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Spatial database

A Spatial Database Management System (SDBMS) is designed to handle spatial data, enabling efficient storage and querying of geometrical objects like points, lines, and polygons. It improves upon traditional relational databases by supporting spatial data models, indexing, and operations, making it essential for applications in Geographic Information Services (GIS), medical data analysis, and artificial intelligence. PostGIS is a notable example of an SDBMS that extends PostgreSQL to manage spatial data effectively.

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2 views

Spatial database

A Spatial Database Management System (SDBMS) is designed to handle spatial data, enabling efficient storage and querying of geometrical objects like points, lines, and polygons. It improves upon traditional relational databases by supporting spatial data models, indexing, and operations, making it essential for applications in Geographic Information Services (GIS), medical data analysis, and artificial intelligence. PostGIS is a notable example of an SDBMS that extends PostgreSQL to manage spatial data effectively.

Uploaded by

rk43.koundal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is spatial database

management system?
Introduction to Spatial • We often need to store the information regarding the geometry
of a system.
Databases • Conventional RDBMS will need multiple tables to store
information of the things like points, lines and polygons.
-A simple square is represented in 16 rows across 3 tables
• This makes operations very complex and slow as many tables
then need to be handled simultaneously.
• The introduction of ORDBMS (Object Relational Database
Management System) removed these problems.
• Thus, spatial databases uses geometrical objects to store the
information of these new datatypes and new operations like
distance and area can be defined upon them.

What is spatial database Why SDBMS? The


management system? Applications
A SDBMS is a software module that-
• Geographical Information Services (GIS) – google maps, heart of
• Can work with an underlying DBMS applications like Swiggy, Ola, and Navik
• Supports spatial data models, spatial abstract data types • Extraterrestrial missions require space agencies to map the surface of
(ADTs) and a query language from which these ADTs are planets and moons for efficient routing.
callable • Battle Strategies- Mapping of battle terrains, geography, possible
• supports spatial indexing, efficient algorithms for processing problems like land mines and weapons.
• Image Segmentation – How to store the information regarding segments
spatial operations, and domain specific rules for query of images.
optimization • Medical Data – Anatomical Studies, Segmenting the cross-sectional
• Has spatial data types (e.g. polygon), operations (e.g. overlap) views.
callable from SQL3 query language • Artificial Intelligence, as it is diving more into the image-based models,
• Has spatial indices, e.g. R-trees the efficient storage and querying of such data becomes important.

• Insurance Risk Manager: Which homes are most likely to be affected in the
next great flood on the Mississippi?
• Medical Doctor: Based on this patient's MRI, have we treated somebody with a
An Industry Grade SDBMS
similar condition? PostGIS is an extension for PostgreSQL (which is a powerful open-source
• Molecular Biologist: Is the topology of the amino acid biosynthesis gene in the relational database).
genome found in any other sequence feature map in the database? It adds support for geographic objects, allowing you to store, query, and
• Astronomer: Find all blue galaxies within 2 arcmin of quasars manipulate spatial (location-based) data.
In simple words:
🔹 PostgreSQL = normal database for regular data (like numbers, text)
🔹 PostGIS = upgrade that lets the database understand maps, shapes, and geography
(like points, lines, and polygons)

Main Features of PostGIS:


•Store spatial data: You can save coordinates, shapes (like countries, roads, rivers),
and even 3D geometries.
•Run spatial queries: Like "Find all restaurants within 2 km of me" or "Which
buildings are inside this flood zone?"
•Spatial indexing: It makes these location-based searches super fast.
•Compatibility: Works well with GIS (Geographic Information Systems) software
like QGIS, ArcGIS, and many web mapping tools.

1
Some Common Data Types -- To allow usage of PostGIS module
CREATE EXTENSION postgis;
in PostGIS: --Defining a relation
CREATE TABLE parks (
•POINT – a single location (e.g., a house’s id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
location) name VARCHAR(100),
•LINESTRING – a path (e.g., a road or river) location GEOMETRY(Point, 4326)
•POLYGON – an area (e.g., a park, a city );
boundary) --Find parks within 1 km of a given point (latitude 28.6,
•MULTIPOLYGON, MULTILINESTRING, etc. – longitude 77.1)
for complex shapes SELECT name
•GEOGRAPHY – special type that considers the FROM parks
WHERE ST_DWithin(location, ST_MakePoint(77.1,
Earth’s curvature (important for global data) 28.6)::geography, 1000);

Now, what is 4326?


👉 4326 is the SRID — Spatial Reference System
Identifier.
•SRID 4326 refers to the WGS 84 coordinate system.
Difference in SDBMS and GIS
•WGS 84 (World Geodetic System 1984) is the standard
coordinate system used by GPS.
•It represents locations using latitude and longitude.
So, when you write:
location GEOMETRY(Point, 4326)
you are telling PostGIS:
➡ "This location column will store points that use latitude
and longitude coordinates according to the WGS 84
system."

If you had a different SRID, it could represent other map


projections — like local or specialized systems — but 4326
is the most common for anything global.

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