Scilab Manual for

Analog Communications
by Prof Sanjana Mathew
Others
Sreyas Institute Of Engineering &technology1

Solutions provided by
Prof Sanjana Mathew
Others
Sreyas Institute Of Engineering &technology

May 1, 2025

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Scilab Manual and Scilab codes
written in it can be downloaded from the ”Migrated Labs” section at the website
http://scilab.in
1
Contents

List of Scilab Solutions 3

1 To Plot the time domain representation of an Amplitude

modulated (AM) wave for overmodulation case 5

2 To plot the time domain representation of a Frequency

Modulated wave and calculate its modulation Index. 8

3 To Plot the waveform of a Pulse Amplitude Modulated

(PAM) signal. 11

4 To plot the waveform of a Pulse Width modulated (PWM)

signal. 13

5 To plot the waveform of a Pulse Position modulated (PPM)

signal. 16

2
List of Experiments

Solution 1.1 To Plot the time domain representation of an Am-

plitude modulated wave for overmodulation case . 5
Solution 2.1 To plot the time domain representation of a Fre-
quency Modulated wave and calculate its modula-
tion Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Solution 3.1 To Plot the waveform of a Pulse Amplitude Mod-
ulated signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Solution 4.1 To plot the waveform of a PWM Signal . . . . . . 13
Solution 5.1 To plot the waveform of a PPM Signal . . . . . . 16

3
List of Figures

1.1 To Plot the time domain representation of an Amplitude mod-

ulated wave for overmodulation case . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.1 To plot the time domain representation of a Frequency Mod-

ulated wave and calculate its modulation Index . . . . . . . 9

3.1 To Plot the waveform of a Pulse Amplitude Modulated signal 12

4.1 To plot the waveform of a PWM Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.2 To plot the waveform of a PWM Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.1 To plot the waveform of a PPM Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5.2 To plot the waveform of a PPM Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4
 Experiment: 1

To Plot the time domain

representation of an Amplitude
modulated (AM) wave for
overmodulation case

Scilab code Solution 1.1 To Plot the time domain representation of an

Amplitude modulated wave for overmodulation case

1 // Lab Name : ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS

2 // E x p e r i e m e n t No : 1 To P l o t t h e t i m e domain
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f an A m p l i t u d e m o d u l a t e d (AM)
wave f o r o v e r m o d u l a t i o n c a s e
3
4 // S t u d e n t Name : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E n r o l l m e n t
No : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 // C o u r s e I n s t r u c t o r : Ms . S a n j a n a Mathew , A s s i s t a n t
Professor
6 // S r e y a s I n s t i t u t e o f E n g i n e e r i n g and T e c h n o l o g y (
SIET ) ,HYDERABAD.
7 // s c i l a b 6 . 0 . 2 ; 64 b i t ( windows 8 )

5
 Figure 1.1: To Plot the time domain representation of an Amplitude modu-
lated wave for overmodulation case

8 clf ()
9 clc
10 Ec =10 , ma =1.5 , wm =2* %pi *100 , wc =2* %pi *10000 , fs =100000 , f
=100
11 x =0:1/ fs :((2/ f ) -(1/ fs ) )
12
13 // g e n e r a t i o n o f m o d u l a t i n g s i g n a l
14 deff ( ” [m]= f ( x ) ” ,”m=s i n (wm∗ x ) ” )
15 subplot (3 ,1 ,1)
16 fplot2d (x , f )
17
18 xlabel ( ” t i m e ” , ” f o n t s i z e ” , 3) ;
19 ylabel ( ” A m p l i t u d e ” , ” f o n t s i z e ” , 3 , ” c o l o r ” , ” r e d ” ) ;
20 title ( ” M es sa ge s i g n a l ” )
21
22 // g e n e r a t i o n o f c a r r i e r s i g n a l
23 deff ( ” [ c ]= f ( x ) ” ,” c=Ec ∗ s i n ( wc∗ x ) ” )
24 subplot (3 ,1 ,2)
25 fplot2d (x , f )
26 xlabel ( ” t i m e ” , ” f o n t s i z e ” , 3) ;
27 ylabel ( ” A m p l i t u d e ” , ” f o n t s i z e ” , 3 , ” c o l o r ” , ” r e d ” ) ;
28 title ( ” C a r r i e r s i g n a l ” )

6
29
30 // g e n e r a t i o n o f A m p l i t u d e Modulated S i g n a l
31 deff ( ” [ y ]= f ( x ) ” ,” y=Ec ∗(1+ma∗ ( s i n (wm∗ x ) ) ) ∗ s i n ( wc∗ x ) ” )
32 subplot (3 ,1 ,3)
33 fplot2d (x , f )
34 xlabel ( ” t i m e ” , ” f o n t s i z e ” , 3) ;
35 ylabel ( ” A m p l i t u d e ” , ” f o n t s i z e ” , 3 , ” c o l o r ” , ” r e d ” ) ;
36 title ( ” A m p l i t u d e Modulated S i g n a l ” )

7
 Experiment: 2

To plot the time domain

representation of a Frequency
Modulated wave and calculate
its modulation Index.

Scilab code Solution 2.1 To plot the time domain representation of a Fre-
quency Modulated wave and calculate its modulation Index

1 // Lab Name : ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS

2 // E x p e r i e m e n t No : 2 To p l o t t h e t i m e domain
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a F r e q u e n c y Modulated wave and
c a l c u l a t e i t s m o d u l a t i o n I n d e x ( mf ) .
3
4 // S t u d e n t Name : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E n r o l l m e n t
No : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 // C o u r s e I n s t r u c t o r : Ms . S a n j a n a Mathew , A s s i s t a n t
P r o f e s s o r , ECE
6 // S r e y a s I n s t i t u t e o f E n g i n e e r i n g and T e c h n o l o g y (
SIET ) ,HYDERABAD.
7 // s c i l a b 6 . 0 . 2 ; 64 b i t ( windows 8 )

8
 Figure 2.1: To plot the time domain representation of a Frequency Modulated
wave and calculate its modulation Index

8 clear ;
9 clc ;
10 close ;
11 Ec =10 , wm =2* %pi *100 , wc =2* %pi *10000 , f =100; // D e f i n i n g
t h e n a m p l i t u d e and f r e q u e n c i e s o f m e s s a g e s i g n a l
and c a r r i e r s i g n a l
12 fs =100000;
13 kf = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e f r e q u e c y d e v i a t i o n c o n s t a n t ( k f
) o f FM i n KHz/ v o l t := ’ )
14 Em = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e a m p l i t u d e o f m e s s a g e s i g n a l := ’ )
15 de1 = kf * Em
; .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . //
C a l c u l a t i n g t h e f r e q u e n c y d e v i a t i o n o f FM
16 x =0:1/ fs :((2/ f ) -(1/ fs ) )
;................ ................ // S e t t i n g t h e
time a x i s
17 mf = de1 / f
; . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .
// C a l c u l a t i n g t h e m o d u l a t i o n i n d e x o f FM
18 disp ( mf , ’ M o d u l a t i o n i n d e x o f FM ’ )
19
20 // G e n e r a t i o n o f M o d u l a t i n g ( m e s s a g e ) s i g n a l

9
21 previousprot = funcprot (1)
22 deff ( ” [m]= f ( x ) ” ,”m=c o s (wm∗ x ) ” )
23 subplot (3 ,1 ,1)
24 fplot2d (x , f )
25 xlabel ( ” t i m e ” , ” f o n t s i z e ” , 3) ;
26 ylabel ( ” A m p l i t u d e ” , ” f o n t s i z e ” , 3 , ” c o l o r ” , ” r e d ” ) ;
27 title ( ” M es sag e s i g n a l ” )
28
29 // G e n e r a t i o n o f C a r r i e r s i g n a l
30 funcprot (0)
31 deff ( ” [ c ]= f ( x ) ” ,” c=Ec ∗ c o s ( wc∗ x ) ” )
32 subplot (3 ,1 ,2)
33 fplot2d (x , f )
34 xlabel ( ” t i m e ” , ” f o n t s i z e ” , 3) ;
35 ylabel ( ” A m p l i t u d e ” , ” f o n t s i z e ” , 3 , ” c o l o r ” , ” r e d ” ) ;
36 title ( ” C a r r i e r s i g n a l ” )
37
38 // G e n e r a t i o n o f F r e q u e n c y Modulated (FM) S i g n a l
39 funcprot (0)
40 deff ( ” [ y ]= f ( x ) ” ,” y=Ec ∗ c o s ( ( wc∗ x )+mf ∗ s i n (wm∗ x ) ) ” )
41 subplot (3 ,1 ,3)
42 fplot2d (x , f )
43 xlabel ( ” t i m e ” , ” f o n t s i z e ” , 3) ;
44 ylabel ( ” A m p l i t u d e ” , ” f o n t s i z e ” , 3 , ” c o l o r ” , ” r e d ” ) ;
45 title ( ” F r e q u e c y Modulated S i g n a l ” )
46
47 //TEST CASE
48 // Input : Enter the f r e q u e c y d e v i a t i o n constant ( kf
) o f FM i n Hz/ v o l t : = 1 0 0 0
49 // : E n t e r t h e a m p l i t u d e o f m e s s a g e s i g n a l :=5
50 // Output : M o d u l a t i o n i n d e x o f FM i s : 50

10
 Experiment: 3

To Plot the waveform of a

Pulse Amplitude Modulated
(PAM) signal.

Scilab code Solution 3.1 To Plot the waveform of a Pulse Amplitude Mod-
ulated signal

1 // Lab Name : ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS

2 // E x p e r i e m e n t No : 3 To P l o t t h e waveform o f a P u l s e
A m p l i t u d e Modulated (PAM) s i g n a l
3
4 // S t u d e n t Name : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E n r o l l m e n t
No : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 // C o u r s e I n s t r u c t o r : Ms . S a n j a n a Mathew , A s s i s t a n t
P r o f e s s o r , ECE
6 // S r e y a s I n s t i t u t e o f E n g i n e e r i n g and T e c h n o l o g y (
SIET ) ,HYDERABAD.
7 // s c i l a b 6 . 0 . 2 ; 64 b i t ( windows 8 )
8 clear ;
9 clc ;
10 close ;

11
 Figure 3.1: To Plot the waveform of a Pulse Amplitude Modulated signal

11 t =0:1:100; // D e f i n i n g t h e t i m e i n s t a n t s
12 fm = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e m e s s a g e f r e q u e n c y := ’ ) ;
13 x = cos (2* %pi * fm * t ) ;
14 subplot (2 ,1 ,1) ;
15 plot (t , x ) ;
16 xlabel ( ” t i m e ” , ” f o n t s i z e ” , 3) ;
17 ylabel ( ” A m p l i t u d e ” , ” f o n t s i z e ” , 3 , ” c o l o r ” , ” r e d ” ) ;
18 title ( ’ Mes sa ge s i g n a l ’ ) ;
19 fs3 = input ( ’ E n t e r t h e s a m p l i n g f r e q u e n c y := ’ )
20 x3 = cos (2* %pi * fm * t / fs3 ) ;
21 subplot (2 ,1 ,2) ;
22 plot2d3 (t , x3 )
23 xlabel ( ” t i m e ” , ” f o n t s i z e ” , 3) ;
24 ylabel ( ” A m p l i t u d e ” , ” f o n t s i z e ” , 3 , ” c o l o r ” , ” r e d ” ) ;
25 title ( ’ P u l s e A m p l i t u d e m o d u l a t e d s i g n a l ’ ) ;
26
27 //TEST CASE
28 // fm= E n t e r t h e m e s s a g e f r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz ) : = . 0 2
29 // f s 3= E n t e r t h e s a m p l i n g f r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz ) : = 0 . 4

12
 Experiment: 4

To plot the waveform of a

Pulse Width modulated
(PWM) signal.

Scilab code Solution 4.1 To plot the waveform of a PWM Signal

1 // Lab Name : ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS

2 // E x p e r i e m e n t No : 4 To p l o t t h e waveform o f a P u l s e
Width m o d u l a t e d (PWM) s i g n a l .
3
4 // S t u d e n t Name : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E n r o l l m e n t
No : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 // C o u r s e I n s t r u c t o r : Ms . S a n j a n a Mathew , A s s i s t a n t
Professor
6 // S r e y a s I n s t i t u t e o f E n g i n e e r i n g and T e c h n o l o g y (
SIET ) ,HYDERABAD.
7 // s c i l a b 6 . 0 . 2 ; 64 b i t ( windows 8 )
8 clc ;
9 close ;

13
Figure 4.1: To plot the waveform of a PWM Signal

Figure 4.2: To plot the waveform of a PWM Signal

14
10 clear ;
11 t =0:0.001:1;
12 f = input ( ” E n t e r f r e q u e n c y o f c a r r i e r ” ) ;
13 c = asin ( sin (2* %pi * f * t ) ) ;
14 f1 = input ( ” E n t e r f r e q u e n c y o f m e s s a g e ” ) ;
15 m =(2/ %pi ) * sin (2* %pi * f1 * t ) ;
16 n = length ( c ) ;
17 for i =1: n
18 if m ( i ) >= c ( i )
19 pwm ( i ) =1;
20 else m ( i ) <= c ( i )
21 pwm ( i ) =0;
22 end
23 end
24 figure (1) ;
25 subplot (1 ,2 ,1) ;
26 plot (t , m ) ;
27 xlabel ( ” Time ” ) ;
28 ylabel ( ” A m p l i t u d e ” ) ;
29 title ( ” M es sa ge s i g n a l ” ) ;
30 subplot (1 ,2 ,2) ;
31 plot (t , c ) ;
32 xlabel ( ” Time ” ) ;
33 ylabel ( ” A m p l i t u d e ” ) ;
34 title ( ” C a r r i e r s i g n a l ” ) ;
35 figure (2) ;
36 plot (t , pwm ’) ;
37 xlabel ( ” Time ” ) ;
38 ylabel ( ” A m p l i t u d e ” ) ;
39 replot ([0 -1 1 2]) ;
40 xlabel ( ” Time ” ) ;
41 ylabel ( ” A m p l i t u d e ” ) ;
42 title ( ” P u l s e w i d t h m o d u l a t i o n ” ) ;
43
44 // Output : −
45 // E n t e r f r e q u e n c y o f c a r r i e r 10
46 // E n t e r f r e q u e n c y o f m e s s a g e 2

15
 Experiment: 5

To plot the waveform of a

Pulse Position modulated
(PPM) signal.

Scilab code Solution 5.1 To plot the waveform of a PPM Signal

1 // Lab Name : ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS

2 // E x p e r i e m e n t No : 5 To p l o t t h e waveform o f a P u l s e
P o s i t i o n m o d u l a t e d (PPM) s i g n a l .
3
4 // S t u d e n t Name : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E n r o l l m e n t
No : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 // C o u r s e I n s t r u c t o r : Ms . S a n j a n a Mathew , A s s i s t a n t
Professor
6 // S r e y a s I n s t i t u t e o f E n g i n e e r i n g and T e c h n o l o g y (
SIET ) ,HYDERABAD.
7 // s c i l a b 6 . 0 . 2 ; 64 b i t ( windows 8 )
8 clc ;
9 close ;

16
Figure 5.1: To plot the waveform of a PPM Signal

Figure 5.2: To plot the waveform of a PPM Signal

17
10 clear ;
11 t =0:0.001:1;
12 f = input ( ” E n t e r f r e q u e n c y o f c a r r i e r ” ) ;
13 c =(2) * asin ( sin (2* %pi * f * t ) ) ;
14 f1 = input ( ” E n t e r f r e q u e n c y o f m e s s a g e ” ) ;
15 m = sin (2* %pi * f1 * t ) ;
16 n = length ( c ) ;
17 for i =1: n
18 if m ( i ) >= c ( i )
19 ppm ( i ) =0;
20 else m ( i ) <= c ( i )
21 ppm ( i ) =1;
22 end
23 end
24 figure (1) ;
25 subplot (1 ,2 ,1) ;
26 plot (t , m ) ;
27 xlabel ( ” Time ” ) ;
28 ylabel ( ” A m p l i t u d e ” ) ;
29 title ( ” M es sa ge s i g n a l ” ) ;
30 subplot (1 ,2 ,2) ;
31 plot (t , c ) ;
32 xlabel ( ” Time ” ) ;
33 ylabel ( ” A m p l i t u d e ” ) ;
34 title ( ” C a r r i e r s i g n a l ” ) ;
35 for i =1: n
36 if ( ppm ( i ) ==1 && ppm ( i +1) ==0)
37 ppm ( i ) =1;
38 else
39 ppm ( i ) =0;
40 end
41 end
42 figure (2)
43 plot (t , ppm ’) ;
44 xlabel ( ” Time ” ) ;
45 ylabel ( ” A m p l i t u d e ” ) ;
46 replot ([0 -1 1 3]) ;
47 xlabel ( ” Time ” ) ;

18
48 ylabel ( ” A m p l i t u d e ” ) ;
49 title ( ” P u l s e p o s i t i o n m o d u l a t i o n ” ) ;
50 // Output : −
51 // E n t e r f r e q u e n c y o f c a r r i e r 10
52 // E n t e r f r e q u e n c y o f m e s s a g e 2

19