MOSTAFA ZAHRI

Equations and Inequalities

Artificial Intelligence Assisted Solutions, Hints, and Tips for CALCULUS
Bridge to the University

 JK AJ.JÒË@ð HBXAªÒË@

HA 
ÉÓA¾JË@ð ɓA®JÊË ù«AJ¢“B@ ZA»YËAK. èYªÓ éÊ
 Jƒ @ð HA’
 jÊÓ
éªÓAjÊË Q‚k
. .

y
6

5
Li
ne
0
=

2x 4
+3
y
x−

y=
ne

6 3
Li

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-1
Solution Region
-2

-3

Version 1
SHARJAH–2024
Preface
This Pre-Calculus book, Equations and Inequalities, marks a significant step for-
ward in integrating artificial intelligence into educational resources. Created with
up to 50% assistance from AI, it leverages advanced tools to provide a wealth of
solved exercises, illustrative examples, and insightful tips that make understand-
ing equations and inequalities accessible and engaging for learners at all levels.

The structured layout of the book, combined with its vast array of graphics, aims
to demystify complex mathematical concepts through clear, visual explanations.
Readers are guided through progressive levels of problem-solving, with hints
provided to foster independent thinking and a deep comprehension of each topic.
This book is designed to meet the needs of school, college, and first-year university
students in science, engineering, business, and other majors. Offering comprehen-
sive coverage and practical guidance provides a solid foundation for students
from various fields to develop essential mathematical skills.

This approach enhances traditional learning methods and embraces a modern

paradigm where AI is an invaluable partner in education. The book empowers
learners to build strong mathematical foundations, adapt to new problem-solving
techniques, and gain confidence in tackling challenging questions by offering step-
by-step solutions and strategies. We hope that Equations and Inequalities inspires
readers to explore mathematics with curiosity and determination and appreciate
technology’s evolving role in transforming how we learn and teach.

Mostafa ZAHRI
Sharjah 2024
 YJêÒK
 JK AJ.JÒË@ð HBXAªÒË@
, HA  ù҂ÖÏ @ð ÉÓA¾JË@ð ɓA®JË@ H. A‚mÌ éÓY  ®Ó  H AJºË@ @ Yë ÉJÒK
.
ZA¿YË@ èY«A‚Öß. ÉÒªË@ @ Yë Qm.' @ . éJ ÒJʪJË@ XP@ñÖÏ @ ú¯ ú«AJ¢“B@ ZA¿YË@ l×. X ñm' éÒêÓ  èñ¢k
áK PAÒJË@ áÓ èðQK Õç' Y® JË éÓY  ® JÖÏ @ H@ ð X B@ áÓ YJ®J‚ ð , 50% úÍ@ ɒ éJ . ‚K. ú«AJ¢“B@
ú¯ HA  JK AJ.JÖÏ @ð HBXAªÖ  Ï @ Ñê¯ Éªm.' úæË@  éÒJ  ®Ë@
 l' A’JË@ð , éJ j“ñJË@ éÊ JÓ B@ð , éËñÊjÖ  Ï@
 ñJ‚ÖÏ @ ©JÔg. úΫ áÒʪJÖÏ @ ÈðAJJÓ
. HAK
 Ì '@ H C£ð éJ J® JË@ HAJ
ú¯ éªÓAm  ʾË@ð ø ñKAJË@ H. C£ HAg  . AJJk@ éJ J.ÊJË H. AJºË@ @ Yë ÕæҒ Õç'
. .

áÓ . éʒË@ H@  X øQk B@ HA’’  jJË@ð ÈAÔ« B@ð éƒY  JêË@ð ÐñʪË@ HBAm  .× ú¯ úÍð B@ éJ‚Ë@
­ÊJm× áÓ H. C¢ÊË AK ñ¯ AƒAƒ  @ H. AJºË@ Q¯ñK , éJ ÊÒªË@ éKAîDk. ñKð éÊÓA  ‚Ë@ éJJ¢ªK ÈCg
. éJ ƒAƒ @ éJ “AK P H@  P AêÓ àðPñ¢ áK YË@ HBAj  . ÖÏ @
¡J‚.K ¬YîE. éJ KAJJ.Ë@ ÐñƒQË@ áÓ QJ.» XY« éÔ« YK ð ,új.îDÓ É¾‚  . H. AJºË@ ÕæҒ Õç'
 ñJ‚Ó Q.« Z@Q®Ë@
HAK  Ij’ ð . ém • @ð éJ KQÓ HAgðQå   ÈCg áÓ èY®ªÖ  Ï @ éJ “AK QË@ ÕæëA®ÖÏ @
.
Ñê®Ë@ QK QªKð É® J‚ÖÏ @ Qº®JË@ ©Jj.‚ Ë HAjJ  ÒÊK Q¯ñK ©Ó , HC¾  ‚Ö Ï @ Ég áÓ ék  PYJÓ
.
.¨ñ“ñÓ É¾Ë ‡J ÒªË@
 k AJK Yg Ag. XñÖß A’
IJ

@ úæJ.K ÉK. , I.‚m¯ ÕΪJË @ ú¯ éK YJÊ® JË@ I.JËAƒ B@ i.îDË@ @ Yë P QªK B
ÈñÊg Õç' Y® K ÈCg áÓ . ÕæʪJË@ ú¯ úæ Aƒ B@ ½K Qå„Ë@ PðX ú«AJ¢“B@ ZA¿YË@ I.ªÊK
­JºJË@ð , éK ñ¯ éJ “AK P HAƒAƒ  @ ZAJK. áÒʪJÒÊË H. AJºË@ iJK , èñ¢m'. èñ¢k HAJ  j.K@Qƒ@ð
. éJ . ª’Ë@ éÊ Jƒ B@ éêk  @ñÓ ú¯ é® JË@ H A‚»@
. .
 ð , éJK YmÌ '@ HC¾ ‚Ö Ï @ Ég HAJ  J® K ©Ó
 “AK QË@ ÕËA« ¬A‚º
HAJ  JƒB Z@Q®Ë@  , HA  JK AJ.JÒË@ð HBXAªÒË@
 ,H. AJºË@ @ Yë ÑêÊK à @ ÉÓ AK
.ÕæʪJË@ð ÕΪJË @ éJ ®J» ÉK ñm' ú¯ AJk. ñËñJºJÊË ú×AJJÖÏ @ PðYË@ QK Y® Kð ,P@Qå•@ ð ­ª‚ .

ø QëP ù®¢’Ó
  
2024 é¯PA‚Ë@
 Equations and Inequalities
Artificial Intelligence Assisted Solutions, Hints, and Tips
Bridge to the University
Version 1
Sharjah 2024

Mostafa ZAHRI, Professor of Applied Mathematics, Sharjah University,

Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

Any remark or suggestion please send your email to the author:

zahri.mostafa@gmail.com

For the carefully revising this manuscript, I wish to thank my Students:

Ahmad H. M. Abu Saleh
Fatema N. Al Zeada
Israa A. G. Mohamed
Ayah A. S. Alkhodari
Maryam Faisal
Ghozlan Mohammed

Copyright
© 2024 Mostafa ZAHRI All rights reserved. This book, Equations and Inequalities, is provided for
personal use only. Readers are permitted to use and print this book for individual, non-commercial purposes.
Commercial printing, distribution, or reproduction of this book, in part or in full, is strictly prohibited
without the express written permission of the author. For permission requests or inquiries, please contact
the author directly.
 CONTENTS

1 Linear Equations and Inequalities 7

1 Linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.1 Standard linear equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.2 Exercises on Standard Linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.3 Linear equations involving the absolute value . . . . . . . . 15
1.1.4 Exercises on linear equations involving the absolute value . 17
1.1.5 Non-standard from of linear equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.1.6 Exercises on linear equations in non-standard form . . . . . 23
2 Linear Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.1 Linear Inequalities in Standard form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.2 Example of Graphing an Inequality on the Real Line . . . . 26
1.2.3 Exercises on Linear Inequalities in Standard form . . . . . . 28
1.2.4 Linear Inequalities involving the absolute value . . . . . . . 31
1.2.5 Exercises on Linear inequalities involving the absolute value 33
1.2.6 Linear inequalities in non-standard form . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.2.7 Exercises on Linear inequalities in non-standard form . . . . 38

2 Non-Linear Equations and Inequalities 41

1 Quadratic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.1.1 Short review on Quadratic Equation and Quadratic Function 41
2.1.2 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2 Quadratic Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.2.1 Summary how to solve Quadratic Inequalities . . . . . . . . 55
2.2.2 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3 Cubic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.3.1 Tips for solving Cubic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.3.2 Cardano’s formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.3.3 Exercises for Cubic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

5
6 CONTENTS

3 Expressions involving Lines and Polynomials 71

1 Line Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.1.1 Short Review of Line equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.1.2 Exercises about Line Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2 Polynomials and their properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.2.1 Properties of polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.2.2 Polynomial Graphs by Degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.2.3 Exercises on polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3 Factoring of polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.3.1 Tips related to Factoring of polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.3.2 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4 Completing the Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.4.1 How to use completing square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.4.2 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5 Finding the Equation of the Conic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.5.1 Equations of Conic Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.5.2 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

4 Equations involving Radical, Logarithms and Exponentials 118

1 Radical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.1.1 Tips for Radical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.1.2 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
2 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.2.1 Tips for Exponential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.2.2 Tips for Logarithmic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.2.3 General Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.2.4 Exercises with solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

5 Linear Systems of Equations and Inequalities 134

1 Linear Systems of Equations in two variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.1.1 Review Tips for Solving Linear Systems of Equations . . . . 134
5.1.2 Exercises for Substitution Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.1.3 Exercises for Elimination Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.1.4 Special cases of linear systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.1.5 Choosing the appropriate Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
2 Inequalities in xy-plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.2.1 General tips for finding the Intersection of Two Linear In-
equalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.2.2 Relevant Cases of Systems of Inequalities in the Plane . . . . 148
5.2.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

6 Next Book: Functions in one variable 159

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
 Chapter 1
Linear Equations and
Inequalities
1.1. Linear Equations

1.1.1 Standard linear equations

:ÉJÓ éJ ¢k éËXAªÓ

 ú¯ . mx + b = 0 ɾ‚Ë@  
áÓ éËXAªÓ Ég
Solving an Equation in the Form mx + b = 0 
Õç' ,Qk B@ ¬Q¢ÊË b É® K ‡K Q£ á« x È QªK. Õ¯ mx + b = 0.
For a linear equation: mx + b = 0 isolate x by  Ì '@ x = − mb .  ¯
moving b to the other side and then dividing by
: HBAm : m úΫ é҂
 àA¯ , m , 0 àA¿ @ X@ :YJkð Ég 1.
m: x = − mb Cases: :YJkð Ég éËXAªÒÊË
1. Unique Solution: If m , 0, the equation has a x = − mb .
unique solution: x = − mb .
: éJ ®J ®m Ì '@ X@Y« B@ É¿ 2.
2. All Real Numbers: If m = 0 and b = 0, the  Ï @ iJ’ , b = 0 ð m = 0 àA¿ @ X@
 ð , 0 = 0 éËXAªÖ
equation becomes 0 = 0, which is always true. úæË@ .
Hence, the solution set is: 1R. Ì  × 
R. :ùë ÈñÊm '@ é«ñÒm. àA¯ ,úÍAJËAK. ð .AÜ ß @X éjJm• àñºK
3. Empty Solution Set: If m = 0 and b , 0, the iJ.’ , b , 0 ð m = 0 àA¿ @ X@ : é«PA¯ ÈñÊmÌ '@ é«ñÒm  × 3.
.
equation becomes 0 = b, which is a contradiction.  × àA¯ ,úÍAJËAK ð . ‘¯A JK ùëð , 0 = b éËXAªÖ  Ï@
ÈñÊmÌ '@ é«ñÒm. .
Hence, the solution set is: ∅.
∅. :ùë

Example 1.1.1 (Unique Solution).

Solve the linear equation: 2x + 5 = 15.

Solution Rearrange the equation to find x:

2x + 5 = 15 isolate x
2x = 15 − 5 subtract from both sides −5
2x = 10 divide both sides over 2
10
x= = 5. this is the solution
2
7
 8 CHAPTER 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

The solution set contains x = 5 only.

Example 1.1.2 (All Real Numbers).

Solve the linear equation: 3y − 6 = 3(y − 2).

Solution Simplify both sides:

3y − 6 = 3y − 6 expand 3(y − 2)
0=0 subtract 3y − 6 from both sides

Since this equation is always true, the solution set is all real numbers: R.

Example 1.1.3 (Empty Set).

Solve the linear equation: 2z + 3 = 2z − 5.

Solution Simplify and rearrange the equation:

2z + 3 = 2z − 5 isolate z
2z − 2z = −5 − 3 subtract 2z from both sides
0 = −8. this is a contradiction

Since the equation leads to a contradiction, the solution set is empty: ∅.

1.1.2 Exercises on Standard Linear Equations

Question 1.1.1. Find the root of the equation 2x − 4 = 0.

A) −2
B) 2
C) 0
D) x
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) 2
To find the root of a linear equation, set 2x − 4 = 0 Ém' ð 2x − 4 = 0 ©’ , éJ ¢mÌ '@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ P Yg
. XAm.' B
and solve for x. .x XAm.' B

Question 1.1.2. Find the root of the equation 3x + 5 = 0.

A) − 35
B) 53
1. LINEAR EQUATIONS 9

C) −5
D) 3
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) − 35
To find the root, set 3x + 5 = 0 and solve for x. . x XAm.' B Ém' ð 3x + 5 = 0 ©’ ,P Ym.Ì '@ XAm.' B

Question 1.1.3. Find the root of the equation x − 7 = 0.

A) 7
B) −7
C) 0
D) 1
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) 7
x−7 = 0 x=7
 K P YmÌ '@
The root is simply x = 7 when x − 7 = 0. . AÓYJ« ñë é£A‚
.. .

Question 1.1.4. Find the root of the equation 4x + 12 = 0.

A) −4
B) 3
C) −3
D) 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) −3
Solve 4x + 12 = 0 by isolating x. . x È QªK. 4x + 12 = 0 Ém'

Question 1.1.5. Find the root of the equation 5x − 15 = 0.

A) 0
B) −3
C) 5
D) 3
E) None of these choices
10 CHAPTER 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Answer: D) 3
Solve 5x − 15 = 0 by isolating x. . x È QªK. 5x − 15 = 0 Ém'

Question 1.1.6. Find the root of the equation x + 9 = 0.

A) 9
B) −9
C) 0
D) 1
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) −9
The root is x = −9 when x + 9 = 0. . x+9 = 0 AÓYJ« x = −9 ñë P Ym.Ì '@

Question 1.1.7. Find the root of the equation 6x + 18 = 0.

A) 3
B) −3
C) 6
D) 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) 3
Solve 6x + 18 = 0 by isolating x. . x È QªK. 6x − 18 = 0 Ém'

Question 1.1.8. Find the root of the equation −2x + 8 = 0.

A) 4
B) −4
C) 2
D) 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) 4
Solve −2x + 8 = 0 by isolating x. . x È QªK. −2x + 8 = 0 Ém'

Question 1.1.9. Find the root of the equation x + 4 = 0.

A) 4
B) −4
1. LINEAR EQUATIONS 11

C) 0
D) 1
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) −4
The root is x = −4 when x + 4 = 0. . x+4 = 0 AÓYJ« x = −4 ñë P Ym.Ì '@

Question 1.1.10. Find the root of the equation 7x − 21 = 0.

A) 3
B) −3
C) 7
D) 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) 3
Solve 7x − 21 = 0 by isolating x. . x È QªK. 7x − 21 = 0 Ém'

Question 1.1.11. Find the root of the equation 2

x + 3 = 0.
A) − 23
B) 23
C) − 23
D) −2
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) −2/3
First, subtract 3 from both sides:
x = −3.
2 2
. x = −3
: á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ áÓ 3 hQ¢
Next, multiply both sides by x: . 2 = −3x : x ú¯ á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ H. Qå”
2 = −3x.
Finally, divide both sides by −3:
. x = − 32 : −3 úΫ á¯Q¢Ë@ Õ愮 K
x = − 32 .

Question 1.1.12. Find the root of the equation 5

x − 4 = 0.
A) 45
B) 5
C) 45
D) 1
E) None of these choices
12 CHAPTER 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Answer: C) 54
First, add 4 to both sides:
5
x = 4.
5
. x =4
: á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ úÍ@ 4 ­J’
Next, multiply both sides by x: . 5 = 4x : x ú¯ á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ H. Qå”
5 = 4x.
Finally, divide both sides by 4:
. x = 54 : 4 úΫ á¯Q¢Ë@ Õ愮 K
x = 45 .

Question 1.1.13. Find the root of the equation 7

x + 2 = 0.
A) −2
B) − 72
C) 2
D) 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) − 72
First, subtract 2 from both sides:
7
x = −2.
7
. x = −2
: á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ áÓ 2 hQ¢
Next, multiply both sides by x: . 7 = −2x : x ú¯ á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ H. Qå”
7 = −2x.
Finally, divide both sides by −2:
. x = − 72 : −2 úΫ á¯Q¢Ë@ Õ愮 K
x = − 27 .

Question 1.1.14. Find the root of the equation 4

x − 1 = 0.
A) 43
B) 4
C) −4
D) 14
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) 4
First, add 1 to both sides: 4
4 . =1 : á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ úÍ@ 1 ­J’
x = 1.
x

Next, multiply both sides by x: . 4=x : x ú¯ á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ H. Qå”

4 = x. . x = 4 ñë P Ym.Ì '@
The root is x = 4.

Question 1.1.15. Find the root of the equation 9

x + 5 = 0.
A) 95
1. LINEAR EQUATIONS 13

B) − 59
C) 9
D) −9
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) − 59
First, subtract 5 from both sides:
9
x = −5.
9
. x = −5
: á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ áÓ 5 hQ¢
Next, multiply both sides by x: . 9 = −5x : x ú¯ á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ H. Qå”
9 = −5x.
Finally, divide both sides by −5:
. x = − 59 : −5 úΫ á¯Q¢Ë@ Õ愮 K
x = − 59 .

Question 1.1.16. Solve the equation 2x + 3 = 2x − 5. Does it have a solution?

A) x = 1
B) x = −1
C) No solution
D) Infinitely many solutions
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) No solution
Subtract 2x from both sides: : á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ áÓ 2x hQ¢
3 = −5, which is a contradiction. . ‘¯A JK @ Yëð , 3 = −5
Since the equation results in a false statement, there
is no solution.
.Ég Yg. ñK C¯ , éJ£Ag èPAJ.« i.JK éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ à @ AÖß.

Question 1.1.17. Solve the equation 3x − 4 = 3(x − 43 ). Does it have a solution?

A) x = 1
B) x = 0
C) No solution
D) Infinitely many solutions
E) None of these choices

Answer: D) Infinitely many solutions

Simplify the right-hand side: : áÖß B@ ¬Q¢Ë@ ¡‚.K
3x − 4 = 3x − 4. . 3x − 4 = 3x − 4
Both sides of the equation are identical, so the   
x Õæ¯ ©JÒm. éjJm éËXAªÖÏ @ àA¯ @ YË , àCKAÒJÓ á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿
Ì  •
equation holds true for all x. This means there are
infinitely many solutions. .ÈñÊmÌ '@ áÓ ùKAîE B XY« ¼AJë à @ úæªK @ Yëð .
14 CHAPTER 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Question 1.1.18. Solve the equation 4(x + 1) = 4x + 10. Does it have a solution?
A) x = 1
B) x = 0
C) No solution
D) Infinitely many solutions
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) No solution
Expand both sides: : á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ ©ƒñK
4x + 4 = 4x + 10. . 4x + 4 = 4x + 10
Subtract 4x from both sides: á
: ¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ áÓ 4x hQ¢
4 = 10, which is a contradiction. Therefore, there is
no solution.
.Ég Yg. ñK B ,½Ë YË . ‘¯A JK @ Yëð , 4 = 10

Question 1.1.19. Solve the equation 5x + 2 = 5(x + 52 ). Does it have a solution?

A) x = 2
B) x = −2
C) No solution
D) Infinitely many solutions
E) None of these choices

Answer: D) Infinitely many solutions

Simplify the right-hand side: : áÖß B@ ¬Q¢Ë@ ¡‚.K
5x + 2 = 5x + 2. . 5x + 2 = 5x + 2
Both sides are the same, so the equation is true for   
x Õæ¯ ©JÒm. éjJm éËXAªÖÏ @ àA¯ @ YË , àCKAÒJÓ á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿
Ì  •
all values of x. This means there are infinitely many
solutions. .ÈñÊmÌ '@ áÓ ùKAîE B XY« ¼AJë à @ úæªK @ Yëð .
 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS 15

1.1.3 Linear equations involving the absolute value

|ax + b| = c  áÓ
ɾ‚Ë@ 
éËXAªÓ Ég
Solving an Equation in the Form |ax + b| = c
úÍ@ Q¢JË@ I.m.' , |ax + b| = c : é®Ê¢Ó
 éÒJ  ¯ H@
 X 
éËXAªÓ ÉmÌ
For an equation with absolute value: |ax + b| = c,
solve by considering two cases: : áJËAg
case (1). ax + b = c. case (2). ax + b = −c.
 Ì '@ . ax + b = c (1). éËAm
. ax + b = −c (2). éËAm  Ì '@
Steps:  ñ¢mÌ '@
: H@
1. Isolate the absolute value: Ensure the equation  áÓ éËXAªÖ  Ï @ à @ Y» AK : é®Ê¢Ö
 Ï @ éÒJ  ®Ë@
 È Q« 1.
is of the form |ax + b| = c, with c ≥ 0.
ɾ‚Ë@
2. Split into two linear equations: Solve ax + b = . c ≥ 0 IJ  m'. , |ax + b| = c
c and ax + b = −c. . ax + b = −c ð ax + b = c Ég : éËXAªÖ  Ï @ Õ悮 K 2.
3. Solve each equation: For each equation, isolate Ég †Q£  Ð@YjJƒAK x È QªK Õ¯ : éËXAªÓ  É¿ Ég 3.
. .
x using linear solving techniques: x = c−b a and   
áÓ ‡®jJË@ 4. x = −c−b a . ð x= a
c−b 
: éJ¢mÌ '@ HBXAªÖ Ï@
x = a . 1. Check for no solutions: If c < 0, the
−c−b

equation has no solution (∅). .( ∅ ) ÈñÊg AêË Ë éËXAªÖÏ @ àA¯ , c < 0 àA¿ @ X@ :ÈñÊm '@ Ì
Solution Types: :ÈñÊmÌ '@ ¨@ñK @
1. Two Solutions: If c > 0, the equation has two   Ï 
ð x = c−b a : àCg AêË éËXAªÖ @ àA¯ , c > 0 àA¿ @ X@ : àCg 1.
solutions: x = c−ba and x = a . 2. One Solution:
−c−b

If c = 0, the equation simplifies to ax + b = 0, iJ.’ éËXAªÖ

 Ï @ àA¯ , c = 0 àA¿ @ X@ :YJkð Ég 2. x = −c−b .
a
which has one solution: x = − ba . 3. No Solution: àA¿ @ X@ :ÈñÊg B 3. x = − ba . :YJkð Ég AêËð , ax + b = 0
If c < 0, the equation is invalid, and the solution  × úÍAJËAK ð , éJºÜØ Q« éËXAªÖ
ùë ÈñÊmÌ '@ é«ñÒm . .
 Ï @ àA¯ , c < 0
set is ∅.
.∅

Example 1.1.4 (Two Solutions).

Solve the linear equation involving absolute value: |2x − 4| = 6.

Solution Split into two cases and solve each:

Case 1: 2x − 4 = 6 remove the absolute value

2x = 10 add 4 to both sides
x=5 divide by 2

Case 2: 2x − 4 = −6 negate the right-hand side

2x = −2 add 4 to both sides
x = −1 divide by 2

Thus, the solution set is {−1, 5}.

Example 1.1.5 (No Solutions).

Solve the linear equation involving absolute value: |x + 3| = −2.

16 CHAPTER 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Solution Since the absolute value cannot be negative, the equation has no solution.
The solution set is ∅.

Example 1.1.6 (One Solution).

Solve the linear equation involving absolute value: |5x − 10| = 0.

Solution The absolute value is zero only when the expression inside equals zero:

5x − 10 = 0 set the expression to 0

5x = 10 add 10 to both sides
x=2 divide by 5

Thus, the solution is x = 2.

Example 1.1.7 (All Real Numbers).

Solve the linear equation: |0x + 0| = 0.

Solution Simplify the equation:

0 = 0 the equation holds true for any x

Since this equation is always true, the solution set is all real numbers: R.

Example 1.1.8 (Special Case: No Solutions Due to Isolation).

Solve the linear equation involving absolute value: |3x − 6| + 2 = 0.

Solution Isolate the absolute value:

|3x − 6| = −2 subtract 2 from both sides

Since the absolute value cannot be negative, the equation has no solution. The
solution set is ∅.

Example 1.1.9 (Special Case: Multiple Steps to Solve).

Solve the linear equation involving absolute value: |4x + 5| = 7.

 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS 17

Solution Split into two cases and solve each:

Case 1: 4x + 5 = 7 remove the absolute value

4x = 2 subtract 5 from both sides
1
x= divide by 4
2

Case 2: 4x + 5 = −7 negate the right-hand side

4x = −12 subtract 5 from both sides
x = −3 divide by 4

Thus, the solution set is {−3, 21 }.

1.1.4 Exercises on linear equations involving the absolute value

Question 1.1.20. Solve the equation |x − 3| = 5.

A) x = 8 or x = −2
B) x = 3 or x = −3
C) x = 5
D) x = −5
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 8 or x = −2 ð@ x−3 = 5 à @ úæªK @ Yê¯ , |x − 3| = 5 à @ AÖß.

Since |x − 3| = 5, this means x − 3 = 5 or x − 3 = −5. . x − 3 = −5
Solving both cases:
: áJËAmÌ '@ Ém'
(1). x − 3 = 5 ⇒ x = 8.
(2). x − 3 = −5 ⇒ x = −2. . x − 3 = 5 ⇒ x = 8 (1).
. x − 3 = −5 ⇒ x = −2 (2).

Question 1.1.21. Solve the equation |x + 4| = −3. Does it have a solution?

A) x = −4
B) x = 3
C) No solution
D) x = −3
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) No solution
There is no solution because the absolute value ø ðA‚ à @ áºÖß B é®Ê¢Ö
 Ï @ éÒJ
 ®Ë@
 éË@X
 à B Ég Yg ñK B
.
function cannot equal a negative number.
 
.AJ.ËAƒ @ XY«
The equation |x + 4| = −3 is impossible to solve.  A¯ Q« |x + 4| = −3 éËXAªÖ
.ÉjÊË éÊK.
 Ï@
18 CHAPTER 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Question 1.1.22. Solve the equation |2x − 4| = 0.

A) x = 0
B) x = 2
C) x = 4
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) x = 2
Since |2x − 4| = 0, this means 2x − 4 = 0. . 2x − 4 = 0 à @ úæªK @ Yê¯ , |2x − 4| = 0 à @ AÖß.
Solving for x: : x XAm.' B Ém'
2x = 4 ⇒ x = 2. . 2x = 4 ⇒ x = 2

Question 1.1.23. Solve the equation |3x + 2| = 7.

A) x = 53 or x = −3
B) x = 3
C) x = 0
D) x = −2
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 53 or x = −3
ð@ 3x + 2 = 7 à @ úæªK @ Yê¯ , |3x + 2| = 7 à @ AÖß.
Since |3x + 2| = 7, this means 3x + 2 = 7 or
3x + 2 = −7. . 3x + 2 = −7
Solving both cases: : áJËAmÌ '@ Ém'
(1) 3x + 2 = 7 ⇒ 3x = 5 ⇒ x = 53 . 3x + 2 = 7 ⇒ 3x = 5 ⇒ x = 5
3 (1)
(2) 3x + 2 = −7 ⇒ 3x = −9 ⇒ x = −3. 3x + 2 = −7 ⇒ 3x = −9 ⇒ x = −3 (2)

Question 1.1.24. Solve the equation |x − 6| = 4.

A) x = 10 or x = 2
B) x = 6 or x = −6
C) x = 4
D) x = −4
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 10 or x = 2 ð@ x−6 = 4 à @ úæªK @ Yê¯ , |x − 6| = 4 à @ AÖß.

Since |x − 6| = 4, this means x − 6 = 4 or x − 6 = −4. . x − 6 = −4
Solving both cases:
: áJËAmÌ '@ Ém'
1) x − 6 = 4 ⇒ x = 10.
2) x − 6 = −4 ⇒ x = 2. . 1) x − 6 = 4 ⇒ x = 10
. 2) x − 6 = −4 ⇒ x = 2
1. LINEAR EQUATIONS 19

Question 1.1.25. Solve the equation |2x + 1| = −3. Does it have a solution?
A) x = −1
B) x = 3
C) No solution
D) x = 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) No solution
áºÖß B QJ.ªK ø B é®Ê¢Ö
 Ï @ éÒJ  éË@X
 ®Ë@  à B Ég Yg ñK B
.
There is no solution because the absolute value of
. éJJʃ àñºK à @
any expression cannot be negative. .
Since |2x + 1| = −3, and absolute value cannot be     
àñºK à @ áºÖß B é®Ê¢ÖÏ @ éÒJ®Ë@ð |2x + 1| = −3 à @ AÖß.
negative, the equation has no solution.  Ï A¯ , éJ ËAƒ
.Ég AêË Ë éËXAªÖ .

Question 1.1.26. Solve the equation |x − 4| = −2. Does it have a solution?

A) x = 2
B) x = 4
C) No solution
D) x = −4
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) No solution
There is no solution because absolute values cannot . éJ . ËAƒ àñºK à @ áºÖß B é®Ê¢Ö
 Ï @ Õæ®Ë@
 à B Ég Yg ñK B
.
be negative. 
Since |x − 4| = −2, the equation has no solution.
.Ég AêË Ë éËXAªÖ A¯ |x − 4| = −2 à @ AÖß.
Ï

Question 1.1.27. Solve the equation |x − 2| = |2 − x|. Does it have a solution?

A) No solution
B) Infinitely many solutions
C) x = 2
D) x = 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) Infinitely many solutions  Ï @ àA¯

éËXAªÖ |x − 2| = |2 − x|
 Ï @ ú¯Q£ à @ AÖß.
àCKAÒJÓ éËXAªÖ
Since both sides of the equation are identical, |x − 2| =
|2 − x|, the equation holds true for all x.
. x Õæ¯ É¾Ë éjJ
 m •
Therefore, there are infinitely many solutions. .ÈñÊmÌ '@ áÓ ùKAîE B XY« ¼AJë ,½Ë YË

Question 1.1.28. Solve the equation |2x + 3| = |2x + 3|. Does it have a solution?
A) No solution
20 CHAPTER 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

B) Infinitely many solutions

C) x = −3
D) x = 2
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) Infinitely many solutions

Since both sides of the equation are identical, àA¯ , |2x + 3| = |2x + 3|
 Ï @ ú¯Q£ à @ AÖß.
, àCKAÒJÓ éËXAªÖ
|2x + 3| = |2x + 3|, the equation holds true for all
. x Õæ¯ É¾Ë éjJ  Ï@
 m• éËXAªÖ
values of x.
Thus, there are infinitely many solutions.
.ÈñÊmÌ '@ áÓ ùKAîE B XY« ¼AJë ,½Ë YË

Question 1.1.29. Solve the equation |3x − 1| = −4. Does it have a solution?
A) No solution
B) x = −1
C) x = 0
D) x = 4
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) No solution
There is no solution because the absolute value of
à @ áºÖß B QJ.ªK ø B é®Ê¢Ö
 Ï @ éÒJ
 ®Ë@
 à B Ég Yg ñK B
.

.AJ.ËAƒ @ XY« ø ðA‚

any expression cannot equal a negative number.
Since |3x − 1| = −4, this equation has no solution.  Ï A¯, |3x − 1| = −4 à @ AÖß.
.Ég AêË Ë éËXAªÖ
 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS 21

1.1.5 Non-standard from of linear equations

a c
Solving an Equation of the Form =
x−b x−d 
x−b = x−d
a c  áÓ éËXAªÓ
To solve the equation of the form a
= c ɾ‚Ë@ Ég
x−b x−d ,  ñ¢mÌ '@ ©J.K@ 
x−b = x−d
a c 
follow these steps: H@ , ɾ‚Ë@ áÓ éËXAªÓ ÉmÌ
1. Cross-multiply: Multiply both sides by
: éJ ËAJË@
(x − b)(x − d) to eliminate the denomina- ú¯ á¯Q¢Ë@ H. Qå•@ :úÍXAJ.JË@ H. Qå”Ë@ 1.
tors:  ®Ö Ï @ áÓ ‘ÊjJÊË (x − b)(x − d)
: HAÓA
a(x − d) = c(x − b).
a(x − d) = c(x − b).
2. Expand both sides: Distribute a and c on
both sides: : á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ úΫ c ð a ¨ Pð : á¯Q¢Ë@ ¡J‚.K 2.

ax − ad = cx − cb. ax − ad = cx − cb.
 XðYmÌ '@ É¿ ©Òm.Ì XðYmÌ '@ IKQK Y« @ : x È Q« 3.
úæË@
3. Isolate x: Rearrange the terms to bring .
all terms with x on one side: :Yg@ð ¬Q£ ú¯ x úΫ ø ñJm'
ax − cx = ad − cb. ax − cx = ad − cb.

Factor out x: :¼Q‚Ó

 ÉÓAª» x h. Qk @ Õç'

x(a − c) = ad − cb. x(a − c) = ad − cb.

4. Solve for x: Divide both sides by (a − c) úΫ á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ Õ愯@ : x Ë éJ . ‚ËAK. éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ Ég 4.
(if a , c): :( a , c àA¿ @ X@) (a − c)
ad − cb
x= . ad − cb
a−c x= .
a−c
5. Check for restrictions: Ensure x , b and
, x,d
 áÓ ‡ ®j
ð x , b à @ Y» AK :XñJ®Ë@  JË@ 5.
x , d, as these would make the original
equation undefined.  Ï @ ɪm' Õæ®Ë@
. é¯QªÓ Q« éJ ʓ B@ éËXAªÖ  è Yë à B
.

Example 1.1.10 (Equation: Multiple Steps to Solve).

3 5
Solve the linear equation written in nonstandard form: = .
x − 2 2x − 3

Solution Eliminate the denominators by cross-multiplying:

3(2x − 3) = 5(x − 2) cross-multiply to remove fractions

6x − 9 = 5x − 10 expand both sides
x = −1 subtract 5x and add 9 to isolate x
Check for restrictions:
3
x,2 and x , denominators cannot be zero
2
Since x = −1 does not violate the restrictions, the solution is: x = −1.
22 CHAPTER 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Example 1.1.11 (Special Case: No Solution).

x+1 x+2
Solve the linear equation written in nonstandard form: = .
x−2 x−2

Solution Simplify both sides:

x + 1 = x + 2 denominators are identical, so simplify numerators
1=2 subtract x from both sides (contradiction)
Since this is a contradiction, the equation has no solution. The solution set is: ∅.

Example 1.1.12 (Special Case: Multiple Steps to Solve).

4 2
Solve the linear equation written in nonstandard form: = .
x+1 x−3

Solution Eliminate the denominators by cross-multiplying:

4(x − 3) = 2(x + 1) cross-multiply to remove fractions
4x − 12 = 2x + 2 expand both sides
2x = 14 subtract 2x and add 12
x=7 divide by 2
Check for restrictions:

x , −1 and x , 3 denominators cannot be zero

Since x = 7 does not violate the restrictions, the solution is: x = 7.

Example 1.1.13 (Special Case: Multiple Steps with Restrictions).

2x 6
Solve the linear equation written in nonstandard form: = .
x+3 x+3

Solution Eliminate the denominators by cross-multiplying:

2x(x + 3) = 6(x + 3) cross-multiply to remove fractions
2x = 6 divide both sides by x + 3 (valid since x , −3)
x=3 solve for x
Check for restrictions:

x , −3 denominator cannot be zero

Since x = 3 satisfies the restrictions, the solution is: x = 3.

 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS 23

Example 1.1.14 (Special Case: Multiple Steps to Solve).

2x −6
Solve the linear equation written in nonstandard form: = .
x+3 x+3

Solution Eliminate the denominators by multiplying through by x + 3:

2x = −6 cancel the common denominator (valid if x , −3)

x = −3 divide by 2 to solve for x

Check for restrictions:

x , −3 denominator cannot be zero

Since x = −3 violates the restriction, the equation has no solution. The solution set
is: ∅.

1.1.6 Exercises on linear equations in non-standard form

3 7
Question 1.1.30. Solve the equation = .
x−5 1−x
A) x = −3.8
B) x = 5
C) No solution
D) x = 3.8
E) None of these choices

Answer: D) x = 3.8 ½Jº®K 3(1 − x) = 7(x − 5). :úÍXAJ.JË@ H. Qå”Ë@ Ð@YjJƒAK.

Using cross-multiplication: 3(1 − x) = 7(x − 5).  A‚ Ö Ï @ XðYmÌ '@ ©Òm' 3 − 3x = 7x − 35. €@ñ¯B@ 
Simplify: 3 − 3x = 7x − 35. Combine like terms:
: éîE
. ..
38 = 10x. Solve for x: x = 10 38
= 3.8. Verification à @ Qê¢ ‡ ®j  JË@ x = 38 = 3.8. : x Ë Ém' 38 = 10x.
10
shows the solution satisfies the original equation.
. éJ ʓ B@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ ‡ ®m ' ÉmÌ '@

3
2
Question 1.1.31. Solve the equation d x+3 +5 = .
x+3
A) x = −14/5
B) x = −3
C) No solution
D) x = 0
E) None of these choices
24 CHAPTER 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Answer: A) x = −14/5 :¼Q‚Ö Ï @ ÐA®Ö Ï @ H@

 X XðYmÌ '@ l×. YK.
Combine terms with the same denominator:
2 3
2 3 +5 = .
+5 = . x+3 x+3
x+3 x+3 2
: áJ.KAm.Ì '@ C¿ áÓ x+3 hQ¢
2
Subtract x+3 from both sides:
3−2
3−2 5= .
5= . x+3
x+3 :¡‚.K
Simplify:
1 1
5= . 5= .
x+3 x+3
Multiply through by x + 3 (valid as long as x , −3): :( x , −3 à @ Qå„.) x+3 ú¯ H. Qå”
5(x + 3) = 1.
5(x + 3) = 1.
Simplify: :ù¢ªK ¡J‚.JË@
5x + 15 = 1.
Solve for x: 5x + 15 = 1.

5x = −14, x=−
14
.
: x Ë Ém'
5
14
Verification confirms that x = −14/5 satisfies the 5x = −14, x=− .
5
original equation.
. éJ ʓ B@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ ‡ ®m ' x = −14/5 à @ Y»ñK ‡ ®j
 JË@

x+2 2−x
Question 1.1.32. Solve the equation = .
x−4 x−4
A) x = 4
B) x = −2
C) No solution
D) x = 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: D) No solution
Simplifying x − 4 leads to x + 2 = 2 − x and therefore x=0 úÍAJËAK. ð x + 2 = 2 − x :úÍXAJ.JË@ H. Qå”Ë@ Ð@YjJƒAK.
x = 0. Since 0 , 4, this equation has x = 0 as
. x = 0 ñë ÉmÌ '@ àA¯ 4 ø ðA‚ B x = 0 ÉmÌ '@ à@ AÖß.ð
solution.

3x + 2 5
Question 1.1.33. Solve the equation = .
x−1 x−1
A) x = 1
B) x = −1
C) x = 2
D) No solution
E) None of these choices
 2. LINEAR INEQUALITIES 25

Answer: D) No solution  x = 1 úÍAJËAK ð , x + 1 = 0 àñºK à @ áºÖß B

The denominator x − 1 cannot be zero, excluding
.YªJ.‚Ó .
x = 1. Simplifying gives 3x + 2 = 5, leading to x = 1.
 
©Ó ‘¯AJK @ Yëð , x = 1 ø @ 3x + 2 = 5 ù¢ªK ¡J‚.JË@
However, this contradicts the excluded value x = 1. . èYªJ.‚Ö 
 Ï @ Õæ®Ë@

5x 10
Question 1.1.34. Solve the equation = .
x−2 x−2
A) x = 2
B) x = 0
C) No solution
D) x = 5
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) No solution
5x
The equation x−2 10
= x−2 has a restriction that
B x − 2 ÐA®Ö Ï @ à B x , 2 à @ Qå AêË x−2
5x 10 
= x−2 éËXAªÖÏ @
x , 2 because the denominator x − 2 cannot be
 
Ém'. 5x = 10 :ù¢ªK ÐA®ÖÏ @ éË@P@ .@Q ®“ ø ðA‚ à @ áºÖß
zero. Eliminating the denominator gives: 5x = 10.
Solving for x, we find: x = 2 However, this value èYªJ‚Ó
.
 éÒJ
 ®Ë@ è Yë áºËð x = 2 :Ym' , éËXAªÖ
.
 Ï @ è Yë
is excluded due to the restriction x , 2. Thus, the  Ï @ ,½Ë YË x , 2 Qå„Ë@ I‚
.Ég AêË Ë éËXAªÖ .. .
equation has no solution.

1.2. Linear Inequalities

1.2.1 Linear Inequalities in Standard form

Solving linear inequalities of the form ax + b ≤ c is similar to solving linear equations, with a few
additional considerations. Here are some tips to keep in mind:

Isolate the Variable: Start by isolating the variable on one side of the inequality. For example, in
3x + 5 > 11, subtract 5 from both sides to get 3x > 6, then divide by 3 to find x > 2.
C¿ áÓ 5 hQ¢. Õ¯ , 3x + 5 > 11 ú¯ ,ÈAJÖÏ @ ÉJ.ƒ úΫ . éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ ú¯Q£ Yg @ úΫ QªJÖÏ @ È QªK. @YK. @ :QªJÖÏ @ È Q«
. x > 2 úΫ Èñ’jÊË 3 úΫ Õ愯 Õç' , 3x > 6 úΫ Èñ’jÊË á¯Q¢Ë@

Reverse the Inequality for Negative Multiplications/Divisions: If you multiply or divide both
sides of the inequality by a negative number, reverse the inequality symbol. For instance: −2x <
6 ⇒ x > −3.

XY« úΫ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ ú¯Q£ é҂
 ¯ ð @ H Qå” IÔ    
. .  ¯ @ X@ :I.ËAƒ XY« úΫ é҂®Ë@ ð @ H. Qå”Ë@ YJ« éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ QÓP º«

−2x < 6 ⇒ x > −3. :ÈAJÖÏ @ ÉJ.ƒ úΫ . éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ QÓP º« ½Jʪ¯ ,I
. ËAƒ
 26 CHAPTER 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Graph the Solution on the Real Line: After solving the inequality, represent the solution on the
real line. Use an open circle for strict inequalities (e.g., x > 2 or x < −1) and a closed circle for
inclusive inequalities (e.g., x ≥ 2 or x ≤ −1).
ÐYjJƒ@ . éJ ®J ®m Ì '@ X@Y« B@ ¡k úΫ ÉmÌ '@ ÉJJÒJK. Õ¯ , éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ Ég YªK. : éJ ®J ®m Ì '@ X@Y« B@ ¡k úΫ ÉmÌ '@ Õæ P
ð @ x ≥ 2 ÉJÓ) éÊÓA  ‚Ë@
 HA  JK AJ.JÒÊË é®Ê ªÓ èQK@Xð ( x < −1 ð @ x > 2 ÉJÓ) éÓPA’Ë@   J®Ó èQK@X
 JK AJ.JÒÊË ékñ
HA
.( x ≤ −1

Express Solution in Interval Notation: Linear inequalities are often written in interval notation.
For example, if x > 2, the solution in interval notation is (2, ∞). For x ≥ −1, the interval notation is
[−1, ∞).
àA¿ @ X@ ,ÈAJÖÏ @ ÉJ.ƒ úΫ . H@  Q®Ë@ éªJ’. éJ ¢mÌ '@ HA  Q®Ë@
 JK AJ.JÖÏ @ ÈñÊg I.JºK AÓ AJ. ËA« : H@ éªJ’. ÉmÌ '@ éK . AJ»
. [−1, ∞) ñë H@  Q®Ë@ éªJ’. ÉmÌ '@ àA¯ , x ≥ −1 àA¿ @ X@ AÓ @ . (2, ∞) ñë H@  Q®Ë@ éªJ’. ÉmÌ '@ àA¯ , x > 2

Check with a Test Point (Optional): If uncertain, select a test point from each side of the inequality
to confirm the solution region. For instance, for x < 3, testing x = 2 should satisfy the inequality,
confirming (−∞, 3) as the solution.
I.K@ñk. áÓ I.KAg. É¿ áÓ PAJ.Jk@ é¢  ® K Qg@ ,Y» AJÓ Q« I J» @ X@ :(ø PAJJk@) PAJJk@ é¢  ® K Ð@YjJƒAK ‡ ®j
 JË@
. .
, éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ ‡ ®m ' à @ I.m.' x = 2 PAJ.Jk@ àA¯, x < 3 úÍ@ éJ . ‚ËAK. ,ÈAJÖÏ @ ÉJ.ƒ úΫ .ÉmÌ '@ 鮢
 JÓ áÓ Y» AJÊË éJK AJJÖÏ @
.
.ÉmÌ '@ ñë (−∞, 3) à @ Y»ñK AÜØ

Compound Inequalities: When solving compound inequalities, like a < x < b, treat each part
separately and then combine the results. For example, in −1 < 2x < 5, first solve −1 < 2x and
2x < 5, then intersect the solution sets to get − 21 < x < 25 .
 JK AJ.JÖÏ @ Ég YJ« : éJ . »QÖÏ @ HA
.l. ' AJJË@ l×. YK. Õ¯ Õç' èYg úΫ ZQk. É¿ Ém'. Õ¯ , a < x < b ÉJÓ éJ . »QÖÏ @ HA  JK AJ.JÖÏ @
 .× ©£A® K Õç', 
Èñ’jÊË ÈñÊmÌ '@ úæ«ñÒm 2x < 5 ð −1 < 2x Ém'. Bð @ Õ¯ , −1 < 2x < 5 ú¯ ,ÈAJÖÏ @ ÉJ.ƒ úΫ
. − 21 < x < 52 úΫ

1.2.2 Example of Graphing an Inequality on the Real Line

Example 1.2.15.

Sketch this one-side inequality on the real line: x > 2.

Solution In this graph:

• The open circle at x = 2 represents that x is strictly greater than 2.
• The arrow to the right shows the values of x that satisfy x > 2 equivalent to
(2, ∞).
2. LINEAR INEQUALITIES 27

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Figure 1.1: Representation of the open interval (2, ∞) on the real line

Example 1.2.16.

Sketch this one-sides inequality on the real line: x ≤ 3.

Solution In this graph:

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Figure 1.2: Representation of the semi-open interval (∞, 3] on the real line

• The closed circle at x = 3 represents that x is less than or equal to 3.

• The dashed arrow to the left shows the values of x that satisfy x ≤ 3 equivalent
to (−∞, 3].

Example 1.2.17.

Sketch this two-sides inequality on the real line: −3 < x ≤ 4.

Solution In this graph:

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Figure 1.3: Representation of the open interval (−∞, 3] on the real line

• The open circle at x = −3 represents that x is strictly greater than −3 (i.e.,

−3 < x).
• The closed circle at x = 4 represents that x is less than or equal to 4 (i.e., x ≤ 4).
• The solid line segment between x = −3 and x = 4 shows all values of x that
satisfy −3 < x ≤ 4 equivalent to (−3, 4].

Example 1.2.18.

Solve the inequality and sketch the solution on the real line: −4 < x − 3 < 4.
 28 CHAPTER 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Solution Step 1: Understand the Absolute Value Inequality The two sides in-
equality −4 < x − 3 < 4 means the distance between x and 3 is less than 4 on the
number line.
Step 2: Solve for x Solve the double inequality step by step:

Add 3 to all sides: − 4 + 3 < x − 3 + 3 < 4 + 3 =⇒ −1 < x < 7

Step 3: Interpret the Solution The solution is all values of x between −1 and 7,
not including the endpoints. In interval notation: x ∈ (−1, 7)
Step 4: Verify the Solution Test values within and outside the interval:
• Pick x = 0 (inside): −4 < 0 − 3 < 4, which is satisfied.
The solution is: x ∈ (−1, 7).

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Figure 1.4: Representation of the open interval (−1, 7) on the real line

1.2.3 Exercises on Linear Inequalities in Standard form

Question 1.2.35. Find the solution set of the inequality 2x − 4 ≤ 0.

A) (−∞, 2)
B) (−∞, 2]
C) (−∞, −2]
D) (−∞, −2)
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) (−∞, 2] Ém' ð 2x − 4 = 0 ©’ , éJ ¢mÌ '@ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ P Yg. XAm.' B
To find the root of a linear inequality, set 2x − 4 = 0 :x XAm.' B
and solve for x: 2x − 4 = 0
2x − 4 = 0 2x = 4
2x = 4
x=2
x=2
 × úÍAJËAK ð ,
é«ñÒm x≤2 É¾Ë ‡ ®j
 JK 
2x − 4 ≤ 0 éJK AJ.JÖÏ @
The inequality 2x − 4 ≤ 0 holds for all x ≤ 2, so the . .
solution set is (−∞, 2]. . (−∞, 2] ùë ÉmÌ '@

Question 1.2.36. Find the solution set of the inequality 3x + 5 > 8.

A) (−∞, 1]
B) (1, ∞)
C) (−∞, 1)
D) [1, ∞)
E) None of these choices
2. LINEAR INEQUALITIES 29

Answer: B) (1, ∞) : x XAm.' B Ém' ð 3x + 5 = 8

 × XAm' B
©’ ,ÉmÌ '@ é«ñÒm. .
Set 3x + 5 = 8 and solve for x: 3x = 3
3x = 3 x=1
x=1  × úÍAJËAK ð ,
The inequality 3x + 5 > 8 holds for x > 1, so the
é«ñÒm. . x>1 É¾Ë ‡ ®j
 JK 
3x + 5 > 8 éJK AJ.JÖÏ @

solution set is (1, ∞). . (1, ∞) ùë ÉmÌ '@

Question 1.2.37. Solve the inequality 4x − 3 ≤ x + 5.

A) (−∞, 8/3]
B) (−∞, 8/3)
C) (8/3, ∞)
D) [8/3, ∞)
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (−∞, 8/3] : x XAm.' B Ém' ð 3x ≤ 8 úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK
Rewrite as 3x ≤ 8 and solve for x: 8
x≤ 3
x ≤ 38  ×
Solution set: (−∞, 8/3].
. (−∞, 8/3] ùë ÉmÌ '@ é«ñÒm.

Question 1.2.38. Determine the solution set of −2x + 7 < 3.

A) (−∞, 2]
B) [2, ∞)
C) (2, ∞)
D) (−∞, 2)
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) (2, ∞) :Ém' ð −2x < −4 úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK
Rewrite as −2x < −4 and solve:
x>2
x>2  ×
Solution set: (2, ∞).
. (2, ∞) ùë ÉmÌ '@ é«ñÒm.

Question 1.2.39. Determine the solution for |x + 2| ≤ 5.

A) [−7, 3]
B) (−7, 3)
C) [−3, 7]
D) (−3, 7)
E) None of these choices
30 CHAPTER 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Answer: A) [−7, 3] : x XAm.' B Ém' ð , −5 ≤ x + 2 ≤ 5 úÍAJËA¿ éK . AJºË@ YJªK

Rewrite as −5 ≤ x + 2 ≤ 5, solve for x:
[−7, 3]
[−7, 3]

Question 1.2.40. Find the solution set of 3 − x > 2x + 1.

A) (−∞, 2/3]
B) (−∞, 2/3)
C) (−∞, −2/3]
D) (2/3, ∞)
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) (−∞, 2/3) : −3x < −2 úÍAJËA¿ éK . AJºË@ YJªK

Rewrite as −3x < −2:
x < 2/3
x < 2/3

Question 1.2.41. Solve for x if |x − 4| > 3.

A) (1, ∞)
B) (−∞, 1) ∪ (7, ∞)
C) (−∞, 1) ∪ (5, ∞)
D) (4, 7)
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) (−∞, 1) ∪ (7, ∞)

. x<1 ð@ x>7 úÍAJËA¿ éK . AJºË@ YJªK
Rewrite as x > 7 or x < 1.

Question 1.2.42. Solve the inequality 5 − 2x < 3.

A) (1, ∞)
B) (−∞, 2]
C) (−∞, 1)
D) (1, 2)
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (1, ∞) : −2x < −2 úÍAJËA¿ éK . AJºË@ YJªK

Rewrite as −2x < −2:
x>1
x>1

Question 1.2.43. Solve the inequality 3 < 2x + 1 ≤ 7.

A) (1, 3]
B) [1, 3)
 2. LINEAR INEQUALITIES 31

C) (1, 3]
D) [2, 4]
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (1, 3]
: èYg úΫ ZQk. É¿ Ém' ð áKQm.'. éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ Ém'
Break the inequality into two parts and solve each: 3 < 2x + 1 . 1
1. 3 < 2x + 1 ⇒ 2x > 2
⇒ 2x > 2 ⇒x>1
⇒x>1
2x + 1 ≤ 7 . 2
2. 2x + 1 ≤ 7
⇒ 2x ≤ 6 ⇒ 2x ≤ 6
⇒x≤3 ⇒x≤3
Combining these, we get 1 < x ≤ 3, or (1, 3]. . (1, 3] ø@ , 1<x≤3 úΫ ɒm' , áJj.JJË@ l×. YK.

Question 1.2.44. Find the solution set of −4 ≤ 3x − 1 < 5.

A) (−1, 2]
B) [−1, 2)
C) (−1, 2)
D) [0, 2]
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) [−1, 2) :ZQk. É¿ Ém' ð áK @Qk. úÍ@ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ ÉÊm'

Separate into two inequalities and solve: −4 ≤ 3x − 1 . 1
1. −4 ≤ 3x − 1 ⇒ 3x ≥ −3
⇒ 3x ≥ −3
⇒ x ≥ −1
⇒ x ≥ −1
3x − 1 < 5 . 2
2. 3x − 1 < 5
⇒ 3x < 6 ⇒ 3x < 6
⇒x<2 ⇒x<2
Solution set: [−1, 2). . [−1, 2)
 ×
ùë ÉmÌ '@ é«ñÒm.

1.2.4 Linear Inequalities involving the absolute value

Understand the Definition of Absolute Value: Recall that the absolute value of a number repre-
sents its distance from zero. For an inequality like |x| < a, it implies −a < x < a, and for |x| > a, it
implies x < −a or x > a.
I KA¿ @ X@ ,ÈAJÖÏ @ ÉJ.ƒ úΫ .Q®’Ë@ á« èYªK. ÉJÖß XYªË é®Ê¢Ö
 Ï @ éÒJ  ®Ë@
 à @ Q»YK : é®Ê¢Ö
 Ï @ éÒJ
 ®Ë@
 ­K QªK Ñê¯
. x > a ð @ x < −a úæªK @ Yê¯ , |x| > a I KA¿ @ X@ ð , −a < x < a úæªK @ Yê¯ , |x| < a éJK AJ.JÖÏ @
32 CHAPTER 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Isolate the Absolute Value Expression: Make sure the absolute value is by itself on one side of
the inequality. For example, in |2x + 3| ≤ 7, the absolute value is already isolated.
ÉJ.ƒ úΫ . éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ ú¯Q£ Yg @ úΫ @ XQ ®JÓ àñºK é®Ê¢Ö
 Ï @ éÒJ
 ®Ë@
 QJªK à @ áÓ Y» AK : é®Ê¢Ö
.
 Ï @ éÒJ
 ®Ë@
 QJªK È Q«
.
    
.ɪ®ËAK. éËð QªÓ é®Ê¢ÖÏ @ éÒJ®Ë@ àA¯ , |2x + 3| ≤ 7 ú¯ ,ÈAJÖÏ @

Rewrite the Inequality Without Absolute Value: Depending on the type of inequality:
• For |x| < a: Rewrite as −a < x < a.
• For |x| > a: Rewrite as x < −a or x > a.
For example, |2x + 3| ≤ 7 becomes −7 ≤ 2x + 3 ≤ 7.
: éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ ¨ñK úΫ ZA JK. : é®Ê¢Ö
 Ï@
 ®Ë@
éÒJ  àðYK éJK AJJÖÏ @ éK AJ» èXA«@
. . .
. −a < x < a ɾƒ úΫ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» èXA«@ |x| < a I KA¿ @ X@ •
. x > a ð @ x < −a ɾƒ úΫ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» èXA«@ |x| > a I KA¿ @ X@ •
. −7 ≤ 2x + 3 ≤ 7 úÍAJËA¿ |2x + 3| ≤ 7 éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ iJ.’ ,ÈAJÖÏ @ ÉJ.ƒ úΫ

Solve the Resulting Compound Inequality: Break the compound inequality into two parts and
solve. For example, −7 ≤ 2x + 3 ≤ 7 becomes: −7 ≤ 2x + 3 and 2x + 3 ≤ 7. Solving these gives
−5 ≤ x ≤ 2.
: ém .' AJË@ éJ . »QÖÏ @ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ Ég
úΫ −7 ≤ 2x + 3 ≤ 7 éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ iJ.’ ,ÈAJÖÏ @ ÉJ.ƒ úΫ .AÒîDÓ É¿ Égð áKQk. úÍ@ éJ . »QÖÏ @ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ Õ悮 JK. Õ¯
. −5 ≤ x ≤ 2 úΫ ɒm' , HA  JK AJ.JÖÏ @ è Yë Ém'. 2x + 3 ≤ 7 ð −7 ≤ 2x + 3 áJK AJ.JÓ É¾ƒ

Graph the Solution (Optional): Represent the solution on the number line. Use closed circles for
inclusive inequalities (≤, ≥) and open circles for strict inequalities (<, >).
( ≤, ≥
 ‚Ë@
) éÊÓA  JK AJ.JÒÊË é®Ê ªÓ QK@ð X ÐYjJƒ@ .X@Y« B@ ¡k úΫ ÉmÌ '@ ÉJJÒJK. Õ¯ :(ø PAJJk@) ÉmÌ '@ Õæ P
 HA
. èC«@ éÊ JÓB@ ÈCg áÓ áJ.Ó ñë AÒ» .( <, > ) éÓPA’Ë@
 HA  J®Ó QK@ð Xð
 JK AJ.JÒÊË ékñ

Example 1.2.19.

Solve the inequality |x − 3| < 4 and sketch the solution on the real line.

Solution
Step 1: Understand the Absolute Value Inequality The inequality |x − 3| < 4
means the distance between x and 3 is less than 4 on the number line.
Step 2: Rewrite Without the Absolute Value To remove the absolute value, rewrite
the inequality as a double inequality: −4 < x − 3 < 4.
Step 3: Solve for x Solve the double inequality step by step:
Add 3 to all sides: −4+3 < x−3+3 < 4+3 =⇒ −1 < x < 7.
 2. LINEAR INEQUALITIES 33

Step 4: Interpret the Solution The solution is all values of x between −1 and 7,
not including the endpoints. In interval notation: x ∈ (−1, 7).
Step 5: Verify the Solution Test values within and outside the interval:

• Pick x = 0 (inside): |0 − 3| = 3, which satisfies |x − 3| < 4.

• Pick x = −2 (outside): | − 2 − 3| = 5, which does not satisfy |x − 3| < 4.

Final Answer: The solution is: x ∈ (−1, 7).

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Figure 1.5: Representation of the open interval (−1, 7) on the real line

Example 1.2.20.

Solve the inequality |x − 3| ≥ 3 and sketch the solution on the real line.

Solution
Step 1: Understand the Absolute Value Inequality The inequality |x − 3| ≥ 3
means that the distance between x and 3 on the number line is at least 3.
Step 2: Rewrite Without Absolute Value The inequality |x − 3| ≥ 3 can be rewritten
as two separate inequalities: x − 3 ≤ −3 or x − 3 ≥ 3.
Step 3: Solve Each Inequality
1. Solve x − 3 ≤ −3: x ≤ 0.
2. Solve x − 3 ≥ 3: x ≥ 6.
Step 4: Combine the Solutions The solution is the union of x ≤ 0 and x ≥ 6. In
interval notation: x ∈ (−∞, 0] ∪ [6, ∞).
Step 5: Sketch the Solution on the Real Line Below is the graphical representation
of the solution. The solution is: x ∈ (−∞, 0] ∪ [6, ∞).

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Figure 1.6: Representation of the union (−∞, 0] ∪ [6, ∞) on the real line

1.2.5 Exercises on Linear inequalities involving the absolute value

Question 1.2.45. Solve the absolute value inequality |2x − 3| ≤ 5.

A) [−1, 4]
B) (−1, 4)
C) (1, 5]
D) (−5, 5)
34 CHAPTER 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

E) None of these choices

−5 ≤ 2x − 3 ≤ 5 úÍAJËA¿ AîDK. AJ» èXA«AK. éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ Ém'

Answer: A) [−1, 4] :Ém' ð
Rewrite as −5 ≤ 2x − 3 ≤ 5 and solve:
−5 ≤ 2x − 3 . 1
1. −5 ≤ 2x − 3
⇒ 2x ≥ −2 ⇒ 2x ≥ −2
⇒ x ≥ −1 ⇒ x ≥ −1
2. 2x − 3 ≤ 5 2x − 3 ≤ 5 . 2
⇒ 2x ≤ 8
⇒ 2x ≤ 8
⇒x≤4
⇒x≤4
Combining, we get x ∈ [−1, 4].
. x ∈ [−1, 4] úΫ ɒm' , áJj.JJË@ l×. YK.

Question 1.2.46. Determine the solution set of |x + 2| > 3.

A) (−∞, −5) ∪ (1, ∞)
B) (−∞, −5] ∪ [1, ∞)
C) (−∞, −1) ∪ (5, ∞)
D) (−5, −1)
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (−∞, −5) ∪ (1, ∞) :úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ Ém'

Rewrite as two inequalities: x+2 > 3 ⇒ x > 1 . 1
1. x + 2 > 3 ⇒ x > 1
x + 2 < −3 ⇒ x < −5 . 2
2. x + 2 < −3 ⇒ x < −5  ×
Solution: x ∈ (−∞, −5) ∪ (1, ∞). . x ∈ (−∞, −5) ∪ (1, ∞) ùë ÉmÌ '@ é«ñÒm .

Question 1.2.47. Find the solution set of |3x − 4| ≥ 2.

A) (−∞, 2/3] ∪ [2, ∞)
B) (−∞, 4/3] ∪ [1, ∞)
C) (0, 3)
D) [0, 3]
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (−∞, 2/3] ∪ [2, ∞) :úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ Ém'

Rewrite as two inequalities: 3x − 4 ≥ 2 ⇒ x ≥ 2 . 1
1. 3x − 4 ≥ 2 ⇒ x ≥ 2
3x − 4 ≤ −2 ⇒ x ≤ 23 . 2
2. 3x − 4 ≤ −2 ⇒ x ≤ 23  ×
Solution: x ∈ (−∞, 2/3] ∪ [2, ∞). . x ∈ (−∞, 2/3] ∪ [2, ∞) ùë ÉmÌ '@ é«ñÒm .

Question 1.2.48. Solve the inequality 2x + 5 < 2x − 3.

A) (−∞, ∞)
2. LINEAR INEQUALITIES 35

B) ∅
C) (0, ∞)
D) (−∞, 0)
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) ∅
Subtract 2x from both sides:
: á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ áÓ 2x hQ¢
5 < −3 5 < −3
Since this is a contradiction, there is no solution. . ∅
 × .Ég Yg ñK B , ‘¯A JK @ Yë à B
ùë ÉmÌ '@ é«ñÒm. .
Solution set: ∅.

Question 1.2.49. Find the solution set of the inequality |3x + 1| ≥ −2.
A) (−∞, ∞)
B) ∅
C) (0, ∞)
D) (−∞, 0)
E) None of these choices

 
Answer: A) (−∞, ∞) áÓ Q.» @ AÖß @X úæê¯ , éJ . ËAƒ Q« AÖß @X é®Ê¢Ö
 Ï @ éÒJ
 ®Ë@
 à @ AÖß.
Since the absolute value is always non-negative, it  × ,úÍAJËAK ð . −2 ø ðA‚ ð @
is always greater than or equal to −2. Thus, the
X@Y« B@ ©JÔg. ùë ÉmÌ '@ é«ñÒm . .
solution is all real numbers: (−∞, ∞). . (−∞, ∞) éJ ®J ®m Ì '@

Question 1.2.50. Solve the inequality 4x − 7 ≥ 4x + 2.

A) (−∞, ∞)
B) ∅
C) (0, ∞)
D) (−∞, 0)
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) ∅ : á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ áÓ 4x hQ¢

Subtract 4x from both sides: −7 ≥ 2
−7 ≥ 2  × .Ég AêË Ë éJK AJJÖÏ A¯ , ‘¯A JK @ Yë à @ AÖß.
Since this is a contradiction, the inequality has no
ùë ÉmÌ '@ é«ñÒm. .
solution. Solution set: ∅. .∅

Question 1.2.51. Determine the solution set of |5x − 2| < −1.

A) (−∞, ∞)
B) ∅
C) (0, ∞)
 36 CHAPTER 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

D) (−∞, 0)
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) ∅ 
Absolute values are always non-negative, so they ɯ @ àñºK à @ áºÖß B ½Ë YË , éJ . ËAƒ Q« AÖß @X é®Ê¢Ö 
 Ï @ Õæ®Ë@
cannot be less than −1. Therefore, the solution set is . ∅ ùë ÉmÌ '@ é«ñÒm × ,úÍAJËAK ð . −1 áÓ
. .
∅.

Question 1.2.52. Solve the inequality |x − 3| ≤ 0.

A) (−∞, ∞)
B) {3}
C) (0, ∞)
D) (−∞, 0)
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) {3} , x−3 = 0 àA¿ @ X@ ¡® ¯ Q®“ àñºK é®Ê¢Ö  Ï @ éÒJ

 ®Ë@
The absolute value is zero only if x − 3 = 0, so x = 3. 
. {3} ùë ÉmÌ '@ é«ñÒm.× . x = 3 úÍAJËAK. ð
Solution set: {3}.

1.2.6 Linear inequalities in non-standard form

a
Simplify and Analyze Critical Points: Rewrite the inequality from the non-standard form x−b ≤c
into a standard form a ≤ c(x − b) taking into consideration the sign of (x − b). Identify critical points
from (x − b) = 0.
 QmÌ '@ A® JË@ ÉJÊm' ð
éK . AJ» èXA«@ ÈAJÖÏ @ ÉJ.ƒ úΫ . á¯Q¢Ë@ Yg @ úΫ Q儺Ë@ È QªË éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» èXA«@ : ék ¡J‚.K
.
    
(x − b) èPAƒ@ PAJ.J«B@ ú¯ Yg B@ ©Ó a ≤ c(x − b) úæ AJ®Ë@ ɾ‚Ë@ úÍ@ x−b ≤ c úæ AJ®Ë@ Q« ɾ‚Ë@a   áÓ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @
. (x − b) = 0 áÓ ék  QmÌ '@ A® JË@ XYg .
.

Solve for Each Case:

 É¿ Ég
: éËAg
• For (x − b) > 0, solve a ≤ c(x − b). .a ≤ c(x − b) Ég , (x − b) > 0 AÓYJ« •
• For (x − b) < 0, solve a ≥ c(x − b). .a ≥ c(x − b) Ég , (x − b) < 0 AÓYJ« •

Combine Solutions: Combine solutions from both cases while excluding the critical point x = b to
ensure the denominator is not zero.
.@Q ®“ ø ðA‚ B ÐA®Ö Ï @ à @ àAÒ’Ë x = b ék
 QmÌ '@ é¢
.
 ® JË@ XAªJƒ@
 
. ©Ó áJËAmÌ '@ áÓ ÈñÊmÌ '@ l×. YK. Õ¯ :ÈñÊmÌ '@ l×. X
2. LINEAR INEQUALITIES 37

Example 1.2.21.
5
Solve the inequality ≥ 2 and sketch the solution on the real line.
x−3

Solution
Step 1: Understand the Domain
The term x − 3 in the denominator must not be zero. This gives the restriction:
x , 3. and since 5 > 0, the term x − 3 must be strictly positive i.e. x > 3.
Step 2: Rearrange the Inequality
Multiply both sides by (x − 3), which is always positive, to avoid changing the
inequality’s direction:
5 11
≥ 2 =⇒ 5 ≥ 2(x − 3) =⇒ ≥x
x−3 2

2 and x > 3
Step 3: Take the intersection between x ≤ 11
11
Thus, the solution is: x ∈ (3, 2 ].
Step 4: Sketch the Solution on the Real Line

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Figure 1.7: Representation of the semi-open interval (3, 11

2 ] on the real line

Example 1.2.22.
3
Solve the inequality < 2 and sketch the solution on the real line.
1−x

Solution
Step 1: Determine the Domain The denominator 1 − x must not be zero: 1 − x , 0
implies x , 1. Thus, x = 1 is excluded from the solution.
Step 2: Rearrange the Inequality Multiply both sides by (1 − x) and consider the
two cases x − 1 > 0 and x − 1 < 0:

3 < 2(1 − x) and 1−x > 0 or 3 > 2(1 − x) and 1 − x < 0.

This leads to

3 < 2 − 2x and 1>x or 3 > 2 − 2x and 1 < x.

Simplify
1 1
− >x and 1>x or − <x and 1 < x.
2 2
 38 CHAPTER 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

By merging the results, we get

1
− >x or 1 < x.
2
Step 3: Combine the Results The solution is: x ∈ (−∞, − 12 ) ∪ (1, ∞).
Step 4: Sketch the Solution on the Real Line

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Figure 1.8: Representation of the union of intervals (−∞, − 21 ) ∪ (1, ∞) on the real line

1.2.7 Exercises on Linear inequalities in non-standard form

6
Question 1.2.53. Solve the inequality > 6.
4−x
A) (−∞, 2)
B) (2, 4)
C) (3, 4)
D) x > 6
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) (3, 4)
Step 1: Determine the Domain
The denominator 4 − x must not be zero:
4 − x , 0 =⇒ x , 4.
Step 2: Rearrange the Inequality
Multiply both sides by (4 − x), which is always pos-
itive: èA«@QÓ ©Ó, x XAm.' B Ég Õç', (4 − x) ú¯ á¯Q¢Ë@ H. Qå•@
4−x > 6 =⇒ 6 > 6(4 − x).
6

Step 3: Simplify the Inequality

. (3, ∞) ­K QªJË@ ÈAm.×
Distribute and simplify: 6 > 24 − 6x. Rearrange the
terms: 6x > 24 − 6 =⇒ 6x > 18.
Divide through by 6: x > 3.
Step 4: Exclude Undefined Points
From Step 1, x = 4 is excluded from the solution.
Final Answer: The solution is: x ∈ (3, 4) ∪ (4, ∞).

−5
Question 1.2.54. Find the solution of ≤ 5.
x−3
A) (3, ∞)
B) (−∞, 5) ∪ (3, 5]
C) (−∞, 5) ∪ (5, ∞)
D) [2, 3) ∪ (3, ∞)
E) None of these choices
2. LINEAR INEQUALITIES 39

Answer: D) [2, 3) ∪ (3, ∞) ÈAj.ÖÏ @ YK Ym' : 1 èñ¢mÌ '@

Step 1: Determine the Domain . x , 3 úÍAJËAK. ð , x − 3 , 0 ÐA®Ö Ï @
The denominator x − 3 , 0, so x , 3.
éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ I.KQK èXA«@ : 2 èñ¢mÌ '@
Step 2: Rearrange the Inequality
Multiply both sides by (x − 3), which is always pos-
:I.k. ñÓ AÜ ß @X ñëð , (x − 3) ú¯ á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ H. Qå”
−5
−5
itive: x−3 ≤ 5 =⇒ −5 ≤ 5(x − 3). x−3 ≤ 5 =⇒ −5 ≤ 5(x − 3).
Step 3: Solve for x x
èñ¢mÌ '@
Ég : 3
Simplify: −5 ≤ 5x − 15 =⇒ 10 ≤ 5x =⇒ x ≥ 2. −5 ≤ 5x − 15 =⇒ 10 ≤ 5x =⇒ x ≥ 2. :¡‚.K
Step 4: Exclude Undefined Points
Since x = 3 makes the denominator zero, exclude it:
'  : 4 èñ¢mÌ '@
ɪm. x = 3 à @ AÖß. é¯QªÖÏ @ Q« A® JË@ XAªJ.ƒ@
x ∈ [2, 3) ∪ (3, ∞).
 
x ∈ [2, 3) ∪ (3, ∞). : èYªJ.‚ ,@Q ®“ ÐA®ÖÏ @

Question 1.2.55. Determine the solution of 7

x−1 < 3.
A) (−∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)
B) (−∞, 1) ∪ (1, 73 )
C) (1, 37 )
D) (1, ∞)
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) (1, 73 )
Multiply both sides by (x − 1)2 , solve, and account à @ èA«@QÓ ©Ó Ég Õç' , (x − 1)2 ú¯ á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ H. Qå•@
for the domain x , 1. . x,1

4
Question 1.2.56. Find the range of x+2 ≥ 1.
A) (−∞, −3] ∪ (−2, ∞)
B) (−3, ∞)
C) (−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, −1)
D) (−∞, −3)
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (−∞, −3] ∪ (−2, ∞) , x XAm.' B Ég Õç' , 4 ≥ x+2 úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» Y« @
Rewrite as 4 ≥ x + 2, solve for x, and exclude x = −2.  ©Ó
. x = −2 XAªJ.ƒ@

Question 1.2.57. Solve the inequality 6

x+5 > 4.
A) (−∞, −5) ∪ (−5, 64 )
B) (−∞, −6) ∪ (−5, ∞)
C) (−5, − 12 )
D) (−6, ∞)
E) None of these choices
40 CHAPTER 1. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Answer: C) (−5, − 12 )  ©Ó Ég Õç' ,

XAªJ.ƒ@ (x + 5)2 ú¯ á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ H. Qå•@
Multiply through by (x + 5)2 , solve, and exclude
x = −5. . x = −5
 Chapter 2
Non-Linear Equations and
Inequalities
2.1. Quadratic Equations

2.1.1 Short review on Quadratic Equation and Quadratic Function

A Quadratic Equation: is an equation of the
form:
ax2 + bx + c = 0.

 úΫ éËXAªÓ
:ɾ‚Ë@ ùë éJ ªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï@
where a, b, and c are constants, and a , 0. The
goal is to find the values of x that satisfy the
ax2 + bx + c = 0.
equation. The quadratic equation represents a
condition that must be true for certain values ¬YêË@ . a,0  . @ñK ùë c ð b ð a à @ IJ
ð , IK  k
of x.  Ï @ è Yë ‡ ®m ' úæË@
. éËXAªÖ  x Õæ¯ XAm.' @ ñë
A Quadratic Function: is a function of the  úΫ éË@X  ùë éJ ªJK QË@ éË@YË@

:ɾ‚Ë@ .
form:
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c.
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c.
where a, b, and c are constants, and a , 0. In this  . a , 0 ð , IK  . @ñK ùë c ð b ð a à @ IJ  k
case, f (x) represents the output for any input
éË@YË@
x. The quadratic function defines a parabolic Qê¢ð , x Ë éÒJ  ¯ É¾Ë f (x) éÒJ  ¯ ù¢ªK éJ ªJK QË@
.
curve when graphed, but it is not an equation   
.AêÊJJÖß YJ« ú¯A¾Ó ©¢¯ ɾƒ úΫ úæjJÓ 
to solve—it maps values of x to values of f (x).  Ï @ð éË@YË@ áK :úæ„JKQË@ †Q  ®Ë@
:ñë éËXAªÖ .
The Key Differences between function and  
x Ë éJJªÓ Õæ¯ XAm.' @ I    
equation is: . Ê¢JK éJªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖÏ @ . 1
• A quadratic equation requires solving
.Q®’ÊË éK ðA‚Ó éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ àñºK IJ  k
x HC
   
 gYÖÏ @ áK. ¡. QK é¯C« ùë éJªJK. QË@ éË@YË@ . 2
for specific values of x where the equa-
tion equals zero. .AêÖÞ P YJ« úæjJÓ i.JKð , f (x) HAg  . QjÖÏ @ð
• A quadratic function is a rule that assigns
an output f (x) for each input x, and it can
be graphed as a parabola.

41
42 CHAPTER 2. NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Both share the same algebraic structure but serve different purposes: one involves
finding specific solutions, and the other involves mapping inputs to outputs.

, áK PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó f (x) = x2 − 1 = 0

éË@YÊË ©£A® JË@ A® K H. A‚mÌ
:©£A® K úæ¢
 ® K Yj.Jƒ y
 ¯ I‚m' ,
éÒJ x=0 AÓYJ« : y PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó ©£A® JË@ é¢  ® K 3 y = f (x)
.
: f (x)
2
f (0) = 02 − 1 = −1.
. (0, −1) ùë y PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó ©£A® JË@ é¢
 ® K , à X@ 1
  
x PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó ©£A®JË@ A®K Ym.' : x PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó ©£A®JË@ A®K

x1 x2
 Ï @ IKQK YJªK . x2 − 1 = 0 éËXAªÖ
: éËXAªÖ  Ï @ Ég ‡K Q£ á«
. x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x2 = 1. -1
f (0)
: úΫ ɒm' , áJ.KAm.Ì '@ C¾Ë ùªJK. QË@ P Ym.Ì '@ Yg AK.
-2
x = ±1.
. (1, 0) ð (−1, 0) ùë x PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó ©£A® JË@ A® K , à X@ Figure 1. Quadratic Function with two Real
   
x PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó ©£A®JÊË àAJ¢®K f (x) = x2 − 1 éË@YÊË : é“CmÌ '@ Roots x1 = −1 and x2 = 1 for the function
   
y PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó èYg@ð ©£A®K 颮Kð , (1, 0) ð (−1, 0) AÒëð , x2 − 1 = 0.
. (0, −1) ùëð

 ©£A® JË@ A® K Q‚®K

f (x) = (x − 1)2 = 0
éË@YÊË

©Ó f (x) = (x − 1)2 = 0 éË@YÊË ©£A® JË@ A® K H. A‚mÌ y = f (x)
 
. y PñjÖÏ @ð x PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó ©£A®JË@ A®K á« Ij  . K , áK PñjÖÏ @ y
éÒJ¯ I‚m' , x = 0 AÓYJ« : y PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó ©£A® JË@ é¢  ® K 1. 3
.
: f (x)
2
f (0) = (0 − 1)2 = 1.
. (0, 1) ùë y PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó ©£A® JË@ é¢  ® K , à X@ 1 f (0)
©Ó ©£A® JË@ A® K Ym.' : x PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó ©£A® JË@ é¢  ® K 2.
x0
 Ï @ Ég ‡K Q£ á« x PñjÖÏ @
P Ym.Ì '@ Yg AK . (x − 1)2 = 0 éËXAªÖ x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
: áJ.KAm.Ì '@ C¾Ë ùªJK. QË@
-1
x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1.
.¡® ¯ (1, 0) ùë x PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó ©£A® JË@ é¢
 ® K , à X@ Figure 2. Quadratic Function with One Real
©Ó èYg@ð ©£A® K é¢  ® K f (x) = (x − 1)2 éË@YÊË
  mÌ '@
: é“C Root x0 = 1 for the function (x − 1)2 = 0.

. (0, 1) YJ« y PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó ©£A® K é¢

 ® Kð (1, 0) YJ« x PñjÖÏ @
 1. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 43

f (x) = (x − 1)2 + 1 = 0
 ©£A® JË@ A® K Q‚®K
éË@YÊË
©Ó f (x) = (x − 1)2 + 1 = 0 éË@YÊË  ©£A® JË@ A® K H. A‚mÌ

 Ï @ ‡ ®m ' Õæ¯ ¼AJë I KA¿ @ X@ AÔ« Ij
 m'. éËXAªÖ  . K , áK PñjÖÏ @ y = f (x)
IJ
. áK PñjÖÏ @ ©¢® K
: x = 0 AÓYJ« f (x) éÒJ  ¯ Ym' : y PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó ©£A® JË@ 1.
. y

f (0) = (0 − 1)2 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2. 3

. (0, 2)

ùë x = 0 AÓYJ« éË@YË@  ® K , à X@
é¢
2 f (0)
PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó ©£A® K A® K á« IjJ
 . ÊË : x PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó ©£A® JË@ 2.
 Ï @ Ém' . f (x) = 0 àñºK à @ Im' , x
: éËXAªÖ .. 1
(x − 1)2 + 1 = 0
(x − 1)2 = −1
 Ï @ IKQK YJªK
: úΫ Èñ’jÊË éËXAªÖ 0 0
. x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
 Ï @ è Yë
ø @ ©K. QÓ à B , éJ ®J ®m Ì '@ X@Y« B@ ú¯ Ég AêË Ë éËXAªÖ
 -1
A® K Yg. ñK B ,½Ë YË . AJ.ËAƒ àñºK à @ áºÖß B ù®J ®k  XY«
. x PñjÖÏ @ ©Ó ©£A® K
   : é“C mÌ '@ Figure 3. Quadratic Function with No Real
©Ó ©£A®K A®K AêË Ë f (x) = (x − 1)2 + 1 éË@YË@
Roots for the function (x − 1)2 + 1 = 0.
áºÖß Bð éJ . k. ñÓ AÜ ß @X éË@YË@   ¯ à B , y ð @ x áK PñjÖÏ @
éÒJ
.Q®’Ë@ ø ðA‚ à @

Remark. Same analysis can be done for the quadratic function with down con-
cavity. See figures below:
y
y 2
y 2
2 1
1
1 f (0)
x0 x
-2 -1 0 1 2
x1 x2 x
0 -2 -1 0 1 2 -1
x
-2 -1 0 1 2 -1 f (0)
-1 -2 f (0)
-2
-2

y = f (x)
y = f (x)
Figure 4. Parabola with Two In- y = f (x)
tersections. Figure 5. Parabola with One In-
tersection. Figure 6. Parabola with No In-
tersection.

2.1.2 Exercises

Question 2.1.58.
44 CHAPTER 2. NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Solve the quadratic equation x2 − 5x + 6 = 0. A) x = −2 or x = 3

B) x = 2 or x = 3
C) x = 6
D) x = −1
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) x = 2 or x = 3
Factor the quadratic equation:
: éJ ªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ ÉJÊjJK Ðñ® K
.
(x − 2)(x − 3) = 0. . (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0
So, x = 2 or x = 3.

. x = 3 ð @ x = 2 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.59.

Solve the quadratic equation x2 + 6x + 9 = 0. A) x = −3

B) x = 3
C) x = −2
D) x = −1
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = −3
Factor the perfect square:
:ÉÓA¾Ë@ ©K. QÖÏ @ ÉJÊjJK. Ðñ® K
(x + 3)2 = 0. . (x + 3)2 = 0
So, x = −3.

. x = −3 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.60.

Solve the quadratic equation x2 − 4x − 5 = 0. A) x = 5 and x = 1

B) x = 2 or x = 1
C) x = 0 or x = 1
D) x = 5 and x = −1
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 5 and x = −1 : éJ KAJË@ ék

 PYË@ éËXAªÓ
.
 ÐYjJ‚
√ √ √
Use the quadratic formula: −(−4)± (−4)2 −4(1)(−5) 4± 16+20 4± 36
√ √ √ x= 2(1) = 2 = 2 = 4±6
2
−(−4)± (−4)2 −4(1)(−5) 4± 36
x= 2(1) = 4± 16+20
2 = 2 = 4±6
2 . .
Thus, x = 5 or x = −1. 
. x = −1 ð@ x=5 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.61.
1. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 45

Solve the quadratic equation x2 + 4x + 5 = 0. A) x = 1

B) x = −1
C) No real solution
D) x = 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) No real solution

The discriminant ∆ = b2 − 4ac is negative: :I.ËAƒ ∆ = b2 − 4ac QÒÖÏ @
∆ = 42 − 4(1)(5) = 16 − 20 = −4. . ∆ = 42 − 4(1)(5) = 16 − 20 = −4
Since the discriminant is negative, there is no real
solution.
 Ég Yg ñK C¯ ,IËAƒ QÒÖÏ @ à @ AÖß.
.ù®J ®k . .

Question 2.1.62.
Solve the quadratic equation x2 − 9 = 0. A) x = 1 or x = −3
B) x == 3
C) x = 3
D) x = 3 and x = −3
E) None of these choices

Answer: D) x = 3 or x = −3  ®Ë@ ÉJÊjJK Ðñ® K

Factor the difference of squares:
: áªK. QÓ áK. †Q .
(x − 3)(x + 3) = 0. . (x − 3)(x + 3) = 0
So, x = 3 or x = −3.

. x = −3 ð @ x = 3 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.63.
Solve the quadratic equation x2 + 2x = 3. A) x = 1 or x = −3
B) x = 2 or x = −1
C) x = 1
D) x = 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 1 or x = −3 
:Qå„ B@ ¬Q¢Ë@ ú¯ 3 Ë@ ©’ , Bð @
First, move the 3 to the left:
x2 + 2x − 3 = 0.
. x2 + 2x − 3 = 0
Now, factor: :ÉÊm' Õç'
(x − 1)(x + 3) = 0. . (x − 1)(x + 3) = 0
Thus, x = 1 or x = −3. 
. x = −3 ð @ x = 1 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.64.
46 CHAPTER 2. NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Solve the quadratic equation 2x2 − 4x + 1 = 0. A) x = 1 − √2 and x = 1 + √2

2 2
B) x = 1 − √1 and x = 1+ √1
2 2
C) x = −1 − √1 and x = −1 + √1
2 2
D) x = 2 or x = 12
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) None of these choices : éJ KAJË@ ék

 PYË@ éËXAªÓ
.
 ÐYjJ‚
Using the quadratic formula:
√ √ √
−(−4)± (−4)2 −4(2)(1) 4± 8 √
x = 2(2) = 4± 416−8 = 4 = −(−4)± (−4)2 −4(2)(1)
√
4± 16−8
√
4± 8
√
4±2 2
√
2
√ √ x= 2(2) = 4 = 4 = 4 = 1± 2
4±2 2 2
4 = 1± 2 . .

Question 2.1.65.
Solve the quadratic equation x2 + 8x + 16 = 0. A) x = 4
B) x = −4
C) x = 0
D) x = −2
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) x = −4 
This is a perfect square:
:ÉÓA¿ ©K. QÖÏ éËXAªÓ è Yë
(x + 4)2 = 0. . (x + 4) = 0
2

So, x = −4.

. x = −4 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.66.
Solve the quadratic equation x2 − 16 = 0. A) x = 4 and x = −1
B) x = −4 and x = 1
C) x = −4 and x = 4
D) x = −16 and x = 16
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) x = 4 or x = −4  ®Ë@ ñë @ Yë
This is a difference of squares:
: áªK. QÓ áK. †Q
(x − 4)(x + 4) = 0. . (x − 4)(x + 4) = 0
So, x = 4 or x = −4.

. x = −4 ð @ x = 4 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.67.
1. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 47

Solve the quadratic equation x2 + x − 2 = 0. A) x = 2 and x = −1

B) x = −2 and x = 1
C) x = −2
D) x = 1
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) x = −2 or x = 1
: éJ KAJË@ ék
 PYË@ éËXAªÓ
.
 ÐYjJ‚
Using the quadratic formula: √
√ √ √ −1± (1)2 −4(1)(−2)
√ √
−1± 1+8 −1± 9 −1±3
x=
−1± (1)2 −4(1)(−2)
= −1± 2 1+8 = −1± 9
= −1±3 . x= = = =
2(1) 2 2 . 2(1) 2 2 2
Thus, x = −2 or x = 1.

. x=1 ð@ x = −2 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.68.
Solve the quadratic equation x2 + 6x + 9 = 0. A) x = 3
B) x = −3
C) x = 0
D) x = 6
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) x = −3
This is a perfect square trinomial:
:ÉÓA¿ ©K. QÖÏ éJ ªJK. QK éËXAªÓ
 è Yë
(x + 3)2 = 0. . (x + 3) = 0
2

So, x = −3 is the only solution.


.YJkñË@ ÉmÌ '@ ñë x = −3 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.69.
Solve the quadratic equation x2 + 4x + 8 = 0. Does it have a solution? A) x = 2 or
x = −2
B) No real solution
C) x = 4
D) x = −4
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) No real solution

The discriminant is negative: :I.ËAƒ ∆ = b2 − 4ac QÒÖÏ @
∆ = b2 − 4ac = 42 − 4(1)(8) = 16 − 32 = −16. . ∆ = − 4(1)(8) = 16 − 32 = −16
42
Since the discriminant is negative, there is no real  
solution.
.ù®J®k Ég Yg. ñK C¯ ,I.ËAƒ QÒÖÏ @ à @ AÖß.

Question 2.1.70.
48 CHAPTER 2. NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Solve the quadratic equation x2 + 10x + 25 = 0. A) x = 5

B) x = −25
C) x = −5
D) x = 2
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) x = −5
This is a perfect square trinomial:
:ÉÓA¿ ©K. QÖÏ éJ ªJK. QK éËXAªÓ
 è Yë
(x + 5)2 = 0. . (x + 5) = 0
2

So, x = −5 is the only solution.


.YJkñË@ Ém '@ ñë x = −5 ,@ X@
Ì

Question 2.1.71.
Solve the quadratic equation x2 − 25 = 0. A) x = 0
B) x = 5
C) x = −5
D) x = 5 or x = −5
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 5 or x = −5  ®Ë@ ñë @ Yë
This is a difference of squares:
: áªK. QÓ áK. †Q
(x − 5)(x + 5) = 0. . (x − 5)(x + 5) = 0
So, x = 5 or x = −5.

. x = −5 ð @ x = 5 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.72.
Solve the quadratic equation x2 = 0. A) x = 0
B) x = 2
C) x = −2
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 0
Since x2 = 0, we only have one solution: x = 0. . x=0 ñë YJkñË@ ÉmÌ 'A¯ , x2 = 0 à @ AÖß.

Question 2.1.73.
Solve the quadratic equation x2 + 1 = 0. Does it have a solution? A) x = −1 or
x=1
B) No real solution
1. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 49

C) x = 0
D) x = 1
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) No real solution

The discriminant is negative: :I.ËAƒ ∆ = b2 − 4ac QÒÖÏ @
∆ = b2 − 4ac = 02 − 4(1)(1) = −4. . ∆ = 02 − 4(1)(1) = −4
Since the discriminant is negative, there is no real
solution.
 Ég Yg ñK C¯ ,IËAƒ QÒÖÏ @ à @ AÖß.
.ù®J ®k . .

Question 2.1.74.

√ √
Solve the equation x4 − 5x2 + 6 = 0 by substituting y = x2 . A) x = 3 or x = − 3
B) x = 1 or
√ x = −1 √
C) x = ± 2 or x = ± 3
D) x = 0
E) None of these choices

√ √ 
Answer: C) x = ± 2 or x = ± 3 : y = x2 ÈYJ.K , Bð @
First, substitute y = x2 : . y2 − 5y + 6 = 0
y2 − 5y + 6 = 0.
: éJªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
  Ï @ Ém'
Now, solve the quadratic: 
(y − 3)(y − 2) = 0, so y = 3 or y = 2. . y = 2 ð @ y = 3 @ X@ , (y − 3)(y − 2) = 0
Since y = x2 , we have x2 = 2 or x2 = 3. . x2 = 3 ð @ x2 = 2 AJK YË , y = x2 à @ AÖß.
√ √
Thus, x = ± 2 or x = ± 3. √ √ 
. x = ± 3 ð @ x = ± 2 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.75.

√ equation x √+ 2x − 8 = 0 by substituting y = x . A) x = 2 and x = −2

Solve the 4 2 2

B) x = 3 and x = − 3
C) x = ±2√
D) x = ± 2
E) None of these choices
50 CHAPTER 2. NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

√ 
Answer: D) x = ± 2 : y = x2 ÈYJ.K , Bð @
First, substitute y = x2 : . y2 + 2y − 8 = 0
y2 + 2y − 8 = 0. : éJªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
  Ï @ Ém'
Now, solve the quadratic: 
(y + 4)(y − 2) = 0, so y = −4 or y = 2.
. y = 2 ð @ y = −4 @ X@ , (y + 4)(y − 2) = 0
Since y = x2 , discard y = −4 (no real solution), and Ég Yg. ñK B éK B y = −4 YªJ.‚   , y = x2 à @ AÖß.
keep y = 2.
√ . y = 2 Yg AKð ,ù®J ®k 
Thus, x = ± 2. √ 
. x = ± 2 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.76.
Solve the equation x4 − 4x2 = 0 by substituting y = x2 . A) x = 2 and x = −2
B) x = 1 and x = −1
C) x = 0 and x = ±2
D) No solution
E) None of these choices


Answer: C) x = 0 or x = ±2 : y = x2 ÈYJ.K , Bð @
First, substitute y = x2 : . y2 − 4y = 0
y2 − 4y = 0.  Ï @ ÉÊm'
Now, factor:
: éËXAªÖ

y(y − 4) = 0, so y = 0 or y = 4. . y=4 ð@ y=0 @ X@ , y(y − 4) = 0
Since y = x2 , we have x2 = 0 or x2 = 4. . x2 = 4 ð @ x2 = 0 AJK YË , y = x2 à @ AÖß.
Thus, x = 0 or x = ±2. 
. x = ±2 ð @ x = 0 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.77.
Solve the equation x4 − 6x2 + 9 = 0 by substituting y = x2 . A) x = 3 and x = −3
B) x = 1 and
√ x = −1
C) x = ± 3 √
D) x = 0 and x = ± 3
E) None of these choices

√ 
Answer: C) x = ± 3 : y = x2 ÈYJ.K , Bð @
First, substitute y = x2 : . y2 − 6y + 9 = 0
y2 − 6y + 9 = 0.
: éJ ªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ Ém'
Now, solve the quadratic: 
(y − 3)(y − 3) = 0, so y = 3. . y = 3 @ X@ , (y − 3)(y − 3) = 0
Since y = x2 , we have x2 = 3. . x2 = 3 AJK YË , y = x2 à @ AÖß.
√
Thus, x = ± 3. √ 
. x = ± 3 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.78.
1. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 51

Solve the equation x4 − 3x2 − 10 = 0 by substituting y = x2 . A) x = ±5

B) x = 2 and x = −2
C) x = 1 and
√ x = −1
D) x = ± 5
E) None of these choices

√ 
Answer: D) x = ± 5 : y = x2 ÈYJ.K , Bð @
First, substitute y = x2 : . y2 − 3y − 10 = 0
y2 − 3y − 10 = 0. : éJªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
  Ï @ Ém'
Now, solve the quadratic: 
(y − 5)(y + 2) = 0, so y = 5 or y = −2.
. y = −2 ð @ y = 5 @ X@ , (y − 5)(y + 2) = 0
Since y = x2 , discard y = −2 (no real solution), and Ég Yg. ñK B éK B y = −2 YªJ.‚   , y = x2 à @ AÖß.
keep y = 5.
√ . y = 5 Yg AKð ,ù®J ®k 
Thus, x = ± 5. √ 
. x = ± 5 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.79.
Solve the equation e2x + 5ex − 6 = 0 by substituting y = ex . A) x = ln(1) and
x = ln(6)
B) x = 0 or x = ln(2)
C) x = 1 and x = ln(1)
D) x = 0
E) None of these choices


Answer: D) x = 0 : y = ex ÈYJ.K , Bð @
First, substitute y = ex : . y2 + 5y − 6 = 0
y2 + 5y − 6 = 0. 
: éJªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ Ém'
Now, solve the quadratic: 
(y − 1)(y + 6) = 0, so y = 1 or y = −6. . y = −6 ð @ y = 1 @ X@ , (y − 1)(y + 6) = 0
Since y = ex , discard y = −6 (no real solution), and Ég Yg. ñK B éK B y = −6 YªJ.‚   , y = ex à @ AÖß.
keep y = 1.
Thus, ex = 1, so x = ln(1) = 0.
. y = 1 Yg AKð ,ù®J ®k 

. x = ln(1) = 0 úÍAJËAK. ð, ex = 1 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.80.
Solve the equation e2x − 3ex − 4 = 0 by substituting y = ex . A) x = ln(4) and
x = ln(1)
B) x = 0 and x = ln(2)
C) x = ln(4)
D) x = ln(4) or x = − ln(1)
E) None of these choices
52 CHAPTER 2. NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES


Answer: C) x = ln(4) : y = ex ÈYJ.K , Bð @
First, substitute y = ex : . y2 − 3y − 4 = 0
y2 − 3y − 4 = 0. : éJªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
  Ï @ Ém'
Now, solve the quadratic: 
(y − 4)(y + 1) = 0, so y = 4 or y = −1. . y = −1 ð @ y = 4 @ X@ , (y − 4)(y + 1) = 0
Since y = ex , discard y = −1 (no real solution), and Ég Yg. ñK B éK B y = −1 YªJ.‚   , y = ex à @ AÖß.
keep y = 4.
Thus, ex = 4, so x = ln(4).
. y = 4 Yg AKð , ù®J ®k

. x = ln(4) úÍAJËAK. ð ex = 4 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.81.
Solve the equation e2x + 7ex + 10 = 0 by substituting y = ex . A) x = ln(2) or
x = ln(1)
B) x = ln(5)
C) No real solution
D) x = 0 or x = ln(3)
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) No real solution


: y = ex ÈYJ.K , Bð @
First, substitute y = ex :
. y2 + 7y + 10 = 0
y2 + 7y + 10 = 0.
Now, solve the quadratic:
: éJ ªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ Ém'

(y + 5)(y + 2) = 0, so y = −5 or y = −2. . y = −2 ð @ y = −5 @ X@ , (y + 5)(y + 2) = 0
Since y = ex and the exponential function is always
Ég Yg. ñK C¯ , éJ . k. ñÓ AÜ ß @X éJ ƒ B@ éË@YË@
 ð y = ex à @ AÖß.
positive, there is no real solution.
.ù®J ®k


Question 2.1.82.
Solve the equation e2x + 2ex − 3 = 0 by substituting y = ex . A) x = ln(1) or x = ln(3)
B) x = 0
C) x = ln(1)
D) x = ln(3) or x = ln(1)
E) None of these choices


Answer: B) x = 0 : y = ex ÈYJ.K , Bð @
First, substitute y = ex : . y2 + 2y − 3 = 0
y2 + 2y − 3 = 0. : éJªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
  Ï @ Ém'
Now, solve the quadratic: 
(y − 1)(y + 3) = 0, so y = 1 or y = −3. . y = −3 ð @ y = 1 @ X@ , (y − 1)(y + 3) = 0
Since y = ex , discard y = −3 (no real solution), and Ég Yg. ñK B éK B y = −3 YªJ.‚   , y = ex à @ AÖß.
keep y = 1.
Thus, ex = 1, so x = ln(1) = 0.
. y = 1 Yg AKð , ù®J ®k

. x = ln(1) = 0 úÍAJËAK. ð ex = 1 ,@ X@
1. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 53

Question 2.1.83.
Solve the equation e2x − 4ex + 3 = 0 by substituting y = ex . A) x = ln(1) or x = ln(2)
B) x = ln(1) or x = ln(4)
C) x = ln(1) or x = ln(3)
D) x = ln(2) or x = ln(1)
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) x = ln(1) or x = ln(3) 

: y = ex ÈYJ.K , Bð @
First, substitute y = ex :
y2 − 4y + 3 = 0.
. y2 − 4y + 3 = 0
Now, solve the quadratic: : éJªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
  Ï @ Ém'
(y − 1)(y − 3) = 0, so y = 1 or y = 3.

. y=3 ð @ y = 1 @ X@ , (y − 1)(y − 3) = 0
Thus, x = ln(1) = 0 or x = ln(3). 
. x = ln(3) ð @ x = ln(1) = 0 ,@ X@

Question 2.1.84.
Solve the equation |x2 − 4| = 3. A) x = 1 or x = −1
B) x = ±7√or x = ±1
C) x = ± 7 or x = ±1
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

√
Answer: C) x = ± 7 or x = ±1 : áJËAg úÍ@ Aê҂® K , éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ è Yë ÉmÌ
To solve this equation, break it into two cases: √ 
√ . x=± 7 úÍAJËAK. ð , x2 = 7 @ X@ , x2 − 4 = 3 (1
1) x2 − 4 = 3, so x2 = 7, thus x = ± 7.
2) x2 − 4 = −3, so x2 = 1, thus x = ±1.

. x = ±1 úÍAJËAK. ð , x2 = 1 @ X@ , x2 − 4 = −3 (2

Question 2.1.85.
Solve the equation |x2 − 9| = 0. A) x = 3 or x = −3
B) x = 9 or x = −9
C) x = 9
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 3 or x = −3
Solve the absolute value equation:
: é®Ê¢Ö
 Ï @ éÒJ
 ®Ë@ éËXAªÓ
 ÉmÌ
2 
. x − 9 = 0 úæªK |x − 9| = 0
2
|x2 − 9| = 0 implies x2 − 9 = 0.
Thus, x2 = 9, and x = ±3.

. x = ±3 úÍAJËAK. ð , x2 = 9 ,@ X@
54 CHAPTER 2. NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Question 2.1.86.
Solve the equation |x2 + 3x −√6| = 4. A) x = 2 and x = −5
B) x = 2 and x = −5 and −3±2 17

C) x = √±2 or x = ±1
D) −3±2 17
E) None of these choices

√
Answer: B) x = 2 and x = −5 and −3±2 17  Ï @ Õ愮 K
: áJËAg úÍ@ éËXAªÖ
Break the equation into two cases: 
x = 2 ÉmÌ '@ . x2 + 3x − 10 = 0 @ X@ , x2 + 3x − 6 = 4 (1
1) x2 + 3x − 6 = 4, so x2 + 3x − 10 = 0. Solving, x = 2
or x = −5. . x = −5 ð @
2 + 3x − 6 = −4, so x2 + 3x − 2 = 0. Solving,
2) x√ 
−3± 17
ÉmÌ '@ . x2 + 3x − 2 = 0 @ X@ , x2 + 3x − 6 = −4 (2
. √
2
. −3±2 17
√ the solutions are x = 2, x = −5, x = 1, and
Thus, √ 
−3± 17
2 . . −3±2 17 ð x = −5 , x = 2 ùë ÈñÊmÌ '@ ,@ X@
 2. QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES 55

2.2. Quadratic Inequalities

2.2.1 Summary how to solve Quadratic Inequalities

éJ ªJK. QË@ HA

 JK AJ.JÖÏ @ Ég
Solving Quadratic Inequalities: ð @ ax2 + bx + c > 0 ÉJÓ , éJ ªJK. QK éJK AJ.JÓ ÉmÌ
To solve a quadratic inequality, such as
: éJ ËAJË@ H@ ñ¢mÌ '@ ©J.K@ , ax2 + bx + c < 0
ax2 + bx + c > 0 or ax2 + bx + c < 0, follow these
àñºK IJ  m'. úæ AJ®Ë@  ɾ‚ËAK  . éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» Y« @ . 1
steps:
1. Rewrite the inequality in standard form if 
. ax2 + bx + c > 0 :CJÓ , èYg@ð éêk  ú¯ Q®’Ë@
.
necessary, with zero on one side, for example:    
ax + bx + c = 0 éJ¯A¾ÖÏ @ éJªJK. Ë@ éËXAªÖÏ @ Ég . 2
2 Q
ax2 + bx + c > 0.
2. Solve the corresponding quadratic equa- .(ÈñÊmÌ '@) Pð Ym.Ì '@ XAm.' B
tion ax2 + bx + c = 0 to find the roots. . H@ Q¯ úÍ@ X@Y« B@ ¡k Õ悮 JË Pð Ym.Ì '@ ÐYjJƒ@ 3.
3. Use the roots to divide the number line  Q®ËA¯ , x2 ð x1 ùë Pð Ym.Ì '@ I KA¿ @ X@
into intervals. For example, if the roots are x1
ùë H@
and x2 , the intervals are (−∞, x1 ), (x1 , x2 ), and . (x2 , ∞) ð , (x1 , x2 ) , (−∞, x1 )
(x2 , ∞). É¿ Ég@X 颮K PAJJk@ ‡K Q£ á« èQ¯ É¿ Q.Jk@ 4.
 
4. Test each interval by choosing a point ‘ ñªJK. Õ¯ . éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ ‡ ®m ' I KA¿ @ X@ AÓ YK Ym' ð èQ¯
in each to determine whether it satisfies the
. éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ ú¯ èPAJjÖÏ @ é¢  ® JË@
inequality. Substitute the test point into the
inequality. . éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ ‡ ®m ' úæË@  H@  Q®Ë@ úΫ ZA JK. ÉmÌ '@ I.J»@ . 5
5. Write the solution based on the intervals
that satisfy the inequality. . x2 − 4 < 0 Ég :ÈAJÓ
Example: Solve x2 − 4 < 0.

ɾ‚Ë@ úΫ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» Y« @ 1.
1. Rewrite as (x − 2)(x + 2) < 0. (x − 2)(x + 2) < 0.
2. The roots are x = −2 and x = 2. x = 2. x = −2
ùë Pð Ym.Ì '@ 2.
ð
3. Test intervals: (−∞, −2), (−2, 2), (2, ∞). (2, ∞). , (−2, 2) , (−∞, −2) : H@  Q®Ë@ PAJ.Jk@ 3.
4. Only the interval (−2, 2) satisfies the
inequality, so the solution is −2 < x < 2.
, (−2, 2) ùë éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ ‡ ®m ' úæË@
 èYJkñË@ èQ®Ë@ 4.

. −2 < x < 2. ñë ÉmÌ '@ @ X@
(−2, 2)

-2 -1 0 1 2

Figure 7. The open interval (−2, 2).

2.2.2 Exercises

Question 2.2.87.
Solve the inequality x2 − 4 ≤ 0. A) [−2, 2]
B) (2, ∞)
C) (−∞, 2)
D) (−2, 2)
56 CHAPTER 2. NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

E) None of these choices

Detailed Solution. Answer: A) [−2, 2]

Rewrite the inequality as (x − 2)(x + 2) ≤ 0.
1. Factor the quadratic expression: x2 − 4 = (x − 2)(x + 2).
2. Set each factor equal to zero to find the boundary points:
x−2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2
x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −2
3. Plot these boundary points on a number line, dividing it into intervals: (−∞, −2),
[−2, 2], and (2, ∞).
4. Test values in each interval to determine where the inequality holds:
- In (−∞, −2): choose x = −3; (x − 2)(x + 2) = (−3 − 2)(−3 + 2) = (−5)(−1) = 5 > 0
- In [−2, 2]: choose x = 0; (x − 2)(x + 2) = (0 − 2)(0 + 2) = (−2)(2) = −4 ≤ 0
- In (2, ∞): choose x = 3; (x − 2)(x + 2) = (3 − 2)(3 + 2) = (1)(5) = 5 > 0
5. The solution is the interval where the inequality is satisfied: x ∈ [−2, 2].
[−2, 2]

-2 -1 0 1 2

Figure 8. The closed interval [−2, 2].

ɒ®Ó Ég
. (x − 2)(x + 2) ≤ 0 úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK
. x2 − 4 = (x − 2)(x + 2) :ùªJK. QË@ QJ.ªJË@ ÉÊm' . 1
:Q®“ ÉÓA« É¿ ɪk. ‡K Q£ á« éK XðYmÌ '@ A® JË@ Ym.' . 2
x−2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2
x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −2
ð , [−2, 2] , (−∞, −2)  Q¯ úÍ@ é҂® Kð ,X@Y« B@ ¡k úΫ
: H@ A® JË@ è Yë ©’ . 3
. (2, ∞)
      
: éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ ‡®m' àA¾Ó YK YjJË èQ¯ É¿ ú¯ Õæ®Ë@ Q.Jm' . 4
 
(x − 2)(x + 2) = (−3 − 2)(−3 + 2) = (−5)(−1) = 5 > 0 ; x = −3 PAJm' : (−∞, −2) ú¯ -
(x − 2)(x + 2) = (0 − 2)(0 + 2) = (−2)(2) = −4 ≤ 0 ; x = 0 PAJm' : [−2, 2] ú¯ -
(x − 2)(x + 2) = (3 − 2)(3 + 2) = (1)(5) = 5 > 0 ; x = 3 PAJm' : (2, ∞) ú¯ -
. x ∈ [−2, 2] : éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ ‡ ®j
 JK IJ k èQ®Ë@ ñë ÉmÌ '@ . 5

Question 2.2.88.
2. QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES 57

Solve the inequality x2 − 9 < 0. A) (−3, 3)

B) (3, ∞)
C) (−∞, 3)
D) [−3, 3]
E) None of these choices

Detailed Solution. Answer: A) (−3, 3)

Rewrite the inequality as (x − 3)(x + 3) < 0.
1. Factor the quadratic expression: x2 − 9 = (x − 3)(x + 3).
2. Find the boundary points by setting each factor equal to zero:
x−3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3
x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = −3
3. Divide the number line into intervals based on these points: (−∞, −3), (−3, 3),
and (3, ∞).
4. Test values in each interval:
- In (−∞, −3): choose x = −4; (x − 3)(x + 3) = (−4 − 3)(−4 + 3) = (−7)(−1) = 7 > 0
- In (−3, 3): choose x = 0; (x − 3)(x + 3) = (0 − 3)(0 + 3) = (−3)(3) = −9 < 0
- In (3, ∞): choose x = 4; (x − 3)(x + 3) = (4 − 3)(4 + 3) = (1)(7) = 7 > 0
5. The solution is the interval where the inequality is satisfied: x ∈ (−3, 3).
(−3, 3)

-2 -1 0 1 2

Figure 9. The open interval (−3, 3).

ɒ®Ó Ég
. (x − 3)(x + 3) < 0 úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK
. x2 − 9 = (x − 3)(x + 3) :ùªJK. QË@ QJ.ªJË@ ÉÊm' . 1
: @Q ®“ ø ðA‚ ÉÓA« É¿ ɪm.'. éK XðYmÌ '@ A® JË@ Ym.' . 2
x−3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3
x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = −3
. (3, ∞) ð, (−3, 3) , : A® JË@ è Yë úΫ ZA JK. H@
(−∞, −3)  Q¯ úÍ@ X@Y« B@ ¡k Õ愮 K . 3
: èQ¯ É¿ ú¯ Õæ®Ë@
 QJm' . 4
.

(x − 3)(x + 3) = (−4 − 3)(−4 + 3) = (−7)(−1) = 7 > 0 ; x = −4 PAJm : (−∞, −3) ú¯ -
'
(x − 3)(x + 3) = (0 − 3)(0 + 3) = (−3)(3) = −9 < 0 ; x = 0 PAJm' : (−3, 3) ú¯ -
(x − 3)(x + 3) = (4 − 3)(4 + 3) = (1)(7) = 7 > 0 ; x = 4 PAJm' : (3, ∞) ú¯ -
58 CHAPTER 2. NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

. x ∈ (−3, 3) : éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ ‡ ®j

 JK IJ
 k èQ®Ë@ ñë ÉmÌ '@ . 5

Question 2.2.89.
Solve the inequality x2 − 6x + 8 ≥ 0. A) (−∞, 2] ∪ [4, ∞)
B) (2, 4)
C) (−3, 3)
D) [−3, 3]
E) None of these choices

Detailed Solution. Answer: A) (−∞, 2] ∪ [4, ∞)

Rewrite as (x − 2)(x − 4) ≥ 0.
1. Factor the quadratic expression: x2 − 6x + 8 = (x − 2)(x − 4).
2. Find the boundary points by setting each factor equal to zero:
x−2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2
x−4 = 0 ⇒ x = 4
3. Divide the number line into intervals based on these points: (−∞, 2), [2, 4], and
(4, ∞).
4. Test values in each interval:
- In (−∞, 2): choose x = 0; (x − 2)(x − 4) = (0 − 2)(0 − 4) = (−2)(−4) = 8 > 0
- In (2, 4): choose x = 3; (x − 2)(x − 4) = (3 − 2)(3 − 4) = (1)(−1) = −1 < 0
- In (4, ∞): choose x = 5; (x − 2)(x − 4) = (5 − 2)(5 − 4) = (3)(1) = 3 > 0
5. The solution is the union of intervals where the inequality is satisfied: x ∈
(−∞, 2] ∪ [4, ∞).

(−∞, 2] [4, ∞)

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Figure 10. The union of intervals (−∞, 2] and[4, ∞).

ɒ®Ó Ég
. (x − 2)(x − 4) ≥ 0 úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK
  
. x2 − 6x + 8 = (x − 2)(x − 4) :ùªJK. QË@ QJ.ªJË@ ÉÊm' . 1
:Q®“ ÉÓA« É¿ ɪm.'. éK XðYmÌ '@ A® JË@ Ym.' . 2
x−2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2
x−4 = 0 ⇒ x = 4
2. QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES 59

. (4, ∞) ð, [2, 4] , : A® JË@ è Yë úΫ ZA JK. H@

(−∞, 2)  Q¯ úÍ@ X@Y« B@ ¡k Õ愮 K . 3
: èQ¯ É¿ ú¯ Õæ®Ë@  QJm' . 4
.
(x − 2)(x − 4) = (0 − 2)(0 − 4) = (−2)(−4) = 8 > 0 ; x = 0 PAJm' : (−∞, 2) ú¯ -
(x − 2)(x − 4) = (3 − 2)(3 − 4) = (1)(−1) = −1 < 0 ; x = 3 PAJm' : (2, 4) ú¯ -
(x − 2)(x − 4) = (5 − 2)(5 − 4) = (3)(1) = 3 > 0 ; x = 5 PAJm' : (4, ∞) ú¯ -
. x ∈ (−∞, 2] ∪ [4, ∞) : éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ ‡ ®j
 JK IJ
 k H@  Q®Ë@ XAm' @ ñë ÉmÌ '@ . 5

Question 2.2.90.
Solve the inequality x2 − 16 ≤ 0. A) [−4, 4]
B) (4, ∞)
C) (−∞, 4)
D) (−4, 4)
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) [−4, 4] . (x − 4)(x + 4) ≤ 0 úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK

Rewrite as (x − 4)(x + 4) ≤ 0.
This inequality holds when x ∈ [−4, 4].
. x ∈ [−4, 4] àñºK AÓYJ« ‡ ®j JK éJK AJJÖÏ @ è Yë
.

[−4, 4]

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Figure 11. The closed interval [−4, 4].

Question 2.2.91.
Find the solution set of x2 − 36 ≤ 0. A) (−6, 6)
B) (6, ∞)
C) (−∞, 6)
D) [−6, 6]
E) None of these choices

Answer: D) [−6, 6] . (x − 6)(x + 6) ≤ 0 úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK

Rewrite as (x − 6)(x + 6) ≤ 0.
The inequality holds for x ∈ [−6, 6].
. x ∈ [−6, 6] àñºK AÓYJ« ‡ ®j  JK éJK AJJÖÏ @
.

[−6, 6]

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
60 CHAPTER 2. NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Figure 12. The closed interval [−6, 6].

Question 2.2.92.

Determine the solution set of x2 + x − 6 ≥ 0. A) (−∞, 3] ∪ [2, ∞)

B) (−∞, −3] ∪ [2, ∞)
C) (−∞, −3] ∪ [−2, ∞)
D) [−2, 3]
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) (−∞, −3] ∪ [2, ∞) . (x + 3)(x − 2) ≥ 0úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK
Rewrite as (x + 3)(x − 2) ≥ 0.
The inequality holds for x ∈ (−∞, −3] ∪ [2, ∞).
. x ∈ (−∞, −3] ∪ [2, ∞) àñºK AÓYJ« ‡ ®j  JK éJK AJJÖÏ @
.

(−∞, −3] [2, ∞)

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Figure 13. The union of intervals (−∞, −3] and[2, ∞).

Question 2.2.93.

Solve the inequality x2 − 5x + 6 > 0. A) (2, 3)

B) (2, ∞)
C) (−∞, 2) ∪ (3, ∞)
D) [−3, 3]
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) (−∞, 2) ∪ (3, ∞) . (x − 2)(x − 3) > 0úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK
Rewrite as (x − 2)(x − 3) > 0.
The inequality holds for x ∈ (−∞, 2) ∪ (3, ∞).
. x ∈ (−∞, 2) ∪ (3, ∞) àñºK AÓYJ« ‡ ®j  JK éJK AJJÖÏ @
.

(−∞, 2) (3, ∞)

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Figure 14. The union of intervals (−∞, 2) and(3, ∞).

Question 2.2.94.
2. QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES 61

Find the solution set of the inequality x2 + 2x ≤ 0. A) [−2, 0]

B) (−∞, 0)
C) (0, 2)
D) (0, ∞)
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) [−2, 0] . x(x + 2) ≤ 0 úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK

Rewrite as x(x + 2) ≤ 0.
The inequality holds for x ∈ [−2, 0].
. x ∈ [−2, 0] àñºK AÓYJ« ‡ ®j  JK éJK AJJÖÏ @
.

[−2, 0]

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Figure 15. The closed interval [−2, 0].

Question 2.2.95.

Solve the inequality x2 − 2x − 8 ≥ 0. A) (−∞, −2] ∪ [4, ∞)

B) (2, 3)
C) (−3, 3)
D) [−3, 3]
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (−∞, −2] ∪ [4, ∞) . (x + 2)(x − 4) ≥ 0 úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK
Factor: x2 − 2x − 8 = (x + 2)(x − 4). . x = 4 ð x = −2 : éK XðYmÌ '@ A® JË@
Boundary points: x = −2 and x = 4.
Test intervals: inequality holds in (−∞, −2] and
ð (−∞, −2] ú¯ ‡ ®j
 JK éJK AJJÖÏ @ , H@
.  Q®Ë@ PAJ.Jk@ YªK.
[4, ∞). Solution: x ∈ (−∞, −2] ∪ [4, ∞). . [4, ∞)

Question 2.2.96.

Solve the inequality x2 + 4x − 12 < 0. A) (−4, 3)

B) (−6, 2)
C) (0, 2)
D) [−4, 3]
E) None of these choices
62 CHAPTER 2. NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Answer: B) (−6, 2)
Factor: x2 + 4x − 12 = (x + 6)(x − 2). . (x + 6)(x − 2) < 0 úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK
Boundary points: x = −6 and x = 2. . x = 2 ð x = −6 : éK XðYmÌ '@ A® JË@
In order to determine the sign of the inequality, we
éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ èPAƒ@ YK YjJË . (−6, 2) èQ®Ë@ ú¯ ‡ ®j  JK éJK AJJÖÏ @
.
check the value of the inequality at different points.
lefts from −6, rights from 2 and between −6 and 2. ð −6 PA‚ CJÓ . é®ÊJm× A® K YJ« éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éÒJ  ¯ H Qm'
. .
Test intervals: inequality holds in (−6, 2). Solution: . áK XYªË@ áK Yë áK. ð 2 áÓ Q.»@
x ∈ (−6, 2).

Question 2.2.97.
Determine the solution set for x2 − x − 12 ≤ 0. A) (−∞, −3] ∪ [4, ∞)
B) (0, 3]
C) (−3, 4)
D) [−3, 4]
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) [−3, 4]
Factor: x2 − x − 12 = (x − 4)(x + 3).
. (x − 4)(x + 3) ≤ 0 úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK
Boundary points: x = 4 and x = −3. . x = −3 ð x = 4 : éK XðYmÌ '@ A® JË@
Test intervals: inequality holds in [−3, 4]. Solution: . [−3, 4] èQ®Ë@ ú¯ ‡ ®j  JK éJK AJJÖÏ @
.
x ∈ [−3, 4].

Question 2.2.98.
Solve the inequality 2x2 − 5x ≤ 3. A) (−∞, 1] ∪ [3, ∞)
B) (1, 4]
C) [−1/2, 3]
D) (−1, 3]
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) [−1/2, 3]
Rewrite as 2x2 − 5x − 3 ≤ 0. . (2x + 1)(x − 3) ≤ 0 úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK
Factor: (2x + 1)(x − 3) ≤ 0.
. x = 3 ð x = − 12 : éK XðYmÌ '@ A® JË@
Boundary points: x = − 12 and x = 3.
Test intervals: inequality holds in [−1/2, 3]. Solu-
. [−1/2, 3] èQ®Ë@ ú¯ ‡ ®j  JK éJK AJJÖÏ @
.
tion: x ∈ [−1/2, 3].

Question 2.2.99.
Find the solution set for 3x2 + x − 4 > 0. A) (−∞, −4/3) ∪ (1, ∞)
B) (0, 4)
C) (4, ∞)
D) (−1, 1)
E) None of these choices
2. QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES 63

Answer: A) (−∞, −4/3) ∪ (1, ∞)

Rewrite as 3x2 + x − 4 > 0. . (3x + 4)(x − 1) > 0 úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK
Factor: (3x + 4)(x − 1) > 0.
. x = − 43 ð x = 1 : éK XðYmÌ '@ A® JË@
Boundary points: x = 1 and x = − 43 .
Test intervals: inequality holds in (−∞, −4/3) ∪
. (−∞, −4/3) ∪ (1, ∞) ú¯ ‡ ®j  JK éJK AJJÖÏ @
.
(1, ∞).

Question 2.2.100.
Solve the inequality x2 + 4x + 4 ≥ 0. A) (−∞, ∞)
B) (0, ∞)
C) {−2}
D) (−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, ∞)
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (−∞, ∞) . (x + 2)2 ≥ 0 úÍAJËA¿ ÉÊm'

Factor as (x + 2)2 ≥ 0.
Since (x + 2)2 is always non-negative, the inequality
©JÒm.Ì ‡ ®j
 JK éJK AJJÖÏ @ àA¯ ,IËAƒ Q« AÜ ß @X (x + 2)2 à @ AÖß.
. .
holds for all real values of x. Solution: x ∈ (−∞, ∞). . x ∈ (−∞, ∞) ñë ÉmÌ '@ . x Õæ¯

Question 2.2.101.
Solve the inequality x2 + 1 < 0. A) (−∞, ∞)
B) ∅
C) (0, ∞)
D) (−∞, 0)
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) ∅ . x2 < −1 úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK

Rewrite as x2 < −1.
áÓ É¯ @ àñºK à @ áºÖß C¯ ,I.ËAƒ Q« AÜ ß @X x2 à @ AÖß.
Since x2 is always non-negative, it can never be less
than −1. Therefore, there is no solution. Solution: ∅. . ∅ ñë ÉmÌ '@ .Ég Yg. ñK B ,úÍAJËAK. ð . −1

Question 2.2.102.
Find the solution set for x2 − 6x + 9 ≤ 0. A) (−∞, ∞)
B) {3}
C) [3, 3]
D) [3, 3) ∪ (3, 3]
E) None of these choices
64 CHAPTER 2. NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Answer: B) {3} . (x − 3)2 ≤ 0 úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK

Rewrite as (x − 3)2 ≤ 0.
Since the square of any real number is non-negative,
(x − 3)2 = 0
 XY« ø @ ©K QÓ à @ AÖß.
àA¯ ,I.ËAƒ Q« ù®J ®k .
(x − 3)2 = 0 only when x = 3. Solution: {3}. . {3} ñë Ém '@ . x = 3 AÓYJ« ¡® ¯
Ì

Question 2.2.103.
Determine the solution set of x2 − 4x + 4 > 0. A) (−∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)
B) (0, ∞)
C) (2, ∞)
D) [2, ∞)
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (−∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞) . úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK

(x − 2)2 > 0
Rewrite as (x − 2)2 > 0.
Since (x − 2)2 = 0 only when x = 2, the inequality
éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ àA¯ , x = 2 AÓYJ« ¡® ¯ (x − 2)2 = 0 à @ AÖß.
holds for all x , 2. Solution: x ∈ (−∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞). . x ∈ (−∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞) ñë ÉmÌ '@ . x , 2 ©JÒm.Ì ‡ ®j  JK

Question 2.2.104.
Solve the inequality x2 − 1 ≥ 0. A) (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
B) (−∞, ∞)
C) [−1, 1]
D) (0, ∞)
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)

Rewrite as (x − 1)(x + 1) ≥ 0.
. (x − 1)(x + 1) ≥ 0 úÍAJËA¿ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ éK . AJ» YJªK
The boundary points are x = −1 and x = 1. Test-  Q®Ë@ PAJ.JkAK. . x = 1 ð x = −1 ùë éK XðYmÌ '@ A® JË@
, H@
ing intervals shows the inequality holds for x ∈ . x ∈ (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞) AÓYJ« éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ ‡ ®j  JK
(−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞).
 3. CUBIC EQUATIONS 65

2.3. Cubic Equations

2.3.1 Tips for solving Cubic Equations

Solving Cubic Equations To solve a cubic áÓ éJ .JªºK éËXAªÓ

 ÉmÌ éJ .JªºJË@ HBXAªÖ  Ï @ Ég
equation of the form ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, we Ð@YjJƒ@ AJJºÖß , ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 ɾ‚Ë@ 
can use several methods:  
: †Q£ èY«
1. Factorization: If one root can be guessed,

éÓ@YjJƒ@ áºÖß ,P Yg. áÒm' áºÓ @ @ X@ :ÉJÊjJË@ . 1
use it to factor the equation.
2. Cardano’s Formula: For general cases,  Ï @ ÉJÊjJË
. éËXAªÖ
Cardano’s formula can solve any cubic AîDºÖß ñK@XPA¿ éªJ“ , éÓA«  HBAm  Ì :ñK@XPA¿ éªJ“ . 2
equation.
3. Numerical Methods: Methods like Newton . éJ .JªºK éËXAªÓ
 ø @ Ég
can approximate roots.
      
I.K Q®JË àñ‚¯@QKñJK é®K Q£ ÉJÓ : éK XYªË@ †Q¢Ë@ . 3 
.P ð Ym.Ì '@
Each approach depends on the specific     
Y¯ð éJ.JªºJË@ éËXAªÖÏ @ ɾƒ úΫ YÒJªK é®K Q£ É¿
form of the cubic equation and may yield real
or complex solutions. . èY®ªÓ
 ð @ éJ ®J ®k  ÈñÊg úÍ@ ø XñK

2.3.2 Cardano’s formula

To solve a general cubic equation of the form

ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0,

we can use Cardano’s formula. The solution involves the following steps:

Step 1: Reduce to Depressed Cubic Form

First, divide by a (assuming a , 0):
b c d
x3 + x2 + x + = 0.
a a a
Then, make the substitution x = y − 3a
b
, which removes the quadratic term, result-
ing in the "depressed" cubic form:

y3 + py + q = 0,

where
3ac − b2 2b3 − 9abc + 27a2 d
p= and q = .
3a2 27a3

Step 2: Apply Cardano’s Formula

For the depressed cubic y3 + py + q = 0, Cardano’s formula gives:
s r    s r   
3 q q 2 p 3 3 q q 2 p 3
y= − + + + − − + .
2 2 3 2 2 3
66 CHAPTER 2. NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

This expression provides one real root. The remaining roots can be found using
complex cube roots of unity if required.

Step 3: Interpret the Solutions

 q 2  p 3
The nature of the roots depends on the discriminant ∆ = 2 + 3 :

• If ∆ > 0, there is one real root and two complex roots.

• If ∆ ≤ 0, all roots are real. If ∆ = 0, some roots may coincide.

Thus, Cardano’s formula provides a general method for solving any cubic equa-
tion.

Example 2.3.23 (Simple Depressed Cubic). Solve the equation: y3 − 15y − 4 = 0.

For this equation:

p = −15, q = −4.
Using Cardano’s formula:
s r    s r   
3 q q 2 p 3 3 q q 2 p 3
y= − + + + − − + .
2 2 3 2 2 3

Substituting p = −15 and q = −4:

√ √ √ √
q q
3 3 3 3
y = 2 + 4 + 125 + 2 − 4 + 125 = 2 + 11.53 + 2 − 11.53.

Evaluating:
√
3 √
3
y≈ 13.53 + −9.53 ≈ 2.37 − 2.1 = 0.27.
Thus, one real root is y ≈ 0.27.

Example 2.3.24 (Non-Depressed Cubic Equation). Solve the equation: x3 − 6x2 +

11x − 6 = 0.

We reduce this to a depressed cubic by substituting x = y + 63 = y + 2, yielding:

y3 + py + q = 0,

where p = 1 and q = −6.

Using Cardano’s formula:

√ √
q q
3 3
y = 3 + 9 + 0.037 + 3 − 9 + 0.037.

Evaluating:
y ≈ solution with root approximations.
Thus, one root for x is x = y + 2.
 3. CUBIC EQUATIONS 67

Example 2.3.25 (Discriminant Zero (Multiple Real Roots)). Solve the equation: x3 −
3x2 + 3x − 1 = 0.

Solution We substitute x = y + 33 = y + 1, resulting in:

y3 = 0.

The solution is:

y = 0 ⇒ x = y + 1 = 1.

In this case, all roots are real and equal: x = 1.

2.3.3 Exercises for Cubic Equations

Question 2.3.105.

Solve the cubic equation x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 6 = 0. A) x = 1, x = 2, x = 3

B) x = 1, x = −2, x = 3
C) x = 0, x = 1, x = −3
D) x = 3, x = −1, x = 2
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 1, x = 2, x = 3
Factor the cubic equation:
: éJ .JªºJË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ ÉJÊjJK Ðñ® K
.
(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) = 0. . (x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) = 0
Thus, x = 1, x = 2, and x = 3.

. x = 3 ð , x = 2 , x = 1 ,@ X@

Question 2.3.106.

Solve the cubic equation x3 − 4x2 + 4x = 0. A) x = 2, x = −2, x = 0

B) x = 0, x = 2 (repeated)
C) x = 0, x = 1, x = 3
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) x = 0, x = 2 (repeated)
Factor the cubic equation:
: éJ .JªºJË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ ÉJÊjJK Ðñ® K
.
x(x − 2)2 = 0. . x(x − 2)2 = 0
Thus, x = 0 and x = 2 (repeated root).

.(PQºJÓ P Yg.) x = 2 ð x = 0 ,@ X@

Question 2.3.107.
68 CHAPTER 2. NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Solve the cubic equation x3 + 3x2 − 4x − 12 = 0. A) x = −3, x = −2, x = 2

B) x = 2, x = −1, x = 3
C) x = −3, x = 2, x = 2
D) No real solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) x = −3, x = 2, x = 2 :©JÒj.JË@ ‡K Q£ á« ÉJÊjJK. Ðñ® K

Factor by grouping:
. x2 (x + 3) − 4(x + 3) = 0 ⇒ (x2 − 4)(x + 3) = 0
x2 (x + 3) − 4(x + 3) = 0 ⇒ (x2 − 4)(x + 3) = 0.
Factor further: (x − 2)(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0. . (x − 2)(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0 : Q» @ ÉÊm'
Thus, x = −3, x = 2. 
. x = −3; x = 2 @ X@

Question 2.3.108.
Solve the equation |x3 − x2 − 6x| = 0. A) x = 3, x = 0, x = −2
B) x = 0, x = 3
C) x = 0, x = −2
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 3, x = 0, x = −2
Solve inside the absolute value:
: é®Ê¢Ö
 Ï @ éÒJ
 ®Ë@
 Ég@X Ém'
x3 − x2 − 6x = 0 ⇒ x(x − 3)(x + 2) = 0. . x3 − x2 − 6x = 0 ⇒ x(x − 3)(x + 2) = 0
Thus, x = 0, x = 3, or x = −2.

. x = −2 ð@ , x = 0; x = 3 ,@ X@

Question 2.3.109.
Solve the cubic equation x3 − 27 = 0. A) x = 3
B) x = −3
C) x = 9
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 3  ®Ë@ ÉÊm'

Factor the difference of cubes:
: áJ.ªºÖÏ @ áK. †Q
x3 − 27 = (x − 3)(x2 + 3x + 9) = 0. . x3 − 27 = (x − 3)(x2 + 3x + 9) = 0
Thus, x = 3.

. x=3 ,@ X@

Question 2.3.110.
3. CUBIC EQUATIONS 69

Solve the cubic equation x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0. A) x = −1, x = 1

B) x = 0, x = 1
C) x = −1 and complex roots
D) x = 2, x = −2
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) x = −1 and complex roots

Factor the cubic equation:
: éJ .JªºJË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ ÉÊm'
(x + 1)(x2 + 1) = 0. . (x + 1)(x2 + 1) = 0
Thus, x = −1 and complex roots from x2 + 1 = 0. . x2 + 1 = 0
 Pð Yg ð x = −1 ,@ X@
áÓ èY®ªÓ .

Question 2.3.111.
Solve the cubic equation x3 − 12x + 16 = 0. A) x = 4, x = −2
B) x = 2, x = 4
C) x = 2 (repeated)
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) x = 2 (repeated)  Ï @ ÉJÊjJK Ðñ® K

Solve by factoring:
: éËXAªÖ .
(x − 2)2 (x + 2) = 0. . (x − 2) (x + 2) = 0
2

Thus, x = 2 (repeated) or x = −2.


. x = −2 ð @ (PQºJÓ P Yg.) x = 2 ,@ X@

Question 2.3.112.
Solve the equation |x3 − 4x| = 0. A) x = 2, x = −2, x = 0
B) x = 3, x = −3
C) x = 0
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 2, x = −2, x = 0
Solve inside the absolute value:
: é®Ê¢Ö
 Ï @ éÒJ
 ®Ë@
 Ég@X Ém'
x3 − 4x = 0 ⇒ x(x2 − 4) = 0. . x3 − 4x = 0 ⇒ x(x2 − 4) = 0
Thus, x = 0, x = 2, or x = −2.

. x = −2 ð@ , x=2 , x=0 ,@ X@

Question 2.3.113.
Solve the cubic equation x3 + 8 = 0. A) x = −2
B) x = 2
70 CHAPTER 2. NON-LINEAR EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

C) x = −3
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = −2  . ªºÖÏ @ ¨ñÒm.× ÉJÊjJK. Ðñ® K

Factor the sum of cubes:
: HAJ
x3 + 8 = (x + 2)(x2 − 2x + 4) = 0. . x3 + 8 = (x + 2)(x2 − 2x + 4) = 0
Thus, x = −2.

. x = −2 ,@ X@

Question 2.3.114.
Solve the cubic equation x3 − 64 = 0. A) x = 4
B) x = −4
C) x = 8
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 4  ®Ë@ ÉÊm'

Factor the difference of cubes:
: áJ.ªºÖÏ @ áK. †Q
x3 − 64 = (x − 4)(x2 + 4x + 16) = 0. . x3 − 64 = (x − 4)(x2 + 4x + 16) = 0
Thus, x = 4.

. x=4 ,@ X@
 Chapter 3
Expressions involving
Lines and Polynomials
3.1. Line Equations

3.1.1 Short Review of Line equations

1. Slope-Intercept Form ©¢®Ö Ï @ - ÉJÖÏ @ éªJ“ . 1

The slope-intercept form of a line is given by: m IJ k y = mx + b :ùë ¡jÊË ©¢®Ö Ï CJÖÏ @ éªJ“
y = mx + b where m is the slope and b is the .ø XA’Ë@ ©¢®Ö Ï @ ñë b ð ÉJÖÏ @ ñë
y-intercept.  ® JË@ éªJ“ . 2
ÉJÖÏ @ - é¢
2. Point-Slope Form  ® JË@ éªJ“
 k y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) :ùë ÉJÖÏ @ é¢
IJ
The point-slope form is: y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
where (x1 , y1 ) is a known point on the line and .ÉJÖÏ @ ñë m ð ¡mÌ '@ úΫ éÓñʪÓ  ® K (x , y )
é¢ 1 1
m is the slope. éÓAªË@ éªJ’Ë@ . 3
3. General Form 
 k Ax + By + C = 0 :ùë ¡jÊË éÓAªË@
IJ éªJ’Ë@
The general form of a line is: Ax + By + C = 0
.Q®“ AÒëC¿ A‚Ë B ð A ð IK  . @ñK C ð B , A
where A, B, and C are constants, and A and B
are not both zero. éJ ƒ @QË@ð éJ ® ¯ B@ ñ¢mÌ '@ . 4
4. Horizontal and Vertical Lines  Yg AK éJ ® ¯ B@ ñ¢mÌ '@
Horizontal lines have the form y = c (slope
,( m = 0 ÉJÖß.) y = c ɾ‚Ë@
m = 0), while vertical lines have the form x = c  Yg AK éJ ƒ @QË@ ñ¢mÌ '@ AÒJK.
Q« ÉJÖß.) x = c ɾ‚Ë@
(undefined slope). .( ¬QªÓ
Here is an example of how do we draw a line equation:

Example 3.1.26. Steps to Draw the Line: y = 2x + 3

Step 1: Identify the y-intercept. The y-intercept is where x = 0. For the equation
y = 2x + 3, the y-intercept is (0, 3).

71
72 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

y
4

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x
-1

-2

-3

-4

Step 2: Identify the x-intercept. The x-intercept is where y = 0. Hence x = −3/2.

Starting from (0, 3), the next point will be (−3/2, 0).

y
4

3 (0, 3)

1
(−3/2, 0)

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x
-1

-2

-3

-4

Step 3: Draw the Line. Join these points (0, 3), the next point will be (−3/2, 0).
1. LINE EQUATIONS 73

y
4

3 (0, 3)

1
(−3/2, 0)

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x
-1

3
x+
-2
=2
ey
-3
Lin

-4

Slope (m)
The slope of the line is the coefficient of x, which is 2. The slope indicates the "rise
over run":
∆y
Slope = 2 =
∆x
This means that for every unit increase in x, y increases by 2 units.

y-Intercept (b)
The y-intercept is the constant term, which is 3. The y-intercept is the point where
the line crosses the y-axis:
y = 3 at (0, 3)
This means that when x = 0, y = 3.

x-Intercept
To find the x-intercept, set y = 0 and solve for x:

3
0 = 2x + 3 ⇔ 2x = −3 ⇔ x=− .
2
Thus, the x-intercept is:
3
 
− ,0 .
2

Line Characteristics.

• The slope is positive, so the line is increasing (rising from left to right).
• The line is linear and straight with no curves or turning points.
• The domain is all real numbers (−∞, ∞).
• The range is also all real numbers (−∞, ∞).
74 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

èYÓAªJÖÏ @ð éK P@ñJÖÏ @ ñ¢mÌ '@ Y«@ñ¯

Rules for Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
@ X@ áK P@ñJÓ àA¢mÌ '@ àñºK : éK P@ñJÖÏ @ ñ¢mÌ '@ . 1
1. Parallel Lines: Two lines are parallel if their

HBXAªÖ ß. á¢jÊË . éK ðA‚Ó AÒêÊJÓ I KA¿
slopes are equal. For lines with equations y = áK P@ñJÓ àAKñºK , y = m2 x + b2 ð y = m1 x + b1
m1 x + b1 and y = m2 x + b2 , the lines are parallel . m1 = m2 @ X@
if m1 = m2 . 
y = 2x − 4 ð y = 2x + 3 ¢m '@ Q®JË : ÈAJÓ -
á Ì
- Example: Consider the lines y = 2x + 3 and
y = 2x − 4. Both lines have the same slope AÒë @ YË , m = 2 ÉJÖÏ @ ®K AÒêË á¢mÌ '@ C¿ .
m = 2, so they are parallel. . àAK P@ñJÓ
2. Perpendicular Lines: Two lines are perpen- @ X@ áK YÓAªJÓ àA¢mÌ '@ àñºK : èYÓAªJÖÏ @ ñ¢mÌ '@ . 2
dicular if the product of their slopes is −1. For á¢jÊË . −1 ø ðA‚ AÒîDÊJÓ H. Qå• É“Ag àA¿
lines with slopes m1 and m2 , they are perpen-
dicular if m1 · m2 = −1.
@ X@ áK YÓAªJÓ àAKñºK , m2 ð m1 úÎJÖß.
- Example: Consider the lines y = 12 x + 1 and . m1 · m2 = −1
y = −2x + 3. The slopes are m1 = 12 and ð y = 2 x + 1 ¢m '@  ®JË : ÈAJÓ -
1 á Ì Q 
m2 = −2. Since 12 × −2 = −1, these lines are
AÖß. . m2 = −2 ð m1 = 12 ùë ÈñJÖÏ @ . y = −2x + 3
perpendicular.
These rules help determine the relationships . à@YÓAªJÓ àA¢mÌ '@ à@ Yë , 21 × −2 = −1 à @
between lines on a plane based on their slopes. ñ¢mÌ '@ áK. é¯CªË@
 YK Ym' ú¯ Y«@ñ®Ë@  è Yë Y«A‚
.AÒêÊJÓ úΫ ZA JK. øñJ‚ÖÏ @ úΫ

y
4

x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-1
3

2
x+

x+

-2
=2

=2
ey

ey

-3
Lin

Lin

-4

Figure 16. Parallel lines

 1. LINE EQUATIONS 75

y
4

2
Lin
e y=
1
− 1
2 x+
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
3 -1
+

-2
2x
y=
e

-3
Lin

-4

Figure 17. Perpendicular lines

3.1.2 Exercises about Line Equations

Question 3.1.115.
The slope of the line perpendicular to y = 3x − 5 is A) 1
3
B) −3
C) − 31
D) 3
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) − 31
The slope of a line perpendicular to another line is
 ñë Qk@ Õæ® J‚Ó ©Ó YÓAªJÖÏ @ Õæ® J‚ÖÏ @ ÉJÓ
ÉJÖÏ @ H. ñÊ®Ó
the negative reciprocal of the slope of the original
.Yg@ð I.ËAƒ ú¯ AK. ðQå”Ó úΓ B@
line.

Question 3.1.116.
The equation of the line passing through the point (2, 3) and having a slope of 4 is
A) y = 4x − 5
B) y = 4x + 5
C) y = 4x + 3
D) y = x + 4
E) None of these choices
76 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

Answer: A) y = 4x − 5  ® JË@ éªJ“ ÐYjJ‚ ,Õæ® J‚ÖÏ @ éËXAªÓ


To find the equation of the line, use the point-slope :ÉJÖÏ @ð é¢ XAm.' B
form: y − y1 = m(x − x1 ). . y − y1 = m(x − x1 )

Question 3.1.117.
If the line y = 2x + 1 is shifted 3 units up, the equation of the new line is A)
y = 2x + 4
B) y = 2x − 2
C) y = 2x + 1
D) y = 2x + 7
E) None of these choices

Answer: D) y = 2x + 4 
Shifting a line up by 3 units increases the y-intercept ©£A® K é¢
 ® K YK QK H@Ygð
  
3 P@Y®Öß. úΫ B Õæ®J‚ÖÏ @ ½K Qm'
by 3. . 3 P@Y®Ö ß. y

Question 3.1.118.
The slope of a line parallel to 4x − 3y = 12 is A) 4
3
B) 43
C) − 43
D) 3
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) 43
Convert the line to slope-intercept form to find the
úÍ@ Õæ® J‚ÖÏ @ éËXAªÓ
 Èñm' ,ø P@ñÖÏ @ Õæ® J‚ÖÏ @ ÉJÓ XAm.' B
slope of the original line: y = mx + b. The slope of a Õæ® J‚ÒÊË ÉJÖÏ @ àñºK ð , y = mx + b ©¢®Ö Ï @ð ÉJÖÏ @ éªJ“
parallel line is the same. . 邮K ñë ø P@ñÖÏ @

Question 3.1.119.
The equation of the line passing through (0, 5) and perpendicular to y = −2x + 3 is
A) y = 21 x + 5
B) y = 21 x
C) y = −2x + 5
D) y = 2x + 5
E) None of these choices
1. LINE EQUATIONS 77

Answer: D) y = 2x + 5  ñë YÓAªJÖÏ @ Õæ® J‚ÖÏ @ ÉJÓ

The slope of the perpendicular line is the negative ú¯ AK. ðQå”Ó úΓ B@ ÉJÖÏ @ H. ñÊ®Ó
reciprocal of −2, which is 2. .Yg@ð I.ËAƒ

Question 3.1.120.
The slope of the tangent line to the curve y = x2 + 2x + 1 at x = 1 is A) 0
B) 4
C) 2
D) 3
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) 4
The slope of the tangent line is the derivative of the . x=1
 ‡ J‚Ó
YJ« éË@YË@  ñë €AÒÖÏ @ ÉJÓ
function at x = 1.

Question 3.1.121.
The slope of the line given by the equation 3x + 2y = 6 is A) − 32
B) 23
C) 32
D) 3
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) − 23
Convert the equation to slope-intercept form ©¢®Ö Ï @ð ÉJÖÏ @ éªJ“ úÍ@ Õæ® J‚ÖÏ @ éËXAªÓ
 Èñm'
y = mx + b, and extract the slope.
 
.ÉJÖÏ @ h. QjJ‚ Õç' , y = mx + b

Question 3.1.122.
The slope of the line that passes through the points (2, 5) and (4, 9) is A) 2
B) 4
C) 21
D) 5
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) 2
y2 −y1
The slope between two points is given by m =
y2 −y1
x2 −x1 .
. m= x2 −x1 é¯CªËAK
 
. ù¢ªK áJ¢®K áK. ÉJÖÏ @
78 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

Question 3.1.123.
The equation of the line passing through (1, 2) and parallel to y = 3x + 4 is A)
y = 3x − 1
B) y = 3x + 2
C) y = −3x + 2
D) y = 2x + 3
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) y = 3x − 1
A parallel line has the same slope, and the line . (1, 2)
 ® JË@ Q« QÖßð ÉJÖÏ @ ®K éË ø P@ñÖÏ @ Õæ® J‚ÖÏ @
é¢
passes through the point (1, 2).
.

Question 3.1.124.

The slope of the line tangent to the curve y = 1

x at x = 1 is A) −1
B) 1
C) −2
D) 2
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) −1
The slope of the tangent line is the derivative of the . x=1
 ‡ J‚Ó
YJ« éË@YË@  ñë €AÒÖÏ @ ÉJÓ
function at x = 1.

Question 3.1.125.
The equation of the line passing through the points (1, 2) and (3, 6) is A) y = 2x + 0
B) y = 2x − 2
C) y = x + 1
D) y = 3x − 4
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) y = 2x + 0 y2 −y1
To find the equation of the line, use the slope XAm.' B x2 −x1 :ÉJÖÏ @ éªJ“ ÐYjJ‚ Õæ® J‚ÖÏ @ éËXAªÓ
 XAm.' B
y −y 颮 JË@ éªJ“ ‡J ¢ Õç' , m ÉJÖÏ @
formula x22 −x11 to find the slope m, then apply the :ÉJÖÏ @ð .
point-slope form: y − y1 = m(x − x1 ). . y − y1 = m(x − x1 )

Question 3.1.126.
1. LINE EQUATIONS 79

The equation of the line passing through the points (4, 5) and (6, 9) is A) y = 2x − 3
B) y = x + 1
C) y = 2x − 5
D) y = 3x − 4
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) y = 2x − 3
To find the equation of the line, first calculate the :ÉJÖÏ @ H. A‚m'. @YJ.K ,Õæ® J‚ÖÏ @ éËXAªÓ
 XAm.' B
y −y     y −y
:ÉJÖÏ @ð 颮JË@ éªJ“ ‡J.¢ Õç' . x −x = 9−5
slope: x22 −x11 = 9−5
6−4 = 2. Then, apply the point-slope 6−4 = 2
2 1
2 1
form y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) and simplify to get y = 2x − 3. . y = 2x − 3 úΫ ɒjJË y − y1 = m(x − x1 )

Question 3.1.127.
The slope of the line passing through the points (2, −3) and (5, 1) is A) −4
B) 2
C) 43
D) 1
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) 2 y2 −y1
The slope is calculated using the formula: . x2 −x1 =
1−(−3)
5−2 = 4
3 : éªJ’Ë@ Ð@YjJƒAK. I.‚m' ÉJÖÏ @
y2 −y1 1−(−3) 4
x2 −x1 = 5−2 = 3 . Therefore, the slope is 2. . 2 ñë ÉJÖÏ @ úÍAJËAK. ð

Question 3.1.128.
The line parallel to y = 3x + 4 and passing through the point (2, −1) has the equa-
tion A) y = 3x + 2
B) y = 3x − 7
C) y = −3x − 5
D) y = 2x + 3
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) y = 3x − 7
Since the line is parallel, it has the same slope,
. m = 3 ÉJÖÏ @ ®K AÒêË , àAK P@ñJÓ áÒJ® J‚ÖÏ @ à @ AÖß.
 ® JË@ éªJ“ ÐYjJ‚
©Ó y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) ÉJÖÏ @ð é¢
m = 3. Use the point-slope form y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
with (x1 , y1 ) = (2, −1): y + 1 = 3(x − 2). Simplify to y = 3x − 7 úΫ ɒm' ,¡J‚.JË@ YªK. . (x1 , y1 ) = (2, −1)
get y = 3x − 7. .

Question 3.1.129.
80 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

What is the distance from the point (1, 2) to the line 3x − 4y + 5 = 0? A) 5

B) 57
C) 54
D) 0
E) None of these choices

Ax + By + C = 0 ¡mÌ '@ úÍ@ (x1 , y1 )

 ® JË@ áÓ é¯A‚ÖÏ @
é¢
Answer: D) 0
: ©J’ËAK. ù¢ªK
The distance from a point (x1 , y1 ) to a line Ax + By +
C = 0 is given by the formula: |Ax1 + By1 + C|
d= √ .
|Ax1 + By1 + C| A2 + B 2
d= √ .  ‘ ñªJËAK Ðñ® K
A2 + B2 , C=5 , B = −4 , A=3 :Õæ®ËAK
. .
Substitute A = 3, B = −4, C = 5, x1 = 1, and y1 = 2:
: y1 = 2 ð x1 = 1
|3(1) − 4(2) + 5| |3 − 8 + 5| |0|
d= = √ = = 0. |3(1) − 4(2) + 5| |3 − 8 + 5| |0|
9 + 16 5 d= = √ = = 0.
p
32 + (−4)2 5
9 + 16
p
32 + (−4)2
This means that the point is on the line.
.Õæ® J‚ÒÊË ùÒJK é¢
 ® JË@

Question 3.1.130.
The point of intersection of the lines y = 2x + 1 and y = −3x + 6 is A) (1, 3)
B) (2, 4)
C) (1, 2)
D) (5, 3)
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (1, 3) : áJËXAªÖÏ @ ÐA¢ Ém' , áÒJ® J‚ÖÏ @ ©£A® K é¢

 ® K XAm' B
.
To find the point of intersection, solve the system of
equations: 2x + 1 = −3x + 6.
2x + 1 = −3x + 6. : á¯Q¢Ë@ C¿ úÍ@ 3x ­J’
Add 3x to both sides:

5x + 1 = 6 ⇒ 5x = 5 ⇒ x = 1. 5x + 1 = 6 ⇒ 5x = 5 ⇒ x = 1.

Substitute x = 1 into either equation (e.g., y = 2x + ÉJ.ƒ úΫ) áJËXAªÖÏ @ áÓ ø @ ú¯ x=1 K. ‘ ñªJËAK. Ðñ® K
1): :( y = 2x + 1 :ÈAJÖÏ @
y = 2(1) + 1 = 3.
y = 2(1) + 1 = 3.
Thus, the point of intersection is (1, 3).
. (1, 3) ùë ©£A® JË@ é¢
 ® K , à X@

Question 3.1.131.
The midpoint of the line segment joining the points (4, −2) and (8, 6) is A) (6, 2)
B) (2, 0)
1. LINE EQUATIONS 81

C) (7, 1)
D) (5, 4)
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (6, 2)  ® K éªJ“

The formula for the midpoint is: :ùë ­’JJÖÏ @ é¢
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 x1 + x2 y1 + y2
   
, . , .
2 2 2 2
Substituting the coordinates of the points (4, −2) and : (8, 6) ð (4, −2) áJ¢® JË@ HAJ
 K@YgAK. ‘ ñªJËAK. Ðñ® K
(8, 6): 
4 + 8 −2 + 6


4 + 8 −2 + 6
 , = (6, 2).
, = (6, 2). 2 2
2 2

Question 3.1.132.
The equation of a line passing through the point (2, −3) and perpendicular to the
line 5x + 6y = 7 is A) y = 65 x − 3
B) y = − 65 x + 2
C) y = 65 x − 27
5
D) y = − 56 x − 4
E) None of these choices

Answer:C) y = 56 x − 27
5 : éJ ÊJÖÏ @ éªJ’Ë@ úÍ@ 5x + 6y = 7
 Ï @ ÉK ñjJK Ðñ® K
éËXAªÖ .
Rewrite the line 5x + 6y = 7 in slope-intercept form:
5 7
5 7 y = − x+ .
y = − x+ . 6 6
6 6
Õæ® J‚ÖÏ @ ÉJÓ úÍAJËAK. ð , − 65 ñë ù¢ªÖÏ @ ¡mÌ '@ ÉJÓ
The slope of the given line is − 56 ,
so the slope of the
éªJ“ ÐYjJ‚ . m = 65 ,I.ËA‚Ë@ éK. ñÊ®Ó  ñë ø XñÒªË@
perpendicular line is the negative reciprocal, m = 56 .    ® JË@
Using the point-slope form with (2, −3), we get:
: (2, −3) 颮JË@ ©Ó ÉJÖÏ @ð é¢
6 6 27 6 6
y+3 = (x − 2) ⇒ y= x− . y+3 = (x − 2) ⇒ y = − x − 4.
5 5 5 5 5
 82 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

3.2. Polynomials and their properties

3.2.1 Properties of polynomials

 QJ» ‘A’k
XðYmÌ '@ H@
àñºK n
 PYË@ áÓ
ék x Yg@ð QªJÓ ú¯ XðYmÌ '@ QJ»
.
Properties of Polynomials  éË
:ÐAªË@ ɾ‚Ë@
A polynomial in one variable x of degree n has
the general form:
f (x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0 ,
f (x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0 ,
. an , 0 ð IK . @ñK an , an−1 , . . . , a0 IJ  k
where an , an−1 , . . . , a0 are constants, and an , 0. èñ¯ úΫ @ ùë XðYmÌ '@ QJ» ék  PX : ék  PYË@ 1.
1. Degree: The degree of a polynomial is the . .
highest power of the variable. For example, f (x) = 3x + 2x − x + 5 ,ÈAJÖÏ @ ÉJ.ƒ úΫ .QªJÒÊË
4 2 
f (x) = 3x4 + 2x2 − x + 5 has degree 4.  PX AêË 4
. ék .
2. Leading Coefficient: The coefficient of the ø ñJm' ø YË@ YmÌ '@ ÉÓAªÓ ñë : úæ„JKQË@ ÉÓAªÖÏ @ 2.
term with the highest degree is called the lead-
 PX úΫ @ úΫ
ing coefficient. For f (x) = 3x4 + 2x2 − x + 5, the ú¯ .úæ„JKQË@ ÉÓAªÖÏ @ ù҂ ð ék .
leading coefficient is 3. .ñë úæ„JKQË@ ÉÓAªÖÏ @ 3 , f (x) = 3x4 + 2x2 − x + 5
3. Roots: The values of x that satisfy f (x) = 0 ù҂ f (x) = 0 ‡ ®m ' úæË@  x Õæ¯ : Pð Ym.Ì '@ 3.
are the roots or zeros of the polynomial. A
polynomial of degree n has at most n roots. áÓ XðYg QJºË .XðYmÌ '@ QJ» PA®“ @ ð @ Pð Yg.
4. End Behavior: The end behavior of a poly- .P Yg. n úÍ@ ɒ AÓ n ék  PYË@
.
nomial depends on the degree and the leading Ì Q    
XðYm '@ J» HAK AîE ¼ñʃ YÒJªK : HAK AîDË@ ¼ñʃ 4.
coefficient. For even degrees, both ends go in  . PYË@ ú¯ .úæ„JKQË@ ÉÓAªÖÏ @ð ék  PYË@ úΫ
the same direction; for odd degrees, they go in
HAg .

ú¯ð ; èAm.' B@ ®K ú¯ HAK AîDË@ éj.JK , éJ k. ð QË@
 
opposite directions.
These properties are essential for understand- áëAm.' @ ú¯ HAK  AîDË@ éj.JK , éK XQ®Ë@ HAg  . PYË@
ing the behavior and structure of polynomial . á‚»AªJÓ
functions.
È@ð X ɾJëð ¼ñʃ Ñê®Ë éJ ƒAƒ @ ‘A’mÌ '@ è Yë YªK
.XðYmÌ '@ H@  QJ»
 2. POLYNOMIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 83

3.2.2 Polynomial Graphs by Degree

y
y
2 Degree 2: Parabola
2
1
1
Degree 1: Linear
-2 -1 0 1 2 x
-2 -1 0 1 2 x
-1
-1
-2
-2

Figure 19. A quadratic polynomial is a parabola, it

Figure 18. A linear polynomial is straight line, it has
has up to two roots, it has a variable rate of change,
one root at most, it have constant rate of change, it
and it shows concavity (either upward or down-
shows no concavity.
ward).

y
y
2
2 Degree 4: Quartic
1
1 Degree 3: Cubic

-2 -1 0 1 2 x
-2 -1 0 1 2 x
-1
-1
-2
-2

Figure 21. A polynomial of degree 4 is a W-shaped

Figure 20. A cubic polynomial is an S-shaped curve
or M-shaped curve (or a smoother variant of these
(or sometimes just one bend), it has up to three roots,
shapes), it has up to four roots, it has a variable rate
it has a variable rate of change, and it exhibits points
of change, and it exhibits concavity changes with up
of inflection (changing concavity).
to three turning points.

y
y
2
2 Degree 6: Sextic

Degree 5: Quintic 1
1

x
x -2 -1 0 1 2
-2 -1 0 1 2
-1
-1

-2
-2

Figure 23. A polynomial of degree 6 is a wave-like

Figure 22. A polynomial of degree 5 is an oscillat-
curve (often with an "M" or "W" shape and addi-
ing curve (often with an "S" shape and additional
tional oscillations), it has up to six roots, it has a
bends), it has up to five roots, it has a variable rate
variable rate of change, and it exhibits multiple con-
of change, and it exhibits inflection points with up
cavity changes with up to five turning points and
to four turning points and changing concavity.
inflection points.
 84 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

3.2.3 Exercises on polynomials

Question 3.2.133.

Is the expression 3x2 − 4x + 7 a polynomial?

A) Yes
B) No
C) Only when x > 0
D) Only when x , 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) Yes
The expression is a polynomial because it consists 
úΫ ø ñJm' XðYg áÓ àñºJK éK B XðYg QJ» ñë QJ.ªJË@
of terms with non-negative integer exponents and
constant coefficients.
. éJK. AK HCÓAªÓð
 éJ . ËAƒ Q« éjJ
 m• ƒ @

Question 3.2.134.

Is the expression x1 + 2x2 − 5 a polynomial?

A) Yes
B) No
C) Only when x > 0
D) Only when x , 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) No
The expression is not a polynomial because x1 ,I.ËAƒ € @ úΫ ø ñJm' x1 à B XðYg QJ» Ë QJ.ªJË@
involves a negative exponent, which is not allowed  QJ» ú¯ hñÒ‚Ó Q« @ Yëð
in polynomials.
.XðYmÌ '@ H@

Question 3.2.135.
√
Is the expression x3 − 2 x + 5 a polynomial?
A) Yes
B) No
C) Only when x > 0
D) Only when x , 0
E) None of these choices
2. POLYNOMIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 85

Answer: B) No
√ √
The expression is not a polynomial because x ,ø Q儻 € @ úΫ ø ñJm' x à B XðYg QJ» Ë QJ.ªJË@
involves a fractional exponent, which is not allowed  QJ» ú¯ hñÒ‚Ó Q« @ Yëð
in polynomials.
.XðYmÌ '@ H@

Question 3.2.136.
Is the expression x2 − 4x + 7 a polynomial?
A) Yes
B) No
C) Only when x , 0
D) Only when x > 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) Yes
 m• ƒ @ AêË XðYmÌ '@ ©JÔg à B XðYg QJ» ñë QJªJË@
éjJ
The expression is a polynomial because all terms . .
have non-negative integer exponents. . éJ . ËAƒ Q«

Question 3.2.137.
Is the expression x−3 + 4x2 − 7 a polynomial?
A) Yes
B) No
C) Only when x > 0
D) Only when x , 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) No
The expression is not a polynomial because x−3 ,I.ËAƒ € @ úΫ ø ñJm' x−3 à B XðYg QJ» Ë QJ.ªJË@
involves a negative exponent, which is not allowed  QJ» ú¯ hñÒ‚Ó Q« @ Yëð
in polynomials.
.XðYmÌ '@ H@

Question 3.2.138.
What is the degree of the polynomial 3x4 − 5x2 + 2x + 7?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) None of these choices
86 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

Answer: D) 4
The degree of a polynomial is the highest exponent  PX
€ @ úΫ @ ,AJë . QªJÖÏ @ ú¯ € @ úΫ @ ùë XðYmÌ '@ QJ» ék.
of the variable. Here, the highest exponent is 4, so  
Ì Q
. 4 ùë XðYm '@ J» ék. PX ½Ë YË , 4 ñë
the degree is 4.

Question 3.2.139.
What is the leading term of the polynomial 2x3 − 4x2 + 6x − 8?
A) 2x3
B) −4x2
C) 6x
D) −8
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) 2x3
The leading term is the term with the highest 2x3
 PX úΫ @ éË ø YË@ YmÌ '@ ñë YK@QË@ YmÌ '@
YmÌ '@ ,AJë . ék.
degree. Here, 2x3 has the highest degree of 3, so it  PX úΫ @ éË
is the leading term.
.YK@QË@ YmÌ '@ ñë ½Ë YË , 3 ùëð ék.

Question 3.2.140.
What is the degree of the polynomial −7x5 + 4x3 − x + 1?
A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) 5
The degree of the polynomial is determined by the  ñK XYm' XðYmÌ '@ QJ» ék
 PX
. 5 AJë ñëð ,€ @ úΫ @ 颃@ . .
highest exponent, which is 5.

Question 3.2.141.
What is the leading term of the polynomial x6 − 9x4 + 3x2 − 5?
A) x6
B) −9x4
C) 3x2
D) −5
E) None of these choices
2. POLYNOMIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 87

Answer: A) x6  Ì '@ è Yë ú¯ð , ék

 PX úΫ @ éË ø YË@ YmÌ '@ ñë YK@QË@ YmÌ '@
The leading term is the term with the highest éËAm .
degree, which in this case is x6 . . x6 ñë

Question 3.2.142.
What is the degree and leading term of the polynomial 5x7 + 2x4 − 3x + 9?
A) Degree: 7, Leading term: 5x7
B) Degree: 4, Leading term: 2x4
C) Degree: 7, Leading term: 2x4
D) Degree: 3, Leading term: −3x
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) Degree: 7, Leading term: 5x7

The degree is 7 because the highest exponent is 7, 5x7 ñë YK@QË@ YmÌ '@ð , 7 ñë € @ úΫ @ à B 7 ùë ék  PYË@
.
and the leading term is 5x7 since it has the highest . ék PX úΫ @ ð X YmÌ '@ éK B
degree. .

Question 3.2.143.
What is the degree of the polynomial (x − 2)(x + 3)(x − 5)?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 5
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) 3  . PX ¨ñÒm.× ùë  ®ÖÏ @ èPñ’Ë@ ú¯ XðYmÌ '@ QJ» ék

 PX
The degree of a polynomial in factored form is
HAg 麺 .
 PYË@ ½Ë YË , 1
ék  PYË@ áÓ AJë ÉÓA« É¿ .ÉÓA« É¿
ék
the sum of the degrees of each factor. Each fac- . .
tor here is degree 1, so the total degree is 1 + 1 + 1 = 3. . 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 ùë éJ ËAÔg. B @

Question 3.2.144.
What is the leading term of the polynomial (x − 1)(x + 4)(x − 6)?
A) x3
B) −x3
C) 4x2
D) x2
E) None of these choices
88 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

Answer: A) x3
To find the leading term, multiply the highest  PYË@ H@
úΫ B@ ék  X XðYmÌ '@ H. Qå” ,YK@QË@ YmÌ '@ XAm.' B
.
degree terms from each factor: x · x · x = x3 .
. x3 ñë YK@QË@ YmÌ '@ ,½Ë YË . x · x · x = x3 :ÉÓA« É¿ áÓ
Therefore, the leading term is x3 .

Question 3.2.145.
What is the degree of the polynomial (2x − 1)(x + 5)2 ?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) 3  . PX ¨ñÒm.× ùë ék  PYË@

(2x − 1) ÉÓAªË@ .ÉÓA« É¿ HAg .
The degree is the sum of the degrees of each factor.
 PYË@ áÓ (x + 5)2 ÉÓAªË@ð , 1 ék
½Ë YË , 2 ék  PYË@ áÓ
(2x − 1) has degree 1, and (x + 5)2 has degree 2, so . .
the total degree is 1 + 2 = 3.
 PYË@
. 1 + 2 = 3 ùë éJ ËAÔg. B @ ék.

Question 3.2.146.
What is the leading term of the polynomial (3x + 2)(x − 7)2 ?
A) 3x3
B) −3x3
C) x3
D) 9x3
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) 3x3
To find the leading term, multiply the highest  PYË@ H@
: úΫ B@ ék  X XðYmÌ '@ H. Qå” ,YK@QË@ YmÌ '@ XAm.' B
.
degree terms: 3x · x2 = 3x3 . Therefore, the leading
. 3x3 ñë YK@QË@ YmÌ '@ ,½Ë YË . 3x · x2 = 3x3
term is 3x3 .

Question 3.2.147.
What is the degree and leading term of the polynomial (−x + 4)(x − 1)3 ?
A) Degree: 4, Leading term: −x4
B) Degree: 3, Leading term: −x3
C) Degree: 4, Leading term: x4
D) Degree: 3, Leading term: x3
E) None of these choices
2. POLYNOMIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 89

Answer: A) Degree: 4, Leading term: −x4  PYË@ áÓ (−x + 4)  PYË@

1 ék ÉÓAªË@ à B 4 ùë ék
The degree is 4 because (−x + 4) has degree 1 and . .
. 1 + 3 = 4 ù¢ªK AÜØ , 3  PYË@ áÓ (x − 1)3 ÉÓAªË@ð
(x − 1)3 has degree 3, giving 1 + 3 = 4. The leading ék.
term is −x4 . . −x4 ñë YK@QË@ YmÌ '@

Question 3.2.148.
In the polynomial 4x3 − 6x2 + 2x − 5, what is the coefficient of the x2 term?
A) 4
B) −6
C) 2
D) −5
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) −6
The coefficient of the x2 term is −6. . −6 ñë x2 YmÌ '@ ÉÓAªÓ

Question 3.2.149.
What is the degree of the polynomial 5x4 + 3x2 − 7x + 8?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 5
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) 4
The degree of the polynomial is determined by the  ñK XYm' XðYmÌ '@ QJ» ék
 PX
. 4 AJë ñëð ,€ @ úΫ @ 颃@ . .
highest exponent, which is 4.

Question 3.2.150.
What is the leading term of the polynomial 6x5 − 4x3 + 2x − 1?
A) 6x5
B) −4x3
C) 2x
D) −1
E) None of these choices
90 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

Answer: A) 6x5
The leading term is the term with the highest  PX úΫ @ éË ø YË@ YmÌ '@ ñë YK@QË@ YmÌ '@
. 6x5 AJë ñëð , ék.
degree, which is 6x5 .

Question 3.2.151.
What is the leading coefficient of the polynomial −7x6 + 5x4 − 3x + 9?
A) −7
B) 5
C) −3
D) 9
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) −7
The leading coefficient is the coefficient of the −7x6 YjÊË −7 ñëð ,YK@QË@ YmÌ '@ ÉÓAªÓ ñë YK@QË@ ÉÓAªÖÏ @
leading term, which is −7 for the term −7x6 . .

Question 3.2.152.
What is the degree of the polynomial 3x7 − 2x5 + x3 − 8?
A) 5
B) 7
C) 3
D) 1
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) 7
The degree of the polynomial is 7, which is the  PX
.XðYmÌ '@ QJ» ú¯ € @ úΫ @ ùëð , 7 ùë XðYmÌ '@ QJ» ék.
highest exponent of the polynomial.
 3. FACTORING OF POLYNOMIALS 91

3.3. Factoring of polynomials

3.3.1 Tips related to Factoring of polynomials

XðYmÌ '@ H@  QJ» ÉJÊm'

Factoring Polynomials Factoring polyno-
èQJ» á« QJªJË@ éJ ÊÔ« ñë XðYmÌ '@ H@
.  QJ» ÉJÊm'
mials involves expressing a polynomial as éJ ƒAƒ B@ ÕæëA®ÖÏ @ .¡‚. @ XðYg H@  QJºË i.JJÒ» XðYmÌ '@
a product of simpler polynomials. Key
concepts:
:É҂ 
IJ  ¯ ñë P(x) XðYmÌ '@ èQJ» P Yg : Pð YmÌ '@ . 1
 m'. r éÒJ
1. Roots: A root of a polynomial P(x) is . .
a value r where P(r) = 0. Each root cor-

. (x − r) ɾ‚Ë@ áÓ CÓA« ÈXAªK P Yg. É¿ . P(r) = 0

responds to a factor of the form (x − r).
(x − r) àA¯ , P(x) Ë @P Yg. r àA¿ @ X@ éK @ úæªK @ Yë
This means if r is a root of P(x), then
(x − r) is a factor of P(x). For example, àA¿ @ X@ ,ÈAJÖÏ @ ÉJ.ƒ úΫ . P(x) ÉÓ@ñ« áÓ ÉÓA« ñë
if x = 2 is a root of P(x) = x2 − 4x + 4, then àA¯ , P(x) = x2 − 4x + 4 Ë @P Yg. x = 2
P(x) = (x − 2)2 . . P(x) = (x − 2)2
2. Relationship between Root and Fac-
tor: If r is a root of P(x), then P(x) can be
Ë @P Yg. r àA¿ @ X@ : ÉÓAªË@ð P Ym.Ì '@ áK. é¯CªË@  . 2

, P(x) = (x − r)Q(x) » P(x) éK. AJ» áºÒJ¯ , P(x) 
written as P(x) = (x − r)Q(x), where Q(x)
is the quotient polynomial obtained when úΫ P(x) é҂  ¯ YJ« é҂  l' AK ñë Q(x) IJ
 ®Ë@  k
.
dividing P(x) by (x − r). This relationship  QJ» ¡J‚.JË éJ ƒAƒ @ é¯CªË@
H@ è Yë Q.JªK . (x − r)
is essential for simplifying polynomials
and finding additional roots. . éJ ¯A“@ Pð Yg. úΫ PñJªË@ð XðYmÌ '@
3. Long Division: Polynomial long divi-
 ®Ë éËñ¢Ö
é҂  Ï @ é҂  ®Ë@  ÐYjJ‚ : éËñ¢Ö  Ï @ é҂  ®Ë@  . 3
sion divides one polynomial by another,
ÉÓ@ñªË@ YJ» AK ú¯ Y«A‚ AÜØ ,øQk @ úΫ XðYg èQJ»
helping confirm factors when a root is  ¯ ,ÈAJÖÏ @ ÉJƒ úΫ . áªÓ P Yg é¯QªÓ YJ«
known. For instance, dividing P(x) = é҂ . .
x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 6 by (x − 2), given x = 2 à @ ÕÎªË @ ©Ó (x − 2) úΫ P(x) = x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 6
is a root, yields a simpler quotient poly-
nomial.
.¡‚. @ XðYg èQJ» AJJ¢ªK P Yg. x = 2
4. Factorization: Factorization rewrites .ÉÓ@ñªË i.JJÒ» P(x) éK . AJ» ÉJÊjJË@ YJªK : ÉJÊjJË@ . 4
P(x) as a product of factors. For exam- à @ Ym.' , Q(x) = x2 − 5x + 6 ÉJÓ XðYg èQJºË
ple, Q(x) = x2 − 5x + 6 has roots x = 2 and
ù¢ªK AÜØ , x = 3 ð x = 2 Pð Ym.Ì '@
x = 3, so Q(x) = (x − 2)(x − 3). Factoriza-
tion often takes the form P(x) = (x − r1 )(x − ÉJÊjJË@ ÐYjJ‚ AÓ AJ. ËA« . Q(x) = (x − 2)(x − 3)
r2 ) . . . (x − rn ), where ri are roots. ri IJ  k P(x) = (x − r1 )(x − r2 ) . . . (x − rn ) ɾ‚Ë@ 
5. Examples: .P ð Ym.Ì '@ ùë
(a). x2 − 9 = (x + 3)(x − 3) (difference of
squares)
: éÊ JÓ @ . 5
(b). x3 − 8 = (x − 2)(x2 + 2x + 4) (difference ( áªK. QÓ áK. †Q  ¯) x2 − 9 = (x + 3)(x − 3) .( @)
of cubes) áK. †Q  ¯) x3 − 8 = (x − 2)(x2 + 2x + 4) .(H)
.
These methods are crucial for simplifying á
polynomial expressions and solving poly-
( J.ªºÓ
nomial equations. H@ 
 QJ» H@  QJ.ªK ¡J‚.K ú¯ I.JËAƒ B@ è Yë Y«A‚
 
.ÈAª¯ ɾ‚ 
 . AîEBXAªÓ Égð XðYmÌ '@
 92 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

3.3.2 Exercises

Question 3.3.153.
Explain the Factor Theorem and how it relates zeros of a polynomial to its factors.
A) It states that if x = a is a zero of a polynomial P(x), then (x − a) is a factor of P(x).
B) It states that the remainder of dividing P(x) by (x − a) is zero if a is a zero of P(x).
C) Both A and B are correct.
D) None of these choices.

Answer: C) Both A and B are correct. .iJm• H. ð @ áÓ É¿ (h. : éK . Ag. B @

Explanation: : Q‚®K
The Factor Theorem states that (x − a) is a factor of a èXYªJÒÊË ÉÓA« ñë (x − a) à @ úΫ ÉÓ@ñªË@ éK Q¢ ‘JK
polynomial P(x) if and only if P(a) = 0. This means
that x = a is a zero (root) of the polynomial, and à @ úæªK @ Yë . P(a) = 0 àA¿ @ X@ ¡® ¯ð @ X@ P(x) XðYmÌ '@
when we divide P(x) by (x − a), the remainder is zero. úΫ P(x) é҂ ¯ YJ«ð ,XðYmÌ '@ èXYªJÒÊË P Yg ñë x = a
.
 Ë@ àñºK , (x − a)
.@Q ®“ ú¯AJ.

Question 3.3.154.
State the Remainder Theorem and describe its significance in polynomial division.
A) The remainder of dividing P(x) by (x − a) is P(a).
B) The remainder of dividing P(x) by (x − a) is zero.
C) The remainder of dividing P(x) by (x − a) is (x − a).
D) None of these choices.

Answer: A) The remainder of dividing P(x) by  ¯ áÓ ú¯AJ Ë@ ( @ : éK Ag B @

(x − a) is P(a). . P(a) ñë (x − a) úΫ P(x)
é҂ . . .
Explanation: :Q‚®K
The Remainder Theorem states that when a
XðYmÌ '@ èXYªJÓ é҂
 ¯ YJ« éK @ úΫ ú¯AJ
 Ë@ éK Q¢ ‘JK
.
polynomial P(x) is divided by (x − a), the remainder  
is equal to P(a). This theorem provides a quick
è Yë Q¯ñK . P(a) ø ðA‚ ú¯AJ.Ë@ àA¯ , (x − a) úΫ P(x)
 ®Ë@
é҂  Z@Qk @ àðX ú¯AJ  Ë@ XAm' B éªK
 Qå é®K Q£ éK Q¢JË@
way to find the remainder without performing the . . .
actual division. . éJ ʪ®Ë@

Question 3.3.155.
How are the zeros of a polynomial related to its linear factors? A) Each zero
corresponds to a linear factor of the form (x − a).
B) Zeros and factors are unrelated concepts.
C) Zeros correspond to the coefficients of the polynomial.
D) None of these choices.
3. FACTORING OF POLYNOMIALS 93

ɾ‚Ë@  áÓ ù¢k ÉÓA« éÊK. A®K P Yg. É¿ ( @ : éK . Ag. B @

Answer: A) Each zero corresponds to a linear factor
of the form (x − a). . (x − a)
Explanation: :Q‚®K
For a polynomial equation, each zero x = a indicates úÍ@ Q‚    
 x = a P Yg. É¿ ,XðYmÌ '@ èXYªJÓ éËXAªÖÏ éJ.‚ËAK.
that (x − a) is a factor of the polynomial. This means
the polynomial can be expressed as a product of its áºÖß éK @ úæªK @ Yë .XðYmÌ '@ èXYªJÒÊË ÉÓA« ñë (x − a) à @
linear factors corresponding to its zeros. éJ ¢mÌ '@ AêÊÓ@ñ« H. Qå• É“Am» XðYmÌ '@ èXYªJÖÏ @ á« QJ.ªJË@
 A®Ö Ï @
.AëPð Ym.Ì éÊK.

Question 3.3.156.

Explain how synthetic division can be used to find the remainder when dividing
a polynomial by (x − a). A) By evaluating P(a) directly.
B) By performing synthetic division, the final value obtained is the remainder,
which equals P(a).
C) Synthetic division cannot be used to find remainders.
D) None of these choices.

Answer: B) By performing synthetic division, the  ®Ë@

 , éJ J»QË@ é҂
 ®Ë@
 Z@Qk @ ÈCg áÓ (H : éK Ag B @
final value obtained is the remainder, which equals
éÒJ . . . . .
P(a). . P(a) ø ðA‚ ø YË@ð ,ú¯AJ.Ë@ ùë éJ KAîDË@

Explanation: : Q‚®K
Synthetic division is a shortcut method for dividing XðYmÌ '@ èXYªJÓ é҂
 ®Ë èQå”Jm× é®K Q£ ùë éJ J»QË@ é҂
.
 ®Ë@

a polynomial by a linear factor of the form (x − a).  éJ KAîDË@ éÒJ
 ®Ë@
 . (x − a) ɾ‚Ë@  áÓ ù¢k ÉÓA« úΫ
úæË@
The final value obtained in the synthetic division  Ë@ ùë éJ J»QË@ é҂
 ®Ë@
 éJ ÊÔ« ú¯ AîDÊ« Èñ’mÌ '@ Õç'
process is the remainder, which according to the ,ú¯AJ. .
Remainder Theorem, is equal to P(a). . P(a) ø ðA‚ ,ú¯AJ  Ë@ éK Q¢JË A® ¯ð ø YË@ð
.

Question 3.3.157.

State the Division Algorithm for polynomials and explain its components. A)
P(x) = D(x) · Q(x) + R(x), where P(x) is the dividend, D(x) is the divisor, Q(x) is the
quotient, and R(x) is the remainder.
B) P(x) = D(x) · R(x) + Q(x), where R(x) is the quotient.
C) P(x) = Q(x) + R(x), with no divisor involved.
D) None of these choices.
94 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

ñë P(x) IJ  k , P(x) = D(x) · Q(x) + R(x) ( @ : éK . Ag. B @

Answer: A) P(x) = D(x) · Q(x) + R(x), where P(x)
is the dividend, D(x) is the divisor, Q(x) is the
 
, é҂®Ë@ h. PAg ñë Q(x) , éJÊ« Ðñ‚®Ö Ï @ ñë D(x) ,Ðñ‚®Ö Ï @
 Ë@ ñë R(x) ð
.ú¯AJ
quotient, and R(x) is the remainder. .
Explanation: :Q‚®K
The Division Algorithm states that when a polyno-
XðYmÌ '@ èXYªJÓ é҂
 ¯ YJ« éK @ úΫ é҂
 ®Ë@  éJ ÓPP@ñk ‘JK
mial P(x) is divided by a non-zero polynomial D(x),
there exist polynomials Q(x) and R(x) such that Yg. ñK éKA¯ , D(x) éK Q®“ Q« XðYg èXYªJÓ úΫ P(x)

P(x) = D(x) · Q(x) + R(x), where the degree of R(x) is IJ m'. R(x) ð Q(x) XðYg AKXYªJÓ
less than the degree of D(x). áÓ É¯ @ R(x) ék  PX IJ
.  k , P(x) = D(x) · Q(x) + R(x)
. D(x) ék PX
.

Question 3.3.158.

What is the multiplicity of a zero in a polynomial, and how does it affect the graph
of the polynomial? A) The number of times a zero is repeated as a factor; higher
multiplicity causes the graph to touch the x-axis but not cross it.
B) The degree of the polynomial; higher degree means higher multiplicity.
C) The coefficient of the zero; affects the steepness of the graph.
D) None of these choices.

Answer: A) The number of times a zero is repeated ;ÉÓAª» P Ym.Ì '@ AîD¯ PQºJK úæË@  H@  QÖÏ @ XY« ( @ : éK . Ag. B @
as a factor; higher multiplicity causes the graph to  J‚Ë@ Pñm× ÓCK úGAJJ.Ë@ Õæ QË@ ɪm.' éK XYªJË@ èXAK P
HA
touch the x-axis but not cross it.
. 骢¯ àðX
Explanation:
Multiplicity refers to the number of times a
:Q‚®K
particular zero appears as a root of the polynomial. áªÓ P Yg. AîD¯ Qê¢ úæË@  H@ 
 QÖÏ @ XY« úÍ@ éK XYªJË@ Q‚ 
If a zero has even multiplicity, the graph touches àA¯ , éJ k. ð P éK XYªK P Yj.ÊË àA¿ @ X@ .XðYmÌ '@ èXYªJÖÏ P Ym.»
the x-axis at that point but does not cross it. If the  ® JË@ ½ÊK YJ« HA  J‚Ë@ Pñm× ÓCK úGAJJ.Ë@ Õæ QË@
àðX é¢
multiplicity is odd, the graph crosses the x-axis at
that zero. ©¢®K úGAJJ.Ë@ Õæ QË@ àA¯ , éK XQ¯ éK XYªJË@ I KA¿ @ X@ . 骢¯
.P Ym.Ì '@ ½Ë X YJ« HA  J‚Ë@ Pñm×

Question 3.3.159.

How do the Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem relate to each other? A) The
Factor Theorem is a special case of the Remainder Theorem when the remainder
is zero.
B) They are unrelated theorems.
C) The Remainder Theorem is derived from the Factor Theorem.
D) None of these choices.
3. FACTORING OF POLYNOMIALS 95

Answer: A) The Factor Theorem is a special case

of the Remainder Theorem when the remainder is
éK Q¢ áÓ é“A  g éËAg
 ùë ÉÓ@ñªË@ éK Q¢ ( @ : éK Ag B @
. .
 
.@Q®“ ú¯AJ.Ë@ àñºK AÓYJ« ú¯AJ  Ë@
zero. .
Explanation: Q: ‚®K
The Remainder Theorem states that the remainder  Ë@ à @ úΫ ú¯AJ
 ¯ áÓ ú¯AJ  Ë@ éK Q¢ ‘JK
of dividing P(x) by (x − a) is P(a). The Factor
úΫ P(x) é҂ . .
  
@ X@ éK@ Èñ®ËAK. @ Yë ÉÓ@ñªË@ éK Q¢ YÖß . P(a) ñë (x − a)
Theorem extends this by stating that if P(a) = 0,
then (x − a) is a factor of P(x). Thus, the Factor ,úÍAJËAK. ð . P(x) Ë ÉÓA« ñë (x − a) àA¯ , P(a) = 0 àA¿
Theorem is a special case of the Remainder Theorem. .ú¯AJ Ë@ éK Q¢ áÓ é“A
 g éËAg  ùë ÉÓ@ñªË@ éK Q¢ àA¯
.

Question 3.3.160.
How can the Remainder Theorem be used to evaluate a polynomial at a given
point? A) By performing polynomial long division and finding the remainder.
B) By directly substituting the value into the polynomial.
C) Both A and B are valid methods.
D) None of these choices.

Answer: C) Both A and B are valid methods.  m• †Q£

. éjJ  H ð @ áÓ É¿ (h : éK Ag B @
. . . .
Explanation:
: Q‚®K
The Remainder Theorem states that P(a) is the
    
P(x) é҂¯ YJ« ú¯AJ.Ë@ ñë P(a) à @ úΫ ú¯AJ.Ë@ éK Q¢ ‘JK
remainder when P(x) is divided by (x − a). There-
fore, evaluating the polynomial at x = a gives the
 
x = a YJ« XðYmÌ '@ èXYªJÖÏ @ ÕæJ®K ,½Ë YË . (x − a) úΫ
remainder. This can be done by direct substitution Qå AJ.ÖÏ @ ‘ ñªJË@ ‡K Q£ á« ½Ë YK. ÐAJ®Ë@
 áºÖß .ú¯AJ
 Ë@ ù¢ªK
.
or by performing polynomial division.    
Ì 
.XðYm '@ èXYªJÓ é҂¯ Z@Qk. @ ‡K Q£ á« ð @

Question 3.3.161.
If the remainder of dividing a polynomial P(x) by (x − a) is not zero, what does this
imply about (x − a) and P(x)? A) (x − a) is not a factor of P(x), and x = a is not a
zero of P(x).
B) (x − a) is a factor of P(x), and x = a is a zero of P(x).
C) The remainder has no implications for factors or zeros.
D) None of these choices.

Answer: A) (x − a) is not a factor of P(x), and x = a


Ë x=a ð , P(x) Ë CÓA« Ë ( @ : éK . Ag. B @
(x − a)
is not a zero of P(x).
. P(x) Ë @P Yg.
Explanation:
If the remainder is not zero when dividing by :Q‚®K
 ®Ë@
@ Yê¯ , (x − a) úΫ é҂  YJ« Q®“ Q« ú¯AJ  Ë@ àA¿ @ X@
(x − a), then (x − a) does not divide evenly into P(x), .
meaning it is not a factor. Consequently, x = a is not     
.CÓA« Ë úÍAJËAK. ð ,AÓAÖß P(x) Õ愮K B (x − a) à @ úæªK
a zero of P(x).
. P(x) Ë @P Yg. Ë x = a ,úÍAJËAK. ð
96 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

Question 3.3.162.
Describe how polynomial long division is similar to numerical long division and
its role in finding the quotient and remainder. A) Both processes involve dividing,
multiplying, subtracting, and bringing down terms sequentially.
B) Polynomial long division is entirely different from numerical long division.
C) Polynomial long division does not provide a remainder.
D) None of these choices.

Answer: A) Both processes involve dividing,  ®Ë@

 àAJҒJK áJJÊÒªË@ C¿ ( @ : éK Ag B @
multiplying, subtracting, and bringing down terms
H. Qå”Ë@ð é҂ . .
sequentially. .©K. AJJËAK. XðYmÌ '@ È@QK@ ð hQ¢Ë@ð
Explanation: : Q‚®K
Polynomial long division mirrors numerical long éK XYªË@ é҂
 ®Ë@
 éÊK  ñ¢Ë@ XðYmÌ '@ èXYªJÓ é҂  ¯ éJ‚ 
.
division in its steps: divide the highest-degree term,     
multiply, subtract, and bring down the next term,
, úΫ B@ ék. PYË@ ð X YmÌ '@ é҂¯ :AîE@ñ¢k ú¯ éÊK ñ¢Ë@
repeating until all terms are processed. This method ÕæK úæk
 ½Ë X P@QºKð ,úÍAJË@ YmÌ '@ È@QK@ ð ,hQ¢Ë@ ,H Qå”Ë@
.
helps find both the quotient and the remainder of É¿ XAm.' @ ú¯ é®K Q¢Ë@ è Yë Y«A‚ .XðYmÌ '@ ©JÔg. ém .Ì 'AªÓ
the division.  Ë@ð é҂
.ú¯AJ  ®Ë@ h PAg áÓ
. .

Question 3.3.163.
Factor the polynomial x2 − 5x + 6. A) (x − 2)(x − 3)
B) (x − 1)(x − 6)
C) (x + 2)(x − 3)
D) No factorization
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (x − 2)(x − 3)
. −5 AÒê«ñÒm.× ð 6 AÒîE. Qå• É“Ag áK XY« á« Ij  .K
Find two numbers that multiply to 6 and add to −5.
These numbers are −2 and −3. . −3 ð −2 AÒë à@XYªË@ à@ Yë
Thus, the factorization is (x − 2)(x − 3). . (x − 2)(x − 3) ñë ÉJÊjJË@ ,½Ë YË

Question 3.3.164.
Factor the polynomial x2 + 7x + 10. A) (x + 5)(x + 2)
B) (x − 5)(x + 2)
C) (x − 1)(x + 10)
D) No factorization
E) None of these choices
3. FACTORING OF POLYNOMIALS 97

Answer: A) (x + 5)(x + 2)
. 7 AÒê«ñÒm.× ð 10 AÒîE. Qå• É“Ag áK XY« á« Ij  .K
Find two numbers that multiply to 10 and add to 7.
These numbers are 5 and 2. . 2 ð 5 AÒë à@XYªË@ à@ Yë
Thus, the factorization is (x + 5)(x + 2). . (x + 5)(x + 2) ñë ÉJÊjJË@ ,½Ë YË

Question 3.3.165.
Factor the polynomial x2 − 4x − 12. A) (x − 6)(x + 2)
B) (x − 4)(x + 3)
C) (x + 6)(x − 2)
D) No factorization
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (x − 6)(x + 2)
. −4 AÒê«ñÒm.× ð −12 AÒîE. Qå• É“Ag áK XY« á« Ij  .K
Find two numbers that multiply to −12 and add to
−4. These numbers are −6 and 2. . 2 ð −6 AÒë à@XYªË@ à@ Yë
Thus, the factorization is (x − 6)(x + 2). . (x − 6)(x + 2) ñë ÉJÊjJË@ ,½Ë YË

Question 3.3.166.
Factor the polynomial 2x2 + 5x + 3. A) (2x + 3)(x + 1)
B) (x + 3)(2x + 1)
C) (2x − 3)(x − 1)
D) No factorization
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (2x + 3)(x + 1) ‡ ®m ' úæË@

 ÉÓ@ñªË@ XAm.' B A¢mÌ '@ð éK . Qj.JË@ é®K Q£ ÐYjJ‚
Use trial and error to find factors that multiply to : 2x2 + 5x + 3
2x2 + 5x + 3:
(2x + 3)(x + 1) works, since 2x · 1 + 3 · x = 5x. à B ,iJj’Ë@ ÉJÊjJË@ ñë (2x + 3)(x + 1)
. 2x · 1 + 3 · x = 5x

Question 3.3.167.
Factor the polynomial x2 − 10x + 25. A) (x − 5)2
B) (x + 5)2
C) (x − 5)(x + 5)
D) No factorization
E) None of these choices
98 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

Answer: A) (x − 5)2 
Recognize this as a perfect square trinomial: :ÉÓA¿ ©K. QÖÏ éËXAªÓ è Yë à @ ¡kCK
x2 − 10x + 25 = (x − 5)2 . . x2 − 10x + 25 = (x − 5)2

Question 3.3.168.
Factor the polynomial x2 − 16. A) (x − 4)(x + 4)
B) (x − 8)(x + 2)
C) (x + 4)2
D) No factorization
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (x − 4)(x + 4)  ®Ë@ ñë @ Yë

This is a difference of squares: : áªK. QÓ áK. †Q
x2 − 16 = (x − 4)(x + 4). . x2 − 16 = (x − 4)(x + 4)

Question 3.3.169.
Factor the polynomial x3 − 27. A) (x − 3)(x2 + 3x + 9)
B) (x + 3)(x2 − 3x + 9)
C) (x − 3)(x + 3)
D) No factorization
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (x − 3)(x2 + 3x + 9)  ®Ë@ ñë @ Yë

This is a difference of cubes: : áJ.ªºÖÏ @ áK. †Q
x3 − 27 = (x − 3)(x2 + 3x + 9). . x3 − 27 = (x − 3)(x2 + 3x + 9)

Question 3.3.170.
Factor the polynomial x3 + 8. A) (x + 2)(x2 − 2x + 4)
B) (x − 2)(x2 + 2x + 4)
C) (x + 2)(x − 2)
D) No factorization
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (x + 2)(x2 − 2x + 4)
This is a sum of cubes: : áJ.ªºÖÏ @ ¨ñÒm.× ñë @ Yë
x3 + 8 = (x + 2)(x2 − 2x + 4). . x3 + 8 = (x + 2)(x2 − 2x + 4)
3. FACTORING OF POLYNOMIALS 99

Question 3.3.171.
Factor the polynomial x3 + 2x2 − 9x − 18 by grouping. A) (x − 3)(x + 2)(x − 1)
B) (x − 3)(x + 3)(x + 2)
C) (x + 3)(x − 2)(x − 3)
D) No factorization
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) (x − 3)(x + 3)(x + 2)

Group the terms:
:XðYmÌ '@ ©JÒj.JK. Ðñ® K
(x3 + 2x2 ) − (9x + 18) = x2 (x + 2) − 9(x + 2). . (x3 + 2x2 ) − (9x + 18) = x2 (x + 2) − 9(x + 2)
Factor further: (x + 2)(x2 − 9) = (x + 2)(x − 3)(x + 3). . (x + 2)(x2 − 9) = (x + 2)(x − 3)(x + 3) : Q» @ ÉÊm'

Question 3.3.172.
Factor the polynomial x3 − 2x2 − x + 2 by grouping. A) (x − 2)(x + 1)(x + 2)
B) (x − 2)(x + 1)2
C) (x − 2)(x − 1)(x + 1)
D) No factorization
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) (x − 2)(x − 1)(x + 1)

Group the terms:
:XðYmÌ '@ ©JÒj.JK. Ðñ® K
(x3 − 2x2 ) + (−x + 2) = x2 (x − 2) − 1(x − 2). . (x3 − 2x2 ) + (−x + 2) = x2 (x − 2) − 1(x − 2)
Factor further: (x − 2)(x2 − 1) = (x − 2)(x − 1)(x + 1). . (x − 2)(x2 − 1) = (x − 2)(x − 1)(x + 1) : Q» @ ÉÊm'
 100 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

3.4. Completing the Square

3.4.1 How to use completing square

©K. QÖÏ @ ÈAÒ»@

Completing the Square    
áÓ ùªJK. QK QJ.ªK éK. AJ» èXA«B éJJ®K ñë ©K. QÖÏ @ ÈAÒ»@
Completing the square is a technique to rewrite 
a quadratic expression in the form ax2 + bx + c YK@P éÊÓA¿ éJ ªJK. QK éËXAªÒ»
 ax2 + bx + c ɾ‚Ë@ 
as a perfect square plus a constant. The process :úÍAJËA¿ H@  ñ¢mÌ '@ . IK  . AK
is as follows: 
CJÓ ,ùªJK. QË@ QJ.ªJËAK. @YJ.K : éËXAªÖ  Ï @ éK AJ» èXA«@ . 1
.
1. Rewrite the Equation: Start with the qua-
dratic expression, for example, x2 + 6x + 5. . x2 + 6x + 5
2. Separate the Constant Term: Write it as IK 
 . AJË@ ¼QKð x2 + 6x I.JºK : IK  . AJË@ YmÌ '@ ɒ¯ . 2
x2 + 6x and move the constant
 2 aside. .AJ. KAg.
3. Add and Subtract 2b : To complete the  2
 2 ­J’ ,©K. QÖÏ @ ÈAÒ»B : 2b hQ£ð é¯A“@ . 3
square, add and subtract 2b inside the ex-  2  2
 2 . 62 = 9 ,AJë .QJ.ªJË@ Ég@X 2b hQ¢ð
pression. Here, 62 = 9.
ɾ‚ËAK . AîDJºK : ÉÓA¾Ë@ ©K. QÖÏ @ éK . AJ» èXA«@ . 4
4. Rewrite as a Perfect Square: Rewrite as .
(x + 3)2 − 4. . (x + 3)2 − 4
Thus, x2 + 6x + 5 = (x + 3)2 − 4. . x2 + 6x + 5 = (x + 3)2 − 4 ,úÍAJËAK. ð
This method is helpful in solving quadratic 
HBXAªÖ Ï @ Ég ú¯ èYJ®Ó é®K Q¢Ë@ è Yë Q.JªK
equations and analyzing parabolas.  ÉJÊm' ð éJ ªJK QË@
. éJ¯A¾ÖÏ @ ¨ñ¢®Ë@ .

3.4.2 Exercises

Question 3.4.173.
Complete the square for the expression x2 + 6x + 5. A) (x + 3)2 − 4
B) (x + 2)2 − 5
C) (x + 3)2 − 9
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (x + 3)2 − 4
The binomial used is (x + 3). Take half of 6, square
AêªK. QK Õç' , 6 ­’ Yg AK . (x + 3) ñë ÐYjJ‚ÖÏ @ ùKAJJË@
it to get 9, then add and subtract 9. . 9 hQ¢ð 9 ­J’ Õç' , 9 úΫ ɒjJË
Thus, x2 + 6x + 5 = (x + 3)2 − 4. . x2 + 6x + 5 = (x + 3)2 − 4 ,½Ë YË

Question 3.4.174.
Complete the square for the expression x2 + 14x + 50. A) (x + 7)2 − 1
B) (x + 7)2 − 3
4. COMPLETING THE SQUARE 101

C) (x + 7)2 + 1
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) (x + 7)2 + 1
The binomial used is (x + 7). Take half of 14, square
AêªK. QK Õç' , 14 ­’ Yg AK . (x + 7) ñë ÐYjJ‚ÖÏ @ ùKAJJË@
it to get 49, then add and subtract 49. . 49 hQ¢ð 49 ­J’ Õç' , 49 úΫ ɒjJË
Thus, x2 + 14x + 50 = x2 + 14x + 49 + 1 = (x + 7)2 + 1. . x2 + 14x + 50 = (x + 7)2 + 1 ,½Ë YË

Question 3.4.175.
Complete the square for the expression x2 − 12x + 40. A) (x − 6)2 + 4
B) (x − 6)2 + 1
C) (x − 6)2 + 2
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (x − 6)2 + 4
The binomial used is (x − 6). Take half of −12,
Õç' , −12 ­’ Yg AK . (x − 6) ñë ÐYjJ‚ÖÏ @ ùKAJJË@
square it to get 36, then add and subtract 36. . 36 hQ¢ð 36 ­J’ Õç' , 36 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK
Thus, x2 − 12x + 40 = (x − 6)2 + 4. . x2 − 12x + 40 = (x − 6)2 + 4 ,½Ë YË

Question 3.4.176.
Complete the square for the expression x2 + 18x + 85. A) (x + 9)2 + 4
B) (x + 9)2 + 1
C) (x + 9)2 + 3
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (x + 9)2 + 4
The binomial used is (x + 9). Take half of 18, square
AêªK. QK Õç' , 18 ­’ Yg AK . (x + 9) ñë ÐYjJ‚ÖÏ @ ùKAJJË@
it to get 81, then add and subtract 81. . 81 hQ¢ð 81 ­J’ Õç' , 81 úΫ ɒjJË
Thus, x2 + 18x + 85 = (x + 9)2 + 4. . x2 + 18x + 85 = (x + 9)2 + 4 ,½Ë YË
102 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

Question 3.4.177.
Complete the square for the expression x2 − 20x + 110. A) (x − 10)2 + 10
B) (x − 10)2 + 5
C) (x − 10)2 + 4
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (x − 10)2 + 10
The binomial used is (x − 10). Take half of −20,
Õç' , −20 ­’ Yg AK . (x − 10) ñë ÐYjJ‚ÖÏ @ ùKAJJË@
square it to get 100, then add and subtract 100. . 100 hQ¢ð 100 ­J’ Õç' , 100 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK
Thus, x2 − 20x + 110 = (x − 10)2 + 10. . x2 − 20x + 110 = (x − 10)2 + 10 ,½Ë YË

Question 3.4.178.
Complete the square for the expression x2 + 6x + 5. A) (x + 3)2 − 4
B) (x − 3)2 + 4
C) (x + 2)2 − 5
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (x + 3)2 − 4 
First, take half of 6, square it to get 9, then add and Õç' , 9 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK Õç' , 6­’ Yg AK , Bð @
subtract 9. . 9 hQ¢ð 9 ­J’
Thus, x2 + 6x + 5 = (x + 3)2 − 4. . x + 6x + 5 = (x + 3)2 − 4 ,½Ë YË
2

Question 3.4.179.
Complete the square for the expression x2 + 4x + 1. A) (x + 2)2 − 3
B) (x + 1)2 − 4
C) (x + 2)2 − 1
D) No solution
E) None of these choices
4. COMPLETING THE SQUARE 103

Answer: A) (x + 2)2 − 3
Take half of 4, square it to get 4, then add and 4 ­J’ Õç' , 4 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK Õç' , 4
­’ Yg AK
subtract 4. . 4 hQ¢ð
Thus, x2 + 4x + 1 = (x + 2)2 − 3. . x + 4x + 1 = (x + 2) − 3 ,½Ë YË
2 2

Question 3.4.180.
Complete the square for the expression x2 + 10x + 16. A) (x + 5)2 − 9
B) (x + 5)2 − 16
C) (x + 5)2 − 25
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (x + 5)2 − 9
Take half of 10, square it to get 25, then add and ­J’ Õç' , 25 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK Õç' , 10
­’ Yg AK
subtract 25. . 25 hQ¢ð 25
Thus, x2 + 10x + 16 = (x + 5)2 − 9. . x2 + 10x + 16 = (x + 5)2 − 9 ,½Ë YË

Question 3.4.181.
Complete the square for the expression x2 − 6x + 8. A) (x − 3)2 − 1
B) (x − 3)2 − 9
C) (x − 3)2 − 5
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (x − 3)2 − 1
Take half of −6, square it to get 9, then add and ­J’ Õç' , 9 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK Õç' , −6
­’ Yg AK
subtract 9. . 9 hQ¢ð 9
Thus, x2 − 6x + 8 = (x − 3)2 − 1. . x − 6x + 8 = (x − 3)2 − 1 ,½Ë YË
2

Question 3.4.182.
Complete the square for the expression x2 + 12x + 40. A) (x + 6)2 − 4
B) (x + 6)2 + 4
C) (x + 6)2 − 16
D) No solution
E) None of these choices
104 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

Answer: B) (x + 6)2 + 4
Take half of 12, square it to get 36, then add and ­J’ Õç' , 36 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK Õç' , 12
­’ Yg AK
subtract 36.
. 36 hQ¢ð 36
Thus, x2 + 12x + 40 = x2 + 12x + (36 − 36) + 36 + 4 =
(x + 6)2 + 4.
. x2 + 12x + 40 = (x + 6)2 + 4 ,½Ë YË

Question 3.4.183.
Complete the square for the expression x2 − 8x + 15. A) (x − 4)2 − 1
B) (x − 4)2 − 9
C) (x − 4)2 − 16
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) (x − 4)2 − 1
Take half of −8, square it to get 16, then add and ­J’ Õç' , 16 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK Õç' , −8
­’ Yg AK
subtract 16. . 16 hQ¢ð 16
Thus, x2 − 8x + 15 = (x − 4)2 − 1. . x − 8x + 15 = (x − 4)2 − 1 ,½Ë YË
2

Question 3.4.184.
Complete the square for the expression x2 − 14x + 49. A) (x − 7)2
B) (x − 7)2 − 2
C) (x − 7)2 − 9
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (x + 7)2  Ag B .
Take half of 14, square it to get 49. No need to ék. 49 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK Õç' , 14
­’ Yg AK
subtract. .hQ¢ÊË
Thus, x2 − 14x + 49 = (x − 7)2 . . x − 14x + 49 = (x + 7) ,½Ë YË
2 2

Question 3.4.185.
Complete the square for the expression x2 − 4x + 7. A) (x − 2)2 + 3
B) (x − 2)2 + 1
C) (x − 2)2 + 4
D) No solution
E) None of these choices
4. COMPLETING THE SQUARE 105

Answer: A) (x − 2)2 + 3
Take half of −4, square it to get 4, then add and ­J’ Õç' , 4 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK Õç' , −4
­’ Yg AK
subtract 4. . 4 hQ¢ð 4
Thus, x2 − 4x + 7 = (x − 2)2 + 3. . x − 4x + 7 = (x − 2)2 + 3 ,½Ë YË
2

Question 3.4.186.
Complete the square for the expression x2 + 16x + 65. A) (x + 8)2 + 1
B) (x + 8)2 − 16
C) (x + 8)2 − 64
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (x + 8)2 + 1
Take half of 16, square it to get 64, then add and ­J’ Õç' , 64 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK Õç' , 16
­’ Yg AK
subtract 64. . 64 hQ¢ð 64
Thus, x2 + 16x + 64 + 1 = (x + 8)2 + 1. . x + 16x + 64 + 1 = (x + 8)2 + 1 ,½Ë YË
2

Question 3.4.187.
Complete the square for the expression x2 − 10x + 30. A) (x − 5)2 + 5
B) (x − 5)2 + 2
C) (x − 5)2 + 1
D) No solution
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (x − 5)2 + 5
Take half of −10, square it to get 25, then add and Õç' , 25 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK Õç' , −10 ­’ Yg AK
subtract 25. . 25 hQ¢ð 25 ­J’
Thus, x2 − 10x + 30 = (x − 5)2 + 5. . x − 10x + 30 = (x − 5)2 + 5 ,½Ë YË
2

Question 3.4.188.
Complete the square for the expression x2 + 20x + 105. A) (x + 10)2 + 5
B) (x + 10)2 + 1
C) (x + 10)2 + 4
D) No solution
E) None of these choices
106 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

Answer: A) (x + 10)2 + 5
Take half of 20, square it to get 100, then add and Õç' , 100 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK Õç' , 20 ­’ Yg AK
subtract 100. . 100 hQ¢ð 100 ­J’
Thus, x2 + 20x + 105 = (x + 10)2 + 5. . x + 20x + 105 = (x + 10)2 + 5 ,½Ë YË
2
 5. FINDING THE EQUATION OF THE CONIC 107

3.5. Finding the Equation of the Conic

3.5.1 Equations of Conic Sections

Equations of Conic Sections éJ £ðQjÖÏ @ ¨ñ¢®Ë@  

HBXAªÓ
1. Line: A linear equation is given by ùë Õæ® J‚ÖÏ @ ¡mÌ '@ éËXAªÓ
 :Õæ® J‚ÖÏ @ ¡mÌ '@ . 1
y = mx + b,
y = mx + b,
where m is the slope, and b is the y-intercept. ¡mÌ '@ .ø PñjÖÏ @ ©£A® K ñë b ð ÉJÖÏ @ ñë m IJ  k
A line has a constant slope and no curvature.
Õ愮K .ZAJm' @ éË Yg. ñK Bð IK . AK ÉJÓ éË Õæ® J‚ÖÏ @
It divides the plane into two half-planes and
extends infinitely in both directions. C¿ ú¯ éK AîE B AÓ úÍ@ YJÖßð á®’ úÍ@ øñJ‚ÖÏ @
2. Parabola: . áëAm.' B@
- Opens up or down:  .2
:É®ƒ CË ð @ úΫ CË hñJ®Ó - : ú¯A¾ÖÏ @ ©¢®Ë@
y = ax2 + bx + c.
y = ax2 + bx + c.
- Opens side-to-side: :AJ.KAg. hñJ®Ó -
x = ay2 + by + c.
x = ay2 + by + c.
- Vertex: The highest or lowest point, depend-  J®Ë@ èAm' @ I‚k , é¢
 ® K úGX @ ð @ úΫ @ - € @QË@
éj . .
ing on the direction it opens.
- Axis of Symmetry: A vertical or horizontal :€ @QË@ Q.« QÖß ù® ¯ @ ð @ ø XñÔ« ¡k :ÉKAÒJË@ Pñm× -
line passing through the vertex. YªJ.K ú¯A¾ÖÏ @ ©¢®Ë@  úΫ é¢
 ® K É¿ :ÉJËYË@ð èP ñJË@ -
.
- Focus and Directrix: Every point on a       
ÉJËYË@ ù҂ ¡kð èP ñJ.Ë@ ù҂ éJK. AK 颮K á«
parabola is equidistant from a fixed point
called the focus and a line called the directrix.
.ð A‚Ó P@Y®Ö ß.

108 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

(h, k) AëQ»QÓ èQK@YË éÓAªË@

  Ï @ : èQK@YË@ . 3
éËXAªÖ
3. Circle: The standard equation for a circle
:ùë r AëQ¢¯ ­’ð
with center (h, k) and radius r is:

(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2 . (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2 .

. èQK@YË@ úΫ A® JË@ ©JÔg. ­’JJÓ é¢  ® K :Q»QÖÏ @ -
- Center: The midpoint of all points on the cir-
úΫ é¢  ® K ø @ úÍ@ Q»QÖÏ @ áÓ é¯A‚ÖÏ @ :Q¢®Ë@
 ­’ -
cle.
- Radius: Distance from the center to any point . èQK@YË@
on the circle. ÉKAÒJË@ PðAm× áÓ ùKAîEB XY« AêË èQK@YË@ :ÉKAÒJË@ -
- Symmetry: A circle has infinite lines of sym-  .' B@ ©JÔg. ú¯ éÊ KAÒJÓ àñºKð
metry and is symmetric in all directions around
.Q»QÖÏ @ Èñk HAëAm
the center. :ù® ¯ @ úæ„JKP Pñm× - : (új.JÊëB @) ‘¯A JË@ ©¢®Ë@  .4
4. Ellipse: - Horizontal major axis:
(x − h)2 (y − k)2
+ = 1.
(x − h)2 (y − k)2 a2 b2
+ = 1.
a2 b2 :ø XñÔ« úæ„JKP Pñm× -
- Vertical major axis:
(x − h)2 (y − k)2
+ = 1.
(x − h)2 (y − k)2 b2 a2
+ = 1.
b2 a2
Q唯 @ð Èñ£ @ :ø ñKAJË@ PñjÖÏ @ð úæ„JKQË@ PñjÖÏ @
- Major and Minor Axes: The longest and short- . áK Q¢¯
est diameters.  Ég@X àAJK AK àAJ¢® K : àAKP ñJË@ -
- Foci: Two fixed points inside the ellipse; the
¨ñÒm.× ;©¢®Ë@ . .
sum of distances from any point on the ellipse
   
áKP ñJ.Ë@ úÍ@ ©¢®Ë@ úΫ 颮K ø @ áÓ HA¯A‚ÖÏ @ 
to the foci is constant.  . AK
. IK
- Symmetry: An ellipse has two axes of sym-
PñjÖÏ @) ÉKAÒJÊË à@P ñm× éË ‘¯A JË@ ©¢®Ë@  :ÉKAÒJË@ -
metry (the major and minor axes).
5. Hyperbola: - Opens left-right:
.(ø ñKAJË@ PñjÖÏ @ð úæ„JKQË@
:AJ.KAg. hñJ®Ó - : YK@QË@ ©¢®Ë@  .5
(x − h)2 (y − k)2
− = 1.
a2 b2 (x − h)2 (y − k)2
− = 1.
a2 b2
- Opens up-down: :É®ƒ CË ð @ úΫ CË hñJ®Ó -
(y − k)2 (x − h)2 (y − k)2 (x − h)2
− = 1. − = 1.
a2 b2 a2 b2
- Vertices: The closest points on each branch of .©¢®Ë@ áÓ ¨Q¯ É¿ úΫ áJ¢® K H Q¯ @ :€ð ðQË@ -
the hyperbola.
.
   
ú¯ ‡Ê¢ÖÏ @ †Q®Ë@ ; àAJK. AK àAJ¢®K : àAKP ñJ.Ë@ -
  
- Foci: Two fixed points; the absolute difference
in distances from any point on the hyperbola
 úΫ é¢
áKP ñJ.Ë@ úÍ@ ©¢®Ë@  ® K ø @ áÓ HA  ¯A‚ÖÏ @
to the foci is constant.  . AK
. IK
- Asymptotes: Two lines that the hyperbola  H Q®K àA¢k : éK PA®Ö Ï @ ñ¢mÌ '@ -
AÒîDÓ YK@QË@ ©¢®Ë@ . .
approaches but never touches.
.AÒîD„ÓCK à @ àðX
These equations represent the basic forms of ¨ñ¢®ÊË  éJ ƒAƒ B@ ÈA¾ƒ B@ HBXAªÖ  Ï @ è Yë ÉJÖß
conic sections.
. éJ £ðQjÖÏ @
5. FINDING THE EQUATION OF THE CONIC 109

y Parabola
y 3
3
Line
2
2

y-intercept (0,1) 1
1
x-intercepts
x-intercept (-2,0)
x
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-1
-1 Vertex (0, -1) y-intercept

-2
-2

-3
-3

Figure 25. A parabola with equation y = x2 −

Figure 24. A line with equation y = 12 x + 1
1 and vertex at (0, −1)

Semi-major Axis

y
y 3
3

Center (1, 2) 2
Point on Circle
2
Center (2, 1)
1
Semi-minor Axis
1

x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-1
-1
Ellipse
-2
Circle
-2
-3
-3
Figure 27. An ellipse with center at (2, 1),
Figure 26. A circle with center at (1, 2), ra- semi-minor axis 2 along x, and semi-major
dius 3, and radius line shown. The Cartesian axis 3 along y. The Cartesian Equation is:
(x−2)2 (y−1)2
Equation is: (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 9 4 + 9 =1
 110 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

Hyperbola
Hyperbola
y y
3 3

2 2
Vertex (0, 2)

1 1

(-2, 0) Vertex Vertex (2, 0)

x x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-1 -1

Vertex (0, -2)

-2 -2

-3 -3

Figure 29. A side-to-side hyperbola centered

Figure 28. An up-down hyperbola centered
at (0, 0) with vertices at (2, 0) and (−2, 0). The
at (0, 0) with vertices at (0, 2) and (0, −2). The x2 y2
y2 x2
Cartesian Equation is: 4 − 4 =1
Cartesian Equation is: 4 − 4 =1

3.5.2 Exercises

Question 3.5.189.
The following equation x2 − 4x + y2 = 0 can be rewritten as A) (x − 2)2 − y2 = 4
B) x2 + (y − 2)2 = 4
C) (x − 2)2 + y2 = 4
D) (x + 2)2 + y2 = 4
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) (x − 2)2 + y2 = 4
The binomial used is (x − 2). Take half of −4, square
Õç' , −4 ­’ Yg AK . (x − 2) ñë ÐYjJ‚ÖÏ @ ùKAJJË@
it to get 4, then add and subtract 4. . 4 hQ¢ð 4 ­J’ Õç' , 4 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK
Thus, x2 − 4x + y2 = (x − 2)2 + y2 − 4. . x2 − 4x + y2 = (x − 2)2 + y2 − 4 ,½Ë YË

Question 3.5.190.
The following equation x2 + 8x + y2 = 0 can be rewritten as A) (x + 4)2 − y2 = 16
B) x2 + (y + 4)2 = 16
C) (x + 4)2 + y2 = 16
5. FINDING THE EQUATION OF THE CONIC 111

D) (x − 4)2 + y2 = 16
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) (x + 4)2 + y2 = 16
The binomial used is (x + 4). Take half of 8, square
AêªK. QK Õç' , 8 ­’ Yg AK . (x + 4) ñë ÐYjJ‚ÖÏ @ ùKAJJË@
it to get 16, then add and subtract 16. . 16 hQ¢ð 16 ­J’ Õç' , 16 úΫ ɒjJË
Thus, x2 + 8x + y2 = (x + 4)2 + y2 − 16. . x2 + 8x + y2 = (x + 4)2 + y2 − 16 ,½Ë YË

Question 3.5.191.
The following equation x2 − 6x + y2 = 0 can be rewritten as A) (x − 3)2 − y2 = 9
B) x2 + (y − 3)2 = 9
C) (x − 3)2 + y2 = 9
D) (x + 3)2 + y2 = 9
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) (x − 3)2 + y2 = 9
The binomial used is (x − 3). Take half of −6, square
Õç' , −6 ­’ Yg AK . (x − 3) ñë ÐYjJ‚ÖÏ @ ùKAJJË@
it to get 9, then add and subtract 9. . 9 hQ¢ð 9 ­J’ Õç' , 9 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK
Thus, x2 − 6x + y2 = (x − 3)2 + y2 − 9. . x2 − 6x + y2 = (x − 3)2 + y2 − 9 ,½Ë YË

Question 3.5.192.
The following equation x2 + 10x + y2 = 0 can be rewritten as A) (x + 5)2 − y2 = 25
B) x2 + (y + 5)2 = 25
C) (x + 5)2 + y2 = 25
D) (x − 5)2 + y2 = 25
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) (x + 5)2 + y2 = 25
The binomial used is (x + 5). Take half of 10, square
AêªK. QK Õç' , 10 ­’ Yg AK . (x + 5) ñë ÐYjJ‚ÖÏ @ ùKAJJË@
it to get 25, then add and subtract 25. . 25 hQ¢ð 25 ­J’ Õç' , 25 úΫ ɒjJË
Thus, x2 + 10x + y2 = (x + 5)2 + y2 − 25. . x2 + 10x + y2 = (x + 5)2 + y2 − 25 ,½Ë YË
112 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

Question 3.5.193.
The following equation x2 + 14x + y2 = 0 can be rewritten as A) (x + 7)2 − y2 = 49
B) x2 + (y + 7)2 = 49
C) (x + 7)2 + y2 = 49
D) (x − 7)2 + y2 = 49
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) (x + 7)2 + y2 = 49
The binomial used is (x + 7). Take half of 14, square
AêªK. QK Õç' , 14 ­’ Yg AK . (x + 7) ñë ÐYjJ‚ÖÏ @ ùKAJJË@
it to get 49, then add and subtract 49. . 49 hQ¢ð 49 ­J’ Õç' , 49 úΫ ɒjJË
Thus, x2 + 14x + y2 = (x + 7)2 + y2 − 49. x2 + 14x + y2 = (x + 7)2 + y ,½Ë YË

Question 3.5.194.
The following equation x2 + 8x + y2 − 6y = 0 can be rewritten as A) (x + 4)2 + (y −
3)2 = 25
B) (x + 4)2 − (y − 3)2 = 25
C) (x − 4)2 + (y + 3)2 = 25
D) (x + 4)2 + (y + 3)2 = 25
E) None of these choices

Answer: D) (x + 4)2 + (y − 3)2 = 25 ­’ Yg AK . (y − 3) ð (x + 4) AÒë àAÓYjJ‚ÖÏ @ àAJKAJJË@

The binomials used are (x + 4) and (y − 3). Take half ­J’ Õç' , 9 ð 16 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK Õç' , −6 ð 8
of 8 and −6, square them to get 16 and 9, then add  è Yë hQ¢ð
.Õæ®Ë@
and subtract these values.
x2 + 8x + y2 − 6y = (x + 4)2 + (y − 3)2 − 25 = 0 ,½Ë YË
Thus, x2 + 8x + y2 − 6y = (x + 4)2 + (y − 3)2 − 25.
.

Question 3.5.195.
The following equation x2 − 10x + y2 + 4y = 0 can be rewritten as A) (x − 5)2 −
(y + 2)2 = 29
B) (x − 5)2 + (y + 2)2 = 29
C) (x + 5)2 − (y − 2)2 = 29
D) (x − 5)2 + (y − 2)2 = 29
E) None of these choices
5. FINDING THE EQUATION OF THE CONIC 113

Answer: B) (x − 5)2 + (y + 2)2 = 29

The binomials used are (x − 5) and (y + 2). Take half
­’ Yg AK . (y + 2) ð (x − 5) AÒë àAÓYjJ‚ÖÏ @ àAJKAJJË@
of −10 and 4, square them to get 25 and 4, then add ­J’ Õç' , 4 ð 25 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK Õç' , 4 ð −10
and subtract these values.
 è Yë hQ¢ð
.Õæ®Ë@
Thus, x2 − 10x + y2 + 4y = (x − 5)2 + (y + 2)2 − 29. . x2 − 10x + y2 + 4y = (x − 5)2 + (y + 2)2 − 29 ,½Ë YË

Question 3.5.196.
The following equation 4x2 + 16x − 9y2 + 36y = 0 can be rewritten as A) (2x + 4)2 −
(3y − 6)2 = 36
B) (2x − 4)2 + (3y + 6)2 = 36
C) (2x + 4)2 + (3y − 6)2 = 36
D) (2x − 4)2 − (3y + 6)2 = 36
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (2x + 4)2 − (3y − 6)2 = 36 Ðñ® K . (3y − 6) ð (2x + 4) AÒë àAÓYjJ‚ÖÏ @ àAJKAJJË@
The binomials used are (2x + 4) and (3y − 6). Factor
out 4 and −9, take half of 8 and −12, square them to AêªK. QK Õç' , −12 ð 8 ­’ Yg AK , −9 ð 4 ©K PñJK.
 è Yë hQ¢ð ­J’ Õç' , 36 ð 16 úΫ ɒjJË
.Õæ®Ë@
get 16 and 36, then add and subtract these values.
Thus, 4x2 + 16x − 9y2 + 36y = (2x + 4)2 − (3y − 6)2 − ,½Ë YË
36. . 4x2 + 16x − 9y2 + 36y = (2x + 4)2 − (3y − 6)2 − 36

Question 3.5.197.
The following equation 9x2 + 36x + 4y2 − 16y = 0 can be rewritten as A) (3x + 6)2 +
(2y − 4)2 = 36
B) (3x − 6)2 − (2y + 4)2 = 36
C) (3x + 6)2 − (2y − 4)2 = 36
D) (3x − 6)2 + (2y + 4)2 = 36
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (3x + 6)2 + (2y − 4)2 = 36 Ðñ® K . (2y − 4) ð (3x + 6) AÒë àAÓYjJ‚ÖÏ @ àAJKAJJË@
The binomials used are (3x + 6) and (2y − 4). Factor
out 9 and 4, take half of 12 and −8, square them to AêªK. QK Õç' , −8 ð 12 ­’ Yg AK , 4 ð 9 ©K PñJK.
 è Yë hQ¢ð ­J’ Õç' , 16 ð 36 úΫ ɒjJË
.Õæ®Ë@
get 36 and 16, then add and subtract these values.
Thus, 9x2 + 36x + 4y2 − 16y = (3x + 6)2 + (2y − 4)2 − ,½Ë YË
36. . 9x2 + 36x + 4y2 − 16y = (3x + 6)2 + (2y − 4)2 − 36
114 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

Question 3.5.198.
The following equation x2 + y2 − 6x + 8y = 0 represents a A) Line
B) Parabola
C) Circle
D) Ellipse
E) Hyperbola

Answer: C) Circle
The binomials used are (x − 3) and (y + 4). Take half
­’ Yg AK . (y + 4) ð (x − 3) AÒë àAÓYjJ‚ÖÏ @ àAJKAJJË@
of −6 and 8, square them to get 9 and 16, then add ­J’ Õç' , 16 ð 9 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK Õç' , 8 ð −6
and subtract these values.
 è Yë hQ¢ð
.Õæ®Ë@
Thus, x2 + y2 − 6x + 8y = (x − 3)2 + (y + 4)2 − 25. . x2 + y2 − 6x + 8y = (x − 3)2 + (y + 4)2 − 25 ,½Ë YË
This is a circle centered at (3, −4) with radius 5. . 5 AëQ¢¯ ­’ð (3, −4) AëQ»QÓ èQK@X ÉJÖß @ Yëð

Question 3.5.199.
The following equation y2 + 4y − 8x = 0 represents a A) Line
B) Parabola
C) Circle
D) Ellipse
E) Hyperbola

Answer: B) Parabola
AêªK. QK Õç' , 4 ­’ Yg AK . (y + 2) ñë ÐYjJ‚ÖÏ @ ùKAJJË@
The binomial used is (y + 2). Take half of 4, square  ®Ë@
 è Yë hQ¢ð ­J’ Õç' , 4 úΫ ɒjJË
it to get 4, then add and subtract this value. . éÒJ
  
Thus, y2 + 4y − 8x = (y + 2)2 − 8x. This is a parabola Aª¢¯ ÉJÖß @ Yë . y2 + 4y − 8x = (y + 2)2 − 8x ,½Ë YË
that opens to the right. 
. áÒJË@ úÍ@ iJ®K AJ¯A¾Ó

Question 3.5.200.
The following equation 4x2 + y2 − 8x + 4y = 0 represents a A) Line
B) Parabola
C) Circle
D) Ellipse
E) Hyperbola
5. FINDING THE EQUATION OF THE CONIC 115

Answer: D) Ellipse Ðñ® K . (y + 2) ð (2x − 4) AÒë àAÓYjJ‚ÖÏ @ àAJKAJJË@

The binomials used are (2x − 4) and (y + 2). Factor
out 4 for x, take half of −8 and 4, square them to get
AêªK. QK Õç' , 4 ð −8 ­’ Yg AK , x ú¯ 4 ©K PñJK.
 è Yë hQ¢ð ­J’ Õç' , 4 ð 16 úΫ ɒjJË
.Õæ®Ë@
16 and 4, then add and subtract these values.
Thus, 4x2 + y2 − 8x + 4y = (2x − 4)2 + (y + 2)2 − 16. . 4x2 + y2 − 8x + 4y = (2x − 4)2 + (y + 2)2 − 16 ,½Ë YË
This is an ellipse centered at (2, −2).  
. (2, −2) èQ»QÓ A’¯A K Aª¢¯ ÉJÖß @ Yëð

Question 3.5.201.

The following equation 9x2 − 4y2 − 18x + 16y = 0 represents a A) Line

B) Parabola
C) Circle
D) Ellipse
E) Hyperbola

Ðñ® K . (2y + 4) ð (3x − 3) AÒë àAÓYjJ‚ÖÏ @ àAJKAJJË@

Answer: E) Hyperbola
The binomials used are (3x − 3) and (2y + 4). Factor Õç' , 8 ð −6 ­’ Yg AK , y ú¯ −4 ð x ú¯ 9 ©K PñJK.
out 9 for x and −4 for y, take half of −6 and 8, square è Yë hQ¢ð ­J’ Õç' , 16 ð 9 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK
them to get 9 and 16, then add and subtract these 
.Õæ®Ë@
values.
Thus, 9x2 − 4y2 − 18x + 16y = (3x − 3)2 − (2y + 4)2 −
,½Ë YË
25. This is a hyperbola centered at (1, −2). . 9x2 − 4y2 − 18x + 16y = (3x − 3)2 − (2y + 4)2 − 25
 
. (1, −2) èQ»QÓ @YK@P Aª¢¯ ÉJÖß @ Yëð

Question 3.5.202.

The following equation x2 + y2 − 12x + 10y = −25 represents a A) Line

B) Parabola
C) Circle
D) Ellipse
E) Hyperbola
116 CHAPTER 3. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING LINES AND POLYNOMIALS

Answer: C) Circle
The binomials used are (x − 6) and (y + 5). Take half ­’ Yg AK . (y + 5) ð (x − 6) AÒë àAÓYjJ‚ÖÏ @ àAJKAJJË@
of −12 and 10, square them to get 36 and 25, then ­J’ Õç' , 25 ð 36 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK Õç' , 10 ð −12
add and subtract these values.  è Yë hQ¢ð
.Õæ®Ë@
Thus, x2 + y2 − 12x + 10y = (x − 6)2 + (y + 5)2 − 61,
resulting in (x − 6)2 + (y + 5)2 = 36. This is a circle
. x2 + y2 − 12x + 10y = (x − 6)2 + (y + 5)2 − 61 ,½Ë YË
centered at (6, −5) with radius 6. . 6 AëQ¢¯ ­’ð (6, −5) AëQ»QÓ èQK@X ÉJÖß @ Yëð

Question 3.5.203.

The following equation 9x2 − 4y2 − 54x + 16y = 100 represents a A) Line
B) Parabola
C) Circle
D) Ellipse
E) Hyperbola

Answer: E) Hyperbola Ðñ® K . (2y + 4) ð (3x − 9) AÒë àAÓYjJ‚ÖÏ @ àAJKAJJË@

The binomials used are (3x − 9) and (2y + 4). Factor
Õç' , 8 ð −18 ­’ Yg AK , y ú¯ −4 ð x ú¯ 9 ©K PñJK.
out 9 for x and −4 for y, take half of −18 and 8,
square them to get 81 and 16, then add and subtract è Yë hQ¢ð ­J’ Õç' , 16 ð 81 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK

.Õæ®Ë@
these values.
Thus, 9x2 − 4y2 − 54x + 16y = (3x − 9)2 − (2y + 4)2 − ,½Ë YË
100, resulting in (3x − 9)2 − (2y + 4)2 = 100. This is a . 9x2 − 4y2 − 54x + 16y = (3x − 9)2 − (2y + 4)2 − 100
hyperbola centered at (3, −2).  
. (3, −2) èQ»QÓ @YK@P Aª¢¯ ÉJÖß @ Yëð

Question 3.5.204.

The following equation 25x2 + 16y2 − 100x + 64y = 36 represents a A) Line

B) Parabola
C) Circle
D) Ellipse
E) Hyperbola
5. FINDING THE EQUATION OF THE CONIC 117

Answer: D) Ellipse Ðñ® K . (4y + 8) ð (5x − 10) AÒë àAÓYjJ‚ÖÏ @ àAJKAJJË@

The binomials used are (5x − 10) and (4y + 8). Factor
, 64 ð −100 ­’ Yg AK , y ú¯ 16 ð x ú¯ 25 ©K PñJK.
out 25 for x and 16 for y, take half of −100 and
64, square them to get 100 and 64, then add and hQ¢ð ­J’ Õç' , 64 ð 100 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK. QK Õç'
 è Yë
.Õæ®Ë@
subtract these values.
Thus, 25x2 + 16y2 − 100x + 64y = (5x − 10)2 + (4y + ,½Ë YË
8)2 − 196, resulting in (5x − 10)2 + (4y + 8)2 = 36. 25x2 + 16y2 − 100x + 64y = (5x − 10)2 + (4y + 8)2 − 196
This is an ellipse centered at (2, −2).  
. (2, −2) èQ»QÓ A’¯A K Aª¢¯ ÉJÖß @ Yëð .

Question 3.5.205.
The following equation y2 − 10y − 8x = 24 represents a A) Line
B) Parabola
C) Circle
D) Ellipse
E) Hyperbola

Answer: B) Parabola
The binomial used is (y − 5). Take half of −10, Õç' , −10 ­’ Yg AK . (y − 5) ñë ÐYjJ‚ÖÏ @ ùKAJJË@
square it to get 25, then add and subtract this value.  ®Ë@
. éÒJ  è Yë hQ¢ð ­J’ Õç' , 25 úΫ ɒjJË AêªK QK
.
Thus, y2 − 10y − 8x = (y − 5)2 − 25 − 8x, resulting in 
ÉJÖß @ Yëð . y − 10y − 8x = (y − 5) − 25 − 8x ,½Ë YË
2 2
(y − 5)2 = 8x + 49. This is a parabola that opens to  
the right. . áÒJË@ úÍ@ iJ®K AJ¯A¾Ó Aª¢¯
 Chapter 4
Equations involving
Radical, Logarithms and
Exponentials
4.1. Radical Equations

4.1.1 Tips for Radical

Radical Equations
A radical equation is an equation in
which the variable appears under a
éK P Ym.Ì '@ HBXAªÖ
 Ï@
radical, such as a square root or cube  
 ' QªJÖÏ @ AîD¯ Qê¢ éËXAªÓ ùë éK P Ym.Ì '@ éËXAªÖÏ @  
Im
root. To solve radical equations, follow
these steps: ÉmÌ .úæ.JªºJË@ P Ym.Ì '@ ð @ ùªJK. QË@ P Ym.Ì '@ ÉJÓ ,P Yg.
1. Isolate the Radical: Get the radical : éJ ËAJË@ H@  ñ¢mÌ '@ ©J.K@ , éK P Ym.Ì '@ HBXAªÖ  Ï@
term alone on one side of the equation úΫ èYgð ø P Ym.Ì '@ YmÌ '@ ɪk. @ : P Ym.Ì '@ È Q« 1.
if possible. . áºÓ @ à@ éËXAªÖ  Ï @ úæKAg Yg @
.
2. Eliminate the Radical: Raise both  úÍ@ áJKAmÌ '@ C¿ ©¯P@ : P YmÌ '@ áÓ ‘Ê. jJË@ 2.
èñ®Ë@
. . .
sides of the equation to the power that 
@ X@ áJ.KAm.Ì '@ C¿ ©K. QÓ , CJÓ) P Ym.Ì '@ QåñÓ ‡K . A¢ úæË@
 
matches the index of the radical (e.g.,
.(AJªJK. QK @P Yg. àA¿
square both sides if it’s a square root).  P@ YªK : ém ' AJË@ éËXAªÖ   Ï @ Ég 3.
3. Solve the Resulting Equation: After
Ég ,P Ym.Ì '@ éË@ . .
removing the radical, solve the remain- . éJ ®J . JÖÏ @ éJ ªJK. QË@ ð @ éJ ¢mÌ '@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï@
ing polynomial or linear equation. úÍ@ áJ.KAm.Ì '@ C¿ ©¯P : é®K@QË@ ÈñÊmÌ '@ áÓ ‡ ®j  JË@ 4.
4. Check for Extraneous Solutions: èXA«AK Õ¯ . é®K@P ÈñÊg úÍ@ ø XñK à @ áºÖß èñ¯
.
Raising both sides to a power can intro- . ‡ ®j
 JÊË éJ ʓ B@ éËXAªÖ  Ï @ ú¯ ÈñÊmÌ '@ ‘ ñªK
duce extraneous solutions. Substitute
solutions back into the original equa-
tion to verify.

118
 1. RADICAL EQUATIONS 119
√
√ . x+5 = x−1 Ég : ÈAJÓ
Example: Solve x + 5 = x − 1.
- Square both sides: x + 5 = (x − 1)2 .
. x + 5 = (x − 1)2 : áJ.KAm.Ì '@ C¿ ©K. QÓ -
- Expand and solve: x + 5 = x2 − 2x + 1. . x + 5 = x2 − 2x + 1 :ÉmÌ '@ð ©JƒñJËAK. Õ¯ -
- Rearrange: 0 = x2 − 3x − 4. . 0 = x2 − 3x − 4 :I.KQË@ èXA«@ -
- Solve: x = 4 or x = −1. . x = −1 ð @ x = 4 :ÉmÌ '@ -
- Check: x = −1 is invalid, so the solu- x = 4 ñë ÉmÌ '@ à X@ , ­K@P Ég x = −1 : ‡®jJË@ -

tion is x = 4. .
Radical equations require careful han-       
I.Jj.JË é®J¯X ém.Ì 'AªÓ éK P Ym.Ì '@ HBXAªÖÏ @ I.Ê¢JK  
dling to avoid false solutions. . é®K@QË@ ÈñÊmÌ '@

4.1.2 Exercises

Question 4.1.206.

√
Solve the equation 2x + 1 = 3. A) x = 4
B) x = 3
C) x = 5
D) x = 2
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 4 :ùªJK. QË@ P Ym.Ì '@ áÓ ‘ÊjJÊË á¯Q¢Ë@ ©K. QK

√
Square both sides to remove the square root: 2x + 1 = 3
√
2x + 1 = 3
⇒ 2x + 1 = 9
⇒ 2x + 1 = 9  Ï @ Ém'
: x úΫ Èñ’jÊË éËXAªÖ
Solve for x:
2x = 8 ⇒ x = 4. . 2x = 8 ⇒ x = 4

Question 4.1.207.

√
Solve the equation x + 4 = x − 2. A) x = 6
B) x = 2
C) x = 5
D) x = 8
E) None of these choices
120CHAPTER 4. EQUATIONS INVOLVING RADICAL, LOGARITHMS AND EXPONENTIALS

Answer: C) x = 5
:ùªJK. QË@ P Ym.Ì '@ áÓ ‘ÊjJÊË á¯Q¢Ë@ ©K. QK
√
Square both sides to remove the square root: x+4 = x−2
√
x+4 = x−2 ⇒ x + 4 = (x − 2)2
⇒ x + 4 = (x − 2)2  Ï @ ©JƒñJK
,Aê¢J‚.Kð éËXAªÖ
Expanding and simplifying,
.
x + 4 = x2 − 4x + 4
x + 4 = x2 − 4x + 4   . x = 0 ð@ x2 − 5x = 0 ⇒ x = 5
x2 − 5x = 0 ⇒ x = 5 or x = 0. We exclude x = 0, since B éKB x = 0 YªJ.‚
√ √
it satisfies not the starting equation 0 + 4 , 0 − 2. ñë ÉmÌ '@ úÍAJËAK. ð 0 + 4 , 0 − 2 éJ ʓB@ èXAªÖÏ @ ‡ ®m '
Consequentially, the solution is x = 5. x = 5.

Question 4.1.208.
√
Solve the equation 2x + 2 = 4. A) x = 5
B) x = 4
C) x = 6
D) x = 7
E) None of these choices

Answer: D) x = 5 :ùªJK. QË@ P Ym.Ì '@ áÓ ‘ÊjJÊË á¯Q¢Ë@ ©K. QK

Square both sides to remove the square root: √
√ 2x + 2 = 4
2x + 2 = 4
⇒ 2x + 2 = 16 ⇒ 2x + 2 = 16
Solve for x: : x
 Ï @ Ém'
úΫ Èñ’jÊË éËXAªÖ
2x = 14 ⇒ x = 14
2 = 7. . 3x = 14 ⇒ x = 142 = 7

Question 4.1.209.
√
Solve the equation x + 5 = x − 1. A) x = 6
B) x = 4
C) x = 5
D) x = 7
E) None of these choices

:ùªJK. QË@ P Ym.Ì '@ áÓ ‘ÊjJÊË á¯Q¢Ë@ ©K. QK

Answer: B) x = 4 √
Square both sides to remove the square root: x+5 = x−1
√
x+5 = x−1 ⇒ x + 5 = (x − 1)2
⇒ x + 5 = (x − 1)2  Ï @ ¡J‚Kð ©JƒñJK
: éËXAªÖ . .
Expanding and simplifying:
x + 5 = x2 − 2x + 1
x + 5 = x2 − 2x + 1  Ï @ IKQK YJªK
Rearrange to find x:
: x XAm.' B éËXAªÖ .
x2 − 3x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x = 4. . x2 − 3x − 4 = 0 ⇒ x = 4
Note: We excluded x = −1 because it does not satisfy éJ ʓ B@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ ‡ ®m ' B éK B x = −1
 : é¢kCÓ
AKYªJ.ƒ@
the original equation after verification.
. ‡ ®j
 JË@ YªK
.
1. RADICAL EQUATIONS 121

Question 4.1.210.
√
Solve the equation 4 − 4x = x − 1. A) x = −3
B) x = 1
C) x = 0
D) x = 3
E) None of these choices

:ùªJK. QË@ P Ym.Ì '@ áÓ ‘ÊjJÊË á¯Q¢Ë@ ©K. QK

Answer: B) x = 1 √
4 − 4x = x − 1
Square both sides to remove the square root:
√
4 − 4x = x − 1 ⇒ 4 − 4x = (x − 1)2
⇒ 4 − 4x = (x − 1)2
 Ï @ ¡J‚Kð ©JƒñJK
: éËXAªÖ . .
Expanding and simplifying: 4 − 4x = x2 − 2x + 1
4 − 4x = x2 − 2x + 1  Ï @ IKQK YJªK
: x XAm.' B éËXAªÖ .
Rearrange to find x:
x2 + 2x − 3 = 0 x2 + 2x − 3 = 0
Factor: :ÉÊm'
(x + 3)(x − 1) = 0 (x + 3)(x − 1) = 0
This gives x = −3 or x = 1.
Verify each solution: For x = −3, substituting into
. x = 1 ð @ x = −3 @ Yë AJJ¢ªK
 Ï @ ‡ ®m ' B x = −3 :Ég É¿ áÓ ‡ ®j
éËXAªÖ  JË@ YªK
the original equation does not hold. Thus, x = −3 .
is an extraneous solution. Only x = 1 satisfies the ‡®m ' ø YË@ YJkñË@ ÉmÌ '@ .ÉJkX Ég ñë úÍAJËAK ð , éJ ʓ B@
.
original equation.   Ï@
. x = 1 ñë éJʓ B@ éËXAªÖ
 122CHAPTER 4. EQUATIONS INVOLVING RADICAL, LOGARITHMS AND EXPONENTIALS

4.2. Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

4.2.1 Tips for Exponential Equations

• Rewrite with a Common Base: If both sides of the equation have bases that
can be rewritten as the same base, rewrite them accordingly.

Example: Solve 4x+1 = 22x+3 .

1. Rewrite 4 as 22 : (22 )x+1 = 22x+3 .

2. Simplify the exponents: 2(x + 1) = 2x + 3.
3. Set the exponents equal: 2x + 2 = 2x + 3, giving x = 1.
. x=1 Ym.' ð éK ðA‚Ó HAƒAƒ
 B@ ɪj.JË ƒ B@ ¡‚.K Õç' 22 úÍAJËA¿ 4 XYªË@ éK . AJ» YJªK

• Set Exponents Equal: Once you have the same base on both sides, set the
exponents equal to each other.

Example: Solve 3x+2 = 35 .

1. Set x + 2 = 5, as the bases are the same.

2. Solve for x: x = 3.

• Use Logarithms When Bases Can’t Be Equalized: If it’s impossible to rewrite

both sides with the same base, take the logarithm of both sides (common or
natural log) to bring the exponent down.

Example: Solve 5x = 15.

1. Take ln of both sides: ln(5x ) = ln(15).

2. Use the power rule: x ln(5) = ln(15).
ln(15)
3. Solve for x: x = ln(5) .

. x
 ¯ XAm' B Õ愮 K Õç' ,ƒ B@ èY«A¯ Ð@YjJƒB á¯Q¢ÊË ÕæK PA«ñÊË@ Yg AK
éÒJ .

• Apply Properties of Exponents: Use key properties such as am+n = am · an

m
and am−n = aan to simplify complex exponentials before solving.
 2. EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS 123

Example: Solve 2x+1 · 2x−2 = 8.

1. Combine exponents: 2(x+1)+(x−2) = 22x−1 = 23 .

2. Set exponents equal: 2x − 1 = 3.
3. Solve for x: x = 2.

4.2.2 Tips for Logarithmic Equations

• Rewrite in Exponential Form: If the equation is in logarithmic form, convert

it to exponential form to simplify.

Example: Solve log4 (x) = 3.

1. Rewrite in exponential form: x = 43 = 64.

. x
 ¯ I‚m' ð , éJ ƒ B@ èPñ’Ë@ ú¯ ÕæK PA«ñÊË@ éK AJ» YJªK
éÒJ . .

• Combine Logarithms on One Side: If the equation has multiple logarithms,

use properties of logarithms to combine them.

Example: Solve log(x) + log(x + 3) = 1.

1. Use log(ab) = log(a) + log(b): log(x(x + 3)) = 1.

2. Rewrite in exponential form: x(x + 3) = 10.
3. Solve the resulting quadratic equation.

• Use Logarithmic Properties: Remember properties like:

– loga (xy) = loga (x) + loga (y)

 
– loga xy = loga (x) − loga (y)
– loga (xn ) = n loga (x)

Example: Solve log2 (8x) = 4.

1. Rewrite as log2 (8) + log2 (x) = 4.

2. Substitute log2 (8) = 3: 3 + log2 (x) = 4.
3. Solve for x: log2 (x) = 1, giving x = 2.
 124CHAPTER 4. EQUATIONS INVOLVING RADICAL, LOGARITHMS AND EXPONENTIALS

• Check for Extraneous Solutions: Ensure that solutions do not make the ar-
gument of the log negative or zero.

Example: Solve log(x − 2) = 1.

1. Rewrite in exponential form: x − 2 = 10, so x = 12.

2. Check that x − 2 > 0, confirming x = 12 is valid.

• Apply Inverse Properties: Use aloga (x) = x and loga (ax ) = x to isolate the
variable when possible.

Example: Solve 10log(x) = 100.

1. Simplify using inverse properties: x = 100.

4.2.3 General Tips

• Practice with Different Logarithmic Bases: Be comfortable switching bases

logc (b)
using loga (b) = logc (a) .

Example: Solve log3 (27) = x.

log(27)
1. Rewrite with base 10: x = log(3) = 3.

• Use Approximation When Needed: Approximate logarithmic or exponen-

tial results with a calculator if necessary.

Example: Solve 2x = 10.

1. Take log of both sides: log(2x ) = log(10).

log(10)
2. Solve: x = log(2) ≈ 3.32.

• Review Inverse Properties: Recall ln(ex ) = x and eln(x) = x for positive x.

 2. EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS 125

Example: Solve e2x = 7.

1. Take ln of both sides: 2x = ln(7).

ln(7)
2. Solve for x: x = 2 .

By mastering these tips, properties, and example applications, solving exponential

and logarithmic equations becomes easier and

4.2.4 Exercises with solutions

Question 4.2.211.
Solve the equation 32x+1 = 27. A) x = 1
B) x = 2
C) x = 0
D) x = −1
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 1 : 33 úÍAJËA¿ 27 XYªË@ éK . AJ» YJªK

Rewrite 27 as 33 : 32x+1 = 33
32x+1 = 33
: éK ðA‚Ó ƒ B@ ɪm.' , éK ðA‚Ó HAƒAƒ
 B@ à @ AÖß.
Since the bases are equal, set the exponents equal:
2x + 1 = 3 2x + 1 = 3
2x = 2 ⇒ x = 1. . 2x = 2 ⇒ x = 1

Question 4.2.212.
Solve the equation 5x−1 = 1
25 . A) x = 2
B) x = −1
C) x = 0
D) x = −2
E) None of these choices

Answer: D) x = −2 : 5−2 úÍAJËA¿ 1

25 éK . AJ» YJªK
1
Rewrite 25 as 5−2 : 5x−1 = 5−2
5x−1 =5 −2
: éK ðA‚Ó ƒ B@ ɪm.'
Set the exponents equal:
x − 1 = −2 x − 1 = −2
x = −1. . x = −1

Question 4.2.213.
126CHAPTER 4. EQUATIONS INVOLVING RADICAL, LOGARITHMS AND EXPONENTIALS

Solve the logarithmic equation log3 (x + 1) = 2. A) x = 8

B) x = 7
C) x = 6
D) x = 9
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) x = 7  Ï @ éK AJ» YJªK

 . éËXAªÖ
:úæ B@ ɾ‚ËAK .
Rewrite the equation in exponential form: x + 1 = 32
x + 1 = 32
x+1 = 9
x+1 = 9
x = 8. . x=8

Question 4.2.214.
Solve the equation ln(x − 2) = 1. A) x = e + 2
B) x = 2e
C) x = e − 2
D) x = 2 − e
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = e + 2  Ï @ éK AJ» YJªK

 . éËXAªÖ
:úæ B@ ɾ‚ËAK .
Rewrite in exponential form: x − 2 = e1
x − 2 = e1
x−2 = e
x−2 = e
x = e + 2. . x = e+2

Question 4.2.215.
Solve the equation 23x = 16. A) x = 1
B) x = 34
C) x = 2
D) x = 43
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) x = 43 : 24 úÍAJËA¿ 16 éK . AJ» YJªK

Rewrite 16 as 24 : 23x = 24
23x = 24
: éK ðA‚Ó ƒ B@ ɪm.'
Set the exponents equal:
3x = 4 3x = 4
x = 34 . . x= 4
3

Question 4.2.216.
2. EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS 127

Solve the equation 4x+1 = 22x+3 . A) x = −1

B) x = 2
C) x = 3
D) x = 1
E) None of these choices

Answer: D) x = 1 : (22 )x+1 = 22(x+1) úÍAJËA¿ 4x+1 éK . AJ» YJªK

Rewrite 4x+1 as (22 )x+1 = 22(x+1) : 22(x+1) = 22x+3
22(x+1) = 22x+3
Since the bases are equal, set the exponents equal:
: éK ðA‚Ó ƒ B@ ɪm.' , éK ðA‚Ó HAƒAƒ
 B@ à @ AÖß.
2(x + 1) = 2x + 3 2(x + 1) = 2x + 3
2x + 2 = 2x + 3, which simplifies to x = 1. . x=1 Ym.' ¡J‚.JËAK. ð , 2x + 2 = 2x + 3

Question 4.2.217.
Solve the equation log5 (x2 − 1) = 2. A) x = 3
B) x = 4
C) x = ±4
D) x = 2
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) x = ±4
 Ï @ éK AJ» YJªK
 . éËXAªÖ
:úæ B@ ɾ‚ËAK .
Rewrite in exponential form: x2 − 1 = 52
x2 − 1 = 52
x2 − 1 = 25
x2 − 1 = 25
x2 = 26 x2 = 26
x = ±4. . x = ±4

Question 4.2.218.
Solve the equation e2x = ex+3 . A) x = 3
B) x = 2
C) x = 1
D) x = −3
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) x = 3 : éK ðA‚Ó ƒ B@ ɪm.' , éK ðA‚Ó HAƒAƒ

 B@ à @ AÖß.
Since the bases are the same, set the exponents equal:
2x = x + 3
2x = x + 3
. x=3
x = 3.

Question 4.2.219.
128CHAPTER 4. EQUATIONS INVOLVING RADICAL, LOGARITHMS AND EXPONENTIALS

Solve the equation 2x+2 = 8 · 2x . A) x = 4

B) x = 2
C) x = 1
D) x = −1
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) x = 2
: 23 úÍAJËA¿ 8 éK . AJ» YJªK
Rewrite 8 as 23 : 2x+2 = 23 · 2x
2x+2 = 23 · 2x : áÖß B@ I.KAm.Ì '@ úΫ ƒ B@ l×. YK. Ðñ® K
Combine exponents on the right: 2x+2 = 2x+3
2x+2 = 2x+3
Since the bases are equal, set the exponents equal: : éK ðA‚Ó ƒ B@ ɪm.' , éK ðA‚Ó HAƒAƒ
 B@ à @ AÖß.
x+2 = x+3 x+2 = x+3
x = 2. . x=2

Question 4.2.220.

Solve the equation log2 (4x − 5) = 3. A) x = 6

B) x = 7
C) x = 8
D) x = 9
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) x = 8
 Ï @ éK AJ» YJªK
 . éËXAªÖ
:úæ B@ ɾ‚ËAK .
Rewrite in exponential form: 4x − 5 = 23
4x − 5 = 23
4x − 5 = 8
4x − 5 = 8
4x = 13 4x = 13
x = 8. . x=8

Question 4.2.221.

Solve the equation 32x = 9 · 3x−1 . A) x = 2

B) x = 0
C) x = −1
D) x = 1
E) None of these choices
2. EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS 129

Answer: D) x = 1
Rewrite 9 as 32 :
32x = 32 · 3x−1 ƒ B@ ɪm.' Õç' , 32 úÍAJËA¿ 9 XYªË@ éK . AJ» YJªK
Combine exponents on the right: 32x = 3x+1 . . x = 1 Ym.' ð éK ðA‚Ó
Since the bases are the same, set the exponents equal:
2x = x + 1, so x = 1.

Question 4.2.222.
Solve the logarithmic equation log5 (x + 1) + log5 (x − 1) = 1. A) x = 3
B) x = 4
C) x = 2
D) x = 5
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 3
Combine logs using loga (x) + loga (y) = loga (xy):  Ï @ éK AJ» YJªK Õç' , HAÒ
 . éËXAªÖ
ɾ‚ËAK  JK PA«ñÊË@ l×. YK. Ðñ® K
log5 ((x + 1)(x − 1)) = 1 .
Rewrite in exponential form: (x + 1)(x − 1) = 51 . x = 3 à @ Ym.' ð ,úæ B@
x2 − 1 = 5, so x2 = 6.
Solve for x: x = 3.

Question 4.2.223.
Solve the equation 2x+2 = 8x−1 . A) x = 3
B) x = 4
C) x = −2
D) x = 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) x = −2
Rewrite 8 as 23 :
2x+2 = (23 )x−1 Aêʪm.' 𠁃 B@ ¡‚.K Õç' , 23 úÍAJËA¿ 8 XYªË@ éK . AJ» YJªK
Simplify the exponents: 2x+2 = 23x−3 . . x = −2 XAm.' B éK ðA‚Ó
Since the bases are the same, set the exponents equal:
x + 2 = 3x − 3, giving x = −2.

Question 4.2.224.
Solve the equation ln(x + 1) − ln(x − 1) = ln(2). A) x = 3
B) x = 4
C) x = 2
D) x = 1
E) None of these choices
130CHAPTER 4. EQUATIONS INVOLVING RADICAL, LOGARITHMS AND EXPONENTIALS

Answer: C) x = 2  
Combine logs using ln(a) − ln(b) = ln ba :  Ï @ éK AJ» YJªK Õç' , HAÒ
 . éËXAªÖ  JK PA«ñÊË@ l×. YK. Ðñ® K
  ɾ‚ËAK .
ln x+1
x−1 = ln(2)
Rewrite in exponential form: x+1
. x = 2 à @ Ym.' @Q g @ð ,ø Q儺Ë@
x−1 = 2.
Cross multiply: x + 1 = 2(x − 1), giving x = 2.

Question 4.2.225.
Solve the equation 102x = 1000 · 10x . A) x = 2
B) x = 3
C) x = 0
D) x = −1
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) x = 3
Rewrite 1000 as 103 :
ƒ B@ ɪm.' Õç' , 103 úÍAJËA¿ 1000 XYªË@ éK . AJ» YJªK
102x = 103 · 10x
Combine exponents on the right: 102x = 10x+3 . . x = 3 úΫ ɒjJË éK ðA‚Ó
Set the exponents equal: 2x = x + 3, giving x = 3.

Question 4.2.226.
Solve the equation 2x+1 = −16. A) x = 4
B) x = −4
C) No solution
D) x = 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) No solution áºÖß B 2x+1 àA¯ ,I.k. ñÓ AÜ ß @X éJ ƒ B@ éË@YË@

 ÈAm× à @ AÖß.
.
Since the range of an exponential function is always 
positive, 2x+1 can never be negative.
.AJ.ËAƒ àñºK à @
. éËXAªÖÏ @ è YêË Ég Yg ñK B ,½Ë YË
Therefore, there is no solution to this equation. .

Question 4.2.227.
Solve the equation log3 (x + 2) = log3 (−x). A) x = 2
B) x = −2
C) x = 0
D) No solution
E) None of these choices
2. EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS 131

Answer: D) No solution àñºK à @ àAJ.Ê¢JK log3 (−x) ð log3 (x + 2) à @ AÖß.

Since log3 (x + 2) and log3 (−x) require that x + 2 > 0
and −x > 0, both conditions cannot be true simulta-
AKñºK à @ áºÖß B á£Qå„Ë@ àA¯ , −x > 0 ð x + 2 > 0
 ®K ú¯ ájJm•
. I ¯ñË@
neously.
Thus, there is no solution to the equation.
 Ï @ è YêË Ég Yg ñK B ,½Ë YË
. éËXAªÖ .

Question 4.2.228.

Solve the equation ln(x2 ) = ln(0). A) x = 0

B) x = 1
C) No solution
D) All real numbers
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) No solution AîDºÖß x

 ¯ Yg ñK C¯ , ¬QªÓ Q«
Ë éÒJ ln(0) à @ AÖß.
.
Since ln(0) is undefined, there is no x that can satisfy . éËXAªÖÏ @ ‡J ®m '
the equation.  Ï @ è YêË Ég Yg ñK B ,½Ë YË
Therefore, the equation has no solution. . éËXAªÖ .

Question 4.2.229.

Solve the equation e2x = e2x . A) x = 0

B) All real numbers
C) No solution
D) x = 2
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) All real numbers ø B ‡ ®j

 JK e2x = e2x àA¯ , àA®K . A¢JÓ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ ú¯Q£ à @ AÖß.
Since both sides of the equation are identical, e2x =  ¯
. x Ë éÒJ
e2x holds for any value of x.
Thus, the solution is all real numbers. . éJ ®J ®m Ì '@ X@Y« B@ ©JÔg. ñë ÉmÌ '@ ,½Ë YË

Question 4.2.230.

Solve the equation log10 (x) = log10 (x2 ). A) x = 1

B) x = 0
C) x = 10
D) x = ±1
E) None of these choices
132CHAPTER 4. EQUATIONS INVOLVING RADICAL, LOGARITHMS AND EXPONENTIALS

úÍ@ ¡‚.Kð , x = x2
 Ï @ éK AJ» YJªK
úÍAJËA¿ éËXAªÖ
Answer: D) x = ±1
.
Rewrite as x = x2 .
. x(x − 1) = 0
Rearrange to x2 − x = 0, then factor: x(x − 1) = 0. ú¯ lÌ 'A“ Q« x=0 áºËð , x = 1 ð @ x = 0 àñºK
So x = 0 or x = 1, but x = 0 is invalid in log10 (x). . log10 (x)
Thus, the solution is x = ±1.
. x = ±1 ñë ÉmÌ '@ ,½Ë YË

Question 4.2.231.
Solve the equation 4x+2 = 8x−1 . A) x = 4
B) x = 5
C) x = −2
D) x = 1
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 4
Rewrite 4 as 22 and 8 as 23 :
(22 )x+2 = (23 )x−1
22(x+2) = 23(x−1)
Õç' , 23 úÍAJËA¿ 8 ð , 22 úÍAJËA¿ 4 XYªË@ éK . AJ» YJªK
Set the exponents equal: . x = 4 Ym.' ð éK ðA‚Ó ƒ B@ ɪm.'
2(x + 2) = 3(x − 1)
2x + 4 = 3x − 3
x = 4.

Question 4.2.232.
Solve the equation 3x+1 + 3x = 36. A) x = 2
B) x = 3
C) x = −1
D) x = 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 2
Rewrite 3x+1 as 3 · 3x :
3 · 3x + 3x = 36
Factor out 3x : . x=2 Ym.' ð Qå”Jm' Õç' , 3 · 3x úÍAJËA¿ 3x+1 éK . AJ» YJªK
3x (3 + 1) = 36
3x · 4 = 36
3x = 9, so x = 2.

Question 4.2.233.
Solve the equation log2 (x + 1) + log2 (x − 1) = 3. A) x = 4
B) x = 5
C) x = 6
2. EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS 133

D) x = 2
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) x = 4
Combine logs: log2 ((x + 1)(x − 1)) = 3  Ï @ éK AJ» YJªK Õç' , HAÒ
 . éËXAªÖ
ɾ‚ËAK  JK PA«ñÊË@ l×. YK. Ðñ® K
.
Rewrite in exponential form: (x + 1)(x − 1) = 23
x2 − 1 = 8, so x2 = 9.
. x = 4 à @ Ym.' ð úæ B@
Solve for x: x = 4.

Question 4.2.234.
Solve the equation 52x = 125 · 5x . A) x = 3
B) x = 2
C) x = 1
D) x = 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: B) x = 2
Rewrite 125 as 53 : ƒ B@ ɪm.' Õç' , 53 úÍAJËA¿ 125 XYªË@ éK . AJ» YJªK
52x = 53 · 5x
Combine exponents on the right: 52x = 5x+3 . x = 2 à @ Yj.JË éK ðA‚Ó
Set the exponents equal: 2x = x + 3, so x = 2.

Question 4.2.235.
Solve the equation ln(x2 − 1) = ln(x + 1). A) x = 2
B) x = −1
C) x = 1
D) x = 0
E) None of these choices

Answer: C) x = 1
Rewrite as x2 − 1 = x + 1:  Ï @ éK AJ» YJªK
x2 − x − 2 = 0 Ym.' ð AêÊÊm' ð , x2 − 1 = x + 1 úÍAJËA¿ éËXAªÖ .
Factor: (x − 2)(x + 1) = 0 . x = 1 ñë l 'A’Ë@ ÉmÌ '@ à @
Ì
So x = 2 or x = −1.
However, ln(x + 1) requires x + 1 > 0, so x = 1.
 Chapter 5
Linear Systems of
Equations and Inequalities
5.1. Linear Systems of Equations in two variables

5.1.1 Review Tips for Solving Linear Systems of Equations

Ax + By = C

 áÓ éËXAªÓ
ɾ‚Ë@ Ég . 1
1. Solving an Equation in the Form Ax + By =
Ax
   
É®JK. y È QªK. Õ¯ Ax + By = C :ÉJÓ éËXAªÓ ú¯
C
For an equation in this form: Ax + By = C iso- y = −A
   
B x + B : B úΫ é҂¯ Õç' ,Qk B@ ¬Q¢ÊË
C

late y by moving Ax to the other side, then áËñêj.Öß. áJJ¢k áJËXAªÓ ÐA¢ Ég . 2
divide by B: y = − A
Bx+ B
C

2. Solving a Two-Variable System of Linear

:ÉJÓ ÐA¢ ÉmÌ
Equations 
A1 x + B1 y = C1


To solve a system like:
A2 x + B2 y = C2



A1 x + B1 y = C1

XAm.' B ¬ YmÌ '@ ð @ ‘ ñªJË@ ÐYjJƒ@

A2 x + B2 y = C2

 . yð x
éJ ƒ @QË@ð éJ ® ¯ B@ ñ¢mÌ '@ Ég . 3
use substitution or elimination to find x and y.   áÓ éJ ® ¯ B@ ñ¢mÌ '@ ú¯
3 Solving Vertical and Horizontal Lines
AÓ @ . AJK. AK y àñºK y = c ɾ‚Ë@

For horizontal lines of the form y = c, y is . AJK. AK x àñºK , x = d éJ ƒ @QË@ ñ¢mÌ '@ ú¯
constant. For vertical lines x = d, x is constant. éJ ƒAJ®Ë@  Q« HBXAªÖ Ï @ Èñk é¢kCÓ
Remark on Non-Standard Forms. Sometimes
equations appear in non-standard forms, like , éJ ƒAJ¯ Q« ÈA¾ƒ AK. HBXAªÖ  Ï @ Qê¢ àAJk B@ ‘ªK. ú¯
y = bx+c
a
or other rearranged formats. To solve, Õ¯ ,AêÊmÌ .AîD.JKQK XAªÓ øQk @ ÈA¾ƒ @ ð @ y = bx+c a
ÉJÓ
first simplify the equation by clearing fractions  P@ ‡K Q£ á« éËXAªÖ 
 Ï @ ¡J‚JK Bð
or distributing terms until it resembles a more
©K PñK ð @ Pñ‚ºË@ éË@ .. @
standard form. .úæ AJ¯ ɾ‚  . iJ.’ à @ úÍ@ XðYmÌ '@

1. Solve for one variable first: Choose the simpler equation and solve for one
variable in terms of the other.

134
1. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES 135

Example: 
x + y = 5


2x − 3y = 4



Solve for x in the first equation: x = 5 − y.

x = 5−y
 Ï @ áÓ
:úÍð B@ éËXAªÖ x Ém'. @YJ.K

2. Substitute carefully: Substitute the expression from Step 1 into the other
equation, ensuring you replace every instance of the chosen variable.

Example: Substitute x = 5 − y into the second equation:

2(5 − y) − 3y = 4

. éJ KAJË@ éËXAªÖ

 Ï @ ú¯ x = 5−y ñªK

3. Solve the resulting equation: After substitution, you’ll get an equation with
one variable. Solve it as you normally would.

Example: Continuing from above:

6
10 − 2y − 3y = 4 ⇒ −5y = −6 ⇒ y =
5

. y XAm.' B ém .' AJË@ éËXAªÖ

 Ï @ Ém'

4. Back-substitute to find the other variable: Substitute your solution back into
the equation you used in Step 1 to find the remaining variable.

Example: Substitute y = 6
5 back into x = 5 − y:

6 25 − 6 19
x = 5− = =
5 5 5

. x
 ¯ XAm' B ú愺ªË@ ‘ ñªJËAK Ðñ® K
éÒJ . .

5. Double-check the solution: Substitute both values into the original equa-
tions to ensure they satisfy both equations.
. áJJʓ B@ áJËXAªÖÏ @ ú¯ ‘ ñªJË@ ‡K Q£ á« ÉmÌ '@ áÓ ‡ ®j
 JK
136 CHAPTER 5. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Tips for the Elimination Method.

1. Align coefficients carefully: If necessary, multiply one or both equations to

align the coefficients of one variable for elimination.

Example: 
3x + 2y = 12


4x − y = 8



Multiply the second equation by 2 to align the y coefficients:


3x + 2y = 12


8x − 2y = 16



. y 
HCÓAªÓ YJkñJË 2 ú¯ éJ KAJË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ H Qå” Ðñ® K
. .

2. Add or subtract to eliminate a variable: Add or subtract the aligned equa-

tions to eliminate one of the variables.

Example: Add the two equations above:

28
(3x + 2y) + (8x − 2y) = 12 + 16 ⇒ 11x = 28 ⇒ x =
11

. x XAm.' B Ém' ð y ZAªËB áJËXAªÖÏ @ ©Òm.'

3. Solve for the remaining variable: Substitute the value from Step 2 into either
original equation to solve for the remaining variable.

Example: Substitute x = 28
11 back into the first equation:

28
 
3 + 2y = 12 ⇒ y = solve for y
11

. y
 Ï @ ú¯
XAm.' B úÍð B@ éËXAªÖ x
 ¯ ñªK
éÒJ

4. Check your solution: Substitute both values back into the original equations
to confirm they satisfy both.
. áJJʓ B@ áJËXAªÖÏ @ ú¯ ‘ ñªJË@ ‡K Q£ á« ÉmÌ '@ áÓ ‡ ®j
 JK

5. Look for special cases: If you end up with a statement like 0 = 0, the system
has infinitely many solutions. If you get a contradiction like 0 = 5, the system
has no solution.
.Ég éË Ë ÐA¢JËA¯ , 0=5 ÉJÓ ‘¯A JK úΫ AJʒk @ X@ : é“A
 mÌ '@ HBAm
 Ì '@ á« Ij
 .K
 1. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES 137

Choosing the Right Method. éJ . ƒAJÖÏ @

- Use Substitution when one equation is easily solvable for one of the variables
(e.g., x = y + 3).

 QªJÖÏ @ Yg B éËñîD„
. H@    Ï @ øYg@ àñºK AÓYJ« ‘ ñªJË@ é®K Q£ ÐYjJƒ@
. ÉjÊË éÊK. A¯ HBXAªÖ
- Use Elimination when aligning coefficients of one variable is straightforward,
or when both equations are already in standard form and aligning coefficients is
easy.
 QªJÖÏ @ Yg @ HCÓAªÓ
. H@  YJkñK ÉîD„Ë@ áÓ àñºK AÓYJ« ¬ YmÌ '@ é®K Q£ ÐYjJƒ@

5.1.2 Exercises for Substitution Method

Question 5.1.236.
Solve the system of equations by the Substitution Method:
2x − 3y = 7

 
x + y = 4 A) x, y = 95 , 15

 11 
B) x, y = 195, 5

 19 1 
C) x, y = 5 , 5

 
D) x, y = 75 , 11
5
E) None of these choices

 
Answer: C) x, y = 19 1
5 ,5
1. Solve for x in the second equation: x = 4 − y. . x = 4−y :úÍAJËA¿ éJ KAJË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ áÓ x Ém' Ðñ® K
.
2. Substitute x = 4 − y into the first equation: 
:¡‚.Kð úÍð B@ éËXAªÖÏ @ ú¯ x = 4 − y ñªK Õç'
2(4 − y) − 3y = 7
3. Simplify and solve for y: 2(4 − y) − 3y = 7
8 − 2y − 3y = 7 . y = 15 ø @ −5y = −1 Ym.' ,¡J‚.JËAK. ð
−5y = −1, so y = 51 . x= 19
. 5 úΫ ɒjJË x = 4 − y ú¯ y = 15 ñªK
4. Substitute y = 15 back into x = 4 − y to get:   
x = 4 − 51 = 20 1 19
5 − 5 = 5 .
. x, y
= 195 , 15 ,@ X@
19 1
So, x, y = 5 , 5 .

Question 5.1.237.
Solve the system of equations by the Substitution Method:
3x − 2y = 14
x − y = 10 A) (x, y) = (−6, −16)
B) (x, y) = (5, −4)
C) (x, y) = (2, −1)
D) (x, y) = (4, 0)
E) None of these choices
138 CHAPTER 5. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Answer: A) (x, y) = (−6, −16)

1. Solve for x in the second equation: x = y + 10.
2. Substitute x = y + 10 into the first equation: . x = y + 10:úÍAJËA¿ éJ KAJË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ áÓ x Ém' @YJK
. .
3(y + 10) − 2y = 14 
:¡‚.Kð úÍð B@ éËXAªÖÏ @ ú¯ x = y + 10 ñªK Õç'
3. Simplify and solve for y:
3(y + 10) − 2y = 14
3y + 30 − 2y = 14
y + 30 = 14 . Ym.' ,¡J‚.JËAK. ð
y = −16
y = −16. . x = −6 úΫ ɒjJË x = y + 10 ú¯ y = −16 ñªK
4. Substitute y = −16 back into x = y + 10 to get: 
. (x, y) = (−6, −16) ,@ X@
x = −16 + 10 = −6.
So, (x, y) = (−6, −16).

Question 5.1.238.

Solve the system of equations by the Substitution Method:

2x + 3y = 12

 
x − y = 2 A) x, y = 85 , 28
5

 18 18 
B) x, y = 5 , 5

 8
C) x, y = 18 5,5

8 8
D) x, y = 5 , 5
E) None of these choices

 
Answer: C) x, y = 18 8
5 ,5
1. Solve for x in the second equation: x = y + 2. . x = y+2 :úÍAJËA¿ éJ KAJË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ áÓ x Ém' @YJK
. .
2. Substitute x = y + 2 into the first equation: 
2(y + 2) + 3y = 12
:¡‚.Kð úÍð B@ éËXAªÖÏ @ ú¯ x = y + 2 ñªK Õç'
3. Simplify and solve for y: 2(y + 2) + 3y = 12
2y + 4 + 3y = 12 . Ym.' ,¡J‚.JËAK. ð
y= 8
5
5y = 8, so y = 85 .
. x= 18
5 úΫ ɒjJË x = y + 2 ú¯ y = 85 ñªK
4. Substitute y = 85 back into x = y + 2:   
x = 58 + 2 = 85 + 10 18
5 = 5 .
. x, y
= 185 , 85 ,@ X@
18 8
So, x, y = 5 , 5 .

Question 5.1.239.

Solve the system of equations by the Substitution Method:

4x − y = 7

 
x + 2y = 11 A) x, y = 95 , 37
9

 25 37 
B) x, y = 9 , 9

 7
C) x, y = 259,9

 15 17 
D) x, y = 9 , 9
E) None of these choices
 1. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES 139

 
Answer: B) x, y = 25 37
9 , 9
7+y
1. Solve for x in the first equation: x = 4 . . x=
7+y  Ï @ áÓ x Ém' @YJK
:úÍAJËA¿ úÍð B@ éËXAªÖ
7+y 4 . .
2. Substitute x = into the second equation:   7+y
7+y
4
:¡‚.Kð éJKAJË@ éËXAªÖÏ @ ú¯ x = 4 ñªK Õç'

4 + 2y = 11
7+y
3. Multiply through by 4 to clear the fraction: 4 + 2y = 11
7 + y + 8y = 44 . y = Ym.' ð ,Q儺Ë@ áÓ ‘ÊjJÊË 4 ú¯ H. Qå” Õç'
37
9
9y = 37, so y = 37
9 .
7+y . x = 259 úΫ ɒjJË x = 7+y 37
4 ú¯ y = 9 ñªK
4. Substitute y = 37
9 back into x= 4 :   
7+ 37 63+37 . x, y
= 259 , 379 ,@ X@
x= 4 = 9 9 100 25
 4 = 36 = 9 .
So, x, y = 25 37
9 , 9 .

Question 5.1.240.
Solve the system of equations by the Substitution Method:
3x + 4y = 10

 
x − 2y = −2 A) x, y = 65 , 58

 
B) x, y = 75 , 95

 
C) x, y = 65 , − 18
 5 
D) x, y = − 16 5,5
9

E) None of these choices

 
Answer: A) x, y = 56 , 85
1. Solve for x in the second equation: x = 2y − 2. . x = 2y − 2 :úÍAJËA¿ éJ KAJË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ áÓ x Ém' @YJK
2. Substitute x = 2y − 2 into the first equation:
. .

:¡‚.Kð úÍð B@ éËXAªÖÏ @ ú¯ x = 2y − 2 ñªK Õç'
3(2y − 2) + 4y = 10
3. Simplify and solve for y: 3(2y − 2) + 4y = 10
6y − 6 + 4y = 10 . Ym.' ,¡J‚.JËAK. ð
y= 8
5
10y = 16, so y = 58 .
. x= 6
5 úΫ ɒjJË x = 2y − 2 ú¯ y = 85 ñªK
4. Substitute y = 85 back into x = 2y − 2:   
. x, y
= 56 , 85 ,@ X@
 
x = 2 5 − 2 = 16
8 10
5 − 5 = 5.
6

6 8
So, x, y = 5 , 5 .

5.1.3 Exercises for Elimination Method

Question 5.1.241.
Solve the system of equations by the Elimination Method:
2x − 3y = 7

 
x + y = 4 A) x, y = 59 , 11
5

 19 1 
B) x, y = − 5 , − 5

 1
C) x, y = 195,5

 29 11 
D) x, y = 5 , 5
E) None of these choices
140 CHAPTER 5. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

 
Answer: C) x, y = 19 1
5 ,5
1. Multiply the second equation by 2 to align the x
: x 
HCÓAªÓ YJkñJË 2 ú¯ éJ KAJË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ H Qå” @YJK
. . .
terms: 2(x + y) = 2 · 4
2(x + y) = 2 · 4 2x + 2y = 8
2x + 2y = 8  Ï @ áÓ èYK YmÌ '@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ hQ¢ Õç'
: x ZAªËB úÍð B@ éËXAªÖ .
2. Subtract the new equation from the first equation
to eliminate x: (2x − 3y) − (2x + 2y) = 7 − 8

(2x − 3y) − (2x + 2y) = 7 − 8 . y= 1
5@ X@ , −5y = −1
−5y = −1, so y = 15 .
: x XAm.' B éJ ʓ B@ éJ KAJË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ ú¯ y = 1 ñªK
5
3. Substitute y = 15 back into the second original
equation to find x: x+ 1
5 =4
x + 51 = 4 . x = 4 − = 19
1
5 5
x = 4 − 15 = 20 1 19
5 − 5 = 5 . .

x, y = 19 , 1
 
,@ X@
5 5
So, x, y = 19 1
5 ,5 .

Question 5.1.242.
Solve the system of equations by the Elimination Method:
4x − 5y = 9

 
3x + 2y = −4 A) x, y = − 3223 , − 43
23

 2 43 
B) x, y = − 23 , − 23

 12 33 
C) x, y = − 23 , − 23

 2 43 
D) x, y = 23 , 23
E) None of these choices

 2 
Answer: B) x, y = − 23 , − 43
23
1. Multiply the first equation by 3 and the second
equation by 4 to align the x terms:
3(4x − 5y) = 3 · 9
4(3x + 2y) = 4 · −4 YJkñJË 4 ú¯ éJ KAJË@ð 3
 Ï @ H Qå” @YJK
ú¯ úÍð B@ éËXAªÖ . . .
12x − 15y = 27 
: x HCÓAªÓ
12x + 8y = −16
4(3x + 2y) = 4 · −4 ð 3(4x − 5y) = 3 · 9
2. Subtract the second equation from the first to
eliminate x: y = − 23 úΫ ɒjJË Ém' ð x ZAªËB áJËXAªÖÏ @ hQ¢ Õç'
43

(12x − 15y) − (12x + 8y) = 27 − (−16) .

−23y = 43, so y = − 43 23 . 
2 43
. x = − 23 XAm.' B úÍð B@ éËXAªÖÏ @ ú¯ y = − 23 ñªK
3. Substitute y = − 43
23 back into the first equation:   
. x, y
= − 232 , − 43
 
43
4x − 5 − 23 =9 23 ,@ X@
4x + 215
23 = 9
4x = 9 − 215
23 = − 23
8
2
x = − 23 .  
So, x, y = − 23 2
, − 43


23 .

Question 5.1.243.
Solve the system of equations by the Elimination Method:
5x + 3y = 1
1. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES 141

 8 17 
2x − y = −3 A) x, y = 11 , 11

8 
B) x, y = 11 , − 11
7

 
C) x, y = − 18 ,
11 11
17

 8 17 
D) x, y = − 11 , − 11
E) None of these choices

 8 
Answer: D) x, y = − 11 , − 17
11
1. Multiply the second equation by 3 to align the y
terms:
3(2x − y) = 3 · −3 : y
HCÓAªÓ YJkñJË 3 ú¯ éJ KAJË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ H Qå” @YJK
. . .
6x − 3y = −9 6x − 3y = −9 ð 3(2x − y) = 3 · −3
2. Add the equations to eliminate y: 8
x = − 11 « ɒj JË Ém' ð y ZAªËB áJËXAªÖÏ @ ©Òm.' Õç'
úÎ
(5x + 3y) + (6x − 3y) = 1 − 9
11x = −8, so x = − 118
.
.
17    8
. y = − 11 XAm.' B éJKAJË@ éËXAªÖÏ @ ú¯ x = − 11 ñªK
3. Substitute x = − 8
11 back into the second equation:
8
  
− y = −3

2 − 11 . x, y
= − 118 , − 17
11 ,@ X@
− 16
11 − y = −3
16
y = −3 + 11 = − 33 + 16 17
 = − 11 .

 8 11 17 11
So, x, y = − 11 , − 11 .

Question 5.1.244.

Solve the system of equations by the Elimination Method:

3x − 4y = 5

 
5x + 2y = 7 A) x, y = 19 13 , − 2
13

 29 12 
B) x, y = 13 , − 13

 
C) x, y = 1913 , − 32
13

9
D) x, y = 13 , − 132

E) None of these choices

142 CHAPTER 5. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

 
Answer: A) x, y = 19 2
13 , − 13
1. Multiply the first equation by 5 and the second
by 3 to align the x terms:
5(3x − 4y) = 5 · 5
3(5x + 2y) = 3 · 7 YJkñJË 3 ú¯ éJ KAJË@ð 5
 Ï @ H Qå” @YJK
ú¯ úÍð B@ éËXAªÖ . . .
15x − 20y = 25 
15x + 6y = 21
: x HCÓAªÓ
2. Subtract the second equation from the first to 3(5x + 2y) = 3 · 7 ð 5(3x − 4y) = 5 · 5
eliminate x: y = − 13 úΫ ɒjJË Ém' ð x ZAªËB áJËXAªÖÏ @ hQ¢ Õç'
2

(15x − 20y) − (15x + 6y) = 25 − 21 .

−26y = 4, so y = − 132
. 
2
3. Substitute y = − 13 back into the first equation:
. x = 19
13 XAm. B úÍð B@ éËXAªÖ @ ú¯ y = − 13 ñªK
' Ï 2
  
. x, y
= 13 19 2
, − 13
 
2
3x − 4 − 13 = 5 ,@ X@
8
3x + 13 =5
8
3x = 5 − 13 = 65−8
13 = 13
57
19
x = 13 .

 
So, x, y = 19 2
13 , − 13 .

Question 5.1.245.

Solve the system of equations by the Elimination Method:

3x + 4y = 18
2x − 3y = −5 A) (x, y) = (2, 3)
B) (x, y) = (1, 4)
C) (x, y) = (−2, 3)
D) (x, y) = (3, −2)
E) None of these choices

Answer: A) (x, y) = (2, 3)

1. Multiply the first equation by 2 and the second
equation by 3 to align the x terms:
2(3x + 4y) = 2 · 18
3(2x − 3y) = 3 · −5
6x + 8y = 36 YJkñJË 3 ú¯ éJ KAJË@ð 2
 Ï @ H Qå” @YJK
ú¯ úÍð B@ éËXAªÖ . . .
6x − 9y = −15 
: x HCÓAªÓ
2. Subtract the second equation from the first to 3(2x − 3y) = 3 · −5 ð 2(3x + 4y) = 2 · 18
eliminate x:
. y = 3 úΫ ɒjJË Ém' ð x ZAªËB áJËXAªÖÏ @ hQ¢ Õç'
(6x + 8y) − (6x − 9y) = 36 − (−15)
17y = 51, so y = 3. . x = 2 XAm.' B éJ ʓ B@ úÍð B@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ ú¯ y = 3 ñªK
3. Substitute y = 3 back into the first original equa- 
. (x, y) = (2, 3) ñë ÉmÌ '@ ,@ X@
tion to find x:
3x + 4(3) = 18
3x + 12 = 18
3x = 6, so x = 2.
Therefore, the solution is (x, y) = (2, 3).
 1. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES 143

5.1.4 Special cases of linear systems

Question 5.1.246.
Solve the system of equations and determine the number of solutions:
2x + 4y = 8
x + 2y = 4 A) A unique solution
B) Infinitely many solutions
C) No solution
D) (x, y) = (0, 4)

Answer: B) Infinitely many solutions

1. Multiply the second equation by 2 to align the x

: x HCÓAªÓ YJkñJË 2 ú¯ éJ KAJË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ H Qå”
. .
terms:
 Ï @ iJ’ , 2(x + 2y) = 2 · 4
. 2x + 4y = 8 éËXAªÖ .
2(x + 2y) = 2 · 4
¡mÌ '@ ®K àCJÖß AÒîEA¯ , àAJ®K . A¢JÓ áJËXAªÖÏ @ à @ AÖß.
2x + 4y = 8
2. Since both equations are now the same, they
,Õæ® J‚ÖÏ @
úΫ é¢  ® K É¾Ë ÈñÊmÌ '@ áÓ ùKAîE B XY« ¼AJë úÍAJËAK ð
represent the same line. .
Therefore, there are infinitely many solutions for . 2x + 4y = 8 ¡mÌ '@
every point on the line 2x + 4y = 8.

Question 5.1.247.
Solve the system of equations and determine the number of solutions:
3x − 6y = 12
x − 2y = 5 A) A unique solution
B) Infinitely many solutions
C) No solution
D) (x, y) = (2, −1)

Answer: C) No solution
1. Multiply the second equation by 3 to align the x
terms: : x 
HCÓAªÓ YJkñJË 3 ú¯éJ KAJË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ H Qå” @YJK
. . .
3(x − 2y) = 3 · 5  Ï@
. 3x − 6y = 15 éËXAªÖ iJ.’ , 3(x − 2y) = 3 · 5
3x − 6y = 15
2. Compare the two equations: AÒJK. , ‡K . A¢JÓ Qå„ B@ ¬Q¢Ë@ à @ Ym.' áJËXAªÖÏ @ éKPA®Ó
 YJ«
3x − 6y = 12 , ­ÊJm× áÖß B@ ¬Q¢Ë@
3x − 6y = 15
The left sides are identical, but the right sides are
úÍAJËAK. ð , àAª£A® JK Bð áK P@ñJÓ á¢mÌ '@ à @ úÍ@ Q‚  AÜØ
different, indicating that the lines are parallel and .Ég Yg. ñK B
do not intersect.
Therefore, there is no solution.

Question 5.1.248.
Solve the system of equations and determine the number of solutions:
6x + 9y = 18
 144 CHAPTER 5. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

2x + 3y = 6 A) A unique solution
B) Infinitely many solutions
C) No solution
D) (x, y) = (3, 1)

Answer: B) Infinitely many solutions

1. Multiply the second equation by 3 to align the x
: x
HCÓAªÓ YJkñJË 3 ú¯ éJ KAJË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ H Qå”
. .
terms:  Ï @ iJ’ , 3(2x + 3y) = 3 · 6
3(2x + 3y) = 3 · 6
. 6x + 9y = 18 éËXAªÖ .
6x + 9y = 18 Ì    
¡m '@ ®K àCJÖß AÒê¯ , àAJ®K. A¢JÓ áJËXAªÖÏ @ à @ AÖß.
2. Both equations are now identical, representing úΫ ÈñÊmÌ '@ áÓ ùKAîE B XY« ¼AJë úÍAJËAK. ð ,Õæ® J‚ÖÏ @
the same line.
Thus, there are infinitely many solutions along the
. 6x + 9y = 18 ¡mÌ '@
line 6x + 9y = 18.

Question 5.1.249.
Solve the system of equations and determine the number of solutions:
4x − 6y = 12
2x − 3y = 7 A) A unique solution
B) Infinitely many solutions
C) No solution
D) (x, y) = (2, 1)

Answer: C) No solution
1. Multiply the second equation by 2 to align the x
terms: : x 
HCÓAªÓ YJkñJË 2 ú¯ éJ KAJË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ H Qå” @YJK
. . .
2(2x − 3y) = 2 · 7  
. 4x − 6y = 14 éËXAªÖÏ @ iJ.’ , 2(2x − 3y) = 2 · 7
4x − 6y = 14
2. Compare the two equations: AÒJK. , ‡K . A¢JÓ Qå„ B@ ¬Q¢Ë@ à @ Ym.' áJËXAªÖÏ @ éKPA®Ó  YJ«
4x − 6y = 12 , ­ÊJm× áÖß B@ ¬Q¢Ë@
4x − 6y = 14
The left sides are identical, but the right sides are
úÍAJËAK. ð , àAª£A® JK Bð áK P@ñJÓ á¢mÌ '@ à @ úÍ@ Q‚  AÜØ
different, indicating that the lines are parallel and .Ég Yg. ñK B
do not intersect.
Therefore, there is no solution.

5.1.5 Choosing the appropriate Method

Question 5.1.250.
Choose thee Right Method and solve the system

HBXAªÖ Ï @ áÓ éJ ËAJË@ éÒ
 ¢JË@ Ég Õç' .ÉjÊË I‚ B@ é®K Q¢Ë@ Qg@
.

x + 3y = 7


2x − y = −1


1. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES 145

Solution Since solving for one variable in either equation is straightforward, the
Substitution Method is a good choice.

1. Solve for x in the first equation:

x = 7 − 3y

2. Substitute x = 7 − 3y into the second equation:

2(7 − 3y) − y = −1

14 − 6y − y = −1

−7y = −15
15
y=
7

3. Substitute y = 15
7 back into x = 7 − 3y:

15 49 − 45 4
 
x = 7−3 = =
7 7 7
 
Solution: (x, y) = 7, 7
4 15

Question 5.1.251.
Choose thee Right Method and solve the system

HBXAªÖÏ @ áÓ éJ ËAJË@ éÒ
 ¢JË@ Ég Õç' .ÉjÊË I‚ B@ é®K Q¢Ë@ Qg@
.

4x − 5y = 10


2x + y = −3



Solution Here, the Elimination Method is a good choice because the coefficients
of y can be aligned for easy elimination.

1. Multiply the second equation by 5 to align the y-terms:

5(2x + y) = 5 · −3

10x + 5y = −15

2. Add the equations to eliminate y:

(4x − 5y) + (10x + 5y) = 10 + (−15)

14x = −5
5
x=−
14
146 CHAPTER 5. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

3. Substitute x = − 14
5
back into the second equation:

5
 
2 − + y = −3
14
10
− + y = −3
14
5 16
y = −3 + = −
7 7
 
Solution: (x, y) = − 14
5
, − 16
7

Question 5.1.252.
Choose thee Right Method and solve the system

HBXAªÖÏ @ áÓ éJ ËAJË@ éÒ
 ¢JË@ Ég Õç' .ÉjÊË I‚ B@ é®K Q¢Ë@ Qg@
.

3x + 4y = 15


6x − 2y = 18



Solution The Elimination Method is suitable here as well, particularly because

aligning the x-terms can quickly lead to simplification.

1. Multiply the first equation by 2 to align the x-terms:

2(3x + 4y) = 2 · 15

6x + 8y = 30

2. Subtract the second equation from the modified first equation:

(6x + 8y) − (6x − 2y) = 30 − 18

10y = 12
12 6
y= =
10 5
3. Substitute y = 6
5 back into the first equation:

6
 
3x + 4 = 15
5
24
3x + = 15
5
24 75 − 24 51
3x = 15 − = =
5 5 5
51 17
x= =
15 5
 
Solution: (x, y) = 5,5
17 6
 2. INEQUALITIES IN XY-PLANE 147

5.2. Inequalities in xy-plane

5.2.1 General tips for finding the Intersection of Two Linear Inequalities

To find the intersection of two linear inequalities of the form

a1 x + b1 y1 ≤, ≥, >, < c1 and a2 x + b2 y2 ≤, ≥, >, < c2

• Graph each inequality: Rewrite each inequality in slope-intercept form,

y1 = m1 x + d1 and y2 = m2 x + d2 .

• Draw the boundary line: Use a solid line for ≤ or ≥ and a dashed line for <
or >.

• Shade the solution region: For each inequality, determine which side of the
boundary line to shade by testing a point (commonly (0, 0) if it is not on the
line):

– For y1 ≤ m1 x + d1 : Substitute (0, 0) into the inequality. If (0, 0) satisfies

the inequality, shade the region that includes (0, 0); otherwise, shade the
opposite side.
– For y2 ≥ m2 x + d2 : Similarly, substitute (0, 0). If (0, 0) satisfies the in-
equality, shade the region containing (0, 0); if not, shade the other side.

The area where the two shaded regions overlap is the solution to the system
of inequalities, as it satisfies both conditions.

• Identify the intersection: The overlapping shaded region is the solution set
of the system.
 148 CHAPTER 5. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

5.2.2 Relevant Cases of Systems of Inequalities in the Plane

Example 5.2.27. We solve the system of inequalities: x ≤ 2.

Solution
y
5
1. Graph the Inequality: For x ≤ 2: Draw the 4
line x = 2 (vertical, solid). x≤2 3
2. Identify the Solution Region: Check if the y > x+3
Solution region 2
shaded region contains the point (0, 0) Answer
1
YES. So this side is the solution.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5x
x=2 ¡mÌ '@ Õæ P@ : x ≤ 2 Ë : éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ Õæ P 1. -1

.PA‚Ë@ úÍ@ ÉÊ£ð ,(I.ʓ ,ø XñÔ«) -2

 JÖÏ @ I KA¿ @ X@ AÜØ ‡ ®m ' :ÉmÌ '@ 鮢
鮢  JÓ YK Ym' 2. -3
y ≤ x−2
, à X@ .ѪK :H. @ñm.Ì '@ (0, 0) é¢  ® JË@ úΫ ø ñJm' é<Ê
 ¢ÖÏ @ -4
-5
.ÉmÌ '@ ñë I.KAm.Ì '@ @ Yë
Figure 30. Solution region is the shaded region.

Example 5.2.28. We solve the system of inequalities: y > 1.

Solution
y
1. Graph the Inequality: For y > −1: Draw 5
the line y = −1 (horizontal, dashed because of 4
strict inequality).
Solution region 3
x ≤ 2 and
2. Identify the Solution Region: y > x+3
2
Check if the shaded region contains the point
(0, 0) Answer No. So the other side is the 1 y>1
solution region.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5x
-1
y=1 ¡mÌ '@ Õæ P@ : y > 1 Ë : éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ Õæ P 1. -2
.PA‚Ë@ úÍ@ ÉÊ£ð ,(Aª¢¯ Q.»@ I..‚. ©¢®Ó  ,ù® ¯ @) -3
y ≤ x−2
 JÖÏ @ I KA¿ @ X@ AÜØ ‡ ®m ' :ÉmÌ '@ 鮢
鮢  JÓ YK Ym' 2. -4

, à X@ .B :H. @ñm.Ì '@ (0, 0) é¢  ® JË@ úΫ ø ñJm' é<Ê

 ¢ÖÏ @ -5

.ÉmÌ '@ ñëQkB@ I.KAm.Ì '@ @ Yë Figure 31. Solution region is the shaded region.
2. INEQUALITIES IN XY-PLANE 149

Example 5.2.29. Determine graphically the region (x, y) such that 2x + 3y ≥ 6.

y
Li 5
Solution ne
2x 4
To solve the inequality 2x + 3y ≥ 6 graphically, + 3y Solution Region
follow these steps: = 3
6
2
• Draw the Line:
1
Plot the points (3, 0) and (0, 2), and draw
a solid line through them (solid because -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5x
≥ includes the boundary). -1
-2
• Determine the Region: Choose a test
point, like (0, 0), and substitute into 2x + -3
3y ≥ 6: See that 2(0) + 3(0) = 0 ≥ 6. is not -4
satisfied. Since (0, 0) does not satisfies -5
the inequality, shade the region that not
include (0, 0). Figure 32. One region as solution: Solution of the
inequality 2x + 3y ≥ 6.

Example 5.2.30. Determine graphically the region (x, y) such that 2x + 3y ≤ 6.

y
5
Solution
4
To solve the inequality 2x + 3y ≤ 6 graphically,
3
follow these steps:
2
• Draw the Line:
1
Plot the points (3, 0) and (0, 2), and draw Li
ne
a solid line through them (solid because -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 25x +x
-1 3y
≤ includes the boundary). Solution Region =
-2 6
• Determine the Region: Choose a test
point, like (0, 0), and substitute into 2x + -3
3y ≤ 6: See that 2(0) + 3(0) = 0 ≤ 6. is sat- -4
isfied. Since (0, 0) satisfies the inequality, -5
shade the region that include (0, 0).
Figure 33. Solution of the inequality 2x + 3y ≤ 6.

Question 5.2.253.

Determine graphically the region (x, y) such that 2x + 3y ≥ 6 and y ≥ 0.

Example 5.2.31. We solve the system of inequalities: y > −1 and x ≤ 2.

Solution
150 CHAPTER 5. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

:ø XQ¯ ɾ‚  . HA JK AJ.JÖÏ @ Õæ P 1.

1. Graph the Inequalities Individually: ,(©¢® JÓ ,ù® ¯ @) y = −1 ¡mÌ '@ Õæ P@ : y > −1 Ë •
• For y > −1: Draw the line y = −1 (horizontal, . é¯ñ ¯ ÉÊ£ð
dashed), shade above it.
,(I.ʓ ,ø XñÔ«) x = 2 ¡mÌ '@ Õæ P@ : x ≤ 2 Ë •
• For x ≤ 2: Draw the line x = 2 (vertical, solid),
shade to the left.
.PA‚Ë@ úÍ@ ÉÊ£ð
:Ém '@ 鮢
Ì  JÓ YK Ym' 2.
2. Identify the Solution Region:
• The solution is the overlapping region above   
y = −1 †ñ¯ éÊg@YJÖÏ @ 鮢JÖÏ @ ùë ÉmÌ '@ 鮢JÓ •

y = −1 and to the left of x = 2. . x = 2 PA‚ úÍ@ ð
3. Characteristics of the Solution:
• The solution region is unbounded, extending
:ÉmÌ '@ ‘A’k 3.
. éK AîE B AÓ úÍ@ YJÖßð , èXðYm× Q« ÉmÌ '@ 鮢  JÓ •
infinitely. It includes points like (0, 0), (1, 0),
and any point with x ≤ 2 and y > −1. IJ  k é¢  ® K ø @ð , (1, 0) , (0, 0) ÉJÓ A£A® K É҂ 
4. Visualization Summary:
. y > −1 ð x ≤ 2
• Boundary Lines:
y = −1 (dashed) and x = 2 (solid). :úGAJJ.Ë@ ÉJJÒJË@ ‘jÊÓ 4.
• Shaded Region:
 
x = 2 ð (©¢®JÓ) y = −1 : éK XðYmÌ '@ ñ¢mÌ '@ •
Above y = −1 and left of x = 2. .(I.ʓ)
 
. x = 2 PA‚ úÍ@ ð y = −1 †ñ¯ : é<Ê¢ÖÏ @ 鮢   JÖÏ @ •

y
4

x ≤ 2 and y > −1 3
y > x+3
Overlapped area 2

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 x
-1

-2

-3
y ≤ x−2
-4

Figure 34. Solution as overlapped area.

2. INEQUALITIES IN XY-PLANE 151

Example 5.2.32. We solve the system of inequalities: y > x + 3 and y ≤ x − 2.

y
5

3
x+
=
Solution 4

y
1. Graph the Inequalities Individually: 3
y > x+3
• For y > x + 3: Draw the line y = −1 (oblique,
2
dashed), shade above-left it.

n
tio
• For y ≤ x − 2: Draw the line y = x − 2 (oblique, 1

lu
So
solid), shade to the down-right.

o
:N
2. Identify the Solution Region: -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x

ea
-1

ar
• There is no overlapping region. Thus, there

ng
pi
is no solution. -2

ap
rl
Bð áK P@ñJÓ y = x − 2 ð y = x + 3 á¢mÌ '@

e
ov
-3
y ≤ x−2

o
 JÖÏ @ . àAª£A® JK

N
B ½Ë YË ,Ég@YJK B AîEA¯QªK úæË@
 ‡£A
-4

2
x−
=
.Ég Yg. ñK -5

y
Figure 35. No overlapped area: No Solution.

Example 5.2.33. We solve the system of inequalities: y ≥ −x + 1 and y ≤ 2x + 3.

Solution After drawing the lines y = −x + 1 and y = 2x + 3,
we select a test point, such as (0, 0), to determine which side
y
of each line satisfies the inequalities. This point lies within
5

3
the overlapping shaded region, confirming that it is part of

+
4

2x
the solution set. Since the inequalities are non-strict, the
(−2, 3)

y=
solution to this system is a closed, possibly unbounded re- 3
gion where the shaded areas overlap, including the bound- Overlapped area
2
ary lines. Any point within this overlapping region, or on The Solution region
the boundaries, satisfies both inequalities and is therefore 1
(0, 1)
a solution.
 ® K PAJm' , y = 2x + 3 ð y = −x + 1 á¢mÌ '@ Õæ P YªK
,PAJ.Jk@ é¢ -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
. -1
©® K . HA
 JK AJ.JÖÏ @ ‡ ®m ' ¡k É¿ áÓ I.KAg. ø @ YK YjJË , (0, 0) ÉJÓ
-2
y

áÓ ZQk. AîE @ Y»ñK AÜØ , éÊ g@YJÖÏ @ ÉJÊ¢JË@ 鮢  JÓ áÖޕ é¢  ® JË@ è Yë
=

-3
−x
+

@ YêË ÉmÌ '@ àA¯ , éÓPA“  Q« HA  ×

 JK AJ.JÖÏ @ à B @Q ¢ð .ÉmÌ '@ é«ñÒm
1

. -4
 JÖÏ @ Ég@YJK IJ
‡£A  k , èXðYm× Q« AÖß.P ð , é®Ê ªÓ 鮢  JÓ ñë ÐA¢JË@
-5
鮢
 JÖÏ @ è Yë Ég@X é¢  ® K ø @ .XðYmÌ '@ ñ¢k ½Ë X ú¯ AÖß. , é<Ê  ¢ÖÏ @
Figure 36. Bounded Region (closed sides)
Ég ùë úÍAJËAK. ð áJK AJ.JÖÏ @ C¿ ‡ ®m ' ,XðYmÌ '@ úΫ ð @ , éÊ g@YJÖÏ @
.ÐA¢JÊË
152 CHAPTER 5. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Example 5.2.34. We solve the system of inequalities: y > x − 1 and y < − 12 x + 2.

Solution After drawing the lines y = x − 1 and y = − 12 x + 2, y
we select a test point, such as (0, 0), to determine which side y= 5
of each line satisfies the inequalities. This point lies within − 1
2 x+ 4
the overlapping shaded region, which confirms it is part of 2

1
x−
the solution set. Since the inequalities are strict, the solution 3

=
y
to this system is an open, unbounded region between the 2
two lines where the shaded areas overlap. Any point within The Solution
1
this overlapping region satisfies both inequalities and is with open boundaries
thus a solution.
 ® K PAJm' , y = − 1 x + 2 ð y = x − 1 á¢mÌ '@ Õæ P YªK -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
,PAJ.Jk@ é¢ 2 . -1
©® K . HA
 JK AJ.JÖÏ @ ‡ ®m ' ¡k É¿ áÓ I.KAg. ø @ YK YjJË , (0, 0) ÉJÓ -2

áÓ ZQk. AîE @ Y»ñK AÜØ , éÊ g@YJÖÏ @ ÉJÊ¢JË@ 鮢  JÓ áÖޕ é¢  ® JË@ è Yë -3

ñë ÐA¢JË@ @ YêË ÉmÌ '@ àA¯ , éÓPA“  HA  ×

 JK AJ.JÖÏ @ à B @Q ¢ð .ÉmÌ '@ é«ñÒm -4
.
‡£AJÖÏ @ Ég@YJK IJ  k á¢mÌ '@ áK. èXðYm× Q«ð ékñ  J®Ó 鮢  JÓ -5
áJK AJ.JÖÏ @ C¿ ‡ ®m ' éÊ g@YJÖÏ @ 鮢
 JÖÏ @ è Yë Ég@X é¢  ® K ø @ . é<Ê
 ¢ÖÏ @
Figure 37. Unbounded Region (open sides)
. .ÐA¢JÊË Ég ùë úÍAJËAK. ð
Example 5.2.35. Determine graphically the region (x, y) such that 2x + 3y ≤ 6 and
x − y ≥ 0.

Solution After drawing the lines 2x + 3y = 6 and x − y = 0, Li

0
ne

=
we select a test point, such as (0, 0), to determine which side 2x

y
+3

x−
of each line satisfies the inequalities. y= y

ne
63

Li
• For 2x + 3y ≤ 6: 2 · 0 + 3 · 0 ≤ 6 ⇒ 0 ≤ 6, which is true.
2
This means (0, 0) satisfies the inequality 2x + 3y ≤ 6,
so the solution for this inequality lies on the same 1
side of the line as this point.
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3x
• For x − y ≥ 0: 0 − 0 ≥ 0 ⇒ 0 ≥ 0, which is also -1
Solution Region
true. This confirms that (0, 0) satisfies the inequality -2
x − y ≥ 0, so the solution for this inequality also lies -3
on the same side of the line as this point.
Figure 38. Solution of the inequality 2x +
3y ≤ 6 and x − y ≥ 0.

Since both inequalities are non-strict, the solution to this system the closed overlapping region.

Question 5.2.254.
Determine graphically the region (x, y) such that

1. 2x + 3y ≥ 6 and x − y ≥ 0. 3. 2x + 3y ≤ 6 and x − y ≥ 0.

2. 2x + 3y > 6 and x − y < 0. 4. 2x + 3y > 6 and x − y ≤ 0.

2. INEQUALITIES IN XY-PLANE 153

5. 2x + 3y = 6 and x − y ≥ 0. 7. 2x + 3y = 6 and x − y > 0.

6. 2x + 3y = 6 and x − y = 0.

Example 5.2.36. Determine graphically the region (x, y) such that 2x + 4y > 0 and
x − 4y ≤ 5.
y
Solution After drawing the lines 2x + 4y = 0 and 5
x − 4y = 5, we select a test point, such as (0, 0), 4
to determine which side of each line satisfies the
3
inequalities.
2
• For 2x + 4y > 0: 2 · 0 + 4 · 0 > 0 ⇒ 0 > 0, 1 Lin e
x+4
y=5
which is false. Therefore, (0, 0) does not sat-
isfy the inequality 2x + 4y > 0. This means -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1 Solution
Lin Region
the solution for 2x + 4y > 0 lies on the oppo- e2
x+
-2 4y
site side of the line relative to this point. =0
-3
• For x − 4y ≤ 5: 0 − 4 · 0 ≤ 5 ⇒ 0 ≤ 5, which -4
is true. This confirms that (0, 0) satisfies the
-5
inequality x − 4y ≤ 5, so the solution for this
inequality lies on the same side of the line Figure 39. Solution of the system 2x + 4y >
as this point. 0 and x − 4y ≤ 5.

Since the inequality 2x + 4y > 0 is strict, the solution to this system excludes
the boundary line 2x + 4y = 0, making it an open region on that side. How-
ever, the inequality x − 4y ≤ 5 is non-strict, so the solution includes the boundary
line x − 4y = 5. The solution is an open, potentially unbounded region where the
shaded areas overlap, excluding the boundary line of 2x + 4y = 0 but including the
line x − 4y = 5. Any point within this overlapping region satisfies both inequalities
and is thus a solution.
Question 5.2.255.
Determine graphically the region (x, y) such that

1. 2x + 4y ≤ 0 and x − 4y ≤ 5. 5. 2x + 4y < 0 and x − 4y < 5.

2. 2x + 4y < 0 and x − 4y ≥ 5.
6. 2x + 4y > 0 and x − 4y = 5.
3. 2x + 4y < 0 and x − 4y ≤ 5.
4. 2x + 4y > 0 and x − 4y > 5. 7. 2x + 4y = 0 and x − 4y ≤ 5.

Example 5.2.37. Determine graphically the region (x, y) such that 2x + 3y + 6 ≤ 0 and
4x + 6y + 10 ≥ 0.
 154 CHAPTER 5. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

y
Solution 3
Consider the system of inequalities: 2x + 3y + 6 ≤ 0 and 4x +
Li 2
6y + 10 ≥ 0. Simplifying the second inequality by dividing ne
4x
by 2, we obtain: 2x + 3y + 5 ≥ 0. This gives two inequalities: +6 1
y+
2x + 3y ≤ −6 and 2x + 3y ≥ −5. These inequalities imply that 10
=
2x + 3y must be both less than or equal to −6 and greater -3 -2 0 -1 0 1 2 3x
N-1
oS
than or equal to −5, which is impossible. Therefore, the
olu
solution to the system is empty. -2 tio
n
4x + 6y + 10 ≥ 0. ð 2x + 3y + 6 ≤ 0 : HA  JK AJ.JÖÏ @ ÐA¢ Q.JªK (E
mp
 ®Ë@
 ‡K Q£ á« éJ KAJË@ éJK AJJÖÏ @ ¡J‚JK -3 ty
: úΫ ɒm' 2 úΫ é҂ Li In
. .. ne ter
2x se
ð 2x + 3y ≤ −6 : áJK AJ.JÓ ù¢ªK @ Yëð 2x + 3y + 5 ≥ 0. +3
y+
cti
on
)
 JK AJ.JÖÏ @ è Yë Q‚  2x + 3y ≥ −5. 6=
à @ I.m.' 2x + 3y à @ úÍ@ HA 0
 ®K ú¯ð −6 ø ðA‚ ð @ áÓ É¯ @ àñºK
ð @ áÓ Q.» @ I ¯ñË@
 QÓ @ ñëð , −5 ø ðA‚ Figure 40. Solution of the system 2x + 3y +
ñë ÐA¢JË@ @ Yë Ég àA¯ ,½Ë YË .ÉJj‚Ó
6 ≤ 0 and 4x + 6y + 10 ≥ 0 (Empty Solution
. é«PA¯ é«ñÒm
 ×
. Set)

Question 5.2.256.
Determine graphically the region (x, y) such that

1. 2x + 3y + 6 ≥ 0 and 4x + 6y + 10 ≥ 0.
0.
5. 2x + 3y + 6 ≤ 0 and 4x + 6y + 10 >
2. 2x + 3y + 6 ≤ 0 and 4x + 6y + 10 ≤ 0.
0.
6. 2x + 3y + 6 > 0 and 4x + 6y + 10 ≤
3. 2x + 3y + 6 < 0 and 4x + 6y + 10 < 0.
0.
7. 2x + 3y + 6 ≥ 0 and 4x + 6y + 10 =
4. 2x + 3y + 6 > 0 and 4x + 6y + 10 > 0.

5.2.3 Exercises

Question 5.2.257.
Solve the system of inequalities and determine the number of solutions:
3x + 2y > 6
6x + 4y < 12 A) A unique solution
B) Infinitely many solutions
C) No solution
D) (x, y) = (2, 0)

Question 5.2.258.
2. INEQUALITIES IN XY-PLANE 155

Solve the system of inequalities and determine the number of solutions:

5x + 5y > 15
x + y < 3 A) A unique solution
B) Infinitely many solutions
C) No solution
D) (x, y) = (3, −1)

Question 5.2.259.
Solve the system of inequalities and determine the number of solutions:
4x + 6y ≥ 12
2x + 3y < 6 A) A unique solution
B) Infinitely many solutions
C) No solution
D) (x, y) = (1, 1)

Question 5.2.260.
Solve the system of inequalities and determine the number of solutions:
7x + 14y > 28
x + 2y < 4 A) A unique solution
B) Infinitely many solutions
C) No solution
D) (x, y) = (4, 0)

Question 5.2.261.
Solve the system of inequalities and determine the number of solutions:
2x − y > 4
4x − 2y ≤ 8 A) A unique solution
B) Infinitely many solutions
C) No solution
D) (x, y) = (3, −1)

Question 5.2.262.
Solve the system of inequalities and determine the number of solutions:
6x + 2y ≥ 10
3x + y < 5 A) A unique solution
B) Infinitely many solutions
C) No solution
D) (x, y) = (1, 1)

Question 5.2.263.
156 CHAPTER 5. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

Solve the system of inequalities and determine the number of solutions:

8x + 4y > 20
4x + 2y ≤ 10 A) A unique solution
B) Infinitely many solutions
C) No solution
D) (x, y) = (3, −1)

Question 5.2.264.
Solve the system of inequalities and determine the number of solutions:
x + 3y > 9
2x + 6y ≤ 18 A) A unique solution
B) Infinitely many solutions
C) No solution
D) (x, y) = (3, 2)

Question 5.2.265.
Solve the system of inequalities and determine the number of solutions:
3x − y > 9
6x − 2y ≤ 18 A) A unique solution
B) Infinitely many solutions
C) No solution
D) (x, y) = (3, 0)

Question 5.2.266.
Solve the system of inequalities and determine the number of solutions:
10x + 15y ≥ 30
2x + 3y < 6 A) A unique solution
B) Infinitely many solutions
C) No solution
D) (x, y) = (5, 0)
2. INEQUALITIES IN XY-PLANE 157

y
5
Question 5.2.267. 4
3
Write the equations of these lines.
2
Question 5.2.268. 1

Find a system of inequalities whose solu- -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5x

-1
tion includes the point (0, 0) but does not
-2
include the points (−2, −2), (−2, 2) and
-3
(−5, 0).
-4
-5

y
5
Question 5.2.269. 4
Write the equations of these lines. 3
2
Question 5.2.270. 1
Find a system of inequalities whose so-
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5x
lution includes the point (0, 0) but does -1
not include the points (−2, 0), (0, 3) and -2
(3, 3). -3
-4
-5

y
5
4
Question 5.2.271. 3
Write the equations of these lines. 2
1
Question 5.2.272.
Find a system of inequalities whose solu- -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5x
-1
tion includes the point (0, 0) but does not -2
include the points (0, −3) and (0, 3). -3
-4
-5
158 CHAPTER 5. LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

y
5
4
Question 5.2.273. 3
2
Write the equations of these lines.
1
Question 5.2.274.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5x
Find a system of inequalities whose solu- -1
-2
tion does not include the point (0, 0).
-3
-4
-5

Question 5.2.275. y
5
Find a system of inequalities whose so- 4
lution includes the point (−2, 2) but does 3
not include the points (0, 0), (−2, −2) and 2
(−5, 0). 1

Question 5.2.276. -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5x
-1
Find a system of inequalities whose solu- -2
tion includes the point (−2, −2) but does -3
not include the points (0, 0), (−2, 2) and -4
(−5, 0). -5

y
Question 5.2.277. 5

Find a system of inequalities whose solu- 4

tion includes the point (0, 3) but does not 3

include the points (−2, 0),(0, 0) and 3, 3. 2

1
Question 5.2.278.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5x
Find a system of inequalities whose so- -1
lution includes the point 3, 3but does not -2

include the points (−2, 0), (0, 3) and (0, 0) -3

. -4
-5
 Chapter 6
Next Book: Functions in
one variable
This next book, functions in one variable, provides a comprehensive guide to
understanding and analyzing functions in one variable, covering various func-
tion types such as polynomial, rational, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric,
and more. Each section includes practical tips for identifying, graphing, and ap-
plying different types of functions and addressing specific challenges associated
with each. Additional sections focus on functions commonly used in modeling
and applied mathematics, including logistic and piecewise-defined functions and
miscellaneous tips and tricks to aid function analysis and problem-solving.
While this table of contents represents a broad framework, the detailed content may
differ in structure or depth to adapt to specific educational needs or applications.
The aim is to provide a flexible, insightful resource for students, educators, and
practitioners working with functions in one variable. This guide also includes
a summary section with critical takeaways, practice problems, and a glossary of
essential terms to support further exploration and mastery of the material.

Introduction to Functions in One Variable

• Definition of a Function in One Variable
• Domain and Range
• Graphical Interpretation and Behavior

Polynomial Functions
• Tips for Identifying Polynomial Functions
• Behavior of Polynomial Graphs
• End Behavior: Leading Term Analysis
• Finding Roots and Multiplicities
• Local Extrema and Inflection Points

159
160 CHAPTER 6. NEXT BOOK: FUNCTIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

Rational Functions
• Recognizing Rational Functions
• Tips on Domain Restrictions and Excluded Values
• Analyzing Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes
• Slant Asymptotes and Holes in the Graph
• Behavior Near Asymptotes

Exponential Functions
• Understanding Exponential Growth and Decay
• Analyzing the Base of Exponential Functions
• Graphing Exponential Functions
• Tips for Applications in Real-World Problems
• Logarithmic Relationships and Conversions

Logarithmic Functions
• Properties of Logarithmic Functions
• Domain and Range of Logarithmic Functions
• Logarithmic Scale Interpretation
• Common Logarithmic Identities and Simplifications
• Solving Exponential Equations Using Logarithms

Trigonometric Functions
• Key Properties and Periodicity
• Graphing Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions
• Phase Shift, Amplitude, and Frequency Tips
• Identifying and Using Inverse Trigonometric Functions
• Applications of Trigonometric Functions in Modeling

Inverse Functions
• Defining and Identifying Inverse Functions
• Graphing Tips for Inverse Functions
• Relationship between Function and Its Inverse
• Finding Inverses of Common Functions
• Applications of Inverse Functions in Real-World Scenarios

Absolute Value Functions

• Understanding the Absolute Value Definition
 161

• Graphical Analysis and Transformations

• Piecewise Representation of Absolute Value Functions
• Applications and Tips for Solving Absolute Value Equations
• Absolute Value Inequalities

Piecewise-Defined Functions
• Recognizing and Constructing Piecewise Functions
• Tips for Graphing Piecewise Functions
• Continuity and Differentiability of Piecewise Functions
• Real-World Applications of Piecewise Functions

Radical Functions
• Domain and Range Considerations for Radical Functions
• Graphing Square Root and Cube Root Functions
• Transformations of Radical Functions
• Tips for Simplifying Expressions with Radicals
• Solving Radical Equations

Power Functions
• Characteristics of Power Functions
• Odd vs. Even Powers: Symmetry and Behavior
• Graphing Tips for Power Functions
• Applications of Power Functions in Physics and Economics
• Simplifying and Manipulating Power Functions

Logistic Functions
• Understanding Logistic Growth and Saturation Points
• Graphing the Logistic Function
• Applications of the Logistic Model in Biology and Population Studies
• Tips for Solving Logistic Equations

Miscellaneous Tips and Tricks

• Quick Checks for Function Behavior (Increasing/Decreasing)
• Using Calculators and Software for Function Analysis
• Common Mistakes to Avoid in Function Analysis
• Strategies for Solving Real-World Problems Involving Functions
162 CHAPTER 6. NEXT BOOK: FUNCTIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

Summary and Review

• Key Takeaways for each Type of Function
• Practice Problems and Solutions
• Glossary of Essential Terms Related to Functions
 163

Glossary of Terms of linear equations and inequalities

• Equation: A mathematical statement • System of Linear Equations: A set

asserting that two expressions are of two or more linear equations with
equal, typically involving a variable, two variables, such as x + y = 5 and
such as x + 3 = 7 2x − y = 3
áK QJ.ªK à @ Y»ñK éJ “AK P èPAJ.« : éËXAªÖ
 Ï@  × : éJ ¢mÌ '@ HBXAªÖ
áÓ é«ñÒm .  Ï @ ÐA¢

ÉJÓ @Q ªJÓ áҒJK èXA«ð , áK ðA‚Ó ÉJÓ , áK QªJÓ ©Ó Q» @ ð @ áJJ¢k áJËXAªÓ
x+3 = 7 2x − y = 3 ð x + y = 5
• Inequality: A mathematical expression • System of Linear Inequalities: A set of
showing that one quantity is greater two or more inequalities with two vari-
than, less than, greater than or equal to, ables, such as x + y > 5 and x − y ≤ 3
or less than or equal to another, such as
 × : éJ ¢mÌ '@ HA
áJK AJ.JÓ áÓ é«ñÒm  JK AJ.JÖÏ @ ÐA¢
.
x > 5 or x ≤ 10 
x + y > 5 ÉJÓ , áK QªJÓ ©Ó Q» @ ð @ áJJ¢k
éJ Ò» à @ l•ñK úæ•AK P QJ.ªK : éJK AJ.JÖÏ @
x−y ≤ 3 ð
ð @ ø ðA‚ ð @ Q.» @ ð @ ɯ @ ð @ Q.» @ èYg@ð • Graph of an Equation: A visual repre-
ð @ x > 5 ÉJÓ ,øQk @ éJ Ò» ø ðA‚ ð @ ɯ @ sentation of all the solutions of an equa-
x ≤ 10 tion in the coordinate plane For exam-
ple, y = 2x + 3 is a line
• Solution of an Equation: The value(s)
of the variable that make the equation
©JÒm.Ì ø Qå”. ÉJJÖß : éËXAªÒÊË
 úGAJJ.Ë@ Õæ QË@
true, such as x = 4 in x + 3 = 7 úΫ úG@YgB @ øñJ‚ÖÏ @ ú¯ éËXAªÖ Ï @ ÈñÊg
 ð @ QªJÖÏ @ éÒJ
 Õæ®Ë@  ¯ : éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ Ég
úæË@ Õæ® J‚Ó ¡k ñë y = 2x + 3 ,ÈAJÖÏ @ ÉJ.ƒ
ú¯ x = 4 ÉJÓ , éjJ  Ï @ ɪm'
 m• éËXAªÖ • Graph of an Inequality: A visual rep-
.
x+3 = 7 resentation of all the solutions of an in-
equality, often shown as a shaded re-
• Solution of an Inequality: The set of
gion on one side of a boundary line
values that satisfy the inequality, such
as all x values greater than 3 in x > 3
©JÒm.Ì ø Qå”. ÉJJÖß : éJK AJ.JÒÊË úGAJJ.Ë@ Õæ QË@
 ¢Ó 鮢
 JÒ» Qê¢ AÓ AJËA«ð , éJK AJJÖÏ @ ÈñÊg
‡ ®m ' úæË@  é«ñÒm
 Õæ®Ë@  × :
. éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ Ég é<Ê . .
 Ì
ú¯ 3 áÓ Q.» B@ x Õæ¯ ©JÔg. ÉJÓ , éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ XðYm '@ ¡k áÓ I.KAg. úΫ
• Intersection of Solutions: The set of
x>3
points that satisfy both equations or in-
• Linear Equation: An equation of the equalities in a system
form ax + b = 0, where a and b are con-  A® JË@
úæË@  × : ÈñÊmÌ '@ áK ©£A® JË@
é«ñÒm
stants and x is the variable
. .
 áÓ éËXAªÓ
ɾ‚Ë@  : éJ ¢mÌ '@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï@ ÐA¢JË@ ú¯ áJK AJ.JÖÏ @ ð @ áJËXAªÖÏ @ C¿ ‡ ®m '
  
ñë x ð àAJK. AK b ð a IJ
 k , ax + b = 0 • Union of Solutions: The set of points
QªJÖÏ @ that satisfy at least one equation or in-
equality in a system
• Linear Inequality: An inequality that ‡ ®m ' úæË@  × : ÈñÊmÌ '@ XAm' @
 A® JË@ é«ñÒm
can be written in the form ax + b > 0,
.
ax + b < 0, ax + b ≥ 0, or ax + b ≤ 0, ú¯ éJK AJ.JÓ ð @ ɯ B@ úΫ èYg@ð éËXAªÓ
  
where a and b are constants ÐA¢JË@
ú¯ AîDK. AJ» áºÖß éJK AJ.JÓ : éJ ¢mÌ '@ éJK AJ.JÖÏ @ • Unique Solution: A solution that exists
ax + b ≥ 0 , ax + b < 0 , ax + b > 0 ɾƒ when a system of equations has exactly
one point of intersection, such as x = 2
àAJK. AK b ð a IJ
 k , ax + b ≤ 0 ð @ ,
and y = 3
164 CHAPTER 6. NEXT BOOK: FUNCTIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

àñºK AÓYJ« Yg. ñK Ég : YK Q®Ë@ ÉmÌ '@ • Consistent System: A system of equa-
,¡® ¯ èYg@ð ©£A® K é¢
 ® K HBXAªÖ
 Ï @ ÐA¢JË tions that has at least one solution
  Ó ÐA¢
y = 3 ð x = 2 ÉJÓ
Yg@ð Ég éË HBXAªÓ ÐA¢ : ‡‚
• Infinitely Many Solutions: When a ɯ B@ úΫ
system of equations has an infinite num- • Inconsistent System: A system of equa-
ber of solutions, usually because the tions that has no solution
equations represent the same line 
éË Ë HBXAªÓ  Ó Q« ÐA¢
ÐA¢ : ‡‚
àñºK AÓYJ« : ÈñÊmÌ '@ áÓ ùKAîE B XY« Ég

,ÈñÊmÌ '@ áÓ ùKAîE B XY« HBXAªÖ Ï @ ÐA¢JË • Dependent System: A system of equa-
 tions that has infinitely many solu-
¡mÌ '@ ®K ÉJÖß HBXAªÖ
 Ï @ à B èXA« tions, often the same line or overlapping
• Empty Solution (No Solution): When lines
a system of equations has no solutions 
XY« éË HBXAªÓ ÐA¢ : É®‚  Ó Q« ÐA¢
because the lines are parallel and never
intersect
ñ¢k àñºK AÓ AJ. ËA« ,ÈñÊmÌ '@ áÓ ùKAîE B
ÐA¢JË àñºK AÓYJ« : (Ég B) ¨PA®Ë@ ÉmÌ '@ éÊ g@YJÓ ð @ é®K . A¢JÓ
ñ¢mÌ '@ à @ I..‚. é«PA¯ ÈñÊg HBXAªÖ
 Ï@ • Independent System: A system of
     equations that has a unique solution
©£A®JK Bð éK P@ñJÓ 
YJkð Ég éË HBXAªÓ ÐA¢ : É® J‚Ó ÐA¢

Glossary of Terms of Quadratic Equations and Inequalities

√
• Quadratic Equation: An equation of . x= −b± b2 −4ac
2a : éJ ªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ Pð Yg
.
the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, • Discriminant: The expression b2 − 4ac
and c are constants, and a , 0. in the quadratic formula. It determines

 áÓ éËXAªÓ
ɾ‚Ë@ : éJ ªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï@
the nature of the roots of the quadratic
 k , ax2 + bx + c = 0
c ð , b , a IJ equation.
 . @ñK  Ï @ éªJ“ ú¯ b2 − 4ac QJªJË@ : QÒÖÏ @
éËXAªÖ
. a , 0 ð , IK .
 Ï @ Pð Yg éªJ
 J£ XYm' . éJ ªJK QË@
• Standard Form of a Quadratic Equa- éËXAªÖ . . .
tion: The form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, . éJªJK QË@
.
b, and c are constants.
• Real Roots: If the discriminant b2 −
éªJ’Ë@ : éJ ªJK. QË@ éËXAªÒÊË
 éJ ƒAJ®Ë@
 éªJ’Ë@
4ac ≥ 0, the quadratic equation has real
c ð , b , a IJ  k , ax2 + bx + c = 0 roots.
 . @ñK 
b2 − 4ac ≥ 0 QÒÖÏ @ àA¿ @ X@ : éJ®J®k Pð Yg.
. IK
• Roots of a Quadratic Equation: The . éJ ®J ®k
 Pð Yg éJ ªJK QË@ éËXAªÒÊË
. .
 àA¯ ,
values of x that satisfy the quadratic • Complex Roots: If the discriminant
equation, often found using the qua- b2 − 4ac < 0, the quadratic equation has
dratic formula. complex roots.
‡ ®m ' úæË@
 x Õæ¯ : éJ ªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ Pð Yg
. , b2 − 4ac < 0 QÒÖÏ @ àA¿ @ X@ : éK Y®«
 Pð Yg
.
èXA« AëXAm' @ ÕæK ð , éJ ªJK QË@ éËXAªÖ
. .
 Ï@ . éK Y®«
 Pð Yg éJ ªJK QË@ éËXAªÒÊË
. .
 àA¯
. éJ ªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ Ég éªJ“ Ð@YjJƒAK • Vertex: The highest or lowest point on
.
the graph of a quadratic function, given
• Quadratic Formula: A formula to find  
by the point − 2ab
, f − 2a
b
.
the √roots of a quadratic equation: x =
−b± b2 −4ac úΫ é¢  ® K úGX @ ð @ úΫ @ : úæjJÖÏ @ € @P
2a .
ÉmÌ éªJ“ : éJ ªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ Ég éªJ“  ® JËAK ù¢ªK ð , éJ ªJK QË@ éË@YË@
é¢ . .
 úæjJÓ
 165
  
. b
− 2a , f − 2a
b
intersect, representing solutions to the
• Axis of Symmetry: A vertical line pass- system.
ing through the vertex of a parabola, AîD¯ ©£A® JK úæË@
 A® JË@ : ©£A® JË@ A® K
given by x = − 2a
b
. ÉJÖß ùëð ,ÐA¢JË@ ú¯ HBXAªÖ  JjJÓ
Ï @ HAJ
€ @P Q.« QÖß ø XñÔ« ¡k : ÉKAÒJË@ Pñm× .ÐA¢JË@ ÈñÊg
 Ï AK ù¢ªK ð , ú¯A¾ÖÏ @ ©¢®Ë@
. x = − 2ab éËXAªÖ 
. • Number of Solutions for a Quadratic
• Parabola: The U-shaped graph of a qua- System: A quadratic system can have
dratic function, either opening upward zero, one, two, or infinitely many so-
or downward. lutions depending on the relationship
ð@ ¬Qk ɾƒ úΫ ɾ‚Ë@  : ú¯A¾ÖÏ @ ©¢®Ë@ 
between the curves.
Agñ  k , éJ ªJK. QË@ éË@YË@
 J®Ó àñºK IJ  úæjJÖÏ àñºK Y¯ : ùªJK. QK ÐA¢JË ÈñÊmÌ '@ XY«
.É®ƒ B ð @ úΫ B áÊg ð @ Yg@ð Ég ð @ Q®“ ùªJK. QË@ ÐA¢JÊË
• Factoring: A method of solving qua-  J«@ ÈñÊmÌ '@ áÓ ùKAîE B XY« ð @
dratic equations by expressing them as úΫ @ XAÒ
a product of binomials.  JjJÖÏ @ áK. é¯CªË@
. HAJ 

HBXAªÖ Ï @ ÉmÌ é®K Q£ : ÉÓ@ñ« úÍ@ ÉJÊjJË@ • Unique Solution: When a quadratic
i.JJÒ» AîD« QJ.ªJË@ ‡K Q£ á« éJ ªJK. QË@ system has exactly one point of inter-
. áJKAJK áJËXAªÖÏ section.
• Completing the Square: A method of ùªJK. QK ÐA¢JË àñºK AÓYJ« : YK Q®Ë@ ÉmÌ '@
solving quadratic equations by rewrit- .¡® ¯ èYg@ð ©£A® K é¢
 ® K
ing the equation as a perfect square.
• Infinitely Many Solutions: When a

HBXAªÖ Ï @ ÉmÌ é®K Q£ : ©K. QÖÏ @ ÈAÒ»@ quadratic system has infinitely many
 Ï @ éK AJ» èXA«@ ‡K Q£ á« éJ ªJK QË@
éËXAªÖ . . solutions, typically when one equation
 éJ ªJK QK éËXAªÒ»
. éÊÓA¿  represents the same curve as another.
.
• System of Quadratic Equations: A set àñºK AÓYJ« : ÈñÊmÌ '@ áÓ ùKAîE B XY«
of equations where at least one equation ,ÈñÊmÌ '@ áÓ ùKAîE B XY« ùªJK. QË@ ÐA¢JÊË
is quadratic, such as y = x2 + 2x + 1 and 
y = x + 3. ®K èYg@ð éËXAªÓ
 ÉJÖß AÓYJ« èXA«
 × : éJ ªJK QË@ HBXAªÖ
áÓ é«ñÒm  Ï @ ÐA¢
. . .øQk BA¿ úæjJÖÏ @
èYg@ð éËXAªÓ
  
AîD¯ àñºK úæË@ HBXAªÖÏ @ 
• No Solution (Empty Solution Set):
ð y = x2 + 2x + 1 ÉJÓ , éJ ªJK. QK ɯ B@ úΫ When a quadratic system has no points
of intersection.
. y = x+3
• Intersection Points: The points where
AÓYJ« : ( é«PA¯ ÈñÊg é«ñÒm
 ×) Ég B
.
   
.©£A®K A®K Yg. ñK B ùªJK. QK ÐA¢JË àñºK
the graphs of equations in a system

Glossary of Terms for Polynomials

• Polynomial: An expression consisting ÉJÓ , éJ . ËAƒ Q« éjJ  m• ƒ @ H@  X

of variables and coefficients, involving
. f (x) = axn + bxn−1 + · · · + c
terms with non-negative integer expo-
nents, such as f (x) = axn + bxn−1 + · · · + • Degree of a Polynomial: The high-
c. est exponent of the variable in a poly-
àñºJK QJ.ªK : (XðYmÌ '@ èXYªJÓ) éK XðYg nomial. For example, the degree of
3x4 + x2 − 5 is 4.

@ XðYg áҒJK ð , HCÓAªÓð
 H@ QªJÓ áÓ ú¯ QªJÖÏ @ ú¯ € @ úΫ @ : éK XðYmÌ '@ ék
 PX
.
166 CHAPTER 6. NEXT BOOK: FUNCTIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

 PX
ék ,ÈAJÖÏ @ ÉJ.ƒ úΫ . éK XðYg • Long Division of Polynomials: A
.
.4 ùë 3x4 + x2 − 5 method for dividing one polynomial by
another, similar to long division with
• Monomial: A polynomial with only
numbers.
one term, such as 5x3 or −7.  ®Ë
Yg úΫ ø ñJm' éK XðYg : ø XAg @ Yg é҂ é®K Q£ :  Ï @ é҂
 XðYjÊË éËñ¢Ö
HAK  ®Ë@
 Ï@  ®Ë@ éJ.‚  ,øQk @ úΫ éK XðYg
. −7 ð @ 5x3 ÉJÓ ,¡® ¯ Yg@ð éËñ¢Ö é҂
• Binomial: A polynomial with exactly .ÐA¯P BAK.
two terms, such as x2 + 3x. • Remainder Theorem: States that the re-
áK Yg úΫ ø ñJm' éK XðYg : ùKAJK Yg mainder of the division of a polynomial
. x2 + 3x ÉJÓ ,¡® ¯ f (x) by x − c is f (c).
 ¯ ú¯AK
 à @ úΫ ‘JK : ú¯AJ  Ë@ éK Q¢
• Trinomial: A polynomial with exactly é҂ . .
three terms, such as x2 + 3x + 2. . f (c) ñë x − c úΫ f (x) éK XðYmÌ '@
éKCK úΫ ø ñJm' éK XðYg : úGCK Yg • Factor Theorem: States that x − c is a
. x2 + 3x + 2 ÉJÓ ,XðYg factor of f (x) if and only if f (c) = 0.
• Leading Coefficient: The coefficient of ÉÓA« x − c à @ úΫ ‘JK : ÉÓ@ñªË@ éK Q¢
the term with the highest degree in a . f (c) = 0 àA¿ @ X@ ¡® ¯ð @ X@ f (x) éK XðYjÊË
polynomial. In 4x3 + 3x2 − 2x + 5, the • Multiplicities of Roots: The number of
leading coefficient is 4. times a root is repeated in the factoriza-
 PYË@ ø X YmÌ '@ ÉÓAªÓ : úæ„JKQË@ ÉÓAªÖÏ @
ék. tion of a polynomial. For example, x = 2

4x3 + 3x2 − 2x + 5 ú¯ . éK XðYmÌ '@ ú¯ úΫ B@ has multiplicity 2 in (x − 2)2 .
PQºJK úæË@
 H@  QÖÏ @ XY« : Pð Ym.Ì '@ éK XYªK
.4 ñë úæ„JKQË@ ÉÓAªÖÏ @ ,
• Constant Term: A term in a polynomial ÉJ.ƒ úΫ . éK XðYmÌ '@ ÉJÊm' ú¯ P Ym.Ì '@ AîD¯
that has no variable, such as the c in . (x − 2)2 ú¯ 2 éK XYªK éË x = 2 ,ÈAJÖÏ @
axn + · · · + c. • End Behavior: The behavior of the
B ø YË@ éK XðYmÌ '@ ú¯ YmÌ '@ : IK  . AJË@ YmÌ '@ graph of a polynomial as x approaches
. axn + · · · + c ú¯ c ÉJÓ ,QªJÓ úΫ ø ñJm' infinity or negative infinity, determined
• Root of a Polynomial: A value of x that by the degree and leading coefficient.
makes the polynomial equal to zero, AÓYJ« éK XðYmÌ '@ úæjJÓ ¼ñʃ : éK AîDË@ ¼ñʃ
also called a solution or zero. For exam- , éJ . ËA‚Ë@ ð @ éJ . k. ñÖÏ @ éK AîECË@ áÓ x H. Q®K
ple, x = 1 is a root of x2 − 3x + 2 = 0. ÉÓAªÖÏ @ð ék  PYË@ 颃@  ñK èYK Ym' ÕæK ð
éK XðYmÌ '@ ɪm.' x Ë éÒJ
 ¯ : éK XðYmÌ '@ P Yg
.
. .
 .úæ„JKQË@
.Q®’Ë@ ð @ ÉmÌ 'AK. A’ @ ¬QªK ð ,@Q ®“ ø ðA‚ • Turning Points: Points on the graph of
P Yg. ñë x = 1 ,ÈAJÖÏ @ ÉJ.ƒ úΫ a polynomial where the direction of the
. x2 − 3x + 2 = 0 graph changes. A polynomial of degree
• Factoring a Polynomial: Writing a n can have up to n − 1 turning points.
polynomial as a product of its factors, éK XðYmÌ '@ úæjJÓ úΫ A® JË@ : ÈñjJË@ A® K
such as x2 − 5x + 6 = (x − 2)(x − 3). áÓ éK XðYmÌ '@ .úGAJJ.Ë@ Õæ QË@ èAm.' @ QªJK IJ  k
i.JJÒ» éK XðYmÌ '@ éK . AJ» : éK XðYmÌ '@ ÉJÊm' ɒ AÓ úΫ ø ñJm' à @ áºÖß n ék  PYË@
.
. x2 − 5x + 6 = (x − 2)(x − 3) ÉJÓ ,AêÊÓ@ñªË  
.ÈñjJË@ A®K áÓ n − 1 úÍ@
• Synthetic Division: A shortcut method
• Polynomial Function: A function de-
for dividing a polynomial by a binomial
fined by a polynomial expression, such
of the form x − c.
 ®Ë èQå”Jm× é®K Q£ : éJ J»QË@ é҂
 ®Ë@
 as f (x) = 3x4 − 2x3 + x − 5.
é҂ .  ñK ¬QªK éË@X
QJ.ªK 颃@  : éK XðYg éË@X

 áÓ ùKAJK Yg úΫ éK XðYmÌ '@ .
. x − c ɾ‚Ë@ . f (x) = 3x4 − 2x3 + x − 5 ÉJÓ ,ø XðYg
 167

Glossary: Completing the Square

• Completing the Square: A technique ©K. QÖÏ @ ÈAÒ»@ Q.« € @QË@ éªJ“ ú¯ ùªJK. QK
used to simplify quadratic expressions  YK YjJË
or solve quadratic equations by trans-
.€ @QË@ ©¯ñÓ
forming a trinomial into a perfect square • Parabola: The graph of a quadratic
form. function, shaped like a "U" and either
QK. AªJË@ ¡J‚.JË ÐYjJ‚ éJ J® K : ©K. QÖÏ @ ÈAÒ»@ opens upward or downward.
á« éJ ªJK. QË@ HBXAªÖ
 Ï @ ÉmÌ ð @ éJ ªJK. QË@ , éJ ªJK. QK éË@YË
 úGAJK. Õæ P : ú¯A¾Ó ©¢¯
©K. QÓ É¾ƒ úÍ@ XðYmÌ '@ úGCK ÉK ñm' ‡K Q£ .É®ƒ B ð @ úΫ B AÓ@ éj.JK ð , ð @ ɾ‚
.
. ÉÓA¿ • Square Root Property: A method for
• Perfect Square Trinomial: An expres- solving equations of the form (x − h)2 =
sion in the form (x + a)2 = x2 + 2ax + a2 , k by taking the square
√ root of both sides,
where it represents the square of a bino- yielding x − h = ± k.
mial. ÉmÌ é®K Q£ : ùªJK. QË@ P Ym.Ì '@ éJ “Ag
ɾƒ úΫ QJ.ªK : ÉÓA¿ ©K. QÓ XðYmÌ '@ úGCK á« (x − h)2 = k ɾ‚Ë@  áÓ HBXAªÖ  Ï@
ð X ©K. QÓ ÉJÖßð (x + a)2 = x2 + 2ax + a2 , á¯Q¢Ë@ C¾Ë ùªJK. QË@ P Ym.Ì '@ Yg @ ‡K Q£
. áK Yg √
. x − h = ± k iJ.’JË
• Quadratic Equation: A polynomial
• Discriminant: Part of the quadratic
equation of degree two, typically writ-
formula under the square root sign,
ten as ax2 + bx + c = 0.
 PYË@ áÓ éK XðYg éËXAªÓ
 b2 − 4ac, which determines the nature
ék. : éJ ªJK. QK éËXAªÓ

èXA« and number of solutions.
 .
ɾ‚ËAK I.JºK , éJ KAJË@  ' éJ ªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
Im  Ï @ éªJ“ áÓ ZQk : QÒÖÏ @
.
. ax2 + bx + c = 0 2
XYm ø YË@ , b − 4ac ,ùªJK. Ë@ P Ym.Ì '@
 ' Q
• Vertex Form: The form of a quadratic  J£
.ÈñÊmÌ '@ XY«ð éªJ .
function written as f (x) = a(x − h)2 + k,
where (h, k) represents the vertex of the • Solving Quadratic Equations: Using
parabola. methods like factoring, completing the
H. ñJºÓ éJ ªJK. QË@ éË@YÊË
 ɾƒ : € @QË@ éªJ“ square, or the quadratic formula to find
 k , f (x) = a(x − h)2 + k ñjJË@ úΫ the values of x that satisfy the quadratic
IJ equation.
 € @P (h, k) ÉJÖß
. ú¯A¾ÖÏ @ ©¢®Ë@  Ð@YjJƒ@ : éJ ªJK QË@ HBXAªÖ
†Q£  Ï @ Ég
.
 Ï @ éªJ“ ð @ ,©K QÖÏ @ ÈAÒ»@ ,ÉJÊjJË@ ÉJÓ
• Standard Form: The form ax2 + bx + c of éËXAªÖ .
a quadratic equation, where a, b, and c
éËXAªÖÏ @ ‡ ®m ' úæË@
 x Õæ¯ XAm.' B éJ ªJK. QË@
are constants. . éJ ªJK. QË@
úΫ éJ ªJK. QK éËXAªÓ
 ɾƒ : éJ ƒAJ®Ë@
 éªJ’Ë@
c ð , b , a IJ  k , ax2 + bx + c ñjJË@ • Axis of Symmetry: A vertical line
 . @ñK that passes through the vertex of the
. IK
parabola, dividing it into two symmet-
• Transforming to Vertex Form: Rewrit- ric halves, given by x = − 2a
b
.
ing a quadratic expression in the vertex  € @QK QÖß ø XñÔ« ¡k : ÉKAÒJË@ Pñm×
©¢®Ë@ .
form by completing the square to iden-
, ÊKAÒJÓ á®’ úÍ@ é҂®K ð , ú¯A¾ÖÏ @
á  
tify the vertex.
QJ.ªK éK . AJ» èXA«@ : € @QË@ éªJ“ úÍ@ ÉK ñm' . x = − 2ab èPñ’ËAK. ù¢ªK ð
168 CHAPTER 6. NEXT BOOK: FUNCTIONS IN ONE VARIABLE

• Minimum/Maximum Value: The low- .(I.ËAƒ QÒÖÏ @ àñºK

est or highest point on the graph of a
• Quadratic
√ Formula: The formula x =
quadratic function, found at the ver- −b± b2 −4ac
2a used to solve any quadratic
tex.
 ® K úΫ @ ð @ úGX @ : ùÒ¢ªËAKQª’Ë@ éÒJ  ®Ë@
 equation by calculating the roots.
é¢
éªJ’Ë@ : éJ ªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ éªJ“
YJ« Yg. ñKð , éJ ªJK. QK éË@YË
 úGAJJË@ Õæ QË@ úΫ
.   jJ‚ÖÏ @ x = −b± √b2 −4ac
éËXAªÓ ø @ ÉmÌ éÓY 2a
.€ @QË@ .Pð Ym.Ì '@ H. A‚m'. éJ ªJK. QK
• Real and Complex Solutions: Solu- • Factoring: Breaking down the qua-
tions to the quadratic equation, which dratic equation into simpler binomials
can be real (when the discriminant is if possible, as an alternative to complet-
non-negative) or complex (when the ing the square or using the quadratic
discriminant is negative). formula.
 Ï ÈñÊg : éK Y®«  ÈñÊgð éJ ®J ®k
 ÈñÊg
éËXAªÖ XðYg úÍ@ éJ ªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ Ï @ ½Jº®K : ÉJÊjJË@
AÓYJ«) éJ ®J ®k
 àñºK à @ áºÖß éJ ªJK QK
. ©K. QÖÏ @ ÈAÒ»B ÉK YJ.» , áºÓ @ à@ ¡‚. @ éJ KAJK
 
AÓYJ«) éK Y®« ð @ (I.ËAƒ Q« QÒÖÏ @ àñºK . éJ ªJK. QË@ éËXAªÖ
 Ï @ éªJ“ Ð@YjJƒ@ ð @

Glossary: Conic Sections and Geometrical Shapes

• Circle: A set of all points in a plane . (x − h)2 = 4p(y − k) ð@ y = ax2 + bx + c

that are equidistant from a given point
• Hyperbola: A set of points where the
(the center), typically represented by
absolute difference of distances from
(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2 .
two fixed points (foci) is constant, rep-
øñJ‚Ó ú¯ A® JË@ ©JÔg. áÓ é«ñÒm  × : èQK@X
. (x−h)2 (y−k)2
 ® K áÓ éK ðA‚Ó é¯A‚Ó úΫ àñºK AÓ resented by a2
− b2
= 1.
é¢  k A® JË@ áÓ é«ñÒm
 × : YK@P ©¢¯
 àñºK IJ .
éªJ’ËAK. èXA« ÉJÖßð ,(Q»QÖÏ @) éJJªÓ áJK . AK áJ¢® K áÓ HA
 ¯A‚ÒÊË ‡Ê¢Ö  Ï @ †Q  ®Ë@
. (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2 éªJ’ËAK. ÉJÖßð

,AJK. AK ( áKP ñJ.Ë@)
• Ellipse: A set of points where the 2 (y−k)2
sum of the distances from two fixed
. (x−h) a2
− b2 = 1

points (foci) is constant, represented by • Triangle: A three-sided polygon with

(x−h)2 (y−k)2
a2
+ b2
= 1. three angles, classified based on side
àñºK IJ  k A® JË@ áÓ é«ñÒm
 × : ‘¯A K ©¢¯
. lengths or angles (e.g., equilateral,
áJK . AK áJ¢® K áÓ HA  ¯A‚ÖÏ @ ¨ñÒm.× isosceles, scalene).
  Kð ¨C“ @ HC
HC  K ð X ©Ê’Ó : IÊ  JÓ
éªJ’ËAK. ÉJÖßð ,AJK. AK ( áKP ñJ.Ë@)
2 (y−k)2 ð @ ¨C“ B@ È@ñ£ @ úΫ ZA JK. ­J’ ,AK @ð P
. (x−h) a 2 + b2
=1
ø ðA‚Ó ,¨C“ B@ ø ðA‚Ó ÉJÓ) AK @ð QË@
• Parabola: A set of points that are

.(¨C“ B@ ­ÊJm× , á¯A‚Ë@
equidistant from a fixed point (focus)
and a fixed line (directrix), represented
• Rectangle: A quadrilateral with four
by y = ax2 + bx + c or (x − h)2 = 4p(y −
right angles and opposite sides that are
k).
equal in length.
úΫ àñºK A® JË@ áÓ é«ñÒm
 × : ú¯A¾Ó ©¢¯
. AK @ð P ©K. P @ éË ¨C“ B@ ú«AK. P : ÉJ¢‚Ó 
( èP ñJ.Ë@) éJK. AK 颮K áÓ éK ðA‚Ó é¯A‚Ó
     
©J’ËAK. ÉJÖßð ,(ÉJËYË@) IK  . AK ¡kð .Èñ¢Ë@ ú¯ éK ðA‚Ó éÊK
 A® JÓ ¨C“ @ð éÖ ß A¯
.
 169

• Square: A rectangle with four equal honeycomb patterns.

sides and four right angles, also con- ,¨C“ @ éJƒ ð X ©Ê’Ó : ¨C“ B@ úæ @Yƒ
sidered a regular quadrilateral. 
 ¢JJÖÏ @ ÈA¾ƒ B@ ú¯ èXA«
éK ðA‚Ó ¨C“ @ éªK
 P @ éË ÉJ¢‚Ó  : ©K. QÓ h. XAÖß ÉJÓ éÒ Yg. ñK
.
 .ÉjJË@ éJ Êg
.Ñ¢JJÓ ú«AK. P A’ @ Q.JªK ð , éÖ ß A¯ AK @ð P ©K. P @ð
• Octagon: An eight-sided polygon, com-
• Rhombus: A quadrilateral with four
monly seen in stop signs.
equal sides and opposite equal angles,
often described as a "tilted square." ,¨C“ @ éJ KAÖß ð X ©Ê’Ó : ¨C“ B@ úGAÖß
ð X ¨C“ B@ ú«AK. P : (Õç'A¯ áªÓ) áªÓ  JË@ H@ 
 P Aƒ@ ú¯ èXA«
. ­¯ñ øQK
 A® JÓ AK @ð Pð éK ðA‚Ó ¨C“ @ éªK
éÊK  P@
. . • Cylinder: A three-dimensional shape
 
. ÉKAÖÏ @ ©K. QÒÊK. ­“ñK AÓ AJ.ËA«ð , éK ðA‚Ó
 
with two parallel circular bases con-
nected by a curved surface.
• Trapezoid (US) / Trapezium (UK): A
áKY«A¯ ð X XAªK. B@ úGCK ɾƒ : éK@ñ¢ƒ @
quadrilateral with at least one pair of
parallel sides. . ájJÓ i¢‚. áJʒJÓ áJK P@ñJÓ áJK QK@X

ɯ B@ úΫ éË ¨C“ B@ ú«AK. P : ¬QjJÓ éJ.ƒ
• Cone: A three-dimensional shape with
. éK P@ñJÖÏ @ ¨C“ B@ áÓ Yg@ð h. ð P a circular base and a single vertex, re-
• Polygon: A closed figure with three sembling an ice cream cone.
èY«A¯ ð X XAªK B@ úGCK ɾƒ : ðQm×
or more straight sides, such as trian- .
gles, rectangles, pentagons, and hexa-   ,Yg@ð € @P ð éK QK@X
 B@ ðQm× éJ.‚
gons.
¨C“ @ éKCK éË ‡Ê ªÓ ɾƒ : ©Ê’Ó .Õç' Q»
 Ï @ð HA
 ¢‚Ö
HCJ  JÊJÖÏ @ ÉJÓ ,Q» @ ð @ éÒJ
 ® J‚Ó • Sphere: A perfectly round three-
 ƒ@Y‚Ë@ð HAJ
. HAJ  ƒAÒmÌ '@ð dimensional shape with all points on
the surface equidistant from the cen-
• Pentagon: A five-sided polygon. ter.
 g ð X ©Ê’Ó : ¨C“ B@ úæ AÔg
.¨C“ @ é‚Ô IJ  ß ø QK@X XAªK B@
 k AÓAÖ úGCK ɾƒ : èQ»
.
é¯A‚Ó úΫ i¢‚Ë@ úΫ A® JË@ ©JÔg. àñºK
• Hexagon: A six-sided polygon, com-
monly found in regular shapes such as .Q»QÖÏ @ áÓ éK ðA‚Ó