O.P.

Jindal University Raigarh

GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION AND SUBMISSION OF M.Tech Dissertation

1. NO OF COPIES TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT

At least three copies of the dissertation are to be submitted to the Department. One copy
will be returned to the student after the guide and Head of Department have been signed.
The other two copies will be kept in the Departmental and Central Library. The
corrections, if any, suggested by the examiners at the time of the viva voce examination
will have to be incorporated into the dissertation before final submission. A soft copy of a
good-quality CD/Drive will have to be submitted to the Digital Library through a guide
incorporating all the corrections.

2. STRUCTURE OF THE DISSERTATION.

Cover page: The title of the dissertation, author, department, month, and year of submission
along with the emblem of the Institute will be included on the cover page of the “hardbound”
dissertation to be submitted.

Inner cover: contents can be the same as that of the front cover but on ordinary A4 size
paper.
Three main parts of the dissertation should be easily identifiable. This includes the
preliminary part, body of the dissertation, reference, and appendices (if any) as the
concluding or final part. The order of these items is as given below.

PRELIMINARY PART
Acknowledgments, if any
Declaration by the author
Certificate from supervisor
Contents
Abstract
List of symbols, if any
List of figures, if any
List of tables, if any
List of abbreviations, if any

BODY OF THE DISSERTATION

Chapter I
Introduction
Literature Survey
Research gap
Objectives
Chapter II
……………………………………
……………………………………..
Chapter N: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK
CONCLUDING PART
References
Bibliography (if any)
Appendix or Appendices

Title page
Refer Sample Page attached below

Acknowledgments
Refer Sample Page attached below

Declaration
Refer Sample Page attached below

Certificate (in standard form by the dissertation supervisor(s)- see specimen given later)

Refer Sample Page attached below

Contents

The contents should list the chapter headings, sections, and subsections of the different chapters
along with page numbers of each. It should be possible to get a complete picture of the
dissertation by looking at the contents. While the contents cannot be as brief as listing only the
chapter headings, it need not be as elaborate as listing all paragraph titles within subsections. It is
preferable to include the chapter, section, and subsection headings only in the contents with
appropriate page numbers.

Abstract
This part of the dissertation will be the most widely published and most read because it will be
published in Dissertation Abstracts International. It is best written towards the end, but not at the
very last minute because you will probably need several drafts. It should be a distillation of the
dissertation: a concise description of the problem(s) addressed and your method of solving
it/them, your results and conclusions. An abstract must be self-contained. Usually, they do not
contain references. When a reference is necessary, its details should be included in the text of the
abstract. The number of words may be limited to 1000 not exceeding two pages of spacing 1.5
and font type Times New Roman with size 11.

List of Figures
List the number and captions of the figures with page numbers here.

List of tables
List the number and titles of the tables with page numbers

List of abbreviations
List the abbreviations, particularly those that are not very common, in alphabetical order.
Page numbering
The preliminary parts are numbered in Roman numerals (i, ii, etc). The first page of the first
chapter (Introduction) onwards will be numbered in Arabic numerals 1 2 3 etc at the bottom,
centered.

Numbering sections, subsections, equations, figures etc

A word on the numbering scheme used in the dissertation is in order. It is common practice to use
decimal numbering in the dissertation. If the chapter number is 2, the section numbers will be
2.1, 2.2, 2.3, etc. The subsections in section 2.2 will be numbered as 2.2.1, 2.2.2, etc. Unless
essential, it is not necessary to use numbers to lower levels than three stages. Headings of
paragraphs below the subsections may be boldfaced and in sentence case.

Similarly, it is useful and convenient to number the figures also chapter-wise. The figures in
Chapter 4 will be numbered Fig.4.1, Fig 4.2, etc. This helps you in assembling the figures and
putting them in proper order. Similarly, the tables are also numbered as Table 4.1 Table 4.2, etc.
All figures and tables should have proper captions. Usually, the figure captions are written below
the figure and table captions are on top of the table. All figures should have proper descriptions
by legends, titles of the axes, and any other information to make the figures self-explanatory.
Figures in color are not essential, but if it is essential, can be given. If used, all copies submitted
should have figures in color.
The same numbering scheme can be used for equations also. The only thing to be remembered is
that references to the figures are made like Fig 4.2, and equations as Eqn. (5.8) and tables as
Table 3.8. If there are some appendices, these can be numbered as A1, A2, A3, etc. The
equations in these appendices can be numbered as (A1.1), (A2.3) etc.

References can be numbered as 1, 2, 3, etc. in the order in which they are referred to in the body
of the dissertation. A typical reference in the body of the dissertation will appear as “as stated in
[3] or in [3] – [5] “etc. APA referencing format is to be followed in the order of occurrence in the
main text.

The bibliography contains material that was useful for the preparation of the dissertation in a
general way and is not directly referred to in the dissertation. It is not essential but will be of
immense help for a student who tries to read and understand the contents of the dissertation.

References to journal papers should contain the name of the author(s), the title of the paper, the
name of the journal, volume number, issue number, particular pages (pp), and year of
publication. If there are more than three authors, it is enough to mention the name of the first
author followed by .et.al (meaning and others)

Example:
Muralikrishna, Y., Mohan Jagadeesh Kumar, M., Aravind, B., & Sahu, M. K. (2023).
Comparative studies on the performance of plain, perforated, threaded, and threaded–perforated
pin fin: A numerical approach. Heat Transfer, 52(4), 3333-3352.
Similarly, conference papers should mention the name of the author(s), title of the paper, name of
the conference, place in which the conference was held and date, month and year of the
conference along with the page numbers of the paper in the proceedings of the conference.

Example:
Mahala Nabis A K, Prasad S, Mohandas K P : Adaptive Deconvolution of Seismic Data, IEEE
International Conference on Computers Circuits and Signal Processing, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore, Dec 1998, pp 1025-1029

References to books should contain the name of the author, title of the book, name of the
publisher, edition number, and year of publication. If possible ISBN Number also can be quoted.

Example
Griffths and Manuel: Introduction to Neuro-fuzzy Systems, Prentice Hall Inc, Edition 2, 1998.

Appendices
If there is material that if included in the body of the dissertation would break up the flow of
reading or bore the reader unbearably, it is better to include it as an appendix. Some items that
are typically included in appendices are: major derivations or theoretical developments,
important and original computer programs, data files that are too large to be represented simply
in the results chapters, pictures or diagrams of results that are not important enough to keep in
the main text, etc.

Suggested Font sizes

Refer Sample Page attached below
Fault Diagnosis of Mechanical Components Within Rotational
Machines Using Infrared Thermography Method

Dissertation submitted
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

Master of Technology
in

Power Plant Engineering & Energy Management

(Mechanical Engineering)
by

Name of Student
(Roll No.)

under the supervision of

Dr. Mithilesh Kumar Sahu
Associate Professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering

O. P. Jindal University Raigarh

June 2025
Fault Diagnosis of Mechanical Components Within Rotational
Machines Using Infrared Thermography Method

Dissertation submitted
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

Master of Technology
in

Power Plant Engineering & Energy Management

(Mechanical Engineering)
by

Name of Student
(Roll No.)

under the supervision of

Dr. Mithilesh Kumar Sahu
Associate Professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering

O. P. Jindal University Raigarh

June 2025
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
O. P. Jindal University, Raigarh (C.G.) - 496109

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this dissertation entitled “Fault Diagnosis of Mechanical

Components Within Rotational Machines Using Infrared Thermography Method”
submitted by Gautam Sahu (3203713018) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Master of Technology in Power Plant Engineering & Energy Management
under the department of Mechanical Engineering at O. P. Jindal University, Raigarh,
during the academic year 2023-24, is a bonafide record of work carried out under my/our
supervision.

The M.Tech dissertation-I/II viva-voice examination has been held on ……………….

Name of Supervisor Name of Supervisor

Mechanical Engineering Department Mechanical Engineering Department
O. P. Jindal University Raigarh O. P. Jindal University Raigarh

Name: Dr. Mahesh K Bhiwapurkar

(Vice-Dean)
External Examiner Mechanical Engineering Department
O. P. Jindal University Raigarh
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
O. P. Jindal University, Raigarh (C.G.) - 496109

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project entitled “Fault Diagnosis of Mechanical

Components Within Rotational Machines Using Infrared Thermography Method”
submitted for the M.Tech. degree is my original work except for quotations and
references which have been duly acknowledged. The study has not been accepted for any
degree and is not concurrently submitted for award of any other degree in any other
university/Institute.

Name of Student
(Roll No.)

Place: Raigarh

Date: 15-05-2015
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
O. P. Jindal University, Raigarh (C.G.) - 496109

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my project supervisor “Name of

Supervisor(s)” for providing me the opportunity to work on this topic. It would never
have been possible for me to take this project to this level without his/their innovative
ideas and relentless support and encouragement.

I take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Mahesh K

Bhiwapurkar (Vice-Dean, ME), for permitting me to carry out the project work at the
department facilities.

I am obliged to the department faculty and staff members for the valuable information
and support provided by them.

Lastly, I thank the almighty, my family members and friends for their constant
encouragement and support.

Name of Student
(Roll No.)

Place: Raigarh

Date: 15-05-2017
 ABSTRACT

Condition monitoring concept has revolutionized the maintenance thoughts and strategies
in today’s industrial scenario. Every production establishment wants its equipments and
machinery to operate with increased Reliability and Availability but with reduced
Maintainability cost. It is said that “Maintenance is the single largest controllable
expenditure in any industry”. Effective condition monitoring helps in reducing the
expenditure on account of Maintenance by early detection of a budding problem in a
system so that timely corrective action could be taken either on planned or opportunity
basis. There are various techniques of condition monitoring like Vibration Analysis; Oil
condition monitoring; Visual inspection; Bearing Distress monitoring; Sound monitoring;
Monitoring of operational parameters like temperature, pressure and flow rate; Infrared
(IR) Thermal Imaging; Non-destructive testing etc. But each technique has some
limitations. Similarly, Infrared (IR) Thermal Imaging too, has limitations in diagnosis and
trouble-shooting of mechanical problems. However, the potential applicability of
Thermal Imaging technology in solving the mechanical problems is being continuously
explored and the results obtained are encouraging. This technology has helped in
visualizing and understanding the mechanical problems in a better manner. Often, it helps
in pointing the root cause of the problem out of the possible causes indicated by other
techniques of condition monitoring. Some examples have been shared which shows the
unique applications of IR Thermal imaging solving the mechanical problems of plant
machinery.
 Table of Content

Page No

Certificate i

Declaration ii

Acknowledgement iii

Abstract iv

Contents v

Nomenclature xv

List of Figures xvi

List of Tables xvii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-16

1.1 Basic Principles 1

1.2 Infrared Energy 3

1.3 Thermography 4

1.4 Thermal Camera 5

1.5 Thermography Technique 6

1.6 Relative Temperature criteria 8

1.7 Applications of Thermography 9

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 17-20

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 21-29

3.1 Thermography Methods 21

3.2 Temperature Severity Assessment Criteria 26

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 30-40

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS 41

REFERENCES 42
 NOMENCLATURE

A Air
Asg Surface area for gas heat transfer (m2)
c Cost per unit of exergy ($/MJ)
𝑪̇ Exergetic cost flow rate ($/h)
𝑪̇P Cost rate of product exergy of component ($/h)
𝑪𝑷 Average product cost per exergy unit of component ($/MW)
𝑪̇f Cost rate of fuel supply ($/h)

Greek symbols
γ Specific heat ratio
𝜼𝑨𝑪 Compressor isentropic efficiency (%)
𝜼𝑮𝑻 Gas turbine isentropic efficiency (%)
r Relative cost difference
𝜻 Ratio of mass of coolant to mass of gas flow (kg/kg of gas)
Subscripts
0 Reference environment
a Air
AC Air compressor
B Blade
Acronyms

AFC Air film cooling

BGT Basic gas turbine
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Name Page No.

Figure 1 GE’S Power plant configurations portfolio [17] 45
Figure 2 Expansion process in stages of gas turbine from which 48
work has been extracted on a continuous basis
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Name Page No.

Table 1 GE’S Power plant configurations portfolio [17] 45
Table 2 Expansion process in stages of gas turbine from which 48
work has been extracted on a continuous basis
 Chapter 1

Introduction
Infrared Thermography is the science of acquisition and analysis of thermal information
by using noncontact thermal imaging devices. Thermography is a technology that allows
us to see thermal energy. Thermography can be used in any circumstance where the
identification of thermal patterns can be used to diagnose a condition such as poor
electrical connection. Infrared Thermography has wide applications in condition-based
maintenance, R&D, medical, QC and Process Monitoring, non – non-destructive testing,
and many others. This paper presents details of the phenomenon of electromagnetic
spectrum & Thermal imaging applications in industry.

In the industrial/commercial environment, almost everything gets hotter or cooler before

it fails, making infrared cameras extremely valuable diagnostic tools with many diverse
applications. And as industry strives to improve manufacturing efficiencies, manage
energy, improve product quality, and enhance worker safety, new applications for
infrared cameras continually emerge.

1.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE

INFRARED REDIATION: The infrared ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation the

same as radio waves, microwaves, Ultraviolet rays, visible light, X-rays, and gamma
rays. All these forms, which collectively make up the electromagnetic spectrum, are
similar in that they emit energy in the form of electromagnetic waves traveling at the
speed of light. The major difference between each ‘band’ in the spectrum is in their
wavelength, which correlates to the amount of energy the waves carry. For example,
while gamma rays have wavelengths millions of times smaller than those of visible light,
radio waves have wavelengths that are billions of times longer than those of visible light.
The wavelength of the infrared radiation ‘band’ is 0.8 to 1000μm (micrometers). This is
longer than the wavelength of visible light yet shorter that radio waves. The wavelengths
of infrared radiation are classified from the near infrared to the far infrared.
EMISSIVITY: Infrared radiation is energy radiated by the motion of atoms and
molecules on the surface of an object, where the temperature of the object is more than
absolute zero. The intensity of the emittance is a function of the temperature of the
material. In other words, the higher the temperature, the greater the intensity of infrared
energy that is emitted. As well as emitting infrared energy, materials also reflect infrared,
absorb infrared, and, in some cases, transmit infrared. When the temperature of the
material equals that of its surroundings, the amount of thermal radiation absorbed by the
object equals the amount emitted by the object.

Fig 1.1.1- Modes of Heat Dissipation

The figure above shows the three modes by which the radiant energy striking an object
may be dissipated. These modes of dissipation are:

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

Heat is transferred from one body to another in three possible ways,
CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, and RADIATION.
1. Conduction: It is the energy transfer from the more energetic to the less
energetic particles of a substance due to interaction between them, a
microscopic activity.
2. Convection: It is the energy transfer due to random molecular motion a
long with the macroscopic motion of the fluid particles.
3. Radiation: It is the transfer of heat energy in the form of waves in the
infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.