.
3. Sandwich the paper between the probes.
4. Slowlyincrease the voltage till the beep sound is heard. At this point, a hole
will have been produced on the paper and the breakdown of paper insulation
would have occurred.
5. Fold the sheet of paper and repeat for different thicknesses of paper i.e. told
once, twice, thrice etc.
6. Tabulate the observations and plot the graph between voltages (K)) and
thickness (in mm ).
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERIND DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEM LAB

OBSERVATION TABLE
BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE(KV)
S.NO THICKNESS OF PAPER(mm)
1
2
3.
4.
5.

PRECAUTIONS -
them
1. Handles the probes carefully as they carry voltage in KV, touching
could lead to a serious shock.
2. The hole of the previous observation should not be interfering while
taking further observation.
of
3. Take beep reading very carefully as it last for a very short duration
time.

RESULT
The breakdown voltage versus thickness characteristics for the solid
(paper) insulation has been plotted and are found to be linear, with in
experimental error.