CHAPTER {LY COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 15.1 INTRODUCTION bbut every living creature in the universe needs to send as well as receive information ee With others in the surrounding world. For successful communication, it is essential that the sender and the receiver understand a common language. Man has constantly tie ‘2 ioprore the quality of communication with other human beings. Languages and methods used in communication have kept evolving from prehistoric to modern times. messengers who would walk on foot, or use horse / horse cart and ay eS message ‘over long distances. With the advancement of technology, new methods ae og have been developed. Today, we can talk to any person anywhere, just by dial a a — of the telephone. Radio provides audio information while television provides audio and visual information about events happening in any part of the world. Videophones, voice mail and satellite conferences enable us to see live images instantly and allow us to communicate directly with people located in different parts of the world. Digital data transmission and retrieval have enabled us to realize e-mail, fax and internet etc. Some major milestones in the history of communication are the following : ) i) it iv) » vi) 0) will) 15.2 ELEMENTS OF & CO} A cor of informat electrical, elect system are; 1 !) Transmitters 2) Communication Channel and 3) Receiver, a Communication is the act of transmission and reception of information. Not only humans, In ancient times, information was conveyed through well trained pigeons. There were Invention of telegraph by Samuel Morse and Charles Wheatstone in 1835 resulted in the growth of sending messages through post offices and reduced the physical travel by messengers. + Telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 187 6 is the most widely used means of communication by mankind, The demonstration of wireless tele; Marconi in 1895 made a giant leap without using wires. ‘graphy by Jagadish Chandra Bose and Guglielmo from communication using wires to communication John Logi Baird developed television broadcast in 1936, First radio FAX was transmitted in 1955 (Alexander Bain). The first internet came into existence in. 19¢ Fibre optics developed at Be ies i ‘i Bs wa Eee Eee) aa ell Laboratories in 1975 drastically improved the traditional 68 (ICR. Licklider), MMUNICATION SYSTEM mm uni fe pation sytem is the set-up used in the transmission and reception nitro, ais pass {0 another, The present day communication systems af nature, The three essential elements of every communicationeee ‘SYSTEMS [=| Information| Fig. 15.1 depi eystem eee eruineP esi Bencral form of a communication system. In a communication place separate, from the ¢ ated at one place, the receiver is located at some other Ranney Rei and the channel is the physical medium that connects” them: Depending upon the type of communication system, a channel may be in the les connecting the transmitter and the receiver or it may be wireless. i The information source provides the messages to be transmitted. Usually the message signal is a non-electrical signal like a voice signal. A transducer converts this message signal into electrical signals before giving it as input to the transmitter. The transmitter converts this message signal into a form suitable for transmission through the channel. The message signals are superimposed on a high frequency earrier wave. The resultant wave so obtained is called modulated wave. This modulated wave is sent to the communication channel. ‘The communication channel carries the modulated wave from the transmitter to, tie recrives The channel may be wires / cables or may be wireless. In the case of telephony or telegraphy, the channel isthe transmission lines (wires/cables) which connect traramitier and receiver. In radio or wireless communication, the modulated waves radiated transmiter and or omiting antenna travel through fee space, Wien the tamed i OE eam the channel it may get distorted due to channel imperfection signal proPithe source generating noise may. be located inside or outside the system. and noise. : a distorted version of the transmitted signal. At the receiver urereey ee cise frequency audio signal from the modulated signal. gala Se al aes arated is amplified and fed tothe transducer. The transducer ‘The low fre co). It implies that digital v, is the fundamentt virtias infinite bandwidth, However, for practical purposes, the ee ‘om higher harmonics is negligible and the bandwidth will become limited. eee wIDTs OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA ‘ : Ss aBAND different types of transmission media offer different jignals, Similar fo Ia eed wansnssion ‘media are wire, free space and fibre optic cable. bandwidths. Com! sel5 dwidth of unit - X medium. It offers : ia a widely sed te eiow 18 GHz. ea stabi are normally operate diowaves takes place over a wide range 750 MHz, Sucl ra t rope? Communication through Rk Mil. This range is subdivided further aol phat in table 15.1. a oo rw saves 8 stow it ¢ of ITHz to 1000 THz ~--hspageaal ‘cation is used in the frquency range | ufo dean Optical fibre communieatiof Oe can offer a transmission bandwidth of more {microwave to ultraviolet). An optical fil mi ee Table 15.1 Service Frequency bands Remark Standard 540 - 1600 kHz AM broadcast FM broadcast 88 — 108 MHz 2 Television 54-72 MHz. "|VHF (Very high frequencies) 76 - 88 MHz “|TV 174 — 216 MHz |UHF (ultra high frequencies) 420 - 890 MHz |TV Cellular mobile 896 — 901 MHz |Mobile to base station radio 840 — 935 MHz |Base station to mobile Satellite 5.925 — 6.425 GHz Uplink Communication 3.7 ~ 4.2 GHz Downlink 15.6 PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES _ In space communication using tadiowaves, the electromagnetic waves are eeu ty the fransmitter antenna at one Place, which travel through the space pedi ene: antenna at the other place. As the electromagnetic wave There cht? fF0m the of the wave keeps on decreasing. ed a a ion Pagation of electromagnetic waves re plays an important role in the ; Our earth’s atmos hi Propagation of electro ic waves a Bison magnetic waves from one Place to another place on the earth’s We have the following E ation 2) Sky wave Propagat 3) Space waye Propag, modes of space co icati mmunicat 2 1) Ground wave propa = ion ation,The gaseous envelo atmosphere malate benitee Surrounding the earth is called earths’ atmosphere. Earth’s atmosphere goes on dats Of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). The density of atmospheric air increases ait 8 WE go up. The electrical conductivity of the and it is divided inne ee 'S ¥e 80 Up. Earth's atmosphere has no sharp boundary S ONIGCE 10 Various regions as given below t. Troposphere : : davacs ae extends upto a height of 10 km. The atmospheric air has of the earth to 61 needs feBion, which varies from 1 kgm at the surface i Bie veces Tit an kgm™ at the top of this layer. The electrical conductivity 300 K to 520) ke layer and temperature decreases with height from about 2. Stratosphere : It extends from 10 km to 50 km from the surface of the carth. Density of air varies from 0.1 kgm to 0.001 kgm-*. The ozone layer is in this region between a height of 30 km to 50 km from the surface of earth. The.ozone layer absorbs a large portion of ultraviolet radiation radiated by the sun entering the earth’s atmosphere. The temperature varies from 220 K to 280 K with height. 3. Mesosphere : It extends from 50 km to 65 km from thé surface of the earth. Density of air yaries from 10- kgm™ to 10-5 kgm~, Temperature im this region decreases from 280 K to 180 K with height. 4. Thermosphere or Ionosphere = It extends from 65 km to 400 km from the surface of the earth. Density of air varies from 10- kgm to 10-1 kgm-® Temperature increases with height from 180 K to 700 K. This region is composed of ionised matter (electrons and positive ions) and therefore, it is called ionosphere. It plays an important role in communication. The ionosphere has high density of electrons and positive ions which are produced due to ionisation by the high energy particles and radiation coming from the sun, stars and the cosmos. The ionosphere has four layers named as D, E, F, and F,. These layers play ‘an effective role in space communication. i) Detayer + It is at a height of 65 km to 75 km from the surface of earth, The electron density in this layer is about 10%m™, The D layer exists in day time only and disappears at night. It is because, sunlight se responsible for the ionisation of this layer. The D-layer reflects very jow frequency (VLF) and low frequency (LP) electromagnetic waves ‘while it absorbs medium frequency (MF) and high frequency (HE) to some degree ii) Erlayer : Ibis at a height of about 100 km from the surface of the earth, The electron density in this layer is nearly 2 x 10!'m™, This layer carts in day time but disappears at night, The critical frequeney of this Tayer is 4 MHz, This layer helps medium frequency (MF) surface wave1 but reflects high frequency (HF) waves in Je exten is at a height of 170 to 190 os et . m7, Arde electron density of nearly ph Wai ui a of the earth but merges with F, layer at night. The cri quency exists in day fin attz, It partially absorbs high frequency om 7 we " h it to reac! layer Seren ot the high frequency waves pass throug! 2 Qu they get reflected. ra f is at a height of 300 km at night and about 250 to 400 F, layer : It is hepa f oe ca in day time. The electron density in this Ive is 8x10''m->. The Bfeetierecnty of this layer is'8 MHz in day time and GoMneeee night time: It reflects back efficiently high frequency (HF) waves upto 30 to 40 MHz but can not reflect back electromagnetic waves of frequency more than 40 MHz. . Thus,.carth’s atmosphere helps in the propagation of electromagnetic waves from one plece to another upto 40 MHz frequency (Critical frequency is defined as that highest frequency of radiowaves when sent normally towards the layer of the ionosphere gets reflected and returns to earth). iii) F, layer ¢ Table 15.2 Frequency range of radiowaves. Frequency Band Frequency Wavelength Manatee range range Nery low frequency (VLF) [3 kHz to 30 kHz 10 ko 100 km | Long distance direct communication. Marine, navitagion Purposes. Broadcasting All types of communication TV, radar, FM, short wave communication Radar, microwave communication Radar, radio relay, havigation, satelite communication Experiments Low frequency (LF) 30 kHz to 300 kHz |1 km to 10 km Medium frequency (MF) High frequency (HP) 300 kHz to 30 MHz | 100 m to 1 km 3 MHz to 30 MHz 110 m to 100 m Nery high fequeney (VHF) 130 Mite to 300 MHz] 1-m to 100 m Ulire high frequency (UH1R)| 309 MHz to 3. GHz 10 em.to 1m Sper bieh frequency ¢syip)] 4 GHz 30 Guz Vem to 10 om 30 GHz 10 300 Gite Vim to 1 em___In this mode of propagation, the signal wave emitted from the transmitter glides over the surface of earth and reaches receiving antenna. Hence it is also known as surface wave propagation, The electromagnetic wave induces current im the ground over which it passes. Therefore, the wave is attenuated as a result of absorption of energy by the earth. The attenuation of surface waves increases very rapidly with increase in frequency. The maximum range of coverage depends on the transmitted power and frequency. The ground wave propagation is useful for low frequency signal waves (roughly from 530 kHz to 1710 kHz) and for short distances (about a few hundred kilometres). It is not suited for high frequency signat wave and for long range communication. The ground wave propagation is generally used for local broadcasting as a medium wave broadcast service. The part of the amplitude modulated (AM) band corresponding to frequencies from 530 kHz to 1710 kHz is called medium wave band. In the standard AM broadcast, ground based vertical towers are generally used as transmitting antennas. In sky wave propagation, the radio waves emitted from the transmitter antenna reach the receiving antenna after reflection by the ionosphere. In sky wave propagation, radio waves of frequency range from 1710 KHz to about 30 MHz are tsed. It is used by short wave broadcast services- Fig. 15.2 fonosphi i i 5 km to 5 ding from a height of 6: phere is a layer of atmosphere extending ft is bot 0 Ee ay ie ‘earth’s surface, It consists of a nae Sona of fons og oa oeretes, The ionisation is caused by absorption of higt gy radiation charged particles. ts as a reflector for a range ing mainly from the SUN. _ coming mainly The ionosphere layer acl clear fora range oF frequencies fromt a few MHZ UP! to 30 MHz. Electromagnetip J escape (Fig. 15.2). The phenomenon mnetrate the ionosphere ane es iiestéd Towards: the) earl coder tone sagas waves so that they are ing electromagnetic waves 80 HN | of endine otal internal reflection in optic nc oni aa ey gation is also known as tonoapherte propaesiion see fe The shy Waineroeeiver ater reflection from the [pce ee sagan ver a distance of m 5 o radio waves cover a dis more th Be from the iano he pd the globe communication is possible with the help very long distanes propagation. .6.4 Space wave propagation : nau; : ee wave propagation is that mode of wave propagation i eet space waves travel in a straight line from transmitting ansenaaifo g cevins ore Space waves are radiowaves,of frequency range from 54 MHz to 4.26 21 Sites wayes are used for line of sight communication as well as for the i communication. The space wave is used for television broadcast, microwave link and satellite communication. If the frequency of the radio waves is more than 54 MHz, then the waves can not travel along the surface of earth as they get absorbed by earth. Hence, their propagation cannot be like ground wave propagation. Also, these waves can not be reflected by ionosphere. Therefore, their propagation can not be like sky wave propagation The communication through space wave between transmitter and receiver is ine of sight communication is limited by urvature of the earth. The space waves t by the curvature the horizon then limited to line of sight (LOS) path. This li i) the line of sight distance and ii) the following the line of sight propagat of the earth (Fig. n can be blocked at some poin 15.3). If the signal is to be received beyond the receiving antenna must be high enough to intercept the line of sight waves. . If the transmitti it can be shown that ng antenna is at a height h,, the: distance to the horizon i on i tr PR, where R is the radius of the earth, Te? alled-radio horizon of the tra msmittil fatenna. The maxinu ght distance de Petron nd the receivin\t (15.1) ting antenna an dh Munication, . is height of receiving antennasuo it, examples of communh ts” Mictowaye 1, ™MUNIcation Bas links and satettit, icati 15.7 NEED FOR ems that ugg yatelite communication are some i ODULATION Pace wave mode of propagation. © PUTPOSE OF G6, , mmunicati A message signal y ation is to t ; band width. That Wh Spreads over 4 fange gg uformation or message signals. ‘ , 7 o i general, no signal is q if sien Signals are also ‘alld "bass ‘bald sigs ate frequencies called the signal bar We%Y sthusoid, but it apranie nn eae if signal in the audi Ney and Width. Su ish 08 Waddle te Naeatied ig io frequency (AF) range SUPRO#e We Wish fo transmit an electrical directly. We cannot do it because of the fall ian Hef ot ee 1. Size of antenna or reasons : . aerial ie sf an aerial. This antenna Botl ‘eh transmitting a signal we need an antenna or : ave a size a signal so that th a Comparable to the wavelength 2 of the i ¢ time variation of the signal is properly sensed by the antenna ‘etic wave of frequency 20 kHz, the wavelength 20x10° E and operate such a long antenna. Hence direct transmission of such base band Signals is not practical. If the transmission frequency is raised to 1. MHz; then 5 km. It is practically impossible to construct c¢ _3x108 the wavelength is 2= 300m." Antenna of this length can be constructed. wv POS Therefore, there is a need of translating information contained in the original low frequency base band signal into high frequency before transmission. 2. Effective powre radiated by the antenna : Theoretical studies show that the power P radiated from an antenna of length This shows that for an antenna of given length, power i ional to i L a Beet avelentgh A decreases or frequency increases.For long peslated increase seams ) base band signal, the effective power radiated is small. wavelength (small sae “yd high powers. Hence there is need for high frequency For good transmission, transmission. ifferent transmitters : Suppose many people any transmitters are transmitting base band signals +i i is tank TEE te ae ee caer tuatton a high eauencieg ; ye ible solution is, © ey teceon them. The posable ‘cach transmitter so that there is no mixing, f cies Se . and allotting a band of freguene Mifferent radio and television broadcast stations, 1 This is what is being 3. Mixing up of signal are talking at the same time oF ove suiggest that there is a need for plained teed by a proceds called modulation + All the three reasons PAPAL. ac A jencies: transmission at high freqimposing thi menon of super oH Eee Modulation is SNe Pr riaguedy wave, Te regen) be ase band message SIENA TT pyodulating semalt: Tin dulated wave which band message siBtals we Te cuitant wave is called toe mation contained eee cute ‘anal, The carrier wave ma ous ( a < ia in Fi oidal carrier in the vigil meses angular) as shown in Fig, 15-4 A sins ‘or in the fort Wave can be represented aS, o(t) = A, sin (ot +4) a where c(t) is the signal strength (current or voltage), A, is the amplitude, o . is the angular frequency and is the initial phase of the ‘carrier wave. During the process of modulation, any of the three parameters, A,y ©. and @ for the carrier aeeve ean be controlled by the message or information signal. As a result, there are three types of modulation. They are, 1) Amplitude modulation (AM) 2) Frequency modulation (FM) and 3) Phase modulation (PM) <—Time period —>, Pulse ¥ Pulse eit Hi T Qn width amplitude Amplitude i Ti e i Pulse, the Pale NI fall (4) Sinusoidal signal (6) Puls i esa, Ise shaped signal In @ pulse shaped si igni J ignal, the signi ii) pulsle width or pulse duration and ae t characteristics are i) pulse amplitude fall), Hence the three different types of Pulse position (time ‘i i of rise or time of _ Pulse modulation are; Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) ») pulse duration modulation (PDM) and ®) pulse position modulation (PPM, 15.8 AMPLITUDE MODULATION ’ In amplutude in accordance with we io™ the amplitude However, the each amplitude of the rudlotreg cater wave ts varied «of the carrier waver) °f tHe amplitude modulated ware ney message signal . Temains same as (* Derivation not needed)To expla —e 1 (message signal) ‘mplitude Modulati COMMUNICATION: systems [oss) “Presented by US COHsLdA tia ainGsoldal, modulating. af 1 lulating signa m(t) = » F es A, sin oO where A is the amplitud, 15, : . 2 signal (Fig. 15.5(ay), | "4 4 =2ny, is the angular hale ia odul m y of the modulating . (15.3) where A_ is the amplity ; plitud a : le = 2nv. is the angular frequency of the carrier wave [Fig. 15.5.(b)] ale Th i © amplitude. modulated signal is represented as Cm = A+ A, sin o,f) sin ot since the frequency of the modulated wave is the same as that of the carrier wave. A ie. C= A, ata sino, t) sino t Deter a a ht where 1 is called modulation index. 2° C(t) = A (Ith sin ot) sin ot or C_(t)=A, sin o,t + Ay sin ot sin o In os en the value of m is kept <1 to avoid distortion. Often 1 is represented in percent, The modulated wave is represented in Fig. 15.5 (e). (a) Modulating signal C00}We have, WA, HA, C,a) = A, sin t+ C0 o = 0 ,) 7° COM LF o,) [x sinA sinB = 4 (e0s(A-B) ~ c0s(A+B)}]- Thus the amplitude modulated wave is the sum of three high frequency components. They are : i) Original carrier wave of frequency o.. ii) Sinusoidal wave of frequency (@ —o,,) and ) Sinusoidal wave of frequency (o, + @,,)- The two additional sinusoidal waves of frequencies (@ — ,) and (@ to) are called side bands. Their frequencies are called side band frequencies- Lower side band frequency @,,, = @, - ©, Upper side band frequency 1. = o, + ©, Bandwidth of amplitude modulated wave is, ®ysp ~ ®ysp = (0, + @,) - (@-0,) = 20, = twice the frequency of modulating signal. The two side bands have amplitude “yz Which never exceed half the carrier wave amplitude since p < 1 or A } er emt |AM ave Carrier wave c(t) Fig. 15.7 Here the modulating i 8 Signal A 7 < ( to produce the signal x(0, (message signal) m(t) is added to the carrier signal We have m(t) = Ay sino 6 c(t) = A. sintotoand = BC eae ; re law det - device. It produces the output y(t) = Bx(t) + Cx%(t) where B and C aré constants. Thus, The signal x(t) is passed through a squar ¢ which is a non linear (15.6) y() = BIA, sing,.t + A, sino 4] +C[A2 sino t + A? sinto,t +2A A. sino, t sine 4] ‘m E Sze AC in sin | 0s2A A ee ee Using the trigonometric relations sin?A 3 4 feos(A-B) - c0s(A+B)], we get, and:sinA sinB = }[cos(A-B) ~ cos Ceo A y(t) = BA sino t + BA, sino t + es CAR WAR) Ore © 42 cos2w,t + CA,A, cos(o —o, It == AZ, cos2@ _f vizig Me Cade (1.7) -CA_A, cos(o ,t® )! et erm £(A2+A2) and sinusoidal terms with 5.7), therel 16» 6 fT Am *6 t In eq. (15.7), 7 nd (@ +a “4 Fees Bag (orn Mq) and (O, he frequencies @,, 7m ugh a band pass filter centred at o The band This signal is passed HONEY "1.5 rejects the sinusaidal frequencies @ is si an = term Pass filter rejects the de\d pass filter passes ow frequency and Ih eaten te output contains 20 And 20 oo Te (00 9) A amplitude modulated the Finusoidal frequencies Oe OE do + gd TH waves of frequencies © 5 (O° w : 5): , te wave [given by ea: (I! transmitted as such. It has to be The amplitude modulated wave Fat a eropitale size for radiation. The tenna of ap! ified first and then fed to an ant f appr i satan Ora transmitter is as shown in Figure 15 ‘Transmitting| antenna ‘Amplitude Modulated, ee Modutatie| Modulator] Wave ”L Amp signal m(1) Carrier | wave c(t) Fig. 15.8 ES Note : A band pass filter is a circuit which rejects low and high frequencies but allows a band of frequencies to pass through. 15.10 DETECTION OF AMPLITUDE MODULATED WAVE . (DEMODULATION) At the receiving end, the signal is generally weak due to attenuation in the channel. The receiver must amplify the received signal first. Therefore, the receiving antenna is followed by an amplifier. To facilitate further processing, the carrier wave frequency is usually changed to a lower frequency by an intermediate frequency (IF) stage. Then the signal is sent to the detector. The detected signal may not be strong enough for use and hence it has to be amplified. Fi J ied. Fig. 15. the block diagram of a typical receiver. s *o ae Receiving antenna —| Amplifier +} IF Stage |r) Detector |e] amptinicr LOUeet Received signal Fig, 15.9Detection is 4 co) e MM from the modulated 2 Pyoeess f recovern NICATION systems (=7] waves Of frequencies «INE: The magute edulting Signal (message » (os, la ignal) message signal m(t) of apa © ,) and (q ing NY iy wave contains sinusoidal in Fig. 15.10 Bular frequency qe.” I" order to obtain the original wm @ simple method used is as shown Fig. 15.10 tes Te anplitude modulated wave is of the form given in (a) of Fig. 15.10. we Passe rough a rectifier to produce an output shown in (b). This envelope of signal (b) is the message signal. In order to retrieve message signal (im(t), the signal is passed through an envelope detector (consisting of a simple RC circuit). SUMMARY 1. Essential elements of every communication system are i) Transmitter ii) Communication channel and iii) Receiver. 2. Two important forms of communication system are : Analog and Digital. In analog system, information is transmitted in continuous si while in digital system, information is transmitted in deserete or quantised levels, : n not be transmitted over long distances. Therefore, 3. Low frequency waves “tN ‘high frequency carrier wave.This process is called they are superimposed on modulation: three kinds of modulated waves used. They are 4. In analog ne ed (AM) ‘wave ii) Frequency modulated (FM) wave and i) Amplitude modulate en ve iii) Phase modulated ¢ modulation, th duration modulat -¢ three types are i) Pulse amplitude modulation tion (PDM) and iii) Pulse position modulation 5. In digital or puls (PAM) ii) Pulse Slo dist 6. For transmission over eee antennas. When the w# ances, signals are radiated into space using gate near the surface of the earth, it is calledful upto @ few Miz foe] unr - x ion. It is use! or surface wave propagatio round wave . : Reqwoneler. ication, reflection of waves by te ions s tone communication, reflection oF WAREY “ 1. For long distance communion dy uch wal Ss Ni made use of. frequencies. useful upto 30 MHz freq! opagation is used. Space waves are useful wave pr : oe eo Ree ake (108) communication and satellite communication. for line of sil 8. height of transmitting antenna, h, . If h, is height 2 is dy = Y2Rh, + /2Rh, A 10. Amplitude modulation index is w = “where A, and A. are the amplitudes is the height of receiving antenna of message signal and carrier wave respectively. Usually 4 < 1. 11. Amplitide modulated signal contains frequencies (oo ,), o and (@ + eo) WORKED EXAMPLES £. Calculate the length of a quarter wave antenna for transmission frequency of 30 MHz. Solution: v = 30 MHz = 30 x 106 Hz, ¢ = 3 x 108 ms“! 5 c_3x10® Wavelength 4 = < Saineetelgats; Length of quarter wave antenna is | = 2. The length of a half wave dipol i pole antenna is 0.3 m, frequency of transmission, Sas ee Solution: | =" 9,3 m,¢ = 3 x 108 ms-! For # bait wave dipole antenna, | = 2 2 © 2h 24:0,9:.m.0,6, 1, Frequency y = £_ 3x10 06°75 * 102 = soo MHz,COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: [oo9} Ym 712 kHe = 12 10 Hz. Lower side band frequey ney = Upper side band frequency = Yorat (V01106 5 thx. 100.966 kHz. 1 106+ 12 x 103 = 1012 Kee. A TV transm| ssion tower of a a) What i Particular station has a height of 160 ey ce eae Tr aneeTabz ING) How aed population te covered 1200 per km? | "© *Y€T8E€ population density sround the tener a Vitvs Radius of the earth = 6400 km. * Coverage range d = V2Rh = 12% 6400.10" x160 = 42.255 km Population covered = Solution p x nd? = 1200 x x x (45.255)? 77.24 lakh. " NCERT TEXT BOOK PROBLEMS SOLVED ittini; be at the same height as that of ii for a transmittinig antenna to it hat sain eciving sates (OF Wella of seatleUaetedina STA transmitting het rina do ai my talliiHlow! kiclt Telvieelavea vical cobcdlapiaaneian ing antenna is of : id level? na is at the groun a For line of sight communication, the two antenna need not be at the same Solution :No. For height, =n (QHR)= "Xx 2 % 81 x 64 x 10°=32585 x 105sq. metre Service area A =n d? = = 3258.5 sq.km. tage 12 V is used fo transmit a message sigual. What 2. A carrier wave of peak vol fhe modulating signal in Order to have a modulation 10) should be the peak voltage 0 a Soest 20ree index oe AwdaVanei he he ure jere, Ag 12=9 v. 15 *froo} uw pk ximum amplitude is found to be 10 ¥ the ma , found to be 2 V. Determine the modulation ‘5. For an amplitude modulated wave amplitude is MF eee Fr Goal Bh ibe value of 1 if the minimum amplitude is zero volt 7 ji. What wo index : mr it 1s and message signal wave. be the amplitude of carrier wave Solution ¢ Let A, and Ay, Adding eq (1) and (2), 2A, be 2 Ay = 10-6 =4 vote, EXERCISES antenna at the’ top of a tower has a height 32 m and the height of the receiving antanna is 50 m. What is the maximum distance between them for satisfactory communication in LOS mode ? Given, radius of earth (NCERT). 6.4 x 106m. >. A message signal of frequency 10 kHz and peak voltage of 10 volts is used to modulate a carrier wave of frequency 1 MHz and peak voltage 20 vol Determine (a) modulation index, (b) the side bands produced. (NCERT 4 modulation index of 75%, (CBSE 2010) 4. A TV tower has a height of 100 m. How much population is covered by the TY broadcast if the average population density around the tower is 1008 i Per sq. km.Radius of the earth is 6.37 x 196 m. By how much height of | the tower be increased to double its Coverage range 2 | te ee