LOAD FLOW

ANALYSIS

BY:
PROF J.N.RAI
DTU
Introduction
 Load flow studies or Power flow studies is the
analysis of a power system in normal steady state
condition.
 Load flow studies basically comprises of the
determination of
 Voltage
 Current
 Active Power
 Reactive Power
Importance
 Generation supplies demand(Load) plus losses.
 Bus voltage magnitude remain close to rated value.
 Generation operates within specified real and reactive
power limits.
 Transmission line and transformer are not
overloaded.
Need of Load flow study
 Designing a power system.
 Planning a power system.
 Expansion of power system.
 Providing guide lines for optimum operation of power
system.
 Providing guide lines for various power system
studies.
Bus Classification
 A bus is a node at which many Transmission lines, Loads
Generators are connected.
 It is not necessary that all of them be connected to
every bus.
 Bus is indicated by vertical line at which no. of
components are connected.
 In load flow study two out of four quantities
specified and other two quantities are to be
determined by load flow equation.
 Depending upon that bus are classified.
Flow chart
Load bus or PQ Bus
 A buss at which the Active power and reactive
power are specified.
 Magnitude(V) and phase angle(δ) of the voltage
will be calculated.
 This type of busses are most common, comprising
almost 80% of all the busses in given power
system.
Generator bus or P-V bus
 A bus at which the magnitude(V) of the voltage
and active power(P) is defined.
 Reactive power(Q) and Phase angle(δ) are to be
determined through load flow equation.
 It is also known as P-V bus.
 This bus is always connected to generator.
 This type of bus is comprises about 10% of all the
buses in power system.
Slack Bus
 Voltage magnitude(V) and voltage phase angle(δ) are
specified and real(P) and reactive(Q) power are to
be obtained.
 Normally there is only one bus of this type is given
in power system.
 One generator bus is selected as the reference bus.
 In slack bus voltage angle and magnitude is normally
considered 1+j0 p.u.
Bus Classification table
Static method
 The following variables are associated with each
bus:
 Magnitude of voltage(V)
 Phase angle of voltage(δ)
 Active power(P)
 Reactive power(Q)
 The load flow problem can solved with the help
of load flow equation(Static load flow equation).
Continue
The bus admittance matrix is given by:

 In general the equation for bus-1 can be written

as: Y11V1+Y12V2+Y13V3=I1
 For bus-2 and bus-3 we can
write: Y21V1+Y22V2+Y 23 V3=I2
Y31V1+Y32V2+Y 33 V3=I3
Continue
 So Ii=∑ Yik Vk where i,k=1,2,…,n
So complex power is denoted
as
Continue
In polar form we can
write

 The equation is written as:

 Real and reactive power expressed

as:
Approximate method
A simple and approximate solution can be made by
following assumption:
1. Small line resistance are neglected which
means active power loss in line is zero i.e. θik ~
90 ˚
2. Voltage magnitude at various must be within
limits.
3. Active and reactive generator power at
different buses must be within the limits.
 Continue
4. Total power generation must be equal to load
plus losses.
5. The system stability consideration impose a limit
on maximum values with δ.
6. All buses other than slack bus are PV buses. i.e. voltage
magnitude at all the buses, Including the slack bus, are
specified.
7. The angle δi so small that (sin(δi))= δi.
Continue
 with the above assumption the above equation can
be written as:
 What is Bus Admittance
Matrix
 In a power system, Bus Matrix
Admittance
represents the nodal admittances of the variou
buses. With the help of the transmission line,s each
bus is connected to the various other buses.
Admittance matrix is used to analyze the data that is
needed in the load or a power flow study of the
buses. It explains the admittance and the topology of
the network.
Advantages of Bus
Admittance Matrix
The bus admittance matrix is a Sparse matrix
(i.e. most of its elements are zero) thus the
computer memory requirements are less.
 Its formation and modification are easy.
 Data preparation is very simple.
It is very useful in load flow and stability
analysis.
Implementation of Bus
Admittance Matrix

The amount of current present in the bus can be

calculated with the help of formation of the
Admittance matrix.

 I-bus = Y-bus x V-bus ----- (01)

The voltages are measured with respect to
ground. The equation –(01) is called nodal current
equation.
Implementation of Bus
Admittance Matrix
 It is a vector equation consisting of n
scalar equations.
 I-bus is the vector of the injected bus current
(i.e. external current sources).
 Y-bus is the bus admittance matrix.
 The diagonal element of each node is the sum of
the admittances connected to it.
 It is known as self-admittance or driving
point admittance.
Implementation of Bus
Admittance Matrix
 The off-diagonal element is equal to the negative of
the admittance between the nodes.
 It is known as the mutual admittance or transfer
admittance.
 The Y-bus is a Sparse Matrix. For a large power system,
more than 90 % of off-diagonal elements are zero.
This is due to the fact that in power system network,
each node (bus) is connected to not more than three
nodes.
 V-bus is the vector bus voltages measured from the
reference node (i.e. node voltages).
 Ybus Example
Determine the bus admittance matrix for the
network shown below, assuming the current
injection at each bus i is Ii = IGi - IDi where IGi is the
current injection
into the bus from the generator and IDi is the
current flowing into the load.
 Ybus Example, cont’d
By KCL at bus 1 we have
I1 @ IG1  ID1

I1  I12  I13 V1 V2  V1  V3

 ZA ZB
I1  (V1  V2 )Y
A  (V1 (with Yj 1
Z )
V3 )YB j

 (YA  YB )V1  YA V2
 YB V3
Similarly I  I  I
21 23 24
I2 
YA V1  (YA  YC  YD )V2  YC V3  YD
 Ybus Example, cont’d
We can get similar relationships for buses 3 and 4
The results can then be expressed in matrix form
I 
YbusV
Y  Y Y Y 0  V1
 I1   A B
A B

I 
 Y A Y A  Y C  Y D Y C Y  V 
D 2
 I 32    0  V3
 Y Y Y 
 I4  B C B

  Y C Y  
 V4
D
For a system with n buses, Y bus is an n by n

0 YD
symmetric matrix 0 (i.e., one where Ybuskl =
Ybuslk). From now on, we will mostly write Y
for Y ,
 Ybus General Form
•The diagonal terms, Ykk, are the “self
admittance” terms, equal to the sum of the
admittances of all devices incident to bus k.
•The off-diagonal terms, Ykl, are equal to the
negative of the admittance joining the two
buses.
•With large systems Ybusis a sparse matrix (that
is, most entries are zero):
–sparsity is key to efficient numerical calculation.
model, only affect the diagonal
 Modeling Shunts in the
Ybus

Ykc
Since Iij  (Vi  V j )Yk 
2
Vi
Yii  Yiifrom other lines  Y k Y2kc
1 1 Rk  jX k  Rk2 jX k2
Note Yk  Z  R  jX R  jX R X
k k k k k k
k
 Two Bus System
Example

(V1 V ) Yc 1 1
I1   1 , where   12 
2Z 2
V j16.
 I1  Z 0.03  j0.04
 I  12  12  j16 V1
2
 j15.9

 Power Flow
Analysis
When analyzing power systems we
know neither the complex bus voltages
nor the complex current injections.
Rather, we know the complex power being
consumed by the load, and the power
being injected by the generators and their
voltage magnitudes.
Therefore we can not directly use the Ybus
balance
equations, but rather must use the
Real Power Balance
Equations
i i
n
S  P  jQ  V  ik*Vk   V
n
iY *
i i Vk e jik (Gik  jBik )
k k
n 1 1
(cosik  j sinik )(Gik  jBik )
 k Vi Vk
1
Resolving into the real and imaginary parts
n

Pi  k Vi Vk (Gik cosik  Bik sinik )  PGi  PDi

1
n

Qi  k Vi Vk (Gik sinik  Bik cosik )  QGi  QDi

1
 Power Flow Requires
Iterative Solution
In the power flow we assume we know Si and the
Ybus . We would like to solve for the values Vi . The
difficulty is that the following nonlinear equation
(solve for the values Vi given Si )
has no closed form solution:
Si  Vi I 
*  n * n
i  ik*Vk
  Y *
Vi  Y V 
i  ik k V k
 k 1  1
Rather, we must pursue an iterative approach.
 Gauss Iteration

There are a number of different iterative methods

we can use. We'll consider two: Gauss Siedal
Method, Newton Raphson Method and Fast
Decoupled Method.
 Gauss Power
We first need to put the equation in the appropriate form,
Flow
with power flow expressed in the form V  h(V ) :

Si  Vi I *
  n * n
i  ik*Vk
  Y *
Vi  
i YikVk  V k
k 1
n
S  V I
* *
 *1
V i  YikVk
i i i k
n 1 n
S *i

YikVk  YiiVi   YikVk
* k 1 k 1,k
Vi
i
n 
Vi  1  S 
 *
*i
 YikVk .
Yii  V i k 1,k  33
i
 Gauss Power
n 
We define h (V Flow
) by: h (V )  1  S * i 
*
i i
Y V  YikVk ,
ii  i k 1,k 
 i
Collect the entries hi (V ) together to form the vector h(V ).
Then we have expressed the power flow equations in
the form: V  h(V ). (There are other ways we can
express the power flow equations in this form.)
Start with an initial guess V (0) and then update according
to:
V (1)  h(V (0) ),
V (2)  h(V (1) ),...
( 1) ( )
THANK YOU!!