Topic:

Emerging Technologies in Cloud Computing

Submitted By: Waqar Ali

Roll No: BSIT51F21R051
Submitted To: Mam Aqsa Nimat
Semester: 6th
Section: Regular
 Topic: Emerging Technologies in Cloud Computing

Abstract

Emerging technologies in cloud computing are reshaping the way businesses and
individuals access, process, and store data. Innovations such as edge computing, serverless
architecture, and AI-driven cloud services are enhancing performance, scalability, and automation
within cloud environments. These technologies reduce latency, lower infrastructure costs, and
enable real-time analytics, making cloud services more dynamic and responsive to user needs. As
digital transformation accelerates across sectors, the integration of these new technologies is
becoming essential for maintaining competitive advantage and operational efficiency.
Moreover, the evolution of hybrid and multi-cloud models, alongside advancements in
cloud security and quantum computing, is creating more flexible and secure cloud infrastructures.
These innovations allow organizations to customize cloud solutions based on specific workloads
and compliance requirements. As the cloud landscape continues to evolve, understanding and
adopting these emerging technologies will be key for organizations aiming to future-proof their
digital strategies and unlock new levels of innovation and agility.

1. Introduction:
Cloud computing has become a cornerstone of modern IT infrastructure, offering scalable,
on-demand access to computing resources without the need for significant upfront investments.
Initially adopted for storage and virtual machines, the cloud has evolved significantly, now serving
as a platform for a wide range of services including artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and
application development. As technology advances, cloud computing is continuously being
redefined by emerging technologies that are pushing the boundaries of what cloud platforms can
achieve.
The current wave of innovation in cloud computing includes technologies such as edge
computing, containerization, AI integration, and serverless computing, each addressing limitations
of traditional cloud models while opening new possibilities. These advancements are not only
improving the performance and efficiency of cloud systems but are also fostering innovation across
industries—from healthcare to finance to manufacturing. Understanding these emerging trends is
crucial for stakeholders seeking to leverage cloud computing for strategic growth and digital
transformation.
Additionally, the growing demand for real-time data processing, enhanced security, and
low-latency applications is accelerating the adoption of next-generation cloud solutions.
Technologies like 5G-enabled edge computing, confidential computing, and quantum cloud
services are being explored to meet these demands. As organizations transition to more data-centric
and AI-driven operations, the role of emerging cloud technologies becomes even more vital in
delivering the speed, intelligence, and resilience required in today’s digital ecosystems.

Source – IDC

Graph: Worldwide IT spends

Source – IDC –Sept 2009

Graph: IT Cloud Services Revenue (Worldwide)

Graph: Incremental IT Spending in 2013

 2. Background:
Cloud computing is defined by Encyclopedia Britannica as a method of running
application software and storing related data in central computer systems, while providing
customers or other users access to them through the Internet. According to the American National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), cloud computing is a model for enabling
ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources—such as networks, servers, storage, applications, and services—that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. It is
also commonly described as network-based computing that utilizes shared resources, including
network infrastructure, storage, operating systems, software, and data, and pertains to large-scale
computing with seamless access to a pool of resources.

The adoption and expansion of cloud computing have been driven by the exponential
increase in the number of Internet-connected devices, which has grown from just 1,000 devices in
1984 to a projected 15 billion by 2015. Major IT service providers and consulting firms—such as
Amazon, Microsoft, Google, EMC, VMware, IBM, Sun, Dell, Akamai, Salesforce.com, NetSuite,
and ActiveVision—have played a significant role in promoting and delivering cloud solutions
across industries. A study by Merrill Lynch projected that by the end of 2013, the cloud
computing market would grow to $160 billion USD, comprising $95 billion for business
applications and $65 billion in online advertising. Further estimates by Gartner indicated that
spending on cloud computing would reach $112 billion USD over the subsequent five years,
underscoring the rapidly growing importance and adoption of cloud technologies in the global IT
landscape.

3. History:
The concept of cloud computing emerged in the early 1990s and has since evolved into a
transformative technology, revolutionizing how data and applications are accessed, managed, and
delivered. Over time, it has grown from a theoretical model to a core component of modern digital
infrastructure. Here is the table below:
 Year Event
John McCarthy opined that “computation may someday be organized as a
1960
public utility”.
1990 Usage of “Cloud” terminology to indicate large networks
1999 On Demand service started by salesforce.com
2001 IBM creates a road map for SaaS concept
2005 Amazon offers excess capacity on utility computing and storage basis
Google, IBM and several universities initiate research projects on cloud
2007
computing.
“Cloud computing will shape the relationship among consumers of IT
2008 services, those who use IT services and those who sell them” – Gartner

Factors Triggering the Need for Cloud Computing

The need for Cloud computing was triggered by various factors, the major ones being:

• Huge Investment in Data Centre: The traditional data centre is highly capital
intensive with rising demands for infrastructure. There are 11.8 Million servers in data
centre spread across the world. The number of servers has doubled from 2006 to 2011.
The space requirements and power consumption for these data centre is growing
exponentially. Average power consumption per server has quadrupled in the last five
years.
• Usage – Most of the data centre have a significantly high proportion of utilized
capacity. Most of the servers are utilized at only 15% of their full capacity.
• Enterprise Applications: The annual spend on purchase and maintenance of software
is currently around 800 Billion USD. 80% of the IT budget of organizations is spent on
software purchase, installation and maintenance.
• Scalability Issues: The major issue pertains to software obsolescence and repeated
software upgrades. While there is a large scale data growth, the expectations levels for
response time have become quite stringent, with the organizations expecting a faster
response.
• Business Needs: There are rapid changes in business requirements, with the
applications consolidating data from diverse sources.
 • Cost Effectiveness: It is estimated that a transformation to Cloud technology can result
in IT cost savings of 50% to 90%.

4. Model:
Cloud computing is a model for facilitating seamless, convenient and on-demand access to
a common pool of resources like servers, networks, processors, storage, applications, and services,
that can be easily configured and provisioned with minimal effort. The model for cloud computing
comprises of essential characteristics, service models and deployment models.

➢ Essential Characteristics
• Self-service On-demand: The consumer or user has the option of provisioning computing
resources like network, storage, processors, and servers as per their requirements without
too much of a human intervention.
• Network access: The resources are available to the consumer over the network and
accessed through thin or thick clients like desktops, Laptops, Tablets, Mobile phones.
• Resource pooling: The service provider’s resources are pooled to service many consumers
simultaneously using a time-sharing model, with the physical and virtual resources
allocated dynamically according to the varying demand from consumers. The whole
mechanism is independent of location, since the customer is neither concerned nor affected
by the physical location of the resources that he is utilizing.
• Rapid elasticity: The resources available to a consumer can be dynamically provisioned
and released. Usually the resources are scaled according to the demand for these resources.
This dynamic allocation gives an impression of unlimited availability of the resources to
the consumer. Measured service - Cloud computing ensures the utilization of a metering
capability to evaluate the usage of resources by the consumer, so that the consumer can be
billed for his resources as per the quantity of usage.

➢ Key Attributes:
• Shared, standard service: it is built for a bigger pool (public) and not for a single
customer.
• Solution-packaged: it is generally a turnkey offering, which integrates all the required
resources
 • Self-service: incorporates user-friendly administration and provisioning of applications
and infrastructure.
• Elastic scaling: it is truly dynamic in nature and can be scaled to meet the increasing
demands. Use-based pricing– The pricing model is flexible, supported by service metering
and the users are billed as per usage.
• Access - Easily accessible via the Internet
• Standard User Interfaces: Accessible via browsers, thin clients and underlying
technologies

5. Service Models:
Software as a Service (SaaS) - The consumer has access to use the applications running
on a cloud infrastructure. The consumer accesses the applications from client devices through a
thin client interface like web browser or an application program interface. The consumer has no
control on the underlying infrastructure i.e. hardware, network, servers, operating systems, storage,
memory. There could be specific cases where the consumer may have exceptional access to the
configuration settings at an application level. The service provider provisions the customer with
ready-to-use applications, accessible from client devices as on-demand services. The examples of
SaaS are - Salesforce, DocLanding, Zoho, Workday which are used for different purposes such as
human resource management, billing, email etc.
Platform as a Service (PaaS) -. The consumer has access to deploy self-created or
acquired applications onto the provided cloud infrastructure. The consumer does not control the
underlying infrastructure but can manage the deployed applications and configurations for the
hosting environment. PaaS can have a constraint by way of the services that the application can
request from the operating system. The examples of PaaS are Google App Engine, Load Storm,
which are used for deploying and testing web-based applications.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) - The consumer has the access to shared resources like
memory, processing, storage, and networks where the consumer can deploy and run software,
including operating systems and applications. The consumer has control over operating systems,
storage, applications and some components of the network. The service provider provisions
infrastructure i.e. memory, cpu and storage. The consumer can deploy and run operating system
and software. It optimizes the hardware and software licensing cost in all layers. The examples of
IaaS are Amazon S3 and FlexiScale, which are used for storage and maintaining virtual servers.
 Deployment Models:
Private cloud – Cloud infrastructure is created for exclusive use by an organization, which
may comprise of multiple business units. The Cloud Infrastructure may be owned and supported
by the organization, a third party, or a combination of these. The infrastructure could exist within
the organization's premises or at a remote location.
Community cloud - The infrastructure is created for the exclusive use by a group of
consumers from organizations that have certain common features and requirements. It may be
owned and supported by one or more of the participating, a third party, or a combination of these.
The infrastructure could exist within the premises of any of the organizations or at any remote
location.
Public cloud - The infrastructure is created for use by anyone. It may be owned and
supported by a corporate, academic, or public organization, or a combination of these. The
infrastructure is hosted at the premises of the provider.
Hybrid cloud - The infrastructure is a combination of two or more cloud infrastructures
that continue to remain as separate clouds, but are integrated seamlessly to enable portability of
data and application across the clouds.

Comparison of Deployment Models:

Model Private Cloud Community Cloud Public Cloud Hybrid Cloud

Organisation or Organisations or Organisation or

Ownership Third Party
Third Party Third Party Third Party
Exclusive use by Organisations with Combination of
Usage General Public
Organisation similarities other Models
Provider's Combination of
Location On/ Off Premises On/ Off Premises
Premises other Models
Organisation or Organisations or Combination of
Management Third Party
Third Party Third Party other Models
Figure: Cloud Computing Map
 6. Benefits:
Cloud Computing results in several benefits to the customer as well as the service providers.
The technology basically reaps the benefits of time-sharing and economies of scale. The benefits
can be listed as under :
• Cost Saving – Usage of Cloud Infrastructure has a huge potential for cost benefits. Since
the resources are shared across multiple applications hosted in the cloud, it reduces the
costs. These benefits would accrue from :
• Pay as per usage

• Economies of scale

• Resource sharing

• Shifting Capes to Opex - Enterprises adopting cloud technology move their investments
from capital expenses (CapEx) to operating expenses (OpEx), allowing them to focus more
on innovation and operations, instead of building and maintaining an IT infrastructure.
• Flexibility - Cloud computing enables faster set-up and ramp-down of resources. When a
project is funded, service can be initiated, and then if the project is completed, we can
simply terminate the cloud contract.
• Accessibility – Easy accessibility to the infrastructure from anywhere, over the net.
• Scalability – The Infrastructure can be easily scaled as per requirements, due to time-
sharing of the resources and load balancing across resources. As a
consequence, the end-customer feels an Infinite scalability potential.
• Ease of maintenance – The service provider takes care of the software maintenance. They
ensure the availability of the application with latest versions and updated patch sets.
• Upgrades

• Patching/ Bug-fixes

• Backups

• Prototyping – Cloud computing enables ease in large scale prototyping and load testing.
This refers to simultaneous spawning of multiple servers in a cloud to test the application
load and then release them when it the testing/ prototype is completed.
 • Operational Benefits – The software license and deployment cost is apportioned across
multiple customers due to economies of scale.
• Instant Deployment

• Licensing Cost

• Platform Diversity - Cloud infrastructure offers support for a wide range of client
platforms and operating systems.
• Faster Development – Cloud can provide the basic infrastructure, operating system and
Tools on-demand, thereby accelerating the development cycle, whereas we would spend a
significant amount of time in setting up the basics in a traditional in-house infrastructure.
• Guaranteed Up-times – The service provider guarantees a minimum up-time ensuring
uninterrupted service availability.
• Disaster Recovery – The service provider ensures business continuity and immediate
recovery in case of disaster.
• Reduction in IT Staffing cost

Mobile Cloud Computing:

There has been a sporadic growth in mobile applications spanning various categories like
games, entertainment, social media, news, business and travel. These applications are highly
popular due to the user's location independence, but they also have a share of issues by way of
resource scarceness, finite energy and low connectivity. This limitation could be addressed by
using resources external to the mobile devices for execution of the applications. The data storage
and processing happening outside the mobile device gives rise to the concept of mobile cloud. The
computing and storage capabilities of mobile cloud facilitates the execution of resourceintensive
applications on mobile devices.
Mobile cloud computing involves an application on a remote server, accessed through a
thin client mobile device. Sometimes the mobile devices could also be a resource provider, thereby
creating a mobile peer-to-peer network, utilizing the resources of the mobile devices in the vicinity.
Another approach involves the mobile device offloading a part of the computation workload to a
local ‘cloud let’ comprised of several multicore computers with connectivity to the remote cloud
servers. Mobile Cloud uses either VM migration or Mobile code to offload tasks rather than the
conventional Client–Server Communication systems.
 Mobile cloud inherits the security risks of normal cloud computing. However, mobile
clouds also involve a group of issues that are particular to mobile devices offloading jobs through
wireless communication channels. In addition, it is also liable to security concerns specific to
mobile devices. A key concern exhibited by people pertains to their personal data on mobile device,
which is liable to be stored on, or accessed by the cloud.
A mobile device contains personal information. However, a personal computer also stores
such personal data and a conventional cloud could also access such data. Thus, the risks involved
in mobile cloud are not necessarily greater than those involved in traditional clouds. However, the
issue here is whether the means of handling those risks have been properly implemented in the
mobile cloud. Users would need to feel confident when offloading their jobs to other surrogates
such that their privacy would not be violated. Although many of the reviewed frameworks mention
the need for security and trust, very few of them have actually implemented it and have left the
implementation for future directions.

Cloud Manufacturing:
The manufacturing industry is undergoing a major transformation enabled by IT and related
smart technologies. Cloud computing is one of such technologies. The main thrust of Cloud
computing is to provide on-demand computing services with high reliability, scalability and
availability in a distributed environment. Cloud computing is considered a multidisciplinary field
as a result of convergence of several computing trends such as Internet delivery, ‘‘pay-as-you-
go/use’’ utility computing, virtualization, distributed and grid computing.
Implementing cloud computing means a paradigm shift of business and IT infrastructure,
where computing power, data storage and services are outsourced to third-parties and made
available as commodities. The manufacturing industries have been adopting cloud services
focused around BPM applications. Cloud computing can also offer better and effective solutions
by moving traditional processes to cloud for improved operational efficiency. This goes very well
with the DAMA (Design anywhere Manufacture anywhere) approach, which propagates the ability
to exchange design and manufacturing data across multiple sites.
Cloud computing is emerging as a key enabler for manufacturing industry, helping it create
intelligent factory networks that encourage effective collaboration. Users could request services
like product design, manufacturing, testing of products. It is a step in moving from production-
oriented manufacturing to service-oriented manufacturing.

7. Limitations:
The Limitations of Cloud Infrastructure are as follows :
• Privacy
• Security
• Internet Access
• Product dependency
• Possibility of Data Loss/ Leakage
• Application Interfaces/ Customisations
• Geographical location of data – Since the data is in the cloud, we may not know the
physical location where the data resides. This could violate the regulatory requirements
of some countries.

8. Security Challenges:
One of the major concerns faced by clients in adopting Cloud Technology is the challenges
in respect of security. These can be broadly classified as:
• Authentication:
The User information for distinct services is stored on the cloud, which is susceptible to
unauthorized access. This necessitates the provision of an identity management system for
authenticating the users and services.
• Access Control:
The cloud needs to have well-defined access control policies to identify and restrict the
access to only authorized users. Service Level Agreements may be established for the access
control services.
• Service Management:
The Service providers may package the services to create and offer a composite service to
meet specific customer needs.
 Cloud Vendors & Services Offered

Examples
Category Subcategory
Backupify, JungleDisk, Mozy, Online Backup, SpiderOak,
Backup —
Zmanda
Amazon EC2, AT&T Synaptic, CloudSigma, GoGrid,
Computation —
LayeredTech, Navisite, Verizon CaaS, Rackspace
Content Amazon CloudFront
Delivery
Cloud enStratus, New Relic, RightScale, Standing Cloud
Management
IaaS
Service CloudWatch, Scalr, Ylastic
Management
Amazon EBS, Amazon S3, AT&T Synaptic, EMC Atmos,
Storage
Rackspace, Zetta
Business Birst, Clario, Cloud9, ColdLight Neuron, Datameer, K2
Intelligence Analytics, Oco, PivotLink, Quantivo, Sterna, Vertica
Amazon RDS, Amazon SimpleDB, Cloudant, MS Azure,
Database
Rackspace Drizzle
PaaS
Development & BrowserMob, CollabNet, Keynote, LoadStorm, Rational
Testing SDS, RhoHub, SkyTap, SOASTA, WhiteHat Sentinel
Amazon SNS, Amazon SQS, Apigee, Appian Anywhere,
Integration
Boomi, IBM Cast Iron, Informatica, SnapLogic
 Caspio, Engine Yard, Etelos, Force.com, Google App
General Purpose Engine, Heroku.com, InfoDome, LongJump, OrangeScape,
Qrimp, Rollbase, SmartPlatform, Vmforce.com
Billing Aria, eVapt, Redi2, Zuora
Acrobat.com, Box.net, ExpanDrive, IBM Lotus Live,
Collaboration
MindQuilt, MS Office Live, NetDocuments, SocialText
SaaS Content Clickability, Crown Peak, Mosaic, NetDocuments,
Management SpringCM
Financials AstoriaSoftware, DocLanding, NetDocuments, SpringCM
Personal Usage Google Docs, MS Office Web Apps

9. Conclusion:
Cloud computing is an on-demand service where shared resources like memory, storage,
network, operating system and applications are provided to the customers as per their requirements,
like the electricity grid. It is a culmination of research on large scale computing with access to
unlimited resources. Cloud computing is an evolving paradigm. The definition characteristics
important features of cloud computing and serves to conduct a comparison of cloud services and
deployment strategies, providing a platform for discussion regarding optimal usage of cloud
infrastructure.