BusBuddy: RTC Management System

A PROJECT REPORT

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

Submitted by

Karra Ram Teja (2021BECSE111)

Stuti Paras Jain (2021BECSE136)

Pratima Gurnani (2021BEAGR014)

Under the guidance of

DR. AMAN SHARMA

NIMS University: JAIPUR 303121

APRIL 2025
 CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “BusBuddy: RTC Management

System” is the bonafide work of “Karra Ram Teja, Stuti Paras Jain

and Pratima Gurnani” who carried out the project work under my

supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. Vineet Mehan Dr. Aman Sharma

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Computer Science Engineering Computer Science Engineering

Submitted for the project viva-voce examination held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks to our project supervisor Dr.

Aman Sharma for his time and efforts he provided throughout the year.

Your useful advice and suggestions were really helpful to me during the

project’s completion. I would like to express my profound gratitude to

Professor, Dr. Vineet Mehan, HOD, of CSE department, and Dr.

Ashutosh Tripathi, DIRECTOR of NIET, NIMS University for their

contributions to the completion of my project titled BusBuddy: RTC

Management System.

I would like to acknowledge that this project was completed entirely by

me and not by someone else.

Karra Ram Teja

Stuti Paras Jain

Pratima Gurnani
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO.
i
LIST OF TABLES
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
iii
ABBREVIATIONS

ABSTRACT iv

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
2
1.1 OBJECTIVES
2
1.1.1 Primary Objectives
2
1.1.2 Secondary Objectives
3
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
4
1.3 NEED FOR THE PROJECT

CHAPTER 2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

5
2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY
2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM AND ITS 9
s LIMITATIONS
9
2.2.1 Existing Systems
9
2.2.2 Limitations
2.3 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE 11
s REQUIREMENTS

2.3.1 Hardware Requirements 11

11
2.3.2 Software Requirements
CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESIGN
13
3.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
14
3.2 DATAFLOW DIAGRAM
3.3 E-R DIAGRAM 15

16
3.4 TABLES
3.5 METHODOLOGY 18

18
3.5.1 Requirement Analysis
19
3.5.2 System Design
19
3.5.3 Backend development
19
3.5.3.1 Tools and Technologies
21
3.5.3.2 REST API Implementation
21
3.5.3.3 Tools for Testing
21
3.5.3.4 Backend Features
22
3.5.4 Frontend development
24
3.5.5 Module development

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

4.1 SAMPLE OUTPUT WITH 25

DESCRIPTION
33
4.2 SCOPE OF FUTURE USE
34
4.3 CONCLUSION
35
APPENDICES

REFERENCES 37
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NUMBER CONTENTS PAGE

NUMBER
12
2.1 List of Software

3.1 User Table 16

16
3.2 Bus Table

17
3.3 BusStop Table

17
3.4 Driver Table
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE CONTENTS PAGE

NUMBER NUMBER
3.1 Data Flow Diagram 14
3.2 E-R Diagram 15
3.3 App Development lifecycle 23
4.1 Login Screen with 25
Driver and User Options
4.2 Driver Sign-Up Screen 26
4.3 Driver Dashboard 27
4.4 Bus Stops availability Screen 28
4.5 User Main Screen 29
4.6 Ticket Booking Screen 30
4.7 Emergency Assistance Prompt 31
4.8 Bus Search Screen 32
 ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Full Form

API Application Programming Interface

JWT JSON Web Token

REST Representational State Transfer

DB Database

UI User Interface

SQL Structured Query Language

POSTGRES PostgreSQL (Open-Source Relational

Database)
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol

JSON JavaScript Object Notation

CRUD Create, Read, Update, Delete

IDE Integrated Development Environment

POM Project Object Model (used in Maven)

 ABSTRACT

Navigating public transport can be stressful—uncertain arrival times,

overcrowded buses, and safety concerns are daily struggles for commuters.

BusBuddy is a comprehensive solution designed to transform this

experience by bringing real-time transparency, convenience, and safety to

urban travel. This full- stack application combines a Flutter-based mobile

app for passengers with a Spring Boot backend and a driver dashboard to

bridge the gap between commuters and transport operators.

BusBuddy allows passengers to check seat availability (updated manually

by drivers) and send emergency alerts via a one-tap SOS button. Drivers

update seat data through a simple interface, while feedback on driver

behavior improves user experience. Built with Spring Boot (backend) and

Flutter (frontend), the system ensures reliable performance and a

consistent user interface. Overall, BusBuddy enhances safety, reduces

wait times, and makes public transport more user- friendly and efficient.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The public city transport is very important for all cities, mainly for all big
cities and tourist centres. When inhabitants use public transport vehicles
instead of the private cars the environment pollution is reduced and also
the noise in the city is lower.

Public transportation systems are a cornerstone of urban infrastructure,

providing affordable and sustainable mobility solutions for millions of
people daily. However, inefficiencies such as delayed buses, lack of real-
time information, and inadequate safety measures often diminish the
overall user experience. By leveraging modern technologies like mobile
applications, databases, and intuitive user interfaces, systems like
BusBuddy aim to revolutionize public transportation by addressing these
pain points and fostering a more reliable, transparent, and passenger-
friendly ecosystem. This project underscores the importance of integrating
technology into traditional transport systems to meet the evolving
demands of urban commuters while promoting environmental
sustainability. [23]

By helping travellers move from single occupancy vehicles to public

transportation systems, communities can reduce traffic congestion as well
as its environmental impact. Through this project we describe our efforts
to increase the satisfaction of current public transportation users and help
motivate more people to ride. [20]
1.1 OBJECTIVES

1.1.1 Primary Objectives

1. To design and develop a user interface for users to interact with the
system.
2. To design and develop a database which will store users’ data.
3. To develop individual modules. [29]

Additionally, the project aims to achieve the following goals:

 Arrival & Destination Time Tracking: Enable passengers to view
estimated arrival times and destination times for buses, helping them
plan their journey more effectively and reducing uncertainty.
 Seat Availability Management: Let drivers manually update seat
occupancy status, helping passengers avoid overcrowded buses.
 Emergency Alert System: Provide passengers with a quick SOS
feature to alert authorities and share their location during emergencies.
 User-Friendly Interfaces: Design intuitive apps and dashboards to
ensure ease of use for both passengers and drivers.

1.1.2 Secondary Objectives

 Include route optimization, support for night buses, nearby stop

suggestions, and system scalability.
 To design a cost-effective model for tracking and monitoring the
location of the bus.
 To design a cashless payment gateway to pay the fare to passengers of
all age.
 To monitor bus in case of any fire, smoke or breakdown and intimate
the administrator of the bus to carry out precautionary measures.
 To detect the passenger count and let passengers know the count of
passengers inside the bus for them to make plans accordingly. [12]
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The use of bus traveling is a large growing business in India and other
countries; hence bus reservation system deals with maintenance of
records of each passenger who had reserved a seat for a journey. It also
includes maintenance of information like schedule and details of each bus.
Also, we get to know that there are many operations, which they have to
do manually. It takes a lot of time and causes many errors. Due to this,
sometimes a lot of problems occur and they were facing many disputes
with customers. To solve the above problem, and further maintaining
records of items, seat availability for customers, price of per seat, bill
generation and other things, we are offering this proposal. [8]

Public Transport system remains the major source of income in most of

the developing countries like India. However, PTS now faces severe
malfunctions and various security problems.There is a lot of confusion
between the passengers regarding fares which lead to chaos. [36]
Public transportation users often face challenges like:

 Uncertainty in bus arrival times.

 Overcrowded buses leading to discomfort.

 Lack of safety measures, especially during emergencies or night

travel.
These issues discourage people from relying on public buses. There is a
need for a digital solution that improves transparency, safety, and
convenience in daily commuting.
1.3 NEED FOR THE PROJECT

With the steady growth of urban populations, public transport systems are
facing increasing demand and challenges. BusBuddy is designed to
address these challenges by offering a smarter, user-friendly platform for
both passengers and transport operators. The project aims to:

 Make Commuting More Predictable: By providing passengers with

estimated arrival and destination times, the app helps users plan their
journeys more effectively and reduces unnecessary waiting.
 Enhance Safety and Trust: With features like an SOS button and the
ability to flag a bus for issues like misbehaviour, cleanliness, or
delays, the platform ensures that passengers feel safer and more in
control during their commute.
 Increase Accessibility of Information: The About Us section offers
clarity about the transport service, operating routes, and customer
support, helping passengers make informed decisions and build trust
in the system.
 Promote a Personalized Experience: The Favourites feature allows
users to save frequently used routes or stops, reducing the need to
search repeatedly and making the app more efficient for daily users.
 CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

A. Vrushali Andhale et al. (2019) [2] proposed a mobile-based bus e-

ticketing system to replace manual and paper-based ticketing, which often
leads to delays and inefficiencies. Their application allows users to book
tickets using a smartphone, automatically validating and deleting the
ticket after a set interval. The system also offers benefits like digital
identity cards for pass users and a mobile app for ticket verification,
aiming to reduce physical handling of cash and paperwork. Data is
securely stored in a centralized database, enhancing both convenience and
accountability.

B. Prof. M. Chavan, Navarange Prajwal, More Vishal, and

Nagargoje Shubham (2021) [8] highlight in their research on the
"Online Bus Reservation System" that existing systems often suffer from
inefficiencies such as manual record-keeping, lack of security, and
difficulty in retrieving specific information. They emphasize the need for
a robust and automated reservation system that addresses challenges
related to data accuracy, seat availability, pricing, and billing processes.
The authors propose an improved online system designed to streamline
operations, minimize human errors, and enhance user experience by
enabling customers to book trips around the clock from any location with
an internet connection. This system also supports internal business
process management, ensuring a more efficient and reliable solution
compared to previous systems.
C. Triveni, Likith Kumar Gowda, and Rakesh D (2022) [12] review
various studies that highlight the importance of integrating IoT, GPS, and
GSM technologies to enhance public transport management systems.
They reference Umar Farooq et al. (2014) , who implemented a GPS-
GSM-based system with four modules—bus station, in-bus, bus stop, and
base station—to improve transportation services in Lahore. The authors
also discuss Komal Agarwal and Kranti Dive’s (2015) RFID-based
intelligent bus management system for real-time tracking and updates.
Additionally, Akshay Sonawane et al. (2015) proposed an Android-based
real-time bus tracking system to reduce passenger wait times. These
studies collectively emphasize the need for automated, user-friendly
systems that streamline operations, provide real-time information, and
improve overall efficiency in public transportation.

D. Anais Habermann, Kai Kasugai, and Martina Ziefle (2016) [13]

emphasize the growing importance of smart applications in enhancing
public transport systems. They reference studies highlighting
advancements in GPS, GSM, and IoT technologies, which have enabled
real-time vehicle tracking, cashless payments, and improved journey
planning. The authors stress the need for user-centered design, citing
works on eTravel assistants and mobility aids that cater to diverse users,
including the elderly and disabled. These studies collectively underscore
the importance of integrating usability, accessibility, and technological
innovation to create efficient, user-friendly public transport solutions.
The authors also highlight the potential of smart applications to bridge
gaps in accessibility, ensuring that transportation systems are inclusive
and equitable for all demographics. By leveraging data analytics and user
feedback, these technologies can continuously evolve to meet changing
public needs and preferences.
E. Pratik Prakash Kore, Mayuresh Jaywant Lohar, Madhusudan
Tanaji Surve, and Snehal Jadhav (2022) [17] discuss the importance of
API testing in modern software development, emphasizing the role of
tools like Postman in ensuring robust and efficient application
performance. They reference Dheeraj Chhillar (2019), who proposed a T-
Model for software quality metrics to address software failures, and
Ajitha and Amrit Shah’s "SofTReL Software Testing Guide Book,"
which highlights best practices in testing methodologies. Additionally,
Bangare et al. (2011) explore the use of metrics for measuring the quality
of modularized object-oriented software. These studies collectively stress
the significance of API testing in identifying vulnerabilities, improving
software reliability, and ensuring seamless integration across platforms,
with Postman emerging as a key tool for simplifying and automating this
process.

F. Gschwender et al. (2016) and Damaini et al. (2018) [22] contribute

to the foundation of this research by exploring the use of smart card and
GPS data for policy planning and fraud mitigation in transportation
systems. The literature review highlights advancements in real-time bus
tracking and arrival time predictions, as discussed by Nagadapally et al.
(2015) and Hua et al. (2018) , emphasizing the importance of accurate
data collection for enhancing public transport efficiency. Additionally,
Haleem and Nawaz (2016) stress the role of wireless sensors and mobile
technologies in creating robust tracking systems, while Luo et al. (2019)
propose IoT-based frameworks for intelligent transport systems. These
studies collectively underscore the need for integrating GPS, IoT, and
mobile platforms to improve bus tracking, optimize routes, and provide
reliable, real-time information to users, ultimately addressing challenges
in public transportation management.
G. Hamilton and Suresh (2013) [25] introduced an intelligent agent-
based RFID system for on-demand bus scheduling and ticketing,
emphasizing real-time data utilization. Similarly, Xiao-Lei et al. (2012)
explored smart card data mining to extract passenger origin information,
enhancing transit planning. Foisal Mahedi Hasan et al. (2010) proposed
an RFID-based ticketing system for public transport in megacities like
Dhaka, focusing on efficiency and scalability. These studies collectively
highlight the importance of integrating advanced technologies such as
RFID, GPS, and data analytics to improve public transport management,
optimize scheduling, and enhance user experience by addressing
challenges like manual ticketing, inefficiency, and lack of real-time
information.

H. Bikorimana Sefu et al. (2022) [27] highlight prior studies on bus

ticket reservation and tracking systems, emphasizing their role in
improving public transport efficiency. Alaya (2014) developed an online
bus ticket reservation system for Nigeria, focusing on reducing manual
booking challenges. Guide (2016) introduced an intelligent bus tracking
system using Android, enabling real-time location updates. Similarly,
Jain et al. (2019) proposed an app-based bus tracking system to enhance
passenger convenience, while Karthikeyan and Jawahar (2018) designed
a smart bus management system addressing crowd monitoring and
efficient ticketing. These studies collectively stress the importance of
integrating web-based applications, GPS, and cashless payment systems
to streamline bus operations, reduce passenger wait times, and improve
overall transport management.
2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM AND ITS LIMITATIONS
2.2.1 Existing Systems

 Many public and private transportation apps focus on real-time

GPSbased tracking and automated ticketing through QR/NFC or
RFID.
 Some systems include payment integrations, which increase
development time and introduce financial security responsibilities.
 Most existing systems are either GPS-dependent or browser-based
and often lack mobile-first features that appeal to modern commuters.

2.2.2 Limitations

The limitations arise from technical, operational, and environmental

factors, which may impact the system's overall effectiveness and
scalability.
 Internet Dependency : The system relies heavily on internet
connectivity for real-time data exchange, such as bus tracking, ticket
booking, and notifications. In areas with poor or no internet access,
the functionality of the application may be compromised, leading to
delays or inaccuracies in service delivery.
 Hardware Compatibility : The implementation of IoT-based devices
like GPS modules, RFID readers, and sensors depends on the
compatibility and availability of hardware components. Older buses
or those without pre-installed IoT infrastructure may require
significant upgrades, increasing costs and complexity.
 Scalability Challenges : While the system is designed to handle a
moderate number of users and buses, scaling it up to accommodate
larger cities or regions with high passenger volumes may pose
challenges. The database and server infrastructure would need to be
 robust enough to handle increased traffic without compromising
performance.
 Data Privacy Concerns : The system collects and stores sensitive
user data, including personal details, travel history, and payment
information. Ensuring compliance with data protection regulations
(e.g., GDPR) and safeguarding against cyber threats, such as hacking
or data breaches, is critical but challenging.
 User Adoption Barriers : Despite the user-friendly design, some
passengers, particularly elderly or technologically inexperienced
individuals, may face difficulties adapting to the digital platform. This
could limit the system's reach and effectiveness unless adequate
training and support are provided.
 Maintenance and Upkeep Costs : The integration of advanced
technologies like IoT, GPS, and cloud storage requires regular
maintenance and updates. Over time, these costs can accumulate,
potentially straining the financial resources of transportation
authorities, especially in smaller cities or rural areas.
 Emergency Response Limitations : Although the system includes
features like fire detection and emergency alerts, its effectiveness
depends on external factors such as the proximity of emergency
services and the responsiveness of local authorities. Delays in
emergency response times could undermine the system's intended
benefits.
 Environmental Factors : External environmental conditions, such as
extreme weather or natural disasters, may interfere with the
functioning of GPS modules and other IoT devices. This could lead to
inaccuracies in bus tracking and arrival time predictions, affecting the
reliability of the system.
 Integration with Legacy Systems : Many existing public
transportation systems still rely on outdated infrastructure and
software. Integrating the BusBuddy system with these legacy systems
may require significant effort, additional resources, and potential
disruptions during the transition phase.
 Limited Customization for Diverse Needs : The system may not
fully cater to the diverse needs of all user groups, such as differently-
abled passengers or those traveling in remote areas. Customizing the
platform to address these specific requirements would require
additional development efforts and resources.

2.3 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

2.3.1 Hardware requirements

 Laptop for Development & Hosting

 Acts as the server for backend operations (Spring Boot)
 Hosts the admin dashboard and database locally.
 Smartphones (for Passengers and Drivers)
 For running and testing the mobile application (built in Flutter).
 Secondary Laptop or PC for Testing
 Can be used to test the app from a user or admin perspective
separately.

2.3.2 Software requirements

The BusBuddy system is developed using modern, efficient, and

scalable technologies to ensure a smooth and responsive user experience.
The software requirements are as followed:
 Table 2.1 List of software

Component Technology Used

Frontend Flutter (for Android/iOS cross-platform apps)

Backend Java with Spring Boot

Database PostgreSQL

Real-Time Updates WebSocket for pushing seat/ETA updates

Offline Storage Hive or Shared Preferences (Flutter)

IDE Tools VS Code / Android Studio / IntelliJ IDEA

Other Tools Postman for API testing

 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

BusBuddy is a mobile-based Road Transport Corporation (RTC)

management system aimed at enhancing the public transportation
experience for both passengers and drivers. It addresses common issues
such as uncertain bus timings, overcrowded vehicles, safety concerns, and
lack of communication between service providers and users. The system
is designed to make daily commutes more predictable, safe, and efficient
through a feature-rich and intuitive mobile app.

The application is divided into three main modules: the Passenger

Interface, the Driver Interface, and the Admin Dashboard. Each module is
developed with a specific set of features tailored to the needs of its users.
Passengers can check live schedules and seat availability; drivers can
update route progress and seat status; and admins can monitor the system,
analyze feedback, and manage emergencies.

From the passenger’s side, the app allows users to search for buses by
entering a source and destination. It supports detection of intermediate
stops, making the search more flexible. Passengers can view real-time
seat availability at each stop as updated by drivers, helping them avoid
crowded buses. The app also shows estimated arrival and destination
times. Users can save favorite routes for faster access and use the
Emergency SOS feature to request immediate help in case of distress.
Additionally, the feedback system allows passengers to rate and review
services to support continuous improvement.
3.2 DATAFLOW DIAGRAM

The Data Flow Diagram illustrates the flow of data between various users
and components in the BusBuddy system. Passengers interact with the
system to view bus schedules, estimated arrival and destination times,
submit feedback, or flag issues. Drivers can log in to update seat
availability. Admins access the system to review feedback, manage flags,
and oversee the operational data.

Figure 3.1 Data Flow Diagram

3.3 ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

The ER diagram represents the data model for the BusBuddy system. It
highlights the relationships between different entities such as User, Driver,
Bus, and associated data like Feedback, and Route.
 User: Contains fields like user ID, name, and password. A user can
book tickets and submit feedback.
 Driver: Represents the drivers who operate buses. Each driver is
associated with a Bus.
 Bus: Central to the system, it is linked with both User and Driver. A
bus can trigger an SOS alert and operates on a specific route.
 Ticket: Connected to users and used to represent a booking.
 Feedback: Submitted by users, typically after a bus ride.
 Route: Each bus operates on a route.
 SOS Alert: Triggered by a bus in case of emergencies.

Figure 3.2 E-R Diagram

3.4 TABLES

Table 3.1 User Table

Field Name Data Type Description

id SERIAL (PK) Unique user ID

user_name VARCHAR Full name

email VARCHAR Unique email for login

password VARCHAR Encrypted password

phone_number VARCHAR User phone no.

Table 3.2 Bus Table

Field Name Data Type Description

id SERIAL (PK) Unique bus ID

bus_number VARCHAR Bus registration number

start_point VARCHAR Source stop

destination_point VARCHAR Destination stop

departure_time VARCHAR Time of departure

type VARCHAR Type of bus

duration VARCHAR Duration of journey

stops INTEGER No. of intermediate stops

 Table 3.3 BusStop Table

Field Name Data Type Description

id SERIAL (PK) Unique bus ID

bus_stop_name VARCHAR Name of the bus stop

bus_number VARCHAR Bus registration number

Stop has been completed or

completed BOOLEAN not
seat_availability Seat availability percentage
INTEGER

Table 3.4 Driver Table

Field Name Data Type Description

id SERIAL (PK) Unique bus ID

driver_name VARCHAR Name of the driver

bus_number VARCHAR Bus registration number

phone_number VARCHAR Driver’s phone number

start_point VARCHAR Source stop

destination_point VARCHAR Destination stop

3.5 METHODOLOGY

The development of the BusBuddy system followed a systematic

approach to ensure functionality, scalability, and user satisfaction. The
methodology was divided into distinct phases, including requirement
analysis, system design, backend and frontend development, and module
implementation. Each phase contributed to the creation of a robust and
user-friendly platform for passengers, drivers, and administrators.

3.5.1 Requirement Analysis

The first step in the development process involved identifying and

analyzing the requirements of the system based on user needs. Key
features identified during this phase included:
 Viewing bus schedules: Allowing passengers to check bus timings
and plan their journeys effectively.
 Estimated arrival and destination times: Providing real-time updates
on bus arrival and departure times.
 Seat availability: Enabling drivers to manually update seat occupancy
status for passengers to avoid overcrowded buses.
 Feedback system: Allowing passengers to submit feedback on bus
services to improve overall user experience.
 Emergency SOS alerts: Offering a quick and reliable way for
passengers to alert authorities during emergencies.
Additionally, roles and permissions were defined for different users:
 Passengers: Access to bus schedules, seat availability, feedback
submission, and emergency alerts.
 Drivers: Ability to update seat availability and monitor assigned buses.
 Administrators: Oversight of flagged buses, feedback management,
and database maintenance.
3.5.2 System Design

The system design phase focused on creating a clear blueprint for the
application's architecture. This included:
 Data Flow Diagrams (DFD): Designed to model how data flows
between users (passengers, drivers, and admins) and the system
components.
 Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERD): Created to define the
relationships between database entities such as users, buses, drivers,
routes, and feedback.
 Modular Approach: The system was divided into three core
modules:
1. Frontend: Developed using Flutter to ensure cross-platform
compatibility and an intuitive user interface.
2. Backend: Built using Spring Boot (Java) to handle business logic,
API integrations, and data processing.
3. Database: Managed using PostgreSQL to store structured data
efficiently and maintain relational integrity.

3.5.3 Backend Development

The backend development phase involved implementing the server-side

logic and database interactions.

3.5.3.1 Tools and Technologies

1. IntelliJ IDEA: Provided a pre-configured workspace and an

advanced plug-in framework for customization during development.
Enhanced productivity with intelligent code completion, debugging
tools, and seamless integration with frameworks like Spring Boot.
2. Spring MVC Framework: Followed the Model-View-Controller
(MVC) architecture to separate input logic, business logic, and user
interface logic.

 Model: Represented by Plain Old Java Objects (POJOs) that hold

application data.
 View: Displayed model data in HTML or JSON formats for client-
side consumption.
 Controller: Handled user requests, processed them, and returned
appropriate responses.

3. Hibernate: A lightweight Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) tool

used to map Java classes to database tables. Hibernate adheres to the
Java Persistence API (JPA) standards for data persistence. The
annotations used are:

 @Entity: Marks a class as a Hibernate entity mapped to a database

table.
 @TableName: Specifies the name of the table to be mapped.
 @Id: Defines the primary key of the table.
 @Column: Maps Java class attributes to database columns.
Additional JPA annotations like @OneToOne and @ManyToOne were
used for foreign key constraints.

4. PostgreSQL: A relational database management system (RDBMS)

used to store structured data and ensure efficient query execution.
3.5.3.2 REST API Implementation

REST (Representational State Transfer) was used to develop APIs for

seamless communication between the frontend and backend. Key aspects
include:

 HTTP Methods:

GET: Retrieve resources (e.g., bus schedules).

POST: Create new resources (e.g., user accounts).

PUT: Update existing resources (e.g., seat availability).

DELETE: Remove resources (e.g., delete feedback).

 API Endpoints: Defined URIs for accessing specific resources, such

as bus data, user profiles, and feedback submissions.

 Data Representation: JSON was used as the primary format for

request and response objects.

 Error Handling: Ensured secure API design with proper error codes
and messages for invalid requests. [3]

3.5.3.3 Tools for Testing

Postman: Used for API testing and documentation. Postman helped verify
API endpoints, validate responses, and automate testing workflows. [17]

3.5.3.4 Backend Features

The backend was developed to handle the following functionalities:

 User authentication and session management: Ensuring secure login

and session tracking for passengers, drivers, and admins.
 Bus and route data access: Providing real-time information about bus
schedules, routes, and seat availability.
 Manual seat availability updates: Allowing drivers to update seat
occupancy status through a simple interface.
 Feedback and SOS alert submissions: Enabling passengers to submit
feedback and raise emergency alerts seamlessly.

3.5.4 Frontend Development

The frontend development phase focused on creating a user-friendly and

responsive interface using Flutter. Key highlights include:
 Cross-Platform Compatibility: Built using Flutter to ensure the app
works seamlessly on both Android and iOS devices.
 Backend Integration: Integrated RESTful APIs to enable real-time
interaction with user data and system functions.
 Intuitive Navigation: Designed clear and easy-to-use navigation for
passengers and drivers to perform key actions, such as viewing
schedules, updating seat availability, and submitting feedback.[1]
Figure 3.3 App Development Life Cycle
3.5.5 Module Development
The system was divided into three main modules, each catering to
specific user roles:

1. Passenger Module:

 View bus schedules and estimated arrival times.

 Save frequently used routes as favorites for quick access.
 Submit feedback on bus services.
 Raise SOS alerts during emergencies.

2. Driver Module:

 Update seat availability manually for assigned buses.

 Monitor assigned buses and routes.
 Receive notifications for flagged issues or emergencies.

3. Admin Module:

 Monitor flagged buses and resolve issues reported by passengers.

 Manage feedback and analyze trends to improve services.
 Maintain database records, including user profiles, bus schedules, and
feedback submissions.
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS & CONCLUSION

4.1 SAMPLE OUTPUT WITH DESCRIPTION

Figure 4.1 Login Screen with Driver & User Options

Figure 4.1 represents a professionally designed login screen for app,

featuring Two clearly labeled buttons, "Driver" and "User," enable
users to select their role seamlessly. The sleek design combines
engaging visuals with functional clarity, emphasizing the app's dual
focus on serving both drivers and passengers.
Figure 4.2 Driver Sign-Up Screen

Figure 4.2 is the Driver Login Screen for the BusBuddy app, designed to
facilitate secure access for registered drivers. The interface features a
clean and minimalist layout with two input fields: one for entering the
Bus Number and another for the Mobile Number, both essential for
authentication. Below the input fields, a prominent "Submit" button
allows users to proceed with the login process.
Figure 4.3 Driver Dashboard

Figure 4.3 serves as the main dashboard for a driver within the
BusBuddy app. It provides essential information about the driver,
including their name ("Sid"), bus number (9A), and contact details
(1212121212). The interface clearly displays the route details, indicating
the journey from Durgapura to Narayan Singh Circle, with a visual
arrow emphasizing the direction of travel. At the bottom, a prompt
encourages the driver to "Slide to Start Journey," accompanied by an
illustration of a bus, ensuring a user-friendly and intuitive experience for
initiating the trip.
Figure 4.4 Bus Stops availability Screen

Figure 4.4 serves as a detailed view of bus seat availability for route
number 9A. It provides users with real-time information about the
occupancy levels at each stop, displayed through percentage indicators
(0%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). Each stop is clearly labeled with its name
(e.g., Durgapura, Tonk Fatak, Rambagh, Ajmeri Gate) and includes an
icon to denote its location. The design is clean and user-friendly,
enabling passengers to quickly assess the availability of seats at
upcoming stops.
Figure 4.5 User Main Screen

Figure 4.5 provides a user-friendly interface designed to streamline

public transportation navigation. The page features a grid layout with
intuitive icons and labels for key functionalities, including ticket
purchase, locating nearby bus stops, searching for buses, tracking bus
locations, accessing favorites, submitting feedback, and exploring
additional information about app.
Figure 4.6 Ticket Booking Screen

Figure 4.6 is the Online Bus Ticket Booking System interface, designed
to facilitate seamless journey planning for users. It features a clean and
intuitive layout that guides users through the booking process. At the
top, followed by input fields for specifying the origin ("From") and
destination ("To"). Users can also select the booking date and time,
ensuring they choose their preferred travel schedule. Below these fields,
the section titled "Passengers" allows users to specify the number of
children, adults, and seniors traveling, with corresponding fare details
displayed dynamically. The total fare is calculated in real-time, and a
prominent "Submit" button at the bottom enables users to finalize their
booking efficiently.
Figure 4.7 Emergency Assistance Prompt

Figure 4.7 is designed to provide users with immediate access to critical

support services. It features a clean and intuitive interface with four
distinct emergency options: Women Safety, Report Breakdown, Medical
Assistance, and Report Accident. Each option is represented by a large,
color-coded button with an icon for easy identification. The layout
ensures quick navigation, enabling users to select the appropriate
assistance category based on their needs. This functionality underscores
the app's commitment to prioritizing user safety and providing timely
support in emergencies.
Figure 4.8 Bus Search Screen

Figure 4.8 is a user-friendly interface designed to facilitate efficient bus

search functionality within the BusBuddy app. This screen allows users
to input their starting point and destination, enabling the app to provide
relevant bus options based on their travel requirements. The clean
layout, with clearly labeled fields for "Starting Point" and "Destination
Point," ensures ease of use, while the prominent "Search Bus" button
encourages seamless interaction. This feature is essential for enhancing
user convenience by streamlining the process of finding available buses
for specific routes.
4.2 SCOPE OF FUTURE USE

 Real-Time Location Tracking: Integrate GPS-based live bus

tracking using mobile device sensors to provide actual bus movement
data to passengers.
 Smart Seat Management: Automate seat availability updates using
IoT sensors to detect occupied seats in real time, reducing manual
input from drivers.
 Online Ticket Booking System: Add a booking module that allows
users to reserve and pay for seats in advance using secure payment
gateways.
 Route Optimization: Use AI/ML algorithms to suggest the fastest or
least crowded routes based on traffic conditions and past data.
 Notifications & Alerts: Implement push notifications to inform users
about bus delays, cancellations, or changes in routes.
 Multi-Language Support: Add regional language options to make
the app more accessible to a broader user base.
 Analytics Dashboard for Admin: Create visual reports for feedback
trends, route popularity, and system performance to support better
decision- making.
4.3 CONCLUSION

The BusBuddy project aims to enhance the public transport experience by

providing a simple, user-friendly platform that connects passengers,
drivers, and administrators. By focusing on core functionalities like
viewing bus schedules, estimated arrival and destination times, seat
availability, feedback, and emergency alerts, the system addresses key
challenges in daily commuting—such as unpredictability and lack of
communication.

Unlike GPS-dependent or hardware-heavy systems, BusBuddy offers a

cost-effective and scalable solution suitable for small-to-mid scale
implementations like college buses or city routes. The manual yet efficient
features give flexibility to drivers while keeping the interface intuitive for
passengers.

Through modular design, local development using Java (Spring Boot),

Flutter, and PostgreSQL, and thorough testing, BusBuddy serves as a
practical and extendable framework that can be further enhanced with
features like real-time tracking and online ticket booking in the future.
APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: CODE SNIPPETS

FIGURE A 1.1 Frontend (Flutter) Code

FIGURE A 1.2 Backend (Spring Boot) Code

 FIGURE A 1.3 Database Schema

FIGURE A 1.4 API Testing using Postman

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