Present perfect

S+have/has+Past participle I have talked to the doctor

S+have/has not+Past participle We have not sold the house
Have/has+sujeto+past participle Have I lost my wallet?

1-The action started in the past and continues in the present

I have lived in Lliria since 2006.
Have you played the piano since you were a child?

2-An action carried out during a period of time not yet concluded.
It has rained a lot this year. No ha acabado el periodo de tiempo, sigue siendo este año.
She has been to the cinema twice this week.
3-The action is constantly repeated at an indeterminate time between the past and the
present.Ha pasado muchas veces
Anna has visited her friends frequently.
She has visited the museum several times.
4-The action has recently concluded-Just ahora mismo,already es ya es afirmativo,yet
aun no ha pasado negativo e interrogativo.
Has he just left.
He has just finished her homework.
Dont forget to pay the bill.I have already paid it.
5-The timing of the action is not relevant.Da igual cuando ha sucedido,no es
importante pero ya ha sucedido.
I have watched Titanic.
He has learnt French.

Gone-He ido pero no he vuelto aun

Been-He ido y he vuelto
Have you travelled a lot,Jane? Yes I have been to lots of places.

Present perfect Continuous

S+has/have+been+Verbo-ing She has been training for the race.

S+has/have+not+been+Verbo-ing I haven't been playing football

Have/has+S+been+Verbo-ing Have you been studying during this week?

Cuando se utiliza:

Actions initiated in the past are still occurring in the present.

-She has been waiting for you all day. Siguen esperando
-They have been travelling since last october.Siguen viajando
Actions that ended very recently and of which we can still see some traces.
-Jenny is sweating because she has been running.
-Its been raining-Take the coat!
-Aysa has been painting the living room. La ha pintado pero hace nada,aun se ven las gotas
o las pintadas mal.

To talk more generally about things that have happened recently or lately.
-I havent seen you for ages! What have you been doing?

¿Cómo diferenciar present perfect y present perfect continuous?

Depending on what we want to emphasize.

We use it when we want to emphasize the action rather than the result of the action.
-Maria has been making a paella.Puede que ella haya invertido mucho esfuerzo en la paella.
-Maria has made a paella.Ha hecho una paella y nos a tenemos que comer.

To draw attention to the duration of an action How long?

I have been studying phrasal verbs all morning!

Past Perfect
1) To show the order of 2 past events.

Past perfect-More in the past. I had been in NYC. Had you done your homework?
Past simple-More recent in the past.
The train had left when I arrived to the station.

I was very tired because I hadn't slept well. Was es del pasado simple porque es pasado
pero es la continuación de lo anterior es decir el porque de lo anterior y tambien esta en
pasado. El hadnt sleep es el antecedente del was entonces es un pasado más pasado que
el was.

2) To talk about past events up to a certain point in the past.

She had published her first poem by the time she has 8.

Past Perfect Continuous

S+had+been+verb -ing
She had been studying for hours

S+had not+been+verb -ing

He hadnt been eating pasta
Had+S+been+verb -ing
Had Irene been working?

1-Express an action that started in the past and went on for some time until another action
interrupted it.
She had been reading for 7 hours when she fell asleep.

2-Indicate an action in the past that caused another action also in the past.
I was tired because i had been working all day.

For,Since,When,How long
For-Period of time.We have been waiting for two hours.NO!FOR ALL… All va solo
I have lived here all my life
Since-The start of a period.We have been waiting since 8 o clock (desde las 8 hasta ahora)
When-Past Simple When did start raining? It started raining an hour ago.
How long-Present perfect How long has been raining? Its been raining for an hour.

Relative Clauses
Si es who,which y whose se pone , para continuar la frase.Si no tiene sentido la frase
con , pues no se pone.

Who-People and animals. We dont know the person who donated this money
Which-Animals and things and to refer a whole sentence. Theres going to be a new
championship in september,which is good.He wont have much time to prepare for the
meeting,which is this afternoon
Whose-Indica posesión. He is marrying a girl whose family dont seem to like him.
There was me and there was Kate,whose party it was.
That-People,animals things para defining clauses only. He went to the school that my
fathers went to.
Whom- Persona a que va la acción dirigida.The response of those managers whom I have
consulted has been very positive.
Where-place (in o at which) I know a restaurant where the food is excellent
When-time (on which) There isnt a day when I dont feel rushed off my feet.
Why-reason (for which) Do you know the reason why the shop is closed today?
 Vocabulary
Artificial intelligence = inteligencia artificial
Foe (enemy) = enemigo
Robot = robot
Algorithm = algoritmo
Artificial Intelligence = inteligencia artificial
Autonomous = autónomo
Supersede = sustituir reemplazar (cambiar algo viejo por algo nuevo)
To take off = despegar (metafóricamente)
Surpass = sobrepasar superar
To develop = desarrollar
Evolve = evolucionar
To take over = reemplazar
Timescale = la ventana temporal calendario línea temporal
Outweigh = tiene más peso
Acknowledges = reconocer o admitir
Social media dominance = dominio de las redes sociales
Holistic marketing = marketing holístico
E-commerce integration = integración del comercio electrónico
Data analytics = análisis de datos
Instant communications = momento comercial
Cross-platform campaigns = campañas multiplataforma
Real-time reporting = informes en tiempo real
Optimize = optimizar
Measurement tools = herramientas de medida
Store display = organización de la tienda
Blurring = borroso difuminar
Buzz = zumbido
Subtly = sutil
Compelling = convincente
Well-savvy = experto
Pitfalls = contratiempos
Appeal = atractivo
Regard = ver considerar
Household cleaning = limpiar la casa
Deception = engaño
Outraged = indignado indignante
Blacklisted = lista negra
Stands out = destaca sobresalir
Adopt = adoptar
Lie (trick) = engaño
Upset = enfadado
Gain = ganar
Post = postear
Release = lanzar
Launch = lanzar una campaña
Savvy = destreza
Hilarious = divertidísimo graciosísimo
Stands out = sobresale se destaca
Marketing mix = product price promotion place
Marketing strategy = métodos técnicas y campañas que vas a utilizar
Marketing plan = documento que se incluye el estudio de mercado buyer persona
Market adaptation = adaptación del mercado
Market penetration = penetración de mercado
Market segmentation = segmento de mercado
Product placement = publicidad indirecta posicionamiento de producto
Product portfolio =
Product feature (characteristics) = características de producto
Customer profile = perfil del cliente
Customer retention = fidelización del cliente
Customer base = base de clientes
Brand positioning = posicionamiento de marca
Brand identity = identidad de marca
Brand extension = extensión de marca
Growing markets = mercado creciente
Developing market = desarrollo de mercado
Expanding market = mercado en expansión
Declining market = mercado en declive
Questionnaire = cuestionario
Focus group = grupo de sondeo
Promotion = promoción
Survey = encuesta
Market sector = sector de mercado
Market research = estudio de mercado
Market segment = segmento de mercado
Market niche = nicho de mercado
International market = mercado internacional
Overseas market = mercado extranjero
Domestic market = mercado nacional
Worldwide market = mercado global
laying the groundwork - preparar el terreno
diluting - diluir
revenues - ganancias
legal and regulatory issues - cuestiones jurídicas y reglamentarias
competitive environment - entorno competitivo
awareness campaigns - campañas de concienciación
tariffs - tarifas
currency exchange - cambio de divisas
luxury producers - productores de lujo
marketing leader - líder de marketing
market check - comprobación del mercado
market sector - sector de mercado
sales figures - cifras de ventas
sales conditions - condiciones de venta
sales forecast - previsión de ventas
sales targets - objetivos de ventas
price promotion - promoción de precios
price rise - subida de precios
price product - precio del producto
price range - gama de precios
measuring tool - herramienta de medición
intent on - decidido a algo
launch product - lanzamiento de producto
introduce a product - introducción de producto
bring out a product - sacar un producto
withdraw a product - retirar un producto
special offer - oferta especial
free sample - muestra gratis
discount - descuento
slogan - eslogan
retailer - minorista
distributor - distribuidor
wholesaler - mayorista
exporter - exportador
raw material - materias primas
mature markets - madurez etapa
luxurious goods - bienes de lujo
profit margin - margen de beneficios
charms - encantos de una persona
powerhouse - potencia en el mundo empresarial
wealthy - persona rica
realms - celebrity and glamour - reinos de los famosos y el glamour
anchored - inamovible
roots - raíces familiares
discerning - exigente
heritage - herencia legado
leather - cuero
he is in intent on - está decidido a algo
achiever - lograr conseguir
fairly - bastante
relentlessly - implacablemente
ought to - deberían
artificial intelligence - inteligencia artificial
foe enemy - enemigo
robot - robot
algorithm - algoritmo
artificial intelligence - inteligencia artificial
autonomous - autónomo
supersede - sustituir reemplazar cambiar algo viejo por algo nuevo
take off - despegar metafóricamente
surpass - sobrepasar superar
to develop - desarrollar
evolve - evolucionar
to take over - reemplazar
timescale - la ventana temporal calendario línea temporal
outweigh - tiene más peso
acknowledges - reconocer o admitir
social media dominance - dominio de las redes sociales
holistic marketing - marketing holístico
e-commerce integration - integración del comercio electrónico
data analytics - análisis de datos
instant communication - momento comercial
cross-platform campaigns - campañas multiplataforma
real-time reporting - informes en tiempo real
optimize - optimizar
measurement tools - herramientas de medida
store display - organización de la tienda
blurring - borroso difuminar