KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 29 (2025) 100006

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KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/kscej

Investigation of factors and their dynamic influences on multi-party

collaboration in bim-based prefabricated buildings
Lan Luo a, Piao Wan a, Zhiwen Zhong b, Qiushi Bo a,∗, Xueya Yan b, Yonghong Chen c
a
School of Public Policy and Administration, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
b
School of Infrastructure Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China
c
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Keywords: Prefabricated buildings offer numerous benefits such as high-quality construction, energy efficiency, and eco-
Prefabricated buildings friendliness. The emergence of building information modeling (BIM) has greatly accelerated the popularization
Building information modeling (BIM) of prefabricated buildings. Nevertheless, the development of BIM-based prefabricated buildings is still immature,
Multi-party collaboration
requiring the cooperation of multi-parties. How to coordinate the working relationship among multi-parties and
Fuzzy cognitive map (FCM)
improve work efficiency in each stage has become a challenge. In this study, six factors affecting multi-party
Dynamic influence
collaboration in BIM-based prefabricated buildings are identified through a literature review combined with the
Delphi method, including information collaboration C1 , resource collaboration C2 , organization collaboration
C3 , environment collaboration C4 , process collaboration C5 , and goal collaboration C6 . Then, with the method
of fuzzy cognitive map (FCM), a multi-party collaboration FCM model is constructed to explore the dynamic
influence of six factors on collaborative efficiency. The results show that (1) six collaborative factors are positively
correlated with collaborative efficiency, among which C3 and C6 have the highest positive correlation; (2) when
collaborative efficiency changes, C1 and C3 are most affected; and (3) without considering the uncontrollable
factors in construction, the collaborative efficiency is most sensitive to the change of C3 and C6 . The findings
of this study are of great significance in improving the efficiency of multi-party collaboration and ensuring the
high-quality construction of BIM-based prefabricated building projects.

1. Introduction modeling (BIM) becoming deeply integrated with the construction in-
dustry (Wang et al., 2023). The application of BIM to prefabricated
The construction industry relies on abundant resource inputs and buildings supports the collection, organization, and feedback of project
significant investments to drive its growth (Akinosho et al., 2020, information, and also stimulates engineering innovation, thereby con-
Hossain et al., 2020). It is challenging to achieve effective and sustain- tributing to the realization of construction value-added (Mellado and
able development (Aghasizadeh et al., 2022) due to the traditional mode Lou, 2020). BIM technology can fulfill the management of component
of production, insufficient information level, and low utilization rate of production in the prefabricated building design phase, assist in the in-
resources (Abioye et al., 2021). Compared with traditional construction stallation and quality control in the construction phase, and carry out
methods, prefabricated buildings are defined as structures manufactured effective information management in subsequent operation and mainte-
in a factory, transported to the construction site, and then assembled nance phases (Opoku et al., 2021).
and installed on-site (Tavares et al., 2021). This process allows prefab- However, the advancement of BIM-based prefabricated buildings
ricated buildings to overcome the challenges associated with lengthy is still in its nascent stages, with various contradictions and obstacles
construction periods and low production rates. Besides, it can effectively present in its construction process. In addition to the objective factors
address the rising trend of building energy usage and carbon emissions such as increased cost and higher technical requirements, the reasons for
(Wasim et al., 2022). the slow development of prefabricated buildings also include subjective
With the rapid development of contemporary information technol- factors such as the lack of strong willingness of participants and collab-
ogy and its extensive penetration across various industries (Bello et al., oration (Chan et al., 2019). Multi-party collaboration represents a piv-
2021), information technology represented by building information otal link of project construction, facilitating the efficient, accurate, and

∗
Correspondence author at: School of Public Policy and Administration, Nanchang University, No.999 Xuefu Avenue, Honggutan District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi
Province, PR China, 330031.
E-mail address: bolentick@126.com (Q. Bo).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kscej.2024.100006
Received 26 March 2024; Received in revised form 11 June 2024; Accepted 20 July 2024
1226-7988/© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Korean Society of Civil Engineers. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
L. Luo, P. Wan, Z. Zhong et al. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 29 (2025) 100006

seamless implementation of projects through the collaborative work of gration of BIM and life cycle assessment (LCA) through a literature re-
multiple stakeholders at all stages of the project life cycle (Saukko et al., view related to BIM-based LCA, concluding that BIM model-based meth-
2020, Kerosuo, 2018). In essence, it is a process of joint efforts to ensure ods can be used to assess the environmental and energy consumption im-
that the project is completed in a timely, high-quality, and cost-effective pacts based on LCA. Xiao and Bhola (Xiao and Bhola, 2022) contrasted
manner (Zhang et al., 2017). BIM collaborative design against traditional design approaches, and es-
Nevertheless, multi-party collaboration is influenced by a multitude tablished a conceptual model for professional-component-process (PCP)
of internal and external factors. From an external perspective, despite collaborative design to assess the precision of BIM models. Mansoori
of corresponding development policies, the market demand remains et al. (Mansoori et al., 2023) employed conceptual research methods
low, which leads to a heightened investment risk of developers. Conse- and a single case study to propose a “part-phase-elements matrix” as
quently, prefabricated buildings are not the mainstream choice of par- the product structure of the construction industry to promote the con-
ticipants (Sarhadi et al., 2021). From an internal perspective, the accu- sistency of information in BIM. Li et al. (Li et al., 2018) investigated the
racy and speed of information transmission are low, and there is a lack challenges hindering the implementation of BIM in prefabricated build-
of mature multi-party collaborative BIM platforms (Tan et al., 2019). ings and determined the relationship between these obstacles by using
These factors interact with each other (Gong et al., 2023), exhibiting the interpretative structural model (ISM). Zhong et al. (Zhong et al.,
complex interrelations. In the context of prefabricated buildings, the in- 2017) developed a multi-dimensional BIM platform (MITBIMP) that sup-
crease in the number of participants and the complexity of professional ports the Internet of Things (IoT) to realize the real-time visibility and
technology will result in an increase in the inaccuracy of information traceability of prefabricated buildings.
transmission (Chen et al., 2022, Wu et al., 2019). This, in turn, will lead In conclusion, BIM technology has been applied throughout the de-
to difficulties in communication and coordination between the parties, sign, assembly, and construction of prefabricated building projects, and
which directly affects the overall decision-making quality and imple- research on BIM-based prefabricated buildings is extensive and well-
mentation effect of the project (Ren et al., 2023). The recognition of developed. However, multi-party collaboration in BIM-based prefab-
the dynamic interactions between these factors can facilitate targeted ricated buildings has rarely been studied. Moreover, existing studies
improvements to different factors, thereby enhancing the willingness of mostly focus on qualitative research such as interviews, conceptual stud-
parties involved to collaborate (Xu et al., 2023, Fan et al., 2023). Con- ies, and ISM methods to investigate the application of BIM in the context
sequently, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting multi-party of prefabricated building projects. Most of them tend to focus on static
collaboration in BIM-based prefabricated buildings and explore the dy- analysis, which doesn’t reflect the dynamic evolution.
namic influence of the factors on collaborative efficiency considering
the dynamic interactions. 2.2. Multi-party collaboration in prefabricated buildings
In conclusion, this study summarizes six influencing factors of multi-
party collaboration through a literature review and the Delphi method. In the 1970s, the German physicist Haken proposed the concept of
Then, a fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) model is constructed to illustrate the “Synergetics” (Haken, 1977), which focuses on the self-organization
dynamic influence of these factors on collaborative efficiency in differ- and formation of ordered structures in non-equilibrium open systems.
ent scenarios. The study results offer valuable insights that can enhance Nowadays, the term “synergy” is defined as the process and ability
the collaborative efficiency of multi-parties, achieving the smooth con- to coordinate two or more distinct resources or individuals in order
struction of BIM-based prefabricated building projects. The contribu- to accomplish or even exceed expected goals in a unified manner
tions of the study rely on (1) identifying six factors affecting the multi- (Nguyen and Akhavian, 2019). Compared with other fields, research on
party collaboration of BIM-based prefabricated buildings, and (2) in- multi-party collaboration in the construction industry is mostly confined
vestigating the dynamic influence of different factors on collaborative to specific domains. For example, Akintan and Morledge (Akintan and
efficiency in prefabricated buildings. Morledge, 2013) employed the integrated project delivery theory and
the final planner to build a collaborative mechanism between the gen-
2. Literature review eral contractor and subcontractors to improve collaborative efficiency.
Yang and Wang (Yang and Wang, 2021) constructed a collaborative
2.1. Prefabricated buildings based on BIM incentive framework to analyze the influence mechanism of informa-
tion on the performance of collaborative incentives, which promoted
Prefabricated buildings are the action of responding to supply-side the rapid agreement of multiple parties’ opinions in EPC projects. Das
structural reform policies, which are strongly supported by the govern- et al. (Das et al., 2015) addressed the data-sharing problem of construc-
ment (Gan et al., 2023, MacAskill et al., 2021). BIM technology, as tion supply chain participants mainly by establishing a supply chain
an information tool, introduces the system concept into prefabricated information-sharing collaborative mechanism.
buildings, which runs through every phase of the complete project life In the field of research on multi-party collaboration in BIM-based
cycle (Ansah et al., 2021). Besides, it has the ability to represent ac- prefabricated buildings, some studies focus on multi-party collaboration
tual information through mapping in a virtual model (Demian and Wal- in prefabricated buildings. Papadonikolaki et al. (Papadonikolaki et al.,
ters, 2014), which facilitates the advancement of prefabricated buildings 2019) analyzed two BIM-based collaboration projects in Netherlands
and the overall coordination of projects. Therefore, the topic of prefab- and discussed the interactions between collaborative structures and in-
ricated buildings based on BIM has attracted significant attention from stitutions, aiming to provide insights into collaboration with BIM. Han
scholars. et al. (Han et al., 2023) examined the dynamic interrelation among three
Yuan et al. (Yuan et al., 2018) introduced the design for manufac- major parties (government, building developers, and consumers) in pre-
turing and assembly (DFMA) into the design of prefabricated buildings, fabricated buildings by developing a three-stage game model, which
and combined it with BIM to develop the concept and process of para- provided meaningful insights to facilitate the advancement of prefab-
metric design for DFMA. Rosayuru et al. (Rosayuru et al., 2022) eval- ricated construction. Du et al. (Du et al., 2020) introduced an ontology
uated the applicability of BIM-based integrated project delivery (IPD) and multiple party-based decision support framework for supply chains
to achieve sustainable procurement (SP) in the construction industry of assembled components and demonstrated the validity by using a case
through semi-structured interviews and statistical analysis. Yoo et al. study. Based on the results of 18 expert interviews and 20 question-
(Yoo et al., 2019) proposed a construction method of BIM-based fabri- naires, Qiao et al. (Qiao et al., 2022) analyzed and identified key factors
cated steel frame and analyzed the system functions and qualitative ef- affecting the efficiency of prefabricated construction projects based on
fects of each project stage through interviews with the working groups. collaboration, which could promote the efficient cooperation of multi-
Soust-Verdaguer et al. (Soust-Verdaguer et al., 2017) analyzed the inte- party in the prefabricated construction industry.

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L. Luo, P. Wan, Z. Zhong et al. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 29 (2025) 100006

Table 1 to collect expert opinions can better reflect the true thoughts of the ex-
Nine-level fuzzy linguistic scale. perts (Paksoy et al., 2019). The membership function, as a mathematical
No. Fuzzy semantics Membership tool representing fuzzy sets, can quantify fuzzy and uncertain linguistic
variables into fuzzy numbers. The membership function UA(x) utilized
1 Negative very strong 𝜇𝑁𝑉 𝑆
in this study is shown in Fig. 1, where the x-axis values correspond to
2 Negative strong 𝜇𝑁𝑆
3 Negative medium 𝜇𝑁𝑀 the weights of the nine-level fuzzy linguistic variables. To obtain more
4 Negative weak 𝜇𝑁𝑊 objective and accurate weight opinions, the fuzzy values derived from
5 Zero (none) 𝜇𝑍 the membership function must be defuzzified using the center of grav-
6 Positive weak 𝜇𝑃 𝑊
ity (COG) method (Kim et al., 2002). The COG method determines the
7 Positive medium 𝜇𝑃 𝑀
8 Positive strong 𝜇𝑃 𝑆
final weight value for each node by calculating the centroid of the area
9 Positive very strong 𝜇𝑃 𝑉 𝑆 enclosed by the membership function curve and the horizontal axis.

3.3. Reasoning mechanism of FCM

In conclusion, existing research mostly focuses on multi-party collab-
oration from a certain perspective in prefabricated buildings, which can Given that the values of concept nodes are subject to evolve over
effectively coordinate the organization, information, and resources in time, using FCM for dynamic reasoning is essential. Combining the
different engineering projects. However, research on the influencing fac- state values of concept nodes with the causality matrix between con-
tors of multi-party collaboration in BIM-based prefabricated buildings is cept nodes, the state value of each node in the FCM network can be
currently insufficient. Existing research tends to overlook the dynamic deduced at any given time (Bakhtavar et al., 2021). Suppose that the
interactions among the factors that influence multi-party collaboration, FCM system contains 𝑛 concept nodes, and the state vector of the nodes
which hinders a comprehensive understanding of the relationships be- is defined as follows.
tween these factors. Moreover, existing research often adopts static re- [ ]𝑇
𝑉 = 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , ⋯ , 𝑣𝑛 (1)
search methods, which are deficient in providing an effective feedback
mechanism. Where 𝑣𝑖 represents the ith concept node, 𝑖 = 1, 2, ⋯ 𝑛. Consequently,
the directed edges between concept nodes can be represented by an 𝑛 × 𝑛
3. Research methodology weight matrix 𝑊 .

⎡𝑤11 ⋯ 𝑤1𝑛 ⎤
3.1. Justification of FCM approach 𝑊 =⎢ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⎥ (2)
⎢ ⎥
⎣𝑤𝑛1 ⋯ 𝑤𝑛𝑛 ⎦
FCM is a hybrid computational approach that combines elements
of fuzzy logic and neural network modeling (Kosko, 1986). FCM can Where 𝑤𝑖𝑗 represents the causality weight of concept node 𝑖 to con-
be represented as a directed graph, comprising concept nodes and arcs cept node 𝑗. 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1, 2 ⋯ , 𝑛. Based on Eq. (1) and Eq. (2), the iterative
that possess weights (Jetter and Kok, 2014), which intuitively shows formula of FCM in the reasoning process can be obtained as follows.
the interrelation and influence degree among concepts. As an intelli- ( 𝑁
)
(𝑡+1) (𝑡)
∑ (𝑡)
gent tool for causal knowledge representation and reasoning, FCM has 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑓 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑤𝑖𝑗 × 𝑣𝑗 (3)
two remarkable characteristics: fuzzy result representation and feedback 𝑗 =1, 𝑗 ≠𝑖

mechanism (Felix et al., 2019). FCM overcomes the shortcomings of Where 𝑣(𝑡𝑖 +1) represents the state value of the concept node 𝑣𝑖 at
qualitative evaluation and quantifies the influence relationship in com-
time (𝑡 + 1), 𝑣(𝑖𝑡)
represents the state value of the concept node 𝑣𝑖 at
plex systems. Therefore, FCM can be utilized to explore the complex
time 𝑡. Similarly, the state value of the concept node 𝑣𝑗 at time 𝑡 can
interactions among the collaborative factors of BIM-based prefabricated
buildings. be represented by 𝑣(𝑗𝑡) , and 𝑤𝑖𝑗 represents the weight value of concept
node 𝑣𝑖 to concept node 𝑣𝑗 . The threshold function, denoted as 𝑓 (⋅), is
3.2. Establishment process of FCM utilized to regulate the state value of the concept node to [0,1] or [-
1,1] (Stylios and Groumpos, 1998). The common threshold functions
The accurate establishment of FCM is a fundamental prerequisite are tanh function and sigmoid function, as shown in Eq. (4) and Eq. (5).
for the dynamic simulation of the subsequent model. The constructed 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒−𝑥
FCM model should correspond to the actual system and meet the rea- tanh (𝑥) = (4)
𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑥
soning requirements of the actual system. The construction of FCM pri-
The tanh function is centered on 0, and the output range is between
marily involves the identification of concept nodes and the determina-
[-1,1].
tion of causal causality and weight between the concept nodes. As the
basic element of FCM, each node represents a concept of the FCM sys- 1
𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑑(𝑥) = (5)
tem, which can be employed to delineate events, behaviors, and objec- 1 + 𝑒−𝜆𝑥
tives of the system, reflecting the performance and state of the system Where 𝜆 represents a parameter, which needs to be adjusted accord-
(Salmeron, 2009). The selection of concept nodes involves the iden- ing to the convergence of the results. The sigmoid function is not cen-
tification of potential concepts and the determination of the system’s tered on 0, and the output interval is between [0,1].
boundary conditions, and should be aimed at avoiding omissions so as Combined with the application experience of the threshold function
to consider all related concepts. and the actual needs of this study, the tanh function is ultimately cho-
Subsequently, the causality between nodes and the strength of sen as the threshold function. Therefore, the specific reasoning process
causality are determined. The commonly used methods to determine of FCM is shown in Fig. 2, which is achieved by using the recursive influ-
the causality and weight are the learning method or the expert method ence of forward nodes on the states of backward nodes. Thus, the state
(Papageorgiou et al., 2006). Given the difficulty of obtaining data on value of the system at time (𝑡 + 1) can be determined by multiplying the
BIM-based prefabricated buildings and the lack of operational data, the state value at time 𝑡 with the causality matrix 𝑤 and then transform-
expert method is adopted in this study. A nine-level fuzzy linguistic scale ing it through the tanh function. After a sufficient number of iterations,
is provided for experts to describe the causality between concept nodes, the FCM system reaches a stable state (Vergini and Groumpos, 2016),
as shown in Table 1. The nine-level fuzzy linguistic scale possesses a high which serves as the basis for setting the number of iterations. This entire
degree of fuzziness and flexibility, and combining it with questionnaires reasoning process reflects the dynamic evolution of the system.

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L. Luo, P. Wan, Z. Zhong et al. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 29 (2025) 100006

Fig. 1. The membership function UA(x).

Fig. 2. FCM reasoning process.

4. Model construction responding co-word matrix using the bibliographic item co-occurrence
matrix builder (BICOMB). This matrix is then imported into Ucinet for
4.1. Identification of collaborative factors hierarchical cluster analysis. Through clustering division, these con-
ceptual terms affecting multi-party collaboration can be classified into
In this study, relevant conceptual terms that affect multi-party col- larger categories, thus condensed into a system of factors affecting multi-
laboration are extracted through an extensive literature review. These party collaboration. The collaborative factors obtained are shown in
terms are imported into the University of California at Irvine network Fig. 3.
(Ucinet) software for hierarchical cluster analysis to distill the influenc- Subsequently, two rounds of the Delphi method are employed to so-
ing factors. The factors are then validated and determined in conjunction licit opinions from the ten experts listed in Table 2 to further verify the
with two rounds of the Delphi method. scientific rationality of the influencing factors extracted from the liter-
Specifically, in the Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection, the ature review. When selecting the experts, multiple participating units
search string TS = (“prefabri∗ ” or “precast” or “assemble∗ ” or “off- are chosen as the interviewees, including the owner, the constructor,
site” or “modular” or “industrialized” or “panelized” or “tilt-up”) and the consultant, the intelligent technology provider, and the scientific re-
TS = (“BIM” or “building information model” or “building information search institution. The first round of the Delphi method involves inviting
modeling” or “virtual design and construction” or “VDC” or “as-built experts to score the importance degree of each factor. The obtained ex-
model” or “virtual model”) and TS = (“cooperat∗ ” or “coordinat∗ ” or pert scoring data are then summarized and statistically analyzed. Based
“collaborat∗ ” or “synerg∗ ”) are used to retrieve relevant literature, a on the results and expert opinions, a questionnaire is developed for
total of 144 literatures are obtained after screening. The frequently oc- the second round of the Delphi method. To provide a reference for the
curring conceptual terms related to multi-party collaboration are iden- experts, the questionnaire contains the results from the first round of
tified through the content analysis of the selected literature. The co- expert consultation. The experts are once again invited to judge and
occurrence frequencies of these terms are calculated to generate the cor- score the influencing factors, and the data are statistically analyzed.

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L. Luo, P. Wan, Z. Zhong et al. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 29 (2025) 100006

Fig. 3. Hierarchical clustering diagram.

Table 2
Basic information of the experts.

Respondent Age Participant Work experience Educational background

Expert 1 26–30 Years old Consultant 1–3 Years Master

Expert 2 36–40 Years old Consultant 5–10 Years Doctor
Expert 3 26–30 Years old Owner 3–5 Years Master
Expert 4 > 40 Years old Owner >10 Years Master
Expert 5 31–35 Years old Scientific research institution 1–3 Years Bachelor
Expert 6 36–40 Years old Scientific research institution 5–10 Years Doctor
Expert 7 > 40 Years old Constructor >10 Years Bachelor
Expert 8 26–30 Years old Constructor 5–10 Years Master
Expert 9 31–35 Years old Intelligent technology provider 3–5 Years Master
Expert 10 36–40 Years old Intelligent technology provider 5–10 Years Doctor

Ultimately, the consultation results of the ten experts reached a con- sibilities and reasonable division of labor. For instance, the designer
sensus, and six factors affecting multi-party collaboration are identified promptly shares the designed BIM model with the constructor and sup-
and verified, which are goal collaboration, organization collaboration, plier, thereby enabling them to prepare for construction and mate-
environment collaboration, process collaboration, information collabo- rial procurement (Alreshidi et al., 2018). Environment collaboration
ration, and resource collaboration. refers to the capacity of all parties to adapt and respond to internal
and external environmental changes (Liu et al., 2024, Gosling et al.,
4.2. Determination of concept nodes 2013), which includes the policies promoting prefabricated buildings
and the regular cultural development activities organized within en-
The six influencing factors identified and collaborative efficiency are terprises. Process collaboration refers to the connection and optimiza-
taken as seven concept nodes for constructing the FCM model. The cause tion of processes at various stages of the project (Shen et al., 2010,
node is denoted by Ci , where C1 , C2 , ⋯, and C6 represent information Hwang et al., 2018). In practice, the constructor employs the BIM plat-
collaboration, resource collaboration, organization collaboration, envi- form to simulate and optimize construction processes, achieving precise
ronment collaboration, process collaboration, and goal collaboration. positioning and rapid installation of components. Information collab-
The result node is denoted by X, which is collaborative efficiency, as oration refers to the efficient sharing, accurate exchange, and trans-
shown in Table 3. mission of project information (Shen et al., 2010, Hua et al., 2023).
The following provides further elaboration of the six factors. Goal For instance, the designer uses BIM model to disseminate the design
collaboration refers to the joint participation of all parties in the for- scheme and parameters in real-time to the constructor. Even in the
mulation, decomposition, and subsequent evaluation and adjustment of event of design alterations, the constructor can provide prompt feed-
goals, ensuring consistency and achievability of the objectives. In prac- back. Resource collaboration refers to the rational distribution and uti-
tice, performance evaluations based on monthly construction progress lization of various construction resources, including manpower, mate-
and quality inspection results are conducted to ensure that the project rials, and equipment resources (Li et al., 2019, Babič et al., 2010). A
is completed on time and with the requisite quality (Li et al., 2017, typical instance is the integration of BIM and an inventory management
De Marco and Narbaev, 2013). Organization collaboration refers to es- system, which enables real-time recording and monitoring of material
tablishing an efficient organizational structure to ensure clear respon- inventory.

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Table 3
Influencing factors of multi-party collaboration in BIM-based prefabricated buildings.

No. Influencing factors Specific interpretation

C1 Information The capacity of real-time sharing, accurate exchange, and effective transmission of information
collaboration and data among all parties, which relates to the degree of information standardization and
information technology modernization.
C2 Resource collaboration The degree of sharing, optimal allocation, and efficient utilization of project resources at
different stages, including manpower, materials, equipment, and financial resources.
C3 Organization The soundness of the organizational management system, which encompasses reasonable
collaboration organizational structure, clear distribution of responsibilities and rights, effective communication
channels, and a scientific performance evaluation mechanism.
C4 Environment The capacity to adapt to the external environments, such as government policy support,
collaboration technological development, and social acceptance, as well as to the internal environments, such
as identity of corporate culture and enthusiasm of cooperative atmosphere.
C5 Process collaboration The degree of connection between work processes at different stages of the project, including
design, procurement, production, construction, and inspection processes.
C6 Goal collaboration The degree of consensus among all parties on the project goals and the achievement of goals at
various levels, which relates to the clear setting, reasonable decomposition, and timely feedback
of goals related to safety, quality, cost, and schedule.
X Collaborative efficiency Influence of various factors on multi-party collaboration of BIM-based prefabricated buildings.

4.3. Calculation of causality and weight Table 4

Fixed values of collaborative efficiency (X) in predictive analysis.
The connection of directed arcs between nodes represents the causal- Factors X (X|i=-1.0) X (X|i=-0.5) X (X|i=0.5) X (X|i=1.0)
ity in an FCM system. The existence of a causal relationship between
C1 -0.9254 -0.8263 0.8263 0.9254
nodes is determined by observing whether there are concurrent or de-
C2 -0.9063 -0.8008 0.8008 0.9063
layed changes between two concept nodes. For example, if a change in C3 -0.9333 -0.8374 0.8374 0.9333
the state of a concept node causes a change in the state of another con- C4 -0.8657 -0.7516 0.7516 0.8657
cept node, it is considered that the causality exists between them. The C5 -0.9063 -0.8008 0.8008 0.9063
C6 -0.9333 -0.8374 0.8374 0.9333
causality and weight of the seven concept nodes in this study are de-
termined by experts. The above ten experts with extensive experience
and domain knowledge are selected as survey respondents to ensure the
validity of the data results. Different participants have their own profes-
sional opinions, which leads to a more comprehensive understanding of serve the changes produced by the result nodes. A five-point linguistic
the causal relationships among the influencing factors. scale is adopted to adjust the initial values of all concept nodes to [-1,
Taking the determination of C5 (process collaboration) to C4 (envi- +1]. The five-point linguistic scale is assigned as follows: “very unfa-
ronment collaboration) weights as an example, ten experts are required vorable” is assigned a value of -1.0, “unfavorable” is assigned a value of
to describe the relationship between them according to the nine-level -0.5, “neutral” is assigned a value of 0, “favorable” is assigned a value
fuzzy linguistic scale. The results indicate that the causal relationship is of +0.5, and “very favorable” is assigned a value of +1.0.
characterized as positive weak by six experts, two experts describe it as By inputting different initial values of six influencing factors, a dy-
positive medium, two experts describe it as positive strong, and the final namic simulation is performed to observe the changes that occur in the
weight is 0.4 by using the COG method in FCM Analyst v1.0 software. target event. Taking C1 (information collaboration) as an example, its
The results of weight values between nodes are shown in Fig. 4. initial values are set to -1.0, -0.5, +0.5, and +1.0 four different state
values, the values of the remaining nodes are initialized to 0. Through
4.4. Establishment of the FCM model the iterative operation, four relatively stable simulated values of X (col-
laborative efficiency) are obtained, which are X(X|X1 =-1.0)=-0.9254,
The FCM model establishment process can be described as follows: X(X|X1 =-0.5)=-0.8263, (X|X1 =+0.5)=0.8263, (X|X1 =+1.0)=0.9254. As
identifies concept nodes by Ucinet → selects experts and issues question- illustrated, there exists a strong positive correlation between C1 (infor-
naires → collects and organizes data →determines the weight value of mation collaboration) and X (collaborative efficiency). Similarly, the
the causality between concept nodes → employs FCM Analyst v1.0 soft- other five influencing factors are simulated and predicted in the afore-
ware to establish FCM model → checks and modifies the final model. mentioned manner, and the influence of different factors on collabora-
The FCM model constructed from the aforementioned steps is presented tive efficiency in different states is observed after 30 iterations, as shown
in Fig. 5. In the FCM model, the cause nodes include C1 (information in Fig. 6. Meanwhile, the simulated values of X when the slope of the
collaboration), C2 (resource collaboration), C3 (organization collabora- curve in the figure has leveled off are recorded in Table 4.
tion), C4 (environment collaboration), C5 (process collaboration), C6 The results of the predictive analysis indicate that six influencing
(goal collaboration), and the result node is X (collaborative efficiency). factors are positively correlated with collaborative efficiency. This sug-
gests that the improvement of any factors will positively influence the
5. Model analysis others, ultimately leading to an increase in collaborative efficiency over
time. The influence degree of each factor on collaborative efficiency is as
5.1. Predictive analysis follows: C6 (goal collaboration) = C3 (organization collaboration) > C1
(information collaboration) > C2 (resource collaboration) = C5 (process
Predictive analysis is employed to ascertain the prospective state by collaboration) > C4 (environment collaboration). Consequently, when
analyzing structured or unstructured data outcomes. When performing enhancing the efficiency of multi-party collaboration in BIM-based pre-
predictive analysis, the existing cause nodes, result nodes, and directed fabricated buildings, C6 (goal collaboration) and C3 (organization col-
arcs of the FCM model are maintained with their corresponding weight laboration) are the most important factors, followed by C1 (information
values, while different state values are input to the cause nodes to ob- collaboration).

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L. Luo, P. Wan, Z. Zhong et al. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 29 (2025) 100006

Fig. 4. Integration and determination of weight values.

Fig. 5. FCM model of multi-party collaboration in BIM-based

prefabricated buildings.

5.2. Diagnostic analysis the five-point linguistic scale, the cause nodes are all initialized with a
value of 0, and the result node is set to -1.0, -0.5, +0.5, and +1.0, re-
The diagnostic analysis can effectively reveal the complex interac- spectively. Simulations are conducted using the FCM model for the four
tions among various factors and identify the most probable root causes different scenarios, and the specific changes in the other cause nodes
leading to changes in the target event. When performing the diagnostic are observed. The simulation results are shown in Fig. 7.
analysis, the weight value between the cause node and the result node Similarly, Table 5 displays the vertical axis values when the curve
is maintained constant, and the change in the cause node is observed in Fig. 7 approaches a stable slope. When the collaborative efficiency
by inputting different state values in the result node. Continuing to use changes, each factor will change correspondingly and finally reach a

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L. Luo, P. Wan, Z. Zhong et al. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 29 (2025) 100006

Fig. 6. Effect of factors on collaborative efficiency (X) in predictive analysis.

Table 5
Fixed values of collaborative factors in diagnostic analysis.

Factor C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

P(i|P=-1.0) -0.9063 -0.8946 -0.9063 -0.7698 -0.8812 -0.8946

P(i|P= -0.5) -0.8008 -0.7861 -0.8008 -0.6496 -0.7698 -0.7861
P(i|P=+0.5) 0.8008 0.7861 0.8008 0.6496 0.7698 0.7861
P(i|P=+1.0) 0.9063 0.8946 0.9063 0.7698 0.8812 0.8946

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L. Luo, P. Wan, Z. Zhong et al. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 29 (2025) 100006

Fig. 7. Effect of changes in collaborative efficiency (X) on factors in diagnostic analysis.

stable value. The diagnostic analysis indicates a positive correlation (information collaboration) > C2 (resource collaboration) > C5 (process
between the six cause nodes and the result node. Furthermore, the collaboration) > C4 (environment collaboration). Among these, the most
influence degree of each factor is as follows: C1 (information collab- sensitive factors affecting X (collaborative efficiency) are C3 (organiza-
oration) = C3 (organization collaboration) > C2 (resource collabora- tion collaboration) and C6 (goal collaboration).
tion) = C6 (goal collaboration) > C5 (process collaboration) > C4 (en-
vironment collaboration). The most likely causes for the change of col- 6. Discussions
laborative efficiency are C1 (information collaboration) and C3 (organi-
zation collaboration). Therefore, to enhance the multi-party collabora- The multi-party collaboration of BIM-based prefabricated buildings
tive efficiency in BIM-based prefabricated buildings, it is of importance is a complex system, in which various factors fluctuate over time and ex-
to clearly define the responsibilities and to foster collaboration within ert mutual influence on one another. The FCM model can describe the
organizations. Furthermore, it is essential to implement standardized dynamic relationship between the system and feedback and concepts,
procedures for the transmission and sharing of information. which is suitable for analyzing complex systems. The following are dis-
cussed in terms of the model validation, model results, and theoretical
and practical implications.
5.3. Sensitivity analysis
(1) Model validation. In general, comparing the model output with the
Sensitivity analysis is to identify the critical sensitive factors that unused independent data can be used to validate the efficacy of the
exert a significant influence on the target event. When performing sen- model design. The model verification and application are carried out
sitivity analysis, the values of six factors are set to 0.5, after several by selecting the project of the resident ID card manufacturing insti-
iterations, the X (collaborative efficiency) reaches a fixed value under tute of the Ganzhou Public Security Bureau in China. This project is
the interactions between various factors, which is listed under the 0% contracted by Ganzhou Construction Industrialization Co., Ltd., and
column in Table 6. With the initial value of 0.5 as the benchmark of 0%, the structure type is a prefabricated frame with a building area of
the initial values of the six factors are altered by proportions of -20%, 2349.98m2 . Ten experts who participated in the project, including
-10%, 10%, and 20%, the resulting changes in the state value of X can the representative of the owner, the constructor, and the consultant,
be observed. Table 6 shows the change value of X when the average are invited to assess the FCM model outcomes. The experts reach a
change of each factor is 10%. consensus that the predictive results of the model align with the real
It can be observed that when the average change of C1 to C6 is 10%, project process. They further agree that organization collaboration
the sensitivity of collaborative efficiency to these six factors is as fol- and information collaboration have a great impact on improving col-
lows: C6 (goal collaboration) = C3 (organization collaboration) > C1 laborative efficiency. To a certain extent, the established FCM model

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L. Luo, P. Wan, Z. Zhong et al. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 29 (2025) 100006

Table 6
Average change value of collaborative efficiency (X) under the change of factors.

The fixed value of X The average change value of X

Factor when C changed by 10% (±10%)
-20% -10% 0% 10% 20%

C1 0.9933 0.9938 0.9942 0.9946 0.9950 0.0428

C2 0.9934 0.9938 0.9942 0.9934 0.9949 0.0378
C3 0.9932 0.9937 0.9942 0.9946 0.9950 0.0453
C4 0.9936 0.9939 0.9942 0.9944 0.9947 0.0277
C5 0.9934 0.9938 0.9942 0.9945 0.9949 0.0377
C6 0.9932 0.9931 0.9942 0.9946 0.9950 0.0453

for BIM-based prefabricated buildings can be validated by these find- tered, information collaboration and organization collaboration are the
ings. most easily reflected factors, indicating the significant role played by the
(2) Model results. The predictive analysis results show that while im- BIM platform in facilitating efficient information sharing and transmis-
proving the multi-party collaborative efficiency of BIM-based pre- sion, as well as the significance of a robust organizational management
fabricated buildings, goal collaboration and organization collabora- system for multi-party collaboration.
tion are the most important and sensitive factors, followed by infor- However, there are some limitations to this study that need to be ad-
mation collaboration. According to the diagnostic analysis, informa- dressed in future research. The study findings are based on the analysis
tion collaboration and organization collaboration are the most easily of the BIM-based prefabricated building project data collected in China.
reflected factors when collaborative efficiency changes. As demon- In particular, the government plays a distinct role in the multi-party col-
strated by Tan et al. (Tan et al., 2019), the strengthening of organi- laborative management of prefabricated buildings in China. To enhance
zation collaboration plays an indispensable role in enhancing multi- the generalizability of the research findings and achieve a more compre-
party collaborative efficiency. In addition, due to the powerful in- hensive understanding, it is recommended that future studies be carried
formation characteristics of BIM, information collaboration is also a out in other countries to make a comparison between the results.
critical factor that easily affects the collaborative efficiency among
multi-parties. As Li et al. (Li et al., 2017) have noted, BIM possesses Data availability
a robust management function. Real-time visibility and traceability
can be achieved through the comprehensive, accurate, and timely ex- All data, models, or codes generated or used during the research can
change of data. The construction of a BIM information platform can be obtained from the corresponding author upon request.
provide decision support and improve collaborative efficiency. The
sensitivity analysis results align with predictive analysis. The multi-
party collaborative efficiency of BIM-based prefabricated buildings Acknowledgments
is most sensitive to the change of organization collaboration and goal
collaboration. This study is supported by the National Natural Science Founda-
(3) Theoretical and practical implications. The theoretical implication tion of China (72061025, 71901113, 71962019, and 72061019), the
lies in the identification of factors affecting multi-party collabora- Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (20212ACB214014,
tion, which enriches the theory of multi-party collaboration in the 20232BAB204076), the Social Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province
construction field. Besides, the discussion on the dynamic influences (24GL01), and the China Scholarship Council Project (202306820029).
of factors on collaborative efficiency provides insights for scholars The authors would like to thank the experts for their support of this
to conduct future research. The practical significance is primarily work.
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